Kidney Transplantation, Cardiovascular Risk, and Long-Term Dialysis in Japan

BACKGROUND

The waiting time for deceased-donor kidney-only transplantations in Japan is long. Herein, we assessed the effect of length of dialysis on the outcomes of these patients.

METHODS

We divided patients into 2 groups based on length of dialysis (Group A, <15 years, and Group B, ≥15 years), and compared the background and outcomes after kidney transplantation.

RESULTS

Group A included 210 patients and Group B included 35 patients. In Group B, 20% of transplants were from living donors. Patient age (P = .017) and the hepatitis C infection rate (P = .018) were significantly higher in Group B, whereas hypertension (P = .011), diabetes (P = .041), and ABO-incompatibility rates (P = .015) were significantly higher in Group A. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 97.0% and 95.4%, respectively, in Group A and 97.1% and 97.1%, respectively, in Group B. The 5- and 10-year graft survival rates were 95.4% and 84.8%, respectively, in Group A and 97.1% and 73.1%, respectively, in Group B. There were no significant differences between the groups in patient survival (P = .74) and graft survival (P = .72). The 5- and 10-year cardiovascular event-free survival rates were 95.9% and 92.4%, respectively, in Group A and 88.6% and 76.8%, respectively, in Group B. Cardiovascular event-free survival was significantly higher in Group A (P = .038). Cox stepwise multivariate analysis indicated that length of dialysis was a significant predictor of cardiovascular events (hazard risk, 1.007; range, 1.001-1.012; P = .012).

CONCLUSION

The prognosis after kidney transplantation is promising even after a long length of dialysis, although evaluation of the cardiovascular risk is needed in these cases.

Polyphenols and fatty acids responsible for anti-cyanobacterial allelopathic effects of submerged macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum

Myriophyllum spicatum is known to inhibit the growth of cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa by releasing anti-cyanobacterial allelochemicals. The allelochemicals possibly responsible for the inhibition include five polyphenols and three fatty acids, but the extent to which these are indeed responsible for the anti-cyanobacterial effects is unclear. The goal of this research was to determine the contribution of these compounds to the allelopathic effect of M. spicatum on M. aeruginosa. We first collected information on the release rates of these compounds and then added the compounds to a cyanobacterial medium on the basis of their release rates so as to simulate their excretion by M. spicatum. Addition of the polyphenols and fatty acids inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa, and the interaction of the polyphenols and fatty acids was additive. The EC50 of a polyphenol and fatty acid mixture was compared with that of M. spicatum itself as previously determined in a mixed culture system in which M. spicatum and M. aeruginosa were incubated. The former was about 1.9 times higher than that of the latter, the implication being that the inhibitory effect of the polyphenols and fatty acids contributed about 53% of the allelopathic effect of M. spicatum. This paper is the first to describe allelochemicals that account for a half of the anti-cyanobacterial allelopathic effect of a macrophyte.

Reduction of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β in plasma by hemodialysis and its relation to cognitive functions

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Rapid removal of plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) by blood purification may serve as a peripheral Aβ sink from the brain for Alzheimer's disease therapy. We investigated the reduction of plasma Aβ during hemodialysis and cognitive states.

METHODS

Aβ concentrations and Mini-Mental State Examinations (MMSE) were investigated in 37 hemodialysis patients (68.9 ± 4.1 years).

RESULTS

The dialyzers effectively removed Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42), 63.9 ± 14.4 and 51.6 ± 17.0% at 4 h dialysis, resulting in the reduction of Aβs in whole-body circulation by 51.1 ± 8.9 and 32.7 ± 12.0%, respectively. Although the plasma Aβs before dialysis (750.8 ± 171.3 pg/ml for Aβ(1-40)) were higher than those reported for Alzheimer's disease patients, the cognitive states of hemodialysis patients were relatively normal, especially of longer dialysis vintages.

CONCLUSIONS

Dialyzers effectively reduced Aβs in whole-body circulation. Repeated rapid decrease of plasma Aβs might maintain cognitive state.

Prevention of lead leaching from fly ashes by mechanochemical treatment

Fly ashes from a municipal solid waste incinerator were subjected to mechanochemical (MC) treatment in a planetary ball mill, and the treated fly ashes were cemented with a binder. The leachability of lead (Pb) from the treated fly ashes and from the cement product were investigated, and the speciation of lead in the treated and untreated ashes was determined by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis. MC treatment of the fly ashes and subsequent cementation prevented Pb leaching by 99.9%, whereas MC treatment alone prevented Pb leaching by 92.8%. Analysis of the X-ray absorption near-edge spectrum of the untreated fly ashes revealed that the predominant Pb species in the ashes was PbCl(2). In contrast, the counterpart in the treated fly ashes was Pb(3)O(4) insoluble in water. The formation of a species of Pb with a lower solubility in water than that of PbCl(2) was confirmed by MC treatment of PbCl(2)-spiked fly ashes for 48h, indicating the reduction of PbCl(2) in the spiked fly ashes to Pb via Pb(3)O(4) during MC treatment. Our results indicate that such reduction to an insoluble species prevented Pb from leaching and that MC treatment followed by cementation is a feasible method for the recycling of fly ashes.

Higher survival rates of chronic hemodialysis patients on anti-hypertensive drugs

BACKGROUND

The effects of anti-hypertensive drugs on survival have not been examined in a large cohort of hemodialysis (HD) patients.

METHODS

We examined the relationship between blood pressure, anti-hypertensive drug therapy, and survival using the nationwide HD registry of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. Outcomes were confirmed using the coded ID numbers of the 2005 and 2006 registries. Logistic analyses were performed to determine the effect of anti-hypertensive drug therapy on survival.

RESULTS

A total of 163,668 patients (50.6% men; 31.5% with diabetes mellitus; mean age 63.6 years) on HD 3 times a week in 2005 were studied. Mean (SD) levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 153.4 (24.1) and 78.7 (13.7) mm Hg, respectively, before the HD session. Two-thirds of the HD patients were prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs and the numbers of anti-hypertensive medications were: 1 in 26.8%, 2 in 24.4%, and 3 or more in 14.5% of the total patients. The 1-year mortality rate was 6.6% overall: 8.5% in patients not prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs and 5.6% among those prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the 1-year mortality rate was 0.724 (0.681-0.770, p < 0.0001) for patients prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs, after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, HD duration, serum albumin, and systolic blood pressure.

CONCLUSION

Survival was better in patients prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs, particularly renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, than in those not prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs. The causality on this association remained to be determined and prospective studies on blood pressure target levels and the effects of anti-hypertensive drug class in HD patients are warranted.

Evaluation of ethanol washing on dioxins-polluted soil and sediment based on adsorption relationships

Multi-stage ethanol washing on dioxins-polluted soil and sediment were performed. The results indicated the existence of limit washing concentration (LWC), where no more dioxins were removed from the soil or the sediment by further washing. In each stage, dioxins concentration in the soil, sediment and ethanol could be described satisfactory by the Freundlich equation. The Freundlich capacity factor, K(ef) correlated with the LWC which was estimated to be ca. 1000 pmol g(-1) in the case of soil, and about 150 pmol g(-1) in the case of sediment. Organic contents in the soil and sediment affected the Freundlich intensity parameter, n(-1) but not K(f). A model, which enables the calculation of removal efficiency of PCDD/DFs at each stage using K(f), n, and initial PCDD/DFs concentration, is presented.

Pediatric susceptibility to 18 industrial chemicals: A comparative analysis of newborn with young animals

We comprehensively re-analyzed the toxicity data for 18 industrial chemicals from repeated oral exposures in newborn and young rats, which were previously published. Two new toxicity endpoints specific to this comparative analysis were identified, the first, the presumed no observed adverse effect level (pNOAEL) was estimated based on results of both main and dose-finding studies, and the second, the presumed unequivocally toxic level (pUETL) was defined as a clear toxic dose giving similar severity in both newborn and young rats. Based on the analyses of both pNOAEL and pUETL ratios between the different ages, newborn rats demonstrated greater susceptibility (at most 8-fold) to nearly two thirds of these 18 chemicals (mostly phenolic substances), and less or nearly equal sensitivity to the other chemicals. Exceptionally one chemical only showed toxicity in newborn rats. In addition, Benchmark Dose Lower Bound (BMDL) estimates were calculated as an alternative endpoint. Most BMDLs were comparable to their corresponding pNOAELs and the overall correlation coefficient was 0.904. We discussed how our results can be incorporated into chemical risk assessment approaches to protect pediatric health from direct oral exposure to chemicals.

Impact of reproductive experience on women's smoking behaviour in Japanese nurses

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were to describe current and past smoking behaviour of female Japanese nurses, to examine factors associated with developing and stopping a smoking habit, and to examine how their reproductive experiences affect their smoking behaviour.

STUDY DESIGN

A cross-sectional study. This study was a baseline survey of a prospective occupational cohort study.

METHODS

A self-administered survey of 1748 female Japanese nurses aged over 20 years was conducted in Gunma prefecture, Japan, in 1999.

RESULTS

Overall, 27.2% developed a smoking habit (current smokers, 19.8%; ex-smokers, 7.4%) and 72.2% were never smokers. Logistic regression analysis showed that the type of nursing certificate was statistically associated with developing a smoking habit. It also showed that the type of nursing certificate, work place, marital status and current pregnancy were statistically associated with smoking cessation. Currently pregnant women were more likely to stop smoking than non-pregnant women (adjusted odds ratio, 3.18; 95% confidence intervals, 1.25-8.06). For women aged 20-29 years, the proportions of current smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers among pregnant women were 11.5, 23.1 and 65.4%, respectively; among non-pregnant women of this age, the values were 22.3, 4.3 and 73.4%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in such proportions between the two groups (chi2=19.27; P<0.0001). More than half of the ex-smokers who were currently pregnant had stopped smoking in the last 12 months. Smoking behaviour showed no statistically significant difference between women who had had at least one delivery and women who had not.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that pregnancy provides a good opportunity for smoking cessation, but a large proportion of women who successfully quit smoking during pregnancy relapse after delivery.

A Japanese patient with distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles: missense mutations in the epimerase domain of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene accompanied by hyposialylation of skeletal muscle glycoproteins

Hereditary inclusion body myopathy and distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles are both caused by mutations of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene. Here we report a Japanese patient with compound heterozygous missense mutations in the epimerase domain of GNE gene, 89 G to C and 578 A to T. Biochemical analysis demonstrated decreased reactivity of skeletal muscle glycoproteins with the lectins recognizing sialic acid residues. The results suggest that hyposialylation of glycoproteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of muscle dysfunction in this patient.

Microbial degradation of estrogens using activated sludge and night soil-composting microorganisms

In order to investigate the potential for microbial degradation of estrogens, and the products formed, activated sludge collected from Korea (ASK) and night soil-composting microorganisms (NSCM) were used to degrade estrogens. Results showed that both ASK and NSCM degraded almost 100% of the natural estrogens estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) from initial concentrations of 20-25 mg/L, while synthetic estrogen, ethynylestradiol (EE2), was not degraded. Analysis of degradation products of E2 by using HPLC-ECD and a consecutive first-order reaction calculation confirmed that E2 was sequentially degraded to E1, which was further degraded to other unknown compounds by ASK and NSCM. We then used the yeast two-hybrid assay to show that the unknown degradation products did not appear to possess estrogenic activity when E1, E2 or E3 were degraded to below the detection limit after 14 days of incubation, indicating that ASK and NSCM not only degrade natural estrogens, but also remove their estrogenic activities.

Essential Bacillus subtilis genes

To estimate the minimal gene set required to sustain bacterial life in nutritious conditions, we carried out a systematic inactivation of Bacillus subtilis genes. Among approximately 4,100 genes of the organism, only 192 were shown to be indispensable by this or previous work. Another 79 genes were predicted to be essential. The vast majority of essential genes were categorized in relatively few domains of cell metabolism, with about half involved in information processing, one-fifth involved in the synthesis of cell envelope and the determination of cell shape and division, and one-tenth related to cell energetics. Only 4% of essential genes encode unknown functions. Most essential genes are present throughout a wide range of Bacteria, and almost 70% can also be found in Archaea and Eucarya. However, essential genes related to cell envelope, shape, division, and respiration tend to be lost from bacteria with small genomes. Unexpectedly, most genes involved in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway are essential. Identification of unknown and unexpected essential genes opens research avenues to better understanding of processes that sustain bacterial life.

The inorganic and organic characters for predicting bioconcentration on wide variety of chemicals in fish

The applicability of Fujita's inorganic (i) and organic (o) characters as descriptors for predicting bioconcentration factor (BCF) in fish was investigated with a wide variety of organic chemicals. Among 612 BCF data recently released by National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE), the values for the chemicals with a molecular weight of less than 600 and the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) of less than six were extracted and analyzed. By applying theoretically derived model equation, a good relationship between these BCF and each Fujita's sigma i: sigma o was established. Statistical analyses and model validations revealed that the estimations of our approach were very excellent. More precise predictions were attained than those by using other published models, especially, for chemicals such as disperse dye having hetero atoms.

Expression of p33(ING1) in hepatocellular carcinoma: relationships to tumour differentiation and cyclin E kinase activity

BACKGROUND

Inhibitor of growth-1 (ING1) is a new candidate for the tumour suppressor gene that encodes a 33k Da protein (p33(ING1)). While reduction of p33(ING1) is an important event in some human cancers, the expression of p33(ING1) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be examined. We evaluated p33(ING1) expression in various liver diseases including HCC.

METHODS

Expression of p33(ING1) was evaluated immunohistochemically not only in the normal liver (n = 5), but also in specimens of chronic hepatitis (n = 39) and HCC (n = 86). We also analysed the relationship between p33(ING1) expression and cyclin E kinase activity detected by autoradiography in 29 HCCs.

RESULTS

Expression of p33(ING1) was reduced in HCC, especially in moderately and poorly differentiated HCCs, and those at advanced stages. Furthermore, expression of p33(ING1) correlated inversely with cyclin E kinase activity.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that reduction of p33(ING1) may contribute to the process of malignant transformation, progression and dedifferentiation of HCC via an increase of cyclin E kinase activity.

Systemic administration of interferon-gamma-expressing plasmid reduces late allergic bronchitis in a mouse model of asthma

Asthma might be caused by a helper T(Th)2 immune response. We hypothesized that the systemic administration of the Th1 cytokines may reduce the Th2 type late asthmatic response (LAR). We examined the effect of the intraperitoneal injection of interferon(IFN)-gamma-expressing plasmid, a Th1 cytokine, or interleukin(IL)-4-expressing plasmid, a Th2 cytokine, at the time of sensitization on a mouse model of asthma induced by ovalbumin in BALB/c mice. We demonstrated that the IFN-gamma-expressing plasmid reduced the LAR, whereas the IL-4-expressing plasmid enhanced the LAR as compared with the saline or plasmid-only treated group. The present study suggests that the systemic administration of IFN-gamma-expressing plasmid may have a modulating ability of Th1/Th2 balance to down-regulate Th2 response by a mutual inhibitory mechanism between Th1 and Th2 cells, leading to the reduction of the LAR.

Isolation and characterization of the ethynylestradiol-biodegrading microorganism Fusarium proliferatum strain HNS-1

We cultivated hundreds of sediment, soil, and manure samples taken from rivers and farms in a medium containing ethynylestradiol (EE2) as the sole source of carbon, so that microorganisms in the samples would acclimatize to the presence of EE2. Finally, we isolated an EE2-degrading microorganism, designated as strain HNS-1, from a cowshed sample. Based on its partial nucleotide sequence (563 bp) of the 28S rRNA gene, strain HNS-1 was identified as Fusarium proliferatum. Over 15 days, F. proliferatum strain HNS-1 removed 97% of EE2 at an initial concentration of 25 mg.L-1, with a first-order rate constant of 0.6 d-1. Unknown products of EE2 degradation, which may be more polar compounds that have a phenolic group, remained in the culture medium.

[Epidemiological features about serum phosphorus level in renal failure]

Before a renal failure patient begins dialysis therapy, the serum creatinine concentration becomes high and at the same time the serum phosphorus level is also on the rise. In a dialysis patient, on the other hand, the serum phosphorus concentration decreases with age. Also, among those on dialysis, a patient with elevated intact-PTH and one with a high normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) show virtually no relation of a high serum phosphorus level with either the serum calcium level or the serum phosphorus level. The phosphorous concentration in a hemodialysis patient is linked to the prognosis, and there is a high mortality risk in a patient with a pre-dialysis serum phosphorus level of less than 3.0 mg/dl or 7.0 mg/dl or more.

CD31 expression on leukocytes is downregulated in vivo during hemodialysis

BACKGROUND/AIM

CD31 on leukocytes is the adhesion molecule involved in the leukocyte extravasation in inflammatory conditions. During hemodialysis with cellulosic membranes, it is considered that activated leukocytes adhere to endothelium, but do not show extravasation. However, it is not elucidated why activated leukocytes do not show endothelial transmigration during hemodialysis with cellulosic membranes.

METHODS

In the present study, changes in the expressions of Mac-1 and CD31 on granulocytes and monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry during hemodialysis in 7 patients treated with regenerated-cellulose (RC) membranes and next with polysulfone (PS) membranes.

RESULTS

During dialysis with RC, Mac-1 expressions on granulocytes and monocytes both significantly increased as compared with predialysis values and across the dialyzer. During dialysis with RC, the CD31 expression on granulocytes and monocytes significantly decreased as compared with predialysis values. During dialysis with PS, changes in Mac-1 and CD31 expressions on granulocytes and monocytes were smaller than those during dialysis with RC.

CONCLUSIONS

Decreased CD31 expression on leukocytes may affect leukocyte function more in patients chronically hemodialyzed with RC than in those hemodialyzed with PS, since CD31 is important in leukocyte transendothelial migration in inflammatory conditions.

Outcomes of hemodiafiltration based on Japanese dialysis patient registry

Effectiveness of various therapeutic modalities was analyzed among 1,196 patients entered in the registry of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy who were on hemopurification therapy as of the end of 1998 and developed dialysis-related amyloidosis during 1999. In the investigation, the effectiveness of various hemopurification modalities on the dialysis-related amyloidosis was ranked as exacerbation, unchanged, or alleviation, so as to analyze the possible relationship between the hemopurification modality and its effectiveness. The analysis was performed using a logistic regression approach, and the results were shown as "the risk of a worse therapeutic ranking" among the hemopurification modalities. The smaller "the risk of a worse therapeutic effect" was, the more effective the treatment modality. When the risk of a worse therapeutic effect for the hemodialysis patients treated by a regular membrane was put at 1.0, the risk for hemodialysis patients using high-flux membrane was 0.489, the off-line hemodiafiltration risk was 0.117, the on-line hemodiafiltration risk was 0.013, and the risk of push/pull hemodiafiltration was 0.017. For hemodialysis with a beta(2)-microglobulin adsorption column, a low risk of 0.054 was found. The results indicated that hemodiafiltration therapy and simultaneous hemodialysis with beta(2)-microglobulin adsorption therapy were more effective treatment for dialysis-related amyloidosis.

Downmodulation of bFGF-binding protein expression following restoration of p53 function

Angiogenesis is a requirement for solid tumor growth. Therefore, inhibition of this neovascularization is one mechanism by which restoration of wtp53 function may lead to tumor regression. Here we report that adenoviral vector-mediated wild-type p53 transduction results in growth inhibition of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck tumor cells both in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. This growth inhibition is associated with the down-regulation of the expression of fibroblast growth factor binding protein, a secreted protein required for the activation of angiogenic factor basic FGF. These findings suggest that wtp53-induced tumor regression is due, at least in part, to antiangiogenesis mediated by the downmodulation of fibroblast growth factor binding protein.

Bronchial lesions of the late asthmatic response in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice

In this study, histopathological bronchial-bronchiolar lesions of the late asthmatic responses induced by ovalbumin in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were compared. Prominent goblet cell hyperplasia and metaplasia with mucous secretion, and desquamation of epithelial cells with severe infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes, were observed in the BALB/c mice; in the C57BL/6 mice, however, these changes were less severe. The reduced histopathological changes in the C57BL/6 mice were associated with a decreased infiltrate of eosinophils, decreased serum immunoglobulin-E (IgE) concentrations and increased serum interferon-gamma concentrations. The results suggest that the reduced bronchial lesions in C57BL/6 mice were due, at least in part, to suppression of the T-helper (Th)2 immune response that underlies the decreased infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils into the bronchial mucosa.

Genetic characterization and evolutionary implications of a car gene cluster in the carbazole degrader Pseudomonas sp. strain CA10

The nucleotide sequences of the 27,939-bp-long upstream and 9,448-bp-long downstream regions of the carAaAaBaBbCAc(ORF7)Ad genes of carbazole-degrading Pseudomonas sp. strain CA10 were determined. Thirty-two open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, and the car gene cluster was consequently revealed to consist of 10 genes (carAaAaBaBbCAcAdDFE) encoding the enzymes for the three-step conversion of carbazole to anthranilate and the degradation of 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate. The high identities (68 to 83%) with the enzymes involved in 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid degradation were observed only for CarFE. This observation, together with the fact that two ORFs are inserted between carD and carFE, makes it quite likely that the carFE genes were recruited from another locus. In the 21-kb region upstream from carAa, aromatic-ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase genes (ORF26, ORF27, and ORF28) were found. Inductive expression in carbazole-grown cells and the results of homology searching indicate that these genes encode the anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase involved in carbazole degradation. Therefore, these ORFs were designated antABC. Four homologous insertion sequences, IS5car1 to IS5car4, were identified in the neighboring regions of car and ant genes. IS5car2 and IS5car3 constituted the putative composite transposon containing antABC. One-ended transposition of IS5car2 together with the 5' portion of antA into the region immediately upstream of carAa had resulted in the formation of IS5car1 and ORF9. In addition to the insertion sequence-dependent recombination, gene duplications and presumed gene fusion were observed. In conclusion, through the above gene rearrangement, the novel genetic structure of the car gene cluster has been constructed. In addition, it was also revealed that the car and ant gene clusters are located on the megaplasmid pCAR1.

Interaction between morphine and lysine

The study by the molecular orbital theory displayed that morphine and lysine make two types of the interactions between them: type (A) by three hydrogen bondings and type (B) by one hydrogen bonding accompanied with a proton transfer. The stabilization energies were 45.3 and 34.9 kcal/mol for type (A) and type (B), respectively. The characters of these interactions are striking compared to the interactions of morphine with the other amino acids, suggesting that lysine is the binding point of morphine in the mu-opioid receptor.

Identifying sources and mass balance of dioxin pollution in Lake Shinji Basin, Japan

On the basis of congener-specific analysis of dioxins in a dated sediment core, the sources and behavior of dioxins in Lake Shinji Basin, Japan, were estimated. The dioxins in the core showed that their deposition in the lake increased rapidly during the 1960s, peaked in the early 1970s, and then decreased gradually. Principal component analysis of the congener-specific data showed that three major sources existed: pentachlorophenol (PCP), chloronitrophen (CNP), and combustion. PCP and CNP are paddy field herbicides used extensively in the basin. The time trends of source contributions were estimated by multiple regression analysis using the source profiles. The results revealed that dioxin emission from PCP and CNP herbicides was high in the 1960s and the early 1970s, respectively. The contributions from PCP, CNP, and combustion in recent surface sediment were about 68, 16, and 16% in terms of total amount of dioxins. From the decreasing trend of dioxin deposition in the lake after extensive herbicide use, the amount of dioxins that accumulated in the agricultural soil in the basin was estimated to have decreased by about 2%/yr or a half-life of about 35 yr, indicating that dioxin runoff from agricultural fields would continue for a long time.

Quantitative estimation of dietary energy deficiency and effects of its supplementation on protein nutritional status of nondiabetic uremic patients undergoing protein restricted dietary regimens

In chronic renal failure (CRF) patients with a reduced protein intake, if the patients' energy intake could be estimated on the basis of biochemical data together with protein intake, it would be easier to provide them with adequate dietary treatment. Thus, from the relationship among the normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) and the intrinsic creatinine generation rate (%GCr) both calculated on the basis of 24-hr urine creatinine, as well as the daily dietary energy intake evaluated by a skilled nutritionist, we devised the following equation to estimate the amount of dietary energy deficiency (delta E) whose supplementation increases the %GCr of patients on protein-restricted dietary regimens to the target level (i.e., the dietary energy deficient amount). This was done by taking the %GCr of average nondiabetic hemodialysis patients of the same age and sex as a temporal target level: delta E = [31.22 - 1.97 (%GCr)0.6]/(nPCR)0.15. In order to examine the clinical usefulness of this equation, the daily dietary energy deficient amount calculated by the equation was supplemented with protein-free jelly. As a result, the %GCr increased from approximately three-fourths of the target level to the target level within 4 months.

Algal growth inhibition effects and inducement modes by plant-producing phenols

Evaluated here are the inhibitory effects on blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) produced by nine plant-producing phenols (caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, protocatechuic, sinapic, syringic, and vanillic acids, catechol, and hydroquinone), two plant-produced acids (quinic and shikimic acid), phenol, resorcinol, hydroxy hydroquinone, and phloroglucinol. Algal assays confirmed growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa by polyphenols, i.e., caffeic/protocatechuic acid, catechol, hydroquinone, hydroxy hydroquinone, and phloroglucinol, and by phenols containing methoxy groups, i.e., vanillic, sinapic, and syringic acids. Accordingly, this indicates good feasibility for controlling growth of M. aeruginosa using such plant-producing polyphenols and/or phenols as additives. A comparison of the inhibitory effects of the polyphenols showed that those induced by polyphenols in which phenolic hydroxy groups bound a benzene ring at ortho- and/or para-positions to another phenolic hydroxy group are stronger than the effects induced by polyphenols in which phenolic hydroxy groups are at only meta-positions. Experiments showed that the only polyphenols demonstrating significant growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa were autoxidized. These results suggest that autoxidation of the polyphenols induces inhibitory effects by producing polyphenol-autoxidized products such as radicals.