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Garcia F, Alves DA Silva A, Heleno R, Sousa JP, Alves J. Red deer as a disperser of native, but not invasive plants' seeds. Integr Zool 2023; 18:859-866. [PMID: 37231980 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Garcia
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Alves DA Silva
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Alves
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Vargas P, Heleno R, Costa JM. EuDiS - A comprehensive database of the seed dispersal syndromes of the European flora. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e104079. [PMID: 37476211 PMCID: PMC10354656 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Seed dispersal is a critical process in plant colonisation and demography. Fruits and seeds can be transported by several vectors (typically animals, wind and water), which may have exerted strong selective pressures on plant's morphological traits. The set of traits that favour dispersal by a specific vector have been historically considered as seed dispersal syndromes. As seed dispersal syndromes have a great potential to predict how seeds move (i.e. the relative importance of the standard mechanisms of seed dispersal), they have attracted the attention of naturalists and researchers for centuries. However, given that observations of actual dispersal events and colonisation are seldom reported, there is still much confusion in current studies failing to properly discriminate between seed dispersal syndromes (i.e. sets of traits that favour a particular mechanism) and actual seed dispersal (i.e. the vector that moves a given seed in one dispersal event). This distinction is important because the presence of any seed dispersal syndrome does not preclude the seed being occasionally dispersed by other non-standard mechanisms (i.e. different from the one predicted). Similarly, the absence of seed dispersal syndromes does not prevent seeds from being dispersed. The correct coding of seed dispersal syndromes thus requires a systematic and evolutive, rather than a phenomenological approach. Unfortunately, such approach has rarely been implemented at a community-level and no comprehensive datasets of seed dispersal syndromes are yet available for any entire flora. New information This database contains categorisation of the native European flora into eight seed dispersal syndromes. Information for a total of 9,874 species retrieved from the volumes of Flora Europaea were analysed. Earlier versions of this database, which only coded for the presence of four long-distance dispersal syndromes (endozoochorous, epizoochorous, thalassochorous and anemochorous diaspores), were used in four previous studies. Here, we present a fully revised and expanded database, including the presence of four additional short-distance dispersal syndromes (myrmecochorous, vertebrate hoarding, freshwater hydrochorous and ballochorous diaspores), a nomenclatural update for all species and the codification of 416 additional species.Roughly half (51.3%) of the native European flora produce diaspores without traits clearly associated with facilitating seed dispersal. The other half (48.7%) of the European plant species produces diaspores with some specialised traits associated with seed dispersal, most of which (79.9%) with a potential to facilitate long-distance dispersal events. The most common diaspores are those with anemochorous (23.5%), epizoochorous (8.0%), endozoochorous (7.8%), myrmecochorous (7.2%), thalassochorous (2.3%), freshwater dispersal (2.1%), ballochorous (4.6%) and vertebrate hoarding associated traits (0.2%). Two-thirds (66.3%) of the European shrub and tree species have diaspores with some specialisation for biotic seed dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid – CSIC, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid – CSICMadridSpain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PortugalCentre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - José M. Costa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PortugalCentre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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Raposeira H, Horta P, Heleno R, Rebelo H. Changing with the times: Seasonal environmental gradients unveil dynamic bat assemblages and vulnerability. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10246. [PMID: 37470030 PMCID: PMC10352094 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the temporal and spatial dynamics of biological communities in response to biotic and abiotic drivers is essential to predict the effects of environmental change on biodiversity. Similarly, estimating species vulnerability in the face of such dynamics is crucial for implementing effective conservation actions. We explored how bat diversity changes over the year across an altitudinal gradient and identified the environmental drivers that shape bat communities. By analysing species' marginality within the biophysical niche space, we evaluated bats' vulnerability to foreseeable environmental changes. Our results suggest that altitude, the proportion of forest cover and shrub cover are the main drivers shaping bat communities year-round. Additionally, while some bat species are restricted to a single ecological assemblage (or ecological preferences group), others show greater plasticity throughout the year. Importantly, we found that although bats associated with highland habitats and forests could be particularly vulnerable to environmental changes (in particular Myotis mystacinus), this vulnerability correlates poorly with their national conservation status. We suggest that species' ecological plasticity is critical for the resilience of biological communities exposed to environmental changes and should be considered when planning tailored conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Raposeira
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associated LaboratoryUniversity of PortoVairãoPortugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- OII – Observatory Inovation ResearchLinharesPortugal
- Department of Life Sciences, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Center for Functional EcologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOVairãoPortugal
| | - Pedro Horta
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associated LaboratoryUniversity of PortoVairãoPortugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- OII – Observatory Inovation ResearchLinharesPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOVairãoPortugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Department of Life Sciences, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Center for Functional EcologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Hugo Rebelo
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associated LaboratoryUniversity of PortoVairãoPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOVairãoPortugal
- ESS, Instituto Politécnico de SetúbalSetúbalPortugal
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Martín-Hernanz S, Nogales M, Valente L, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Pomeda-Gutiérrez F, Cano E, Marrero P, Olesen JM, Heleno R, Vargas P. Time-calibrated phylogenies reveal mediterranean and pre-mediterranean origin of the thermophilous vegetation of the Canary Islands. Ann Bot 2023; 131:667-684. [PMID: 36594263 PMCID: PMC10147335 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Canary Islands have strong floristic affinities with the Mediterranean Basin. One of the most characteristic and diverse vegetation belts of the archipelago is the thermophilous woodland (between 200 and 900 m.a.s.l.). This thermophilous plant community consists of many non-endemic species shared with the Mediterranean Floristic Region together with Canarian endemic species. Consequently, phytogeographic studies have historically proposed the hypothesis of an origin of the Canarian thermophilous species following the establishment of the summer-dry mediterranean climate in the Mediterranean Basin around 2.8 million years ago. METHODS Time-calibrated phylogenies for 39 plant groups including Canarian thermophilous species were primarily analysed to infer colonization times. In particular, we used 26 previously published phylogenies together with 13 new time-calibrated phylogenies (including newly generated plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data) to assess whether the time interval between stem and crown ages of Canarian thermophilous lineages postdates 2.8 Ma. For lineages postdating this time threshold, we additionally conducted ancestral area reconstructions to infer the potential source area for colonization. KEY RESULTS A total of 43 Canarian thermophilous lineages were identified from 39 plant groups. Both mediterranean (16) and pre-mediterranean (9) plant lineages were found. However, we failed to determine the temporal origin for 18 lineages because a stem-crown time interval overlaps with the 2.8-Ma threshold. The spatial origin of thermophilous lineages was also heterogeneous, including ancestral areas from the Mediterranean Basin (nine) and other regions (six). CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal an unexpectedly heterogeneous origin of the Canarian thermophilous species in terms of colonization times and mainland source areas. A substantial proportion of the lineages arrived in the Canaries before the summer-dry climate was established in the Mediterranean Basin. The complex temporal and geographic origin of Canarian thermophilous species challenges the view of the Canary Islands (and Madeira) as a subregion within the Mediterranean Floristic Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martín-Hernanz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
- Departament of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Luis Valente
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Fernández-Mazuecos
- Department of Biology (Botany), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pomeda-Gutiérrez
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Cano
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Marrero
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
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Costa A, Heleno R, Freide EF, Dufrene Y, Huckle E, Kaiser-Bunbury CN. Impacts of invasive ants on pollination of native plants are similar in invaded and restored plant communities. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
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Timóteo S, Albrecht J, Rumeu B, Norte AC, Traveset A, Frost CM, Marchante E, López‐Núñez FA, Peralta G, Memmott J, Olesen JM, Costa JM, da Silva LP, Carvalheiro LG, Correia M, Staab M, Blüthgen N, Farwig N, Parejo SH, Mironov S, Rodríguez‐Echeverría S, Heleno R. Tripartite networks show that keystone species can multitask. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Timóteo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Jörg Albrecht
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Beatriz Rumeu
- Departamento de Biología ‐ IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, E‐11510 Puerto Real Spain
| | - Ana C. Norte
- University of Coimbra MARE ‐ Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Anna Traveset
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC‐UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Carol M. Frost
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta T6G 2E3 Edmonton Canada
| | - Elizabete Marchante
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Francisco A. López‐Núñez
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Guadalupe Peralta
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury New Zealand
| | - Jane Memmott
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Biology Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - José M. Costa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Luís P. da Silva
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources University of Porto 4485‐661 Vairão Portugal
| | - Luísa G. Carvalheiro
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia Goiânia GO Brazil
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) University of Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Marta Correia
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Michael Staab
- Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, TU Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, TU Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Conservation Ecology, Department of Biology, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Karl‐von‐Frisch‐Str. 8, 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Sandra Hervías Parejo
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC‐UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Sergei Mironov
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 199034 Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Susana Rodríguez‐Echeverría
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
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Vasconcelos S, Pina S, Herrera JM, Silva B, Sousa P, Porto M, Melguizo-Ruiz N, Jiménez-Navarro G, Ferreira S, Moreira F, Heleno R, Jonsson M, Beja P. Canopy arthropod declines along a gradient of olive farming intensification. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17273. [PMID: 36241676 PMCID: PMC9568540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod declines have been linked to agricultural intensification. However, information about the impacts of intensification is still limited for many crops, as is our understanding of the responses of different arthropod taxa and trophic groups, thus hindering the development of effective mitigation measures. We investigated the impacts of olive farming intensification on canopy-dwelling arthropods in the Mediterranean region. Intensification involves the increased use of agrochemicals, mechanisation and irrigation, but also structural changes from traditional orchards with low densities of large and old trees, to intensive and superintensive orchards with high to very high densities of smaller and younger trees, respectively. Canopy arthropods were vacuum-sampled at 53 sites representing the three orchard intensification levels, in spring, summer and autumn 2017. We evaluated how the arthropod community varied across intensification levels, and in response to orchard structure, management and landscape context. We found no changes in the diversity of arthropod taxa across intensification levels after correcting for sample coverage, but arthropod abundance declined markedly along the intensification gradient. Decreased abundance was associated with changes in orchard structure, lower herbaceous cover, and higher herbicide and insecticide use. The abundance of a specialized olive pest was lower in landscapes with higher woodland cover. The negative effects of intensification were stronger in spring and summer than in autumn, and parasitoids and predators were particularly affected. Overall, results suggest that retaining herbaceous cover, reducing agrochemical inputs and preserving natural woody elements in the landscape, may contribute to mitigate impacts of olive farming intensification on canopy arthropods, particularly on beneficial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Vasconcelos
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade Do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal ,grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sílvia Pina
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade Do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José M. Herrera
- grid.8389.a0000 0000 9310 6111Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Casa Cordovil, R. Dom Augusto Eduardo Nunes, 7000 – 651 Évora, Portugal ,grid.7759.c0000000103580096Departamento de Biología - Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria - Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Bruno Silva
- grid.8389.a0000 0000 9310 6111Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Casa Cordovil, R. Dom Augusto Eduardo Nunes, 7000 – 651 Évora, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sousa
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade Do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Miguel Porto
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade Do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nereida Melguizo-Ruiz
- grid.8389.a0000 0000 9310 6111Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Casa Cordovil, R. Dom Augusto Eduardo Nunes, 7000 – 651 Évora, Portugal
| | - Gerardo Jiménez-Navarro
- grid.8389.a0000 0000 9310 6111Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Casa Cordovil, R. Dom Augusto Eduardo Nunes, 7000 – 651 Évora, Portugal
| | - Sónia Ferreira
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade Do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Francisco Moreira
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade Do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martin de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mattias Jonsson
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pedro Beja
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade E Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade Do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
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Costa A, Heleno R, Dufrene Y, Huckle E, Gabriel R, Harrison X, Schabo DG, Farwig N, Kaiser‐Bunbury CN. Seasonal variation in impact of non‐native species on tropical seed dispersal networks. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Costa
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associated Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Eleanor Huckle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn United Kingdom
| | - Ronny Gabriel
- Seychelles Parks and Gardens Authority Mahé Seychelles
| | - Xavier Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn United Kingdom
| | - Dana G. Schabo
- Conservation Ecology, Department of Biology University of Marburg Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Conservation Ecology, Department of Biology University of Marburg Germany
| | - Christopher N. Kaiser‐Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn United Kingdom
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Vasconcelos S, Jonsson M, Heleno R, Moreira F, Beja P. A meta-analysis of biocontrol potential and herbivore pressure in olive crops: does integrated pest management make a difference? Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Costa A, Heleno R, Dufrene Y, Huckle E, Gabriel R, Doudee D, Kaiser‐Bunbury CN. Seed dispersal by frugivores from forest remnants promotes the regeneration of adjacent invaded forests in an oceanic island. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Costa
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus TR10 9FE UK
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associated Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Yanick Dufrene
- Seychelles National Parks Authority, PO Box 1240 Mahé Seychelles
| | - Eleanor Huckle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus TR10 9FE UK
| | - Ronny Gabriel
- Seychelles National Parks Authority, PO Box 1240 Mahé Seychelles
| | - Damien Doudee
- Seychelles National Parks Authority, PO Box 1240 Mahé Seychelles
| | - Christopher N. Kaiser‐Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus TR10 9FE UK
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López-Núñez FA, Marchante E, Heleno R, Duarte LN, Palhas J, Impson F, Freitas H, Marchante H. Establishment, spread and early impacts of the first biocontrol agent against an invasive plant in continental Europe. J Environ Manage 2021; 290:112545. [PMID: 33892237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Classical biocontrol is key for the successful management of invasive alien plants; yet, it is still relatively new in Europe. Although post-release monitoring is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of a biocontrol agent, it is often neglected. This study reports the detailed post-release monitoring of the first biocontrol agent intentionally introduced against an invasive plant in continental Europe. The Australian bud-galling wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Frogatt) is used to control the invasive Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd., with a long history of success in South Africa. This biocontrol agent was first released in Europe in 2015 at several sites along the Portuguese coast. We monitored the establishment, spread and early impacts of T. acaciaelongifoliae on target-plants in Portugal, across 61 sites, from 2015 to 2020. Initial release of adults emerging from galls imported from South Africa and the subsequent releases from galls established in Portugal (2018 onwards) was compared, assessing the implications of the hemisphere shift. The impacts on the reproductive output and vegetative growth of A. longifolia were evaluated in more detail at three sites. From 2015 to 2019, 3567 T. acaciaelongifoliae were released at 61 sites, with establishment confirmed at 36 sites by 2020. The transfer of the wasp from the southern hemisphere limited its initial establishment, but increased rates of establishment followed with synchronization of its life cycle with northern hemisphere conditions. Therefore, after an initial moderate establishment, T. acaciaelongifoliae adapted to the northern hemisphere conditions and experienced an exponential growth (from 66 galls by 2016, to 24000 galls by 2018). Galled A. longifolia branches produced significantly fewer pods (-84.1%), seeds (-95.2%) and secondary branches (-33.3%) and had fewer phyllodes but increased growth of the main branch compared to ungalled branches. Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae successfully established in the northern hemisphere, despite the initial phenological mismatch and adverse weather conditions. To achieve this, it had to establish and synchronize its life cycle with the phenology of its host-plant, after which it developed exponentially and began to show significant impacts on the reproductive output of A. longifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Alejandro López-Núñez
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Elizabete Marchante
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Neto Duarte
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal; Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra. Bencanta, 3045-601, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jael Palhas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal; Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra. Bencanta, 3045-601, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fiona Impson
- Plant Conservation Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council, Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Helena Freitas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hélia Marchante
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal; Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra. Bencanta, 3045-601, Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Fristoe TS, Chytrý M, Dawson W, Essl F, Heleno R, Kreft H, Maurel N, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Seebens H, Weigelt P, Vargas P, Yang Q, Attorre F, Bergmeier E, Bernhardt-Römermann M, Biurrun I, Boch S, Bonari G, Botta-Dukát Z, Bruun HH, Byun C, Čarni A, Carranza ML, Catford JA, Cerabolini BEL, Chacón-Madrigal E, Ciccarelli D, Ćušterevska R, de Ronde I, Dengler J, Golub V, Haveman R, Hough-Snee N, Jandt U, Jansen F, Kuzemko A, Küzmič F, Lenoir J, Macanović A, Marcenò C, Martin AR, Michaletz ST, Mori AS, Niinemets Ü, Peterka T, Pielech R, Rašomavičius V, Rūsiņa S, Dias AS, Šibíková M, Šilc U, Stanisci A, Jansen S, Svenning JC, Swacha G, van der Plas F, Vassilev K, van Kleunen M. Dimensions of invasiveness: Links between local abundance, geographic range size, and habitat breadth in Europe's alien and native floras. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021173118. [PMID: 34050023 PMCID: PMC8179145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021173118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding drivers of success for alien species can inform on potential future invasions. Recent conceptual advances highlight that species may achieve invasiveness via performance along at least three distinct dimensions: 1) local abundance, 2) geographic range size, and 3) habitat breadth in naturalized distributions. Associations among these dimensions and the factors that determine success in each have yet to be assessed at large geographic scales. Here, we combine data from over one million vegetation plots covering the extent of Europe and its habitat diversity with databases on species' distributions, traits, and historical origins to provide a comprehensive assessment of invasiveness dimensions for the European alien seed plant flora. Invasiveness dimensions are linked in alien distributions, leading to a continuum from overall poor invaders to super invaders-abundant, widespread aliens that invade diverse habitats. This pattern echoes relationships among analogous dimensions measured for native European species. Success along invasiveness dimensions was associated with details of alien species' introduction histories: earlier introduction dates were positively associated with all three dimensions, and consistent with theory-based expectations, species originating from other continents, particularly acquisitive growth strategists, were among the most successful invaders in Europe. Despite general correlations among invasiveness dimensions, we identified habitats and traits associated with atypical patterns of success in only one or two dimensions-for example, the role of disturbed habitats in facilitating widespread specialists. We conclude that considering invasiveness within a multidimensional framework can provide insights into invasion processes while also informing general understanding of the dynamics of species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S Fristoe
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany;
| | - Milan Chytrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Essl
- Bioinvasions, Global Change, Macroecology-research group, Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Noëlie Maurel
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jan Pergl
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hanno Seebens
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Qiang Yang
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Fabio Attorre
- Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Erwin Bergmeier
- Vegetation Analysis & Phytodiversity, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Idoia Biurrun
- Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Steffen Boch
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Gianmaria Bonari
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Zoltán Botta-Dukát
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chaeho Byun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Andraž Čarni
- Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | - Jane A Catford
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London WC2B 2BG, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno E L Cerabolini
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - Renata Ćušterevska
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Iris de Ronde
- Central Government Real Estate Agency, Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Dengler
- Vegetation Ecology, Institue of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valentin Golub
- Laboratory of Phytocenology, Samara Federal Research Scientific Center, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Rense Haveman
- Central Government Real Estate Agency, Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nate Hough-Snee
- Four Peaks Environmental Science and Data Solutions, Wenatchee, WA 98801
| | - Ute Jandt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Florian Jansen
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anna Kuzemko
- M.G. Kjolodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Filip Küzmič
- Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UR Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, UMR 7058 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Armin Macanović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Center for Ecology and Natural Resources-Academician Sulejman Redžić, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Corrado Marcenò
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam R Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Akira S Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tomáš Peterka
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Remigiusz Pielech
- Department of Forest Biodiversity, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
- Foundation for Biodiversity Research, 50-231 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Solvita Rūsiņa
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arildo S Dias
- Department of Physical Geography, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mária Šibíková
- Department of Geobotany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Urban Šilc
- Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Angela Stanisci
- Department of Bioscience and Territory, EnvixLab, University of Molise, 86039 Termoli, Italy
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Department of Biology, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz Swacha
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Botanical Garden, University of Wrocław, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiril Vassilev
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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13
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Hervías-Parejo S, Tur C, Heleno R, Nogales M, Timóteo S, Traveset A. Species functional traits and abundance as drivers of multiplex ecological networks: first empirical quantification of inter-layer edge weights. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202127. [PMID: 33234084 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many vertebrate species act as both plant pollinators and seed-dispersers, thus interconnecting these processes, particularly on islands. Ecological multilayer networks are a powerful tool to explore interdependencies between processes; however, quantifying the links between species engaging in different types of interactions (i.e. inter-layer edges) remains a great challenge. Here, we empirically measured inter-layer edge weights by quantifying the role of individually marked birds as both pollinators and seed-dispersers of Galápagos plant species over an entire year. Although most species (80%) engaged in both functions, we show that only a small proportion of individuals actually linked the two processes, highlighting the need to further consider intra-specific variability in individuals' functional roles. Furthermore, we found a high variation among species in linking both processes, i.e. some species contribute more than others to the modular organization of the multilayer network. Small and abundant species are particularly important for the cohesion of pollinator seed-dispersal networks, demonstrating the interplay between species traits and neutral processes structuring natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hervías-Parejo
- Oceanography and Global Change Department. C/ Miquel Marqués 21, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), E07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - C Tur
- Oceanography and Global Change Department. C/ Miquel Marqués 21, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), E07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - R Heleno
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologia (IPNA-CSIC), Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group. C/Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canaries, Spain
| | - S Timóteo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Traveset
- Oceanography and Global Change Department. C/ Miquel Marqués 21, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), E07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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14
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Nnakenyi CA, Traveset A, Heleno R, Minoarivelo HO, Hui C. Fine‐tuning the nested structure of pollination networks by adaptive interaction switching, biogeography and sampling effect in the Galápagos Islands. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinenye A. Nnakenyi
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch Univ Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Inst. of Advanced Studies (CSIC‐UIB), Global Change Research Group, Esporles, Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Dept of Life Sciences, Univ. of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Henintsoa O. Minoarivelo
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch Univ Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch Univ Matieland 7602 South Africa
- Mathematical Biosciences Group, African Inst. for Mathematical Sciences Cape Town South Africa
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15
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HervÍas-Parejo S, Heleno R, Rumeu B, Guzmán B, Vargas P, Olesen JM, Traveset A, Vera C, Benavides E, Nogales M. Small size does not restrain frugivory and seed dispersal across the evolutionary radiation of Galápagos lava lizards. Curr Zool 2019; 65:353-361. [PMID: 31413708 PMCID: PMC6688575 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivory in lizards is often assumed to be constrained by body size; only large individuals are considered capable of consuming fruits, with the potential of acting as seed dispersers. However, only one previous study has tested the correlation of frugivory with body and head size at an archipelago scale across closely related species. All nine lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) were studied on the eleven largest Galápagos islands from 2010 to 2016 to investigate whether frugivory is related to body and head size. We also tested whether fruit abundance influences fruit consumption and explored the effect of seed ingestion on seedling emergence time and percentage. Our results showed that across islands, lava lizards varied considerably in size (64-102 mm in mean snout-vent length) and level of frugivory (1-23%, i.e., percentage of droppings with seeds). However, level of frugivory was only weakly affected by size as fruit consumption was also common among small lizards. Lava lizards consumed fruits throughout the year and factors other than fruit abundance may be more important drivers of fruit selection (e.g., fruit size, energy content of pulp). From 2,530 droppings, 1,714 seeds of at least 61 plant species were identified, 76% of the species being native to the Galápagos. Most seeds (91%) showed no external structural damage. Seedling emergence time (44 versus 118 days) and percentage (20% versus 12%) were enhanced for lizard-ingested seeds compared to control (uningested) fruits. De-pulping by lizards (i.e., removal of pulp with potential germination inhibitors) might increase the chances that at least some seeds find suitable recruitment conditions. We concluded that lizards are important seed dispersers throughout the year and across the whole archipelago, regardless of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra HervÍas-Parejo
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Rumeu
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | | | | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos Vera
- Galápagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Edgar Benavides
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, USA
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC-IPNA), Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Canary Islands, Spain
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16
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Correia M, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Timóteo S, Freitas H, Heleno R. Integrating plant species contribution to mycorrhizal and seed dispersal mutualistic networks. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20180770. [PMID: 31039725 PMCID: PMC6548724 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions like those established between plants and mycorrhizal fungi or seed dispersers are key drivers of plant population dynamics and ecosystem functioning; however, these interactions have rarely been explored together. We assembled a tripartite fungi-plant-disperser network in the Gorongosa National Park-Mozambique, to test (1) if diversity and importance of plant mutualists above- and belowground are correlated, and (2) whether biotically and abiotically dispersed plants are associated with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We quantified seed dispersal by animals for 1 year and characterized the AMF of 26 common plant species. Sixteen plant species were dispersed by 15 animals and colonized by 48 AMF virtual taxa (VT), while the remaining 10 plant species were not dispersed by animals and associated with 34 AMF VT. We found no evidence for a correlation between the number of plant partners above- and belowground or on plant specialization on both types of partners. We also found no evidence for differentiation of AMF communities between biotically and abiotically dispersed plants. Our results suggest that the establishment of plant interactions with seed dispersers and mycorrhizal fungi is largely independent and that both biotically and abiotically dispersed plants seem to associate with similar communities of AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Correia
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Portugal
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Trøjelsgaard K, Heleno R, Traveset A. Native and alien flower visitors differ in partner fidelity and network integration. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1264-1273. [PMID: 31148310 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Globalisation persistently fuels the establishment of non-native species outside their natural ranges. While alien plants have been intensively studied, little is known about alien flower visitors, and especially, how they integrate into natural communities. Here, we focus on mutualistic networks from five Galápagos islands to quantify whether alien and native flower visitors differ consistently in their pairwise interactions. We find that (1) alien flower visitors have more interaction partners and larger species strengths (i.e. plants are more connected to alien insects), (2) native insects tend to have higher partner fidelity as they deviate more from random partner utilisation, and iii) the difference between native and alien flower visitors in network integration intensifies with island degradation. Thus, native and alien flower visitors are not interchangeable, and alien establishment might have yet unforeseen consequences for the pairwise dynamics between plants and flower visitors on the Galápagos - especially on the heavily disturbed islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg East 9220, Denmark
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, CSIC-UIB, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain
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Hervías-Parejo S, Heleno R, Nogales M, Olesen JM, Traveset A. Divergence in floral trait preferences between nonflower-specialized birds and insects on the Galápagos. Am J Bot 2019; 106:540-546. [PMID: 30985925 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The characteristic scarcity of insects on remote oceanic islands has driven nonflower-specialized vertebrates to broaden their trophic niches and explore floral resources. From our previous studies in the Galápagos, we know that native insectivorous and frugivorous birds visit a wide range of entomophilous flowers and can also act as effective pollinators. Here, we tested whether opportunistic Galápagos birds show any preference for specific floral traits, and if so, this preference differs from that of insects. METHODS Sixteen floral morphology and nectar traits of 26 native species were studied, as well as the frequency with which they are visited by birds and insects. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was used to evaluate the distribution of flower traits values along two main dimensions and measure the similarity between the plants visited mostly by birds versus those by insects. KEY RESULTS NMDS of floral traits resulted in two species groups: (1) bell-shaped, white flowers with wider corollas at nectary level and higher nectar volume, associated with high bird visitation rates; and (2) bowl and tubular-shaped flowers with narrower corollas at nectary level and lower nectar volume, associated with high insect visitation rates. CONCLUSIONS Despite the divergence in floral trait preferences between opportunistic Galápagos birds and insects, bird-visited flowers display mixed traits not fitting the classical ornithophilous syndrome. This finding is compatible with the existence of a transitional or bet-hedging phenotype between insect and bird visitors and underscores the importance of coevolution and floral diversification in nonspecialized plant-visitor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hervías-Parejo
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC-IPNA), Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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19
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Correia M, Heleno R, da Silva LP, Costa JM, Rodríguez-Echeverría S. First evidence for the joint dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi and plant diaspores by birds. New Phytol 2019; 222:1054-1060. [PMID: 30372538 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal allows plants to colonise new sites and escape from pathogens and intraspecific competition, maintaining plant genetic diversity and regulating plant distribution. Conversely, most plant species form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a symbiosis established immediately after seed germination. Because AM fungi are obligate symbionts, using the same dispersal vector as their host should be highly advantageous for their survival, but the co-dispersal of seeds and AM fungal spores has never been confirmed. We aim to clarify the potential role of European birds, essential dispersers for many plant species, as co-dispersers of seeds and AM fungal spores. In total, 63 bird droppings with intact seeds were placed in sterilised soil and maintained for 4 months in a protected environment to avoid contamination. Additionally, 173 bird droppings and 729 gauze swabs used to clean birds' feet were inspected for AM fungal spores. Although no spores were detected by direct observation of these samples, seven Rubus ulmifolius seedlings obtained from four independent droppings of Erithacus rubecula and Sylvia melanocephala were colonised by AM fungi. Our results show that birds can effectively co-disperse viable seeds and AM fungal spores, potentially over long distances, providing a pivotal mechanism to understand the cosmopolitan distribution of AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Correia
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
| | - Luís Pascoal da Silva
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Costa
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
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20
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Hervías-Parejo S, Nogales M, Guzmán B, Trigo MDM, Olesen JM, Vargas P, Heleno R, Traveset A. Potential role of lava lizards as pollinators across the Galápagos Islands. Integr Zool 2019; 15:144-148. [PMID: 30811785 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lizards have been reported as important pollinators on several oceanic islands. Here we evaluate the potential role of Galápagos lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) as pollinators across their radiation. Over 3 years, we sampled pollen transport by 9 lava lizard species on the 10 islands where they are present, including 7 single-island endemics. Overall, only 25 of 296 individuals sampled (8.4%) transported pollen of 10 plant species, the most common being Prosopis juliflora, Exodeconus miersii, Sesuvium sp. and Cordia leucophlyctis. At least 8 of these plant species were native, and none were confirmed as introduced to the archipelago. Despite the low overall proportion of individuals carrying pollen, this was observed in 7 of the nine lizard species, and on 8 of the ten main islands (Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Santa Cruz and Santiago), suggesting that this is a widespread interaction. The results reported here support the potential role of lava lizards as pollinators across their radiation, although they may represent a relatively modest contribution when compared with birds and insects. However, we cannot discard that lizards may be ecologically significant for particular plant species and ecosystems given the specific climatic condition and functional diversity of each island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hervías-Parejo
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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21
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Correia M, Heleno R, Vargas P, Rodríguez-Echeverría S. Should I stay or should I go? Mycorrhizal plants are more likely to invest in long-distance seed dispersal than non-mycorrhizal plants. Ecol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Correia
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas Coimbra 3001-456 Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas Coimbra 3001-456 Portugal
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC); Plaza de Murillo 2 Madrid 28014 Spain
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas Coimbra 3001-456 Portugal
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22
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Timóteo S, Correia M, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Freitas H, Heleno R. Multilayer networks reveal the spatial structure of seed-dispersal interactions across the Great Rift landscapes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:140. [PMID: 29321529 PMCID: PMC5762785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Species interaction networks are traditionally explored as discrete entities with well-defined spatial borders, an oversimplification likely impairing their applicability. Using a multilayer network approach, explicitly accounting for inter-habitat connectivity, we investigate the spatial structure of seed-dispersal networks across the Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. We show that the overall seed-dispersal network is composed by spatially explicit communities of dispersers spanning across habitats, functionally linking the landscape mosaic. Inter-habitat connectivity determines spatial structure, which cannot be accurately described with standard monolayer approaches either splitting or merging habitats. Multilayer modularity cannot be predicted by null models randomizing either interactions within each habitat or those linking habitats; however, as habitat connectivity increases, random processes become more important for overall structure. The importance of dispersers for the overall network structure is captured by multilayer versatility but not by standard metrics. Highly versatile species disperse many plant species across multiple habitats, being critical to landscape functional cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Timóteo
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marta Correia
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Freitas
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Vargas P, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Heleno R. Phylogenetic evidence for a Miocene origin of Mediterranean lineages: species diversity, reproductive traits and geographical isolation. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:157-165. [PMID: 28892240 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A review of 27 angiosperm clades (26 genera) of species-rich and species-poor plant groups of the Mediterranean floristic region was performed with phylogenetic and biological trait data. The emergent pattern is that a majority of Mediterranean plant clades split from their sister groups between the Miocene (23-5 Ma) and the Oligocene (34-23 Ma), far earlier than the onset of the Mediterranean climate (ca. 3.2 Ma). In addition, 12 of 14 clades of the species-poor group have stem ages inferred for each clade in the Miocene or older, and six of 13 clades within the species-rich group show divergence of each stem clade within the Oligocene and/or Miocene. High levels of species diversity are related to an ancient (Paleocene-Miocene) origin and also to recent origin (Pliocene-Pleistocene) followed by active speciation and even explosive radiations: some species and lineages diversified over a short period (Aquilegia, Cistus, Dianthus, Linaria sect. Supinae, Reseda). In the species-rich group, key reproductive characters were found to be significantly more important for species recognition than key vegetative characters in eight clades, but no difference was found in four clades, and vegetative characters were predominant in one clade (Saxifraga). Geographical differentiation is proposed as predominant over divergence driven by pollination ecology. We hypothesise an evolutionary process in which lineages adapted to pre-Mediterranean (pre-Pliocene) conditions in relatively small, xeric areas became strongly competitive and expanded as the Mediterranean climate became dominant (Pliocene-Quaternary) across the Mediterranean Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - R Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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24
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Rumeu B, Devoto M, Traveset A, Olesen JM, Vargas P, Nogales M, Heleno R. Predicting the consequences of disperser extinction: richness matters the most when abundance is low. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rumeu
- Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences Calçada Martim de Freitas University of Coimbra 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Mariano Devoto
- Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de Buenos Aires Av. San Martín 4453 C1417DSE Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC‐UIB) Terrestrial Ecology Group C/Miquel Marqués 21 07190‐Esporles Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Royal Botanical Garden Madrid (CSIC‐RJB) Plaza de Murillo, 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC‐IPNA) 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences Calçada Martim de Freitas University of Coimbra 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
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25
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Correia M, Timóteo S, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Mazars-Simon A, Heleno R. Refaunation and the reinstatement of the seed-dispersal function in Gorongosa National Park. Conserv Biol 2017; 31:76-85. [PMID: 27355794 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Large animals are important seed dispersers; however, they tend to be under a high extinction risk worldwide. There is compelling evidence that the global biodiversity crisis is leading to the deterioration of several ecosystem functions, but there is virtually no information on how large-scale refaunation efforts can reinstate seed dispersal. We evaluated the effectiveness of a 62-km2 wildlife sanctuary, which was established to recover populations of large mammals in Gorongosa National Park (Mozambique), in restoring seed dispersal. We collected animal scats during the dry season of 2014 (June-August) along 5 transects inside and 5 transects outside the sanctuary fence (50 km total) with the same type of plant community, identified animal and plant species in the transects, and quantified the number of seeds in each scat. Based on these data, we built bipartite networks and calculated network and species-level descriptor values, and we compared data collected inside and outside the sanctuary. There were more scats (268 vs. 207) and more scats containing seeds (132 vs. 94) inside than outside the sanctuary. The number of mammal dispersers was also higher inside (17) than outside the sanctuary (11). Similarly, more seeds (2413 vs. 2124) and plant species (33 vs. 26) were dispersed inside than outside the sanctuary. Overall, the seed-dispersal network was less specialized (0.38 vs. 0.44) and there was a greater overlap (0.16 vs. 0.07) inside than outside the sanctuary. Both networks were significantly modular and antinested. The high number and richness of seeds dispersed inside the sanctuary was explained mostly by a higher abundance of dispersers rather than by disperser identity. Our results suggest conservation efforts aimed at recovering populations of large mammals are helping to reestablish not only target mammal species but also their functional roles as seed dispersers in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Correia
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Timóteo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alban Mazars-Simon
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Teixeira H, Correia M, Timóteo S, Heleno R, Öpik M, Moora M. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities from tropical Africa reveal strong ecological structure. New Phytol 2017; 213:380-390. [PMID: 27560189 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the distribution and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the rules that govern AMF assemblages has been hampered by a lack of data from natural ecosystems. In addition, the current knowledge on AMF diversity is biased towards temperate ecosystems, whereas little is known about other habitats such as dry tropical ecosystems. We explored the diversity and structure of AMF communities in grasslands, savannas, dry forests and miombo in a protected area under dry tropical climate (Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique) using 454 pyrosequencing. In total, 147 AMF virtual taxa (VT) were detected, including 22 VT new to science. We found a high turnover of AMF with ˂ 12% of VT present in all vegetation types. Forested areas supported more diverse AMF communities than savannas and grassland. Miombo woodlands had the highest AMF richness, number of novel VT, and number of exclusive and indicator taxa. Our data reveal a sharp differentiation of AMF communities between forested areas and periodically flooded savannas and grasslands. This marked ecological structure of AMF communities provides the first comprehensive landscape-scale evidence that, at the background of globally low endemism of AMF, local communities are shaped by regional processes including environmental filtering by edaphic properties and natural disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cda Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Teixeira
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cda Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cda Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Timóteo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cda Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cda Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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27
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Guzmán B, Heleno R, Nogales M, Simbaña W, Traveset A, Vargas P. Evolutionary history of the endangered shrub snapdragon (Galvezia leucantha) of the Galápagos Islands. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Guzmán
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation; Real Jardín Botánico - CSIC; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; 3000-213 Coímbra Portugal
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group; Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología - CSIC; Av. Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife Spain
| | - Walter Simbaña
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering; Universidad Técnica de Ambato; Colombia 02-11 Ambato EC180105 Ecuador
| | - Anna Traveset
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation; Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats - CSIC; Carrer de Miquel Marquès; 21, 07190 Esporles Mallorca Spain
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation; Real Jardín Botánico - CSIC; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
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28
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Traveset A, Chamorro S, Olesen JM, Heleno R. Space, time and aliens: charting the dynamic structure of Galápagos pollination networks. AoB Plants 2015; 7:plv068. [PMID: 26104283 PMCID: PMC4522039 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic archipelagos are threatened by the introduction of alien species which can severely disrupt the structure, function and stability of native communities. Here we investigated the pollination interactions in the two most disturbed Galápagos Islands, comparing the three main habitats and the two seasons, and assessing the impacts of alien plant invasions on network structure. We found that the pollination network structure was rather consistent between the two islands, but differed across habitats and seasons. Overall, the arid zone had the largest networks and highest species generalization levels whereas either the transition between habitats or the humid habitat showed lower values. Our data suggest that alien plants integrate easily into the communities, but with low impact on overall network structure, except for an increase in network selectiveness. The humid zone showed the highest nestedness and the lowest modularity, which might be explained by the low species diversity and the higher incidence of alien plants in this habitat. Both pollinators and plants were also more generalized in the hot season, when networks showed to be more nested. Alien species (both plants and pollinators) represented a high fraction (∼56 %) of the total number of interactions in the networks. It is thus likely that, in spite of the overall weak effect we found of alien plant invasion on pollination network structure, these introduced species influence the reproductive success of native ones, and by doing so, they affect the functioning of the community. This certainly deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Traveset
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINC-Global), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marqués 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Susana Chamorro
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINC-Global), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marqués 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain Present address: Universidad Internacional SEK, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Calle Alberto Einstein y 5ta transversal, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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29
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Heleno R, Garcia C, Jordano P, Traveset A, Gómez JM, Blüthgen N, Memmott J, Moora M, Cerdeira J, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Freitas H, Olesen JM. Ecological networks: delving into the architecture of biodiversity. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20131000. [PMID: 24402718 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the analysis of interaction networks has grown popular as a framework to explore ecological processes and the relationships between community structure and its functioning. The field has rapidly grown from its infancy to a vibrant youth, as reflected in the variety and quality of the discussions held at the first international symposium on Ecological Networks in Coimbra-Portugal (23-25 October 2013). The meeting gathered 170 scientists from 22 countries, who presented data from a broad geographical range, and covering all stages of network analyses, from sampling strategies to effective ways of communicating results, presenting new analytical tools, incorporation of temporal and spatial dynamics, new applications and visualization tools.(1) During the meeting it became evident that while many of the caveats diagnosed in early network studies are successfully being tackled, new challenges arise, attesting to the health of the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Heleno
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, , PO Box 3046, Coimbra 3001-455, Portugal
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30
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Traveset A, Heleno R, Chamorro S, Vargas P, McMullen CK, Castro-Urgal R, Nogales M, Herrera HW, Olesen JM. Invaders of pollination networks in the Galapagos Islands: emergence of novel communities. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20123040. [PMID: 23486435 PMCID: PMC3619457 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.3040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biodiversity of most oceanic archipelagos is currently threatened by the introduction of alien species that can displace native biota, disrupt native ecological interactions, and profoundly affect community structure and stability. We investigated the threat of aliens on pollination networks in the species-rich lowlands of five Galápagos Islands. Twenty per cent of all species (60 plants and 220 pollinators) in the pooled network were aliens, being involved in 38 per cent of the interactions. Most aliens were insects, especially dipterans (36%), hymenopterans (30%) and lepidopterans (14%). These alien insects had more links than either endemic pollinators or non-endemic natives, some even acting as island hubs. Aliens linked mostly to generalized species, increasing nestedness and thus network stability. Moreover, they infiltrated all seven connected modules (determined by geographical and phylogenetic constraints) of the overall network, representing around 30 per cent of species in two of them. An astonishingly high proportion (38%) of connectors, which enhance network cohesiveness, was also alien. Results indicate that the structure of these emergent novel communities might become more resistant to certain type of disturbances (e.g. species loss), while being more vulnerable to others (e.g. spread of a disease). Such notable changes in network structure as invasions progress are expected to have important consequences for native biodiversity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Traveset
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global LINC-Global, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats CSIC-UIB , Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
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31
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of the Galápagos Islands for the development of central concepts in ecology and evolution, the understanding of many ecological processes in this archipelago is still very basic. One such process is pollination, which provides an important service to both plants and their pollinators. The rather modest level of knowledge on this subject has so far limited our predictive power on the consequences of the increasing threat of introduced plants and pollinators to this unique archipelago. SCOPE As a first step toward building a unified view of the state of pollination in the Galápagos, a thorough literature search was conducted on the breeding systems of the archipelago's flora and compiled all documented flower-visitor interactions. Based on 38 studies from the last 100 years, we retrieved 329 unique interactions between 123 flowering plant species (50 endemics, 39 non-endemic natives, 26 introduced and eight of unknown origin) from 41 families and 120 animal species from 13 orders. We discuss the emergent patterns and identify promising research avenues in the field. CONCLUSIONS Although breeding systems are known for <20 % of the flora, most species in our database were self-compatible. Moreover, the incidence of autogamy among endemics, non-endemic natives and alien species did not differ significantly, being high in all groups, which suggests that a poor pollinator fauna does not represent a constraint to the integration of new plant species into the native communities. Most interactions detected (approx. 90 %) come from a single island (most of them from Santa Cruz). Hymenopterans (mainly the endemic carpenter bee Xylocopa darwinii and ants), followed by lepidopterans, were the most important flower visitors. Dipterans were much more important flower visitors in the humid zone than in the dry zone. Bird and lizard pollination has been occasionally reported in the dry zone. Strong biases were detected in the sampling effort dedicated to different islands, time of day, focal plants and functional groups of visitors. Thus, the existing patterns need to be confronted with new and less biased data. The implementation of a community-level approach could greatly increase our understanding of pollination on the islands and our ability to predict the consequences of plant invasions for the natural ecosystems of the Galápagos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Chamorro
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Terrestrial Ecology Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Terrestrial Ecology Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Conley K. McMullen
- Department of Biology, 820 Madison Drive, MSC 7801, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Terrestrial Ecology Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Nogales M, Heleno R, Traveset A, Vargas P. Evidence for overlooked mechanisms of long-distance seed dispersal to and between oceanic islands. New Phytol 2012; 194:313-317. [PMID: 22250806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC-IPNA), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- (Author for correspondence: tel +34 629 508 735; )
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC-RJB), 28014 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Heleno R, Lacerda I, Ramos JA, Memmott J. Evaluation of restoration effectiveness: community response to the removal of alien plants. Ecol Appl 2010; 20:1191-1203. [PMID: 20666243 DOI: 10.1890/09-1384.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant invasions are a key cause of biodiversity loss and motivate many restoration programs worldwide. We assessed restoration success of an invaded forest in the Azores using two complementary experimental designs: a before-after control-impact (BACI) design compared a restored and a control (unmanipulated) site over three years, while a control-impact (CI) design evaluated the short-term effects of restoration on restored-control replicated pairs. In both designs, a food web approach was used to evaluate both structural and functional aspects of the restoration. Two years after removing alien plants from the BACI design, there were increases in the abundance of native seeds (110%), herbivorous insects (85%), insect parasitoids (5%), and birds (7%) in the experimental plot compared to the unmanipulated plot. In the CI design, five experimental plots were weeded and paired with five adjacent unmanipulated plots. Immediately following the removal of alien plants within the experimental plots, there was a significant decrease in native plant species, likely attributed to the effect of disturbance. Nevertheless, the production of native seeds increased by 35% in year 1, and seed production of the focal endemic plant, Ilex perado (holly), increased 159% in year 2. Weeding increased the survivorship and growth of seedlings transplanted into the plots, particularly those of alien species. Both experiments provide evidence of the positive effects of weeding cascading through the food web from native plants to herbivorous insects, insect parasitoids, and birds. Two aspects that could prove critical to the outcome of restoration programs deserve further attention: most bird-dispersed seeds were alien, and weeding favored alien over native seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Heleno
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
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