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Jang YW, Yoon Y, Maharjan R, Yi H, Jeong M, Hong SY, Lee MH, Kim SW, Kim JI, Yang JW. First Report of Pseudomonas cichorii Causing Bacterial vein necrosis on Perilla plants [ Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton.] in South Korea. Plant Dis 2022; 107:549. [PMID: 35700520 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0143-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) is the second most important upland crop and the third largest edible oil crop in Korea (Shin and Kim 1994). During a disease survey in Busan, Korea in September 2021, symptoms of vein necrosis were observed in perilla plants, with incidences of approximately 30% and 50% in two fields. Symptoms of spots on the perilla appeared as leaf dryness and spots with water-soaked blotches largely concentrated on the mid-veins of leaves. The lesions were initiated with water-soaked spots on the leaf or stem and gradually turned black or brown. Necrosis was also observed in the stems. A bacterium was isolated on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar from diseased leaf tissues that were surface-disinfected with 70% ethyl alcohol for 3-5 min and then washed with sterile water three times. Three pieces of sterilized leaf tissue (size: 0.5 × 0.5 cm) were mixed with 500 µL sterile water for 30 min, and then the suspension was serially diluted and spread on LB agar. Subsequently, isolates were cultivated on LB agar and King's Medium B agar (KMB) (Schaad et al. 2001), and they were predominantly cream-colored and circular bacterial colonies with undulated margins. The bacterial colonies on KMB displayed fluorescence under 365 nm UV light. The isolates were analyzed with the GEN III MicroPlate (Biolog, Hayward, CA, USA), and all isolates were identified as Pseudomonas cichorii, a devastating plant bacterium that damages a wide range of host plants worldwide, including in South Korea (Hikichi et al. 2013; Ramkumar et al. 2015). To identify the species of the bacterial pathogen, genomic DNA of four isolates (BS4922, BS4167, BS4345, and BS4560) was extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene and hrcRST gene were amplified with universal primers, 27F/1492R and Hcr1/Hcr2, and sequencing was then done (Patel et al. 2019). In the BLAST analysis, the 16S rRNA sequences (GenBank OM060656, OM275434, OM275435, OM275436) showed a 100% and 99% similarity to P. cichorii strains MAFF 302698 (AB724286) and P. cichorii strain Pc-Gd-4 (KU923373), respectively. Further, hrcRST gene sequences (GenBank OM143596, OM268864, OM268865, and OM268866) showed high similarity (>99%) with P. cichorii strain P16-51 (MG518230). A pathogenicity test of the four isolates was performed on 3 - 4 weeks old perilla plants by creating wounds with a needle on the lower leaves and stems, and then the plants were inoculated by spraying inoculum (108 CFU/ml). The plants that served as the negative control were wounded and sprayed with unsterilized water. The inoculated perilla plants were placed in a greenhouse at 28 ± 2oC , 80-85% relative humidity, and a natural photoperiod. The inoculation site began to show symptoms of water-soaked brown lesions. Disease symptoms such as leaf dryness, water-soaked blotches on the mid-vein of leaves, and necrosis on plant stems were observed in the inoculated plants 7-10 days after inoculation, whereas the plants of the negative control group did not show any symptoms. The bacteria were re-isolated from the diseased tissues of the plants, and DNA sequence analysis identified them as P. cichorii. Additionally, all isolates induced hypersensitivity reactions in tobacco and tomato leaves within 24 h after inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cichorii infecting perilla in South Korea. The findings in this study will provide the basic information for the development of diagnostic tools and management measures against P. cichorii in perilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Woo Jang
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, , Southern Area Crop Science, 20, jeompiljae-ro, miryang, Korea (the Republic of), 50424;
| | - Youngnam Yoon
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Corp Productiong Technology Research Division, 20th, Jeompiljaero, Miryang, Korea (the Republic of), 50424;
| | - Rameswor Maharjan
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Crop Production Technology Research Division, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Hwijong Yi
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Crop Production Technology Research Division, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - M Jeong
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Corp Productiong Technology Research Division, Miryang, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - S Y Hong
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Mirayang, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - M H Lee
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - S W Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - J I Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Jung-Wook Yang
- National Institute of Crop Science Muan, Bioenergy crop research Institute, 199 Muanro Cheonggye, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea (the Republic of), 58545;
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Suh KS, Hong SK, Lee S, Hong SY, Suh S, Han ES, Yang SM, Choi Y, Yi NJ, Lee KW. Purely laparoscopic explant hepatectomy and hybrid laparoscopic/robotic graft implantation in living donor liver transplantation. Br J Surg 2021; 109:162-164. [PMID: 34642746 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a purely laparoscopic/robotic technique for successful living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Purely laparoscopic explant hepatectomy followed by purely laparoscopic and robotic graft implantation can be performed in LDLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S K Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Y Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - E S Han
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S M Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Y Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - N J Yi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K W Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Wang Y, Peng H, Guo Z, Ullman BR, Yamamoto K, Hong SY, Liu JO. Influence of stereochemistry on the activity of rapadocin, an isoform-specific inhibitor of the nucleoside transporter ENT1. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11484-11489. [PMID: 34667552 PMCID: PMC8447900 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapadocin is a novel rapamycin-inspired polyketide–tetrapeptide hybrid macrocycle that possesses highly potent and isoform-specific inhibitory activity against the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1). Rapadocin contains an epimerizable chiral center in phenylglycine and an olefin group, and can thus exist as a mixture of four stereoisomers. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of the four stereoisomers of rapadocin using two different synthetic strategies and the assignment of their structures. The inhibitory activity of each of the four synthetic isomers on both hENT1 and hENT2 was determined. It was found that the stereochemistry of phenylglycine played a more dominant role than the configuration of the olefin in the activity of rapadocin. These findings will guide the future design and development of rapadocin analogs as new modulators of adenosine signaling. Rapadocin is a novel rapamycin-inspired polyketide–tetrapeptide hybrid macrocycle that possesses highly potent and isoform-specific inhibitory activity against the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Hanjing Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Zufeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA.,Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | | | - Kana Yamamoto
- Rapafusyn Pharmaceuticals Inc. Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Sam Y Hong
- Rapafusyn Pharmaceuticals Inc. Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
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Guo Z, Cheng Z, Wang J, Liu W, Peng H, Wang Y, Rao AVS, Li R, Ying X, Korangath P, Liberti MV, Li Y, Xie Y, Hong SY, Schiene‐Fischer C, Fischer G, Locasale JW, Sukumar S, Zhu H, Liu JO. Discovery of a Potent GLUT Inhibitor from a Library of Rapafucins by Using 3D Microarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zufeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Department of Medicinal ChemistryThe University of Kansas KS USA
| | - Wukun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Institute of Chinese MedicineNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Hanjing Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yuefan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - A. V. Subba Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Ruo‐jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring MD USA
| | - Xue Ying
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShihezi University Shihezi China
| | - Preethi Korangath
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA
| | - Maria V. Liberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University School of Medicine USA
| | - Yingjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Sam Y. Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Rapafusyn Pharmaceuticals Baltimore MD USA
| | - Cordelia Schiene‐Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Institute for Biochemistry and BiotechnologyMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Germany
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Institute for Biochemistry and BiotechnologyMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Germany
| | - Jason W. Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University School of Medicine USA
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA
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Tang AM, Hamunime N, Adams RA, Kanyinga G, Fischer-Walker C, Agolory S, Prybylski D, Mutenda N, Sughrue S, Walker DD, Rennie T, Zahralban-Steele M, Kerrigan A, Hong SY. Introduction of an Alcohol-Related Electronic Screening and Brief Intervention (eSBI) Program to Reduce Hazardous Alcohol Consumption in Namibia's Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Program. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:3078-3092. [PMID: 31444711 PMCID: PMC6801208 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most widely abused substance in Namibia and is associated with poor adherence and retention in care among people on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Electronic screening and brief interventions (eSBI) are effective in reducing alcohol consumption in various contexts. We used a mixed methods approach to develop, implement, and evaluate the introduction of an eSBI in two ART clinics in Namibia. Of the 787 participants, 45% reported some alcohol use in the past 12 months and 25% reported hazardous drinking levels. Hazardous drinkers were more likely to be male, separated/widowed/divorced, have a monthly household income > $1000 NAD, and report less than excellent ART adherence. Based on qualitative feedback from participants and providers, ART patients using the eSBI for the first time found it to be a positive and beneficial experience. However, we identified several programmatic considerations that could improve the experience and yield in future implementation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tang
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, MV248, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - N Hamunime
- Government of Namibia, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - R A Adams
- Government of Namibia, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - G Kanyinga
- Government of Namibia, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - S Agolory
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Prybylski
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N Mutenda
- Government of Namibia, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - S Sughrue
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D D Walker
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Rennie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - A Kerrigan
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Y Hong
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Guo Z, Cheng Z, Wang J, Liu W, Peng H, Wang Y, Rao AVS, Li RJ, Ying X, Korangath P, Liberti MV, Li Y, Xie Y, Hong SY, Schiene-Fischer C, Fischer G, Locasale JW, Sukumar S, Zhu H, Liu JO. Discovery of a Potent GLUT Inhibitor from a Library of Rapafucins by Using 3D Microarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17158-17162. [PMID: 31591797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose transporters play an essential role in cancer cell proliferation and survival and have been pursued as promising cancer drug targets. Using microarrays of a library of new macrocycles known as rapafucins, which were inspired by the natural product rapamycin, we screened for new inhibitors of GLUT1. We identified multiple hits from the rapafucin 3D microarray and confirmed one hit as a bona fide GLUT1 ligand, which we named rapaglutin A (RgA). We demonstrate that RgA is a potent inhibitor of GLUT1 as well as GLUT3 and GLUT4, with an IC50 value of low nanomolar for GLUT1. RgA was found to inhibit glucose uptake, leading to a decrease in cellular ATP synthesis, activation of AMP-dependent kinase, inhibition of mTOR signaling, and induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Moreover, RgA was capable of inhibiting tumor xenografts in vivo without obvious side effects. RgA could thus be a new chemical tool to study GLUT function and a promising lead for developing anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Current address: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, KS, USA
| | - Wukun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Current address: Institute of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanjing Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuefan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A V Subba Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruo-Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Current address: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xue Ying
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Current address: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Preethi Korangath
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Maria V Liberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Yingjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Current address: Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sam Y Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Current address: Rapafusyn Pharmaceuticals, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cordelia Schiene-Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
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7
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Hu XG, Kim IG, Wang HJ, Kim BW, Hong SY, Kim YB, Shen XY. Reuse of Living-Donor Liver Graft in Second Recipient with Long-Term Survival. Transplant Proc 2019; 50:3984-3987. [PMID: 30577301 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain death is a rare situation after living-donor liver transplantation. However, the recipient who suffers from brain death and has functional liver graft is a potential liver donor. We report the 1st case of successful reuse of extended right living-donor liver graft after brain death of the first recipient. The first recipient, who had acute liver failure caused by hepatitis A virus, experienced brain death on the 2nd day after the transplantation. The allograft had a favorable regeneration and functional recovery. On the 7th day, the allograft was procured with a patent hepatic artery, bile duct, portal vein, and reconstructed outflow (right hepatic vein and middle hepatic vein) and successfully implanted into the second recipient. The second recipient has experienced a long-term survival without any complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-G Hu
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - I-G Kim
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - H-J Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - B-W Kim
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - S Y Hong
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Y B Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - X-Y Shen
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Hong SY, Kim BW, Wang HJ, Kim IG, Hu XG. Hanging Hepato-Atrial Anastomosis in Deceased-Donor Liver Transplantation for Budd-Chiari Syndrome With Extensive Vena Cava Obliteration: A Case Report. Transplant Proc 2017; 49:2395-2398. [PMID: 29198688 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although outcomes of liver transplantation (LT) have improved as the result of progress in surgical procedures, a failure to restore sufficient graft outflow may yield fatal consequences including graft dysfunction and even graft loss to date. In particular, patients with pre-existing obliterated venous drainage, such as those with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), are at high risk of having venous complications followed by conventional LT. In selected cases, the transplant surgeons are compelled to modify the surgical procedures of LT from the conventional procedure. METHODS We describe an LT performed in a BCS patient with complete inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction. A procedure that we named "hanging hepato-atrial anastomosis" was performed, in which 2 major modifications were made. One modification was the dissection of the lower inlet of the right atrium by use of a trans-abdominal approach and hepato-atrial anastomosis. This was performed by exposing the thoracic IVC through a trans-abdominal approach. The other modification was the manufacture of a blind pouch from the graft's infra-hepatic IVC without anastomosis. RESULTS Modifications were made possible as the result of meticulous examination of the patient's vascular anatomy before the operation. Fortunately, the patient had a heavy network of pre-vertebral veins that drained blood from the lower extremity and both kidneys to the azygos-hemi-azygos veins. CONCLUSIONS We learned that a meticulous assessment of vascular anatomy and complete understanding of hemodynamics are the keys to the successful LT for BCS in patients with extensive IVC abnormality. Thoracotomy may not be necessary to explore thoracic IVC when performing hepato-atrial anastomosis in LT for BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Hong
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - B-W Kim
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
| | - H-J Wang
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - I-G Kim
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - X-G Hu
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Abstract
The incidence and clinical aspects of seizures remain to be elucidated in patients with acute pesticide intoxication. The present study included subjects who ingested pesticide with the intention of committing suicide and were treated at Soonchunhyang University Hospital (Cheonan, Korea) between January 2011 and December 2014. We analyzed the incidence and characterized the type and frequency of seizure, from the medical records of 464 patients with acute pesticide intoxication, according to the pesticide class. The effect of seizure on the clinical outcome was assessed. The incidence of seizure was 31.5% in patients who ingested glufosinate ammonium {2-amino-4-[hydroxyl (methyl) phosphinoyl] butyrate; ammonium DL-homoalanin-4-yl (methyl) phosphinate}, followed by those who ingested pyrethroid (5.9%) or glycine derivatives (5.4%). All of the seizures developed between 12 and 24 h of pesticide ingestion and had ceased by 72 h after seizure initiation, following treatment with antiseizure medication. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were the most commonly observed (85.7% of the cases). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the effect of seizure on mortality was not statistically significant. In conclusion, glufosinate ammonium herbicide is the most common seizurogenic pesticide class. Seizure itself was not a risk factor for mortality in patients with acute glufosinate ammonium intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Park
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - D E Kim
- 2 Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - S Y Park
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H W Gil
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - S Y Hong
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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10
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Head SA, Shi WQ, Yang EJ, Nacev BA, Hong SY, Pasunooti KK, Li RJ, Shim JS, Liu JO. Simultaneous Targeting of NPC1 and VDAC1 by Itraconazole Leads to Synergistic Inhibition of mTOR Signaling and Angiogenesis. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:174-182. [PMID: 28103683 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The antifungal drug itraconazole was recently found to exhibit potent antiangiogenic activity and has since been repurposed as an investigational anticancer agent. Itraconazole has been shown to exert its antiangiogenic activity through inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, but the molecular mechanism of action was unknown. We recently identified the mitochondrial protein VDAC1 as a target of itraconazole and a mediator of its activation of AMPK, an upstream regulator of mTOR. However, VDAC1 could not account for the previously reported inhibition of cholesterol trafficking by itraconazole, which was also demonstrated to lead to mTOR inhibition. In this study, we demonstrate that cholesterol trafficking inhibition by itraconazole is due to direct inhibition of the lysosomal protein NPC1. We further map the binding site of itraconazole to the sterol-sensing domain of NPC1 using mutagenesis, competition with U18666A, and molecular docking. Finally, we demonstrate that simultaneous AMPK activation and cholesterol trafficking inhibition leads to synergistic inhibition of mTOR, endothelial cell proliferation, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Head
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- SJ
Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Wei Q. Shi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Eun Ju Yang
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Benjamin A. Nacev
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department
of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sam Y. Hong
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- SJ
Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Kalyan K. Pasunooti
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Division of Structural Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ruo-Jing Li
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- SJ
Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Joong Sup Shim
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- SJ
Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department
of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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11
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Hong SY. Predictors of quality of life in Korean older adults with arthritis: perspective of physical activity. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw175.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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12
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Hong SY. Effect of solitary eating and mobility limitation on depression in the Korean older adults. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw175.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Jordan MR, Obeng-Aduasare Y, Sheehan H, Hong SY, Terrin N, Duong DV, Trung NV, Wanke C, Kinh NV, Tang AM. Correlates of non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a cohort of HIV-positive drug users receiving antiretroviral therapy in Hanoi, Vietnam. Int J STD AIDS 2013; 25:662-668. [PMID: 24352130 DOI: 10.1177/0956462413516301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic in Vietnam is concentrated, with high prevalence estimates among injection drug users and commercial sex workers. Socio-demographics, substance use and clinical correlates of antiretroviral therapy non-adherence were studied in 100 HIV-1 infected drug users receiving antiretroviral therapy for at least 6 months in Hanoi, Vietnam. All study participants were men with a mean age of 29.9 ± 4.9 years. The median duration on antiretroviral therapy was 16.2 ± 12.7 months; 83% reported 'very good' or 'perfect' adherence in the past 30 days on a subjective one-item Likert scale at time of study enrollment; 48% of participants reported drug use within the previous 6 months, with 22% reporting current drug use. Injection drug use with or without non-injection drug use in the past 6 months (95% C.I. 2.19, 1.30-3.69) and years on antiretroviral therapy (95% C.I. 1.43, 1.14-1.78) were correlated with suboptimal adherence. These findings support Vietnam's ongoing scale-up of harm reduction programmes for injection drug users and their integration with antiretroviral therapy delivery. Moreover, results highlight the need to identify and implement new ways to support high levels of antiretroviral therapy adherence as duration on antiretroviral therapy increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Jordan
- Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - S Y Hong
- Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - N Terrin
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - D V Duong
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N V Trung
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - C Wanke
- Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - N V Kinh
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - A M Tang
- Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
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14
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Jordan MR, Bennett DE, Wainberg MA, Havlir D, Hammer S, Yang C, Morris L, Peeters M, Wensing AM, Parkin N, Nachega JB, Phillips A, De Luca A, Geng E, Calmy A, Raizes E, Sandstrom P, Archibald CP, Perriëns J, McClure CM, Hong SY, McMahon JH, Dedes N, Sutherland D, Bertagnolio S. Update on World Health Organization HIV drug resistance prevention and assessment strategy: 2004-2011. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54 Suppl 4:S245-9. [PMID: 22544182 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) prevention and assessment strategy, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in partnership with HIVResNet, includes monitoring of HIVDR early warning indicators, surveys to assess acquired and transmitted HIVDR, and development of an accredited HIVDR genotyping laboratory network to support survey implementation in resource-limited settings. As of June 2011, 52 countries had implemented at least 1 element of the strategy, and 27 laboratories had been accredited. As access to antiretrovirals expands under the WHO/Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Treatment 2.0 initiative, it is essential to strengthen HIVDR surveillance efforts in the face of increasing concern about HIVDR emergence and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Jordan
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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15
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Abstract
When clinicians treat patients with pesticide poisoning, they often pay attention only to the chief toxic agent and ignore the toxicity of the pesticide’s additives or solvents. Occasionally, however, a solvent (e.g. methanol) may itself be the cause of poisoning. We report a case of acute methanol intoxication that occurred after ingestion of a methomyl pesticide that contained methanol as an additive. A 49-year-old man was brought to the emergency department in an unconscious state after ingestion of 20 ml of a carbamate pesticide (chief ingredient: methomyl; active ingredient: methanol). Upon arrival, he was semicomatose and did not breathe spontaneously; however, his cholinesterase level was within normal limits and cholinergic symptoms were not observed. High anion gap metabolic acidosis was present. His blood ethanol level was 74.8 mg/dL. The urine methanol level was 55.60 mg/dL, and urine ethanol level was 22.0 mg/dL. He was treated with hemodialysis; subsequently, his metabolic acidosis resolved and he returned to normal mental status. We guessed that methanol, as the solvent of the methomyl, had produced the symptoms. When treating pesticide-poisoned patients, clinicians should identify the solvent used in the pesticide, because solvents such as methanol may exacerbate the symptoms of poisoned patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- HW Gil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Kore
| | - JR Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Kore
| | - HY Song
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - SY Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Kore
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16
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Maciag AE, Nandurdikar RS, Hong SY, Chakrapani H, Diwan B, Morris NL, Shami PJ, Shiao YH, Anderson LM, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE. Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) pathway characterizes effective arylated diazeniumdiolate-based nitric oxide-releasing anticancer prodrugs. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7751-8. [PMID: 22003962 DOI: 10.1021/jm2004128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Improved therapies are needed for nonsmall cell lung cancer. Diazeniumdiolate-based nitric oxide (NO)-releasing prodrugs are a growing class of promising NO-based therapeutics. Recently, we have shown that O(2)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) 1-[(4-ethoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (JS-K, 1) is effective against nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in culture and in vivo. Here we report mechanistic studies with compound 1 and its homopiperazine analogue and structural modification of these into more stable prodrugs. Compound 1 and its homopiperazine analogue were potent cytotoxic agents against NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo, concomitant with activation of the SAPK/JNK stress pathway and upregulation of its downstream effector ATF3. Apoptosis followed these events. An aryl-substituted analogue, despite extended half-life in the presence of glutathione, did not activate JNK or have antitumor activity. The data suggest that rate of reactivity with glutathione and activation of JNK/ATF3 are determinants of cancer cell killing by these prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Maciag
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc. , National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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17
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Qu W, Cheng L, Dill AL, Saavedra JE, Hong SY, Keefer LK, Waalkes MP. Nitric oxide donor, V-PROLI/NO, provides protection against arsenical induced toxicity in rat liver cells: requirement for Cyp1a1. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 193:88-96. [PMID: 21621526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a cancer chemotherapeutic but hepatotoxicity can be a limiting side effect. O(2)-vinyl 1-[2-(carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (V-PROLI/NO) is a nitric oxide (NO) donor prodrug and metabolized by liver cytochromes P450 (CYP450) to release NO. The effects of V-PROLI/NO pretreatment on the toxicity of arsenic (as NaAsO(2)) were studied in a rat liver cell line (TRL 1215). The cells acted upon the prodrug to release NO, as assessed by nitrite levels, in a time-dependent fashion to maximal levels of 8-fold above basal levels. Pretreatment with V-PROLI/NO markedly reduced arsenic cytolethality which was directly related to the level of NO produced by V-PROLI/NO treatment. Cyp1a1 expression was directly related to the level of NO production and to reduced arsenic cytotoxicity. V-PROLI/NO pretreatment markedly reduced arsenic-induced apoptosis and suppressed phosphorylation of JNK1/2. V-PROLI/NO pretreatment facilitated additional increases in arsenic-induced metallothionein, a metal-binding protein important in arsenic tolerance. Thus, V-PROLI/NO protects against arsenic toxicity in rat liver cells, reducing cytolethality, apoptosis and dysregulation of MAPKs, through generation of NO formed after metabolism by liver cell enzymes, possibly including Cyp1a1. CYP450 required for NO production from V-PROLI/NO treatment in the rat and human appears to differ as we have previously studied the ability of V-PROLI/NO to prevent arsenic toxicity in human liver cells where it reduced toxicity apparently through a CYP2E1-mediated metabolic mechanism. None-the-less, it appears that both rat and human liver cells act upon V-PROLI/NO via a CYP450-related mechanism to produce NO and subsequently reduce arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, 111 Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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18
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Hong SY, Borchert GL, Maciag AE, Nandurdikar RS, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Phang JM, Chakrapani H. The Nitric Oxide Prodrug V-PROLI/NO Inhibits Cellular Uptake of Proline. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:386-389. [PMID: 21212855 DOI: 10.1021/ml1000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
V-PYRRO/NO is a well studied nitric oxide (NO) prodrug which has been shown to protect human liver cells from arsenic, acetaminophen, and other toxic assaults in vivo. Its proline-based analogue, V-PROLI/NO, was designed to be a more biocompatible form that decomposes to the naturally occurring metabolites of proline, NO, and glycolaldehyde. Like V-PYRRO/NO, this cytochrome P450-activated prodrug was previously assumed to passively diffuse through the cellular membrane. Using (14)C-labeled proline in a competition assay, we show that V-PROLI/NO is transported through proline transporters into multiple cell lines. A fluorescent NO-sensitive dye (DAF-FM diacetate) and nitrite excretion indicated elevated intracellular NO release after metabolism over V-PYRRO/NO. These results also allowed us to predict and design a more permeable analogue, V-SARCO/NO. We report a proline transporter-based strategy for the selective transport of NO prodrugs that may have enhanced efficacy and aid in development of further NO prodrugs with increased permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Y. Hong
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
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19
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Oladeinde OA, Hong SY, Holland RJ, Maciag AE, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE, Nandurdikar RS. "Click" reaction in conjunction with diazeniumdiolate chemistry: developing high-load nitric oxide donors. Org Lett 2010; 12:4256-9. [PMID: 20812718 PMCID: PMC2945422 DOI: 10.1021/ol101645k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of Cu(I)-catalyzed "click" reactions of alkyne-substituted diazeniumdiolate prodrugs with bis- and tetrakis-azido compounds is described. The "click" reaction for the bis-azide using CuSO(4)/Na-ascorbate predominantly gave the expected bis-triazole. However, CuI/diisopropylethylamine predominantly gave uncommon triazolo-triazole products as a result of oxidative coupling. Neither set of "click" conditions showed evidence of compromising the integrity of the diazeniumdiolate groups. The chemistry developed has applications in the synthesis of polyvalent and dendritic nitric oxide donors.
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20
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Kumar V, Hong SY, Maciag AE, Saavedra JE, Adamson DH, Prud'homme RK, Keefer LK, Chakrapani H. Stabilization of the nitric oxide (NO) prodrugs and anticancer leads, PABA/NO and Double JS-K, through incorporation into PEG-protected nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:291-8. [PMID: 20000791 PMCID: PMC2815019 DOI: 10.1021/mp900245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the stabilization of the nitric oxide (NO) prodrugs and anticancer lead compounds, PABA/NO (O(2)-{2,4-dinitro-5-[4-(N-methylamino)benzoyloxy]phenyl} 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate) and "Double JS-K" 1,5-bis-{1-[(4-ethoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diol-2-ato}-2,4-dinitrobenzene, through their incorporation into polymer-protected nanoparticles. The prodrugs were formulated in block copolymer-stabilized nanoparticles with sizes from 220 to 450 nm by a novel rapid precipitation process. The block copolymers, with polyethylene glycol (PEG) soluble blocks, provide a steric barrier against NO prodrug activation by glutathione. Too rapid activation and NO release has been a major barrier to effective administration of this class of compounds. The nanoparticle stabilized PABA/NO are protected from attack by glutathione as evidenced by a significant increase in time taken for 50% decomposition from 15 min (unformulated) to 5 h (formulated); in the case of Double JS-K, the 50% decomposition time was extended from 4.5 min (unformulated) to 40 min (formulated). The more hydrophobic PABA/NO produced more stable nanoparticles and correspondingly more extended release times in comparison with Double JS-K. The hydrophobic blocks of the polymer were either polystyrene or polylactide. Both blocks produced nanoparticles of approximately the same size and release kinetics. This combination of PEG-protected nanoparticles with sizes appropriate for cancer targeting by enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) and delayed release of NO may afford enhanced therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Sam Y. Hong
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Anna E. Maciag
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Joseph E. Saavedra
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Douglas H. Adamson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Robert K. Prud'homme
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Larry K. Keefer
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
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21
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Abstract
GlcNAc-PROLI/NO prodrugs that are activated by N-acetylglucosaminidase to release nitric oxide (NO) are described. A classical acid-amine coupling is used to bifunctionalize these PROLI/NO prodrugs, which on activation generate up to 4 mol of NO, a peptide residue, and an N-acetylglucosamine residue. Many of the prodrugs synthesized are efficient sources of intracellular NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Nandurdikar
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Anna E. Maciag
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Sam Y. Hong
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India 411008
| | - Michael L. Citro
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Larry K. Keefer
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Joseph E. Saavedra
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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22
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Hong SY, Nandurdikar RS, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE, Chakrapani H. An improved synthesis of V-PROLI/NO, a cytochrome P450-activated nitric oxide prodrug. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Hwang JY, Park JW, Hong SY, Park HS. Reduced expression of angiopoietin-1 in Hantaan virus-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cell increases their permeability. Acta Virol 2009; 53:7-13. [PMID: 19301945 DOI: 10.4149/av_2009_01_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Hantaan virus (HTNV) is characterized by vascular hemorrhage and acute renal failure. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is a glycoprotein that maintains vessel integrity and reduces endothelial permeability. We found that in HTNV-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) the levels of Ang-1 mRNA and protein were reduced on days 2 and 3 post-infection (p.i.), when endothelial permeability was increased. The HTNV-stimulated permeability was reduced by treatment of HUVECs with Ang-1. The plasma Ang-1 level was lower in HFRS patients than in healthy persons. Paired plasma samples of HFRS patients revealed markedly lower Ang-1 levels during the acute phase of HFRS as compared to the convalescent phase. These findings suggested that HTNV reduced the Ang-1 expression in endothelial cells that might play an important role in the increase of vascular permeability in HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, Yuengnam University, Daegu, Korea
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24
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Hong SY, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Chakrapani H. Improved synthesis of V-PYRRO/NO, a liver-selective nitric oxide prodrug, and analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Jung GJ, Gil HW, Yang JO, Lee EY, Hong SY. Severe hypermagnesemia causing quadriparesis in a CAPD patient. Perit Dial Int 2008; 28:206. [PMID: 18332462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
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26
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Bar-Sadan M, Enyashin AN, Gemming S, Popovitz-Biro R, Hong SY, Prior Y, Tenne R, Seifert G. Structure and stability of molybdenum sulfide fullerenes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:25399-410. [PMID: 17165987 DOI: 10.1021/jp0644560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MoS2 nanooctahedra are believed to be the smallest stable closed-cage structures of MoS2, i.e., the genuine inorganic fullerenes. Here a combination of experiments and density functional tight binding calculations with molecular dynamics annealing are used to elucidate the structures and electronic properties of octahedral MoS2 fullerenes. Through the use of these calculations MoS2 octahedra were found to be stable beyond nMo > 100 but with the loss of 12 sulfur atoms in the six corners. In contrast to bulk and nanotubular MoS2, which are semiconductors, the Fermi level of the nanooctahedra is situated within the band, thus making them metallic-like. A model is used for extending the calculations to much larger sizes. These model calculations show that, in agreement with experiment, the multiwall nanooctahedra are stable over a limited size range of 104-105 atoms, whereupon they are converted into multiwall MoS2 nanoparticles with a quasi-spherical shape. On the experimental side, targets of MoS2 and MoSe2 were laser-ablated and analyzed mostly through transmission electron microscopy. This analysis shows that, in qualitative agreement with the theoretical analysis, multilayer nanooctahedra of MoS2 with 1000-25 000 atoms (Mo + S) are stable. Furthermore, this and previous work show that beyond approximately 105 atoms fullerene-like structures with quasi-spherical forms and 30-100 layers become stable. Laser-ablated WS2 samples yielded much less faceted and sometimes spherically symmetric nanocages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bar-Sadan
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Shin EC, Cho KM, Lim WJ, Hong SY, An CL, Kim EJ, Kim YK, Choi BR, An JM, Kang JM, Kim H, Yun HD. Phylogenetic analysis of protozoa in the rumen contents of cow based on the 18S rDNA sequences. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:378-83. [PMID: 15239705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the diversity of protozoa in the rumen contents of cow. METHODS AND RESULTS Protozoa that inhabit the rumen were detected by PCR using protozoan-specific primers. Libraries of protozoan rDNA sequences were constructed from rumen fluid, solid tissues and epithelium. Twenty-three clones isolated from rumen fluid fell into two genera identified as Entodinium (69.6% of clones) and Epidinium (31.4% of clones). Of the clones isolated from rumen fluid, a moderate number were unidentifiable (30.4%). CONCLUSIONS The predominant protozoan genus identified in the whole rumen belonged to the Entodinium group (81.1%). Protozoa were not detected in the rumen epithelium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings suggest that rumen fluid and solid tissues contain different protozoan populations that may play specific roles in rumen function. Quantitative PCR techniques and a more specific set of phylogenetic probes that distinguish between protozoan species are needed to determine the significance of newly identified groups and to determine the distribution of identified protozoan clusters in rumen microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, South Korea
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An JM, Lim WJ, Hong SY, Shin EC, Kim EJ, Kim YK, Park SR, Yun HD. Cloning and characterization of ce/8A gene from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii 1536. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 38:296-300. [PMID: 15214728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2004.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate the cellulase gene from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii 1536. METHODS AND RESULTS By the shot-gun method a clone (cel8A) harbouring 3.1 kb genomic DNA fragment from R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii 1536 was obtained. The cel8A gene coded 348 amino acids and it belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase family 8. The molecular mass of Cel8A protein induced from Escherichia coli DH5alpha, appeared to be 35 kDa. The optimum pH and optimum temperature was 7.0, and about 30 degrees C for its enzymatic activity respectively. CONCLUSIONS R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii 1536 had cel8A gene having an open reading frame of 1047 bp coded for the activity of hydrolyzation of carboxymethyl cellulose. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The production of celluloytic enzyme by R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii was confirmed, which would play specific roles in rhizobia. Future study should focus on its role in the infection and nodulation phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M An
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Korea
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29
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Tay JH, Show KY, Lee DJ, Hong SY. Reuse of wastewater sludge with marine clay as a new resource of construction aggregates. Water Sci Technol 2004; 50:189-196. [PMID: 15581012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of sludge from wastewater treatment presents highly complex problems to any municipality. Most of the sludge disposal methods have varying degrees of environmental impact. Hence, it is necessary to explore potential areas of reuse in order to alleviate sludge disposal problems and to conserve natural resources. Industrial sludge and marine clay are two forms of high-volume wastes. Using these wastes as a resource of raw materials to produce construction aggregates would enable large-scale sludge reuse. The aggregates were produced at various sludge-clay combinations containing 0, 20, 50, 80 and 100% clay contents, respectively. The pelletized aggregates displayed lower particle densities ranged between 1.48 and 2.25 g/cm3, compared to the density of granite at 2.56 g/cm3. Good 28-day concrete compressive strength of 38.5 N/mm2 achieved by the 100% sludge aggregate was comparable to the value of 38.0 N/mm2 achieved of the granite control specimens. The leachate contamination levels from the aggregates after 150 days were found acceptable when used in concrete, indicating insignificant environmental contamination. The heat flow study showed increases in heat flow at the temperatures of 480 degrees C and between 660 degrees C and 900 degrees C, indicating a need for the extension of heating time around these temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Tay
- Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N1 #1A-29, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.
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Mao T, Hong SY, Show KY, Tay JH, Lee DJ. A comparison of ultrasound treatment on primary and secondary sludges. Water Sci Technol 2004; 50:91-97. [PMID: 15580999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound treatment of primary and secondary sludges was conducted to improve the qualities of sludges for the anaerobic digestion. The impacts of different sonication times, sonication densities and solids concentrations on ultrasonication efficiency were examined. The experimental results indicated that the significant reduction in particle size and increase in soluble organics could be achieved, implying that ultrasonication could offer a feasible treatment method to efficiently disintegrate sludge. The greater decrease in particle size and increase in soluble organics of sludge indicated that the secondary sludge has a more remarkable improvement after sonication over the primary sludge. With respects to the extent of disintegration and energy consumption, higher sonication density performed more effectively in terms of specific energy. There exists an optimal solids concentration range for both the sludges for optimum sonication. Within the optimal solids concentration range, efficient sonication can be effected and sludge would be disintegrated efficiently. The ultrasound would be attenuated by scattering and absorption if the solids concentration exceeds the optimal range. It appeared from the study that the mechanical shear forces caused by ultrasonic cavitation could be a key factor for sludge disintegration and collapse of cavitation bubbles could significantly alter the sludge characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mao
- Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N1 #B4-04, Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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31
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Tay JH, Hong SY, Show KY, Chien CY, Lee DJ. Manufacturing artificial aggregates from industrial sludge and marine clay with addition of sodium salt. Water Sci Technol 2003; 47:173-178. [PMID: 12578191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The potential of converting industrial sludge and dredged marine clay into building and construction materials as an alternative to disposal was investigated in this study. The industrial sludge was mixed with marine clay at various compositions and was shaped into round pellets to be used as concrete aggregates. The pellets were then dried and transferred into a high temperature kiln where they were heated at 1,135 degrees C. The artificial aggregates were more porous then the normal granite aggregate. The occurrence of this condition was suspected to be attributed to two factors, viz. the firing temperature and the amount of sodium in the aggregates. To validate this hypothesis, the aggregates with and without added sodium chloride were fired at temperatures of 1,100 and 1, 200 degrees C. Results showed a reduction in the densities of the aggregates with the addition of sodium chloride and the increase in firing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Tay
- School of Civil & Structural Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.
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32
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Bang CO, Park HK, Ahn MY, Shin HK, Hwang KY, Hong SY. 4G/5G polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene and insertion/deletion polymorphism of the tissue-type plasminogen activator gene in atherothrombotic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 11:294-9. [PMID: 11385207 DOI: 10.1159/000047656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Decreased fibrinolytic capacity due to increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and decreased tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity has been associated with hypertension or atherothrombotic disorders. The aims of this study were to observe associations of the genetic polymorphism for PAI-1 and t-PA with hypertension and atherothrombotic stroke, and to elucidate whether impaired fibrinolytic activity in atherothrombotic stroke was related to atherothrombosis per se or to other risk factors such as hypertension. METHODS Patients with atherothrombotic stroke (n = 60), hypertension (n = 100), and control subjects (n = 100) were enrolled. We genotyped all subjects for 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter region of the PAI-1 gene and the Alu-repeat insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in intron h of the t-PA gene by polymerase chain reaction and endonuclease digestion. RESULTS The frequency of the 4G/4G genotype of PAI-1 was significantly higher in the atherothrombotic stroke patients than the control subjects (41.7 versus 21%; p = 0.005), but not in the hypertensive subjects. There was a significant association between 4G/4G genotype of PAI-1 and atherothrombotic stroke (adjusted odds ratio = 3.11, 95% confidence interval 1.18-8.15), adjusting for age, sex, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and body mass index. However, the number of the I/I genotype of t-PA in the atherothrombotic stroke or hypertensive patients was virtually identical to the control subjects. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the 4G/4G genotype of the PAI-1 gene is significantly associated with an increased risk of atherothrombotic stroke. This finding also supports that impaired fibrinolytic activity in atherothrombotic stroke is related to atherothrombosis per se, but not to hypertension, one of the most important risk factors of atherothrombotic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Bang
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital, Chunan City, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
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Kim MK, Park SR, Cho SJ, Lim WJ, Ryu SK, An CL, Hong SY, Park YW, Kahng GG, Kim JH, Kim H, Yun HD. The effect of a disrupted yhjQ gene on cellular morphology and cell growth in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002; 60:134-8. [PMID: 12382054 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-002-1102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2002] [Revised: 06/03/2002] [Accepted: 07/18/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The 5' upstream region of the cellulose synthase operon ( bcs operon) has been isolated by cloning from Escherichia coli. A gene encoding YhjQ is located 1.0 kb upstream of the bcs operon in E. coli. The function of YhjQ remains unknown. Insertional inactivation of the yhjQ gene causes abnormal cell division, resulting in incomplete partition of the chromosome and filamentous cells of various sizes. These results suggest that the product of yhjQ may affect normal doubling and cellular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether there are the associations between TNF alpha and TNF beta gene polymorphisms and the development and progression of Ig A nephropathy (IgAN). A cross-sectional study on TNF alpha and TNF betagene polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length poly-morphisms was performed on 76 patients with primary IgAN confirmed by renal biopsy and 100 healthy controls. The allele with G-->A substitution was designated as TNFA2 for the TNF alpha gene and TNFB2 for the TNF betagene. A patient in whom dialysis treatment was started or whose serum creatinine became double or over during the follow-up duration was designated as a "progressor". The TNFA2/ TNFA2 genotype was more prevalent in the progressor than in the non-pregressor group (20.0 vs 3.3%, p<0.05). Clinical factors such as serum creatinine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001, respectively) were higher and pathologic factor such as Grade IV or V renal lesions was more prevalent (p<0.01) in the progressor than in the non-progressor group. Therefore, TNFA2/TNFA2 genotype may be a risk factor for the progression of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Chonan Hospital, Chonan, Korea
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35
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Hong SY. New frontiers in the continuum of dental education. N Y State Dent J 2001; 67:26-9. [PMID: 11803759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
During the past 150 years, dental education and training have changed from an apprenticeship to a university-based dental school. The future of dental education will be shaped by changing demographics, advances in technology, and a greater integration of science and research into the dental profession. We are entering an age of interdisciplinary practice, where dentistry provides oral health care as an integral part of an individual's overall health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Hong
- Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery, USA
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36
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Ryu SK, Cho SJ, Park SR, Lim WJ, Kim MK, Hong SY, Bae DW, Park YW, Kim BK, Kim H, Yun HD. Cloning of the cel9A gene and characterization of its gene product from marine bacterium Pseudomonas sp. SK38. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001; 57:138-45. [PMID: 11693911 DOI: 10.1007/s002530100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The yellow-pigmented bacterial strain causing green spot rot and death of layer was isolated from Porphyra dentata. This strain has been identified as Pseudomonas sp., harboring agarase, xylanase, and protease activity, as well as carboxymethyl-cellulase (CMCase). Using genomic DNA from the Pseudomonas sp. SK38 digested with Sau3AI and ligated into pBluescript II KS+, we isolated a cel gene encoding a CMCase in Pseudomonas sp. SK38. A 4.5-kb fragment was subcloned into pKR400. The structure of the cel9A gene consists of an open reading frame of 1,521 bp starting with a GTG start codon and ending with a TAG stop codon. It thus encodes 506 amino acid residues of a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 52,636 daltons plus a signal peptide of 22 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cel9A protein is similar to the same protein of Clostridium thermocellum. It contains, in particular, the two conserved regions of the glycoside hydrolase family 9. The apparent molecular mass of the Cel9A protein is 52 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme is most active at pH 6-7 and an optimal temperature of around 30 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Korea
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Abstract
By using short linear antimicrobial peptides as a model system, the effect of peptide charge on the specificity between Candida albicans (fungi) and Gram-positive bacteria was investigated. In a present study, we added and/or deleted lysine residue(s) at the C-terminal and/or N-terminal end(s) of an antimicrobial peptide (KKVVFKVKFK-NH(2)) and synthesized the peptides that had similar alpha helical structures in a lipid membrane mimic condition. The increase of peptide charge improved antifungal activity without the change of antibacterial activity. Structure-activity relationship study about the peptides revealed that the net positive charge must play an important role in the specificity between C. albicans and Gram-positive bacteria and the increase of the net positive charge without the moderate change of secondary structure could improve activity for C. albicans rather than Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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38
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Park WB, Lyu SY, Kim JH, Choi SH, Chung HK, Ahn SH, Hong SY, Yoon TJ, Choi MJ. Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by Korean mistletoe lectin is associated with apoptosis and antiangiogenesis. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2001; 16:439-47. [PMID: 11776761 DOI: 10.1089/108497801753354348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mistletoe lectins are major active components in the extract of European mistletoes that have been widely used in adjuvant chemotherapy of cancer. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of anticancer and antimetastatic activity of the purified Korean mistletoe lectin (Viscum album L. coloratum agglutinin, VCA). C57BL6 mice inoculated with B16-BL6 melanoma cells and treated with VCA were assessed for survival and metastasis. The induction of apoptosis of B16-BL6 cells by VCA was investigated by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation characteristics, and cell cycle analysis. The antiangiogenic activity of VCA was also measured by the CAM (choriallantoic membrane) assay. Length of survival of mice was increased and lung metastasis was inhibited by VCA. Treatment of cells with VCA resulted in growth suppression, nuclear morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, and an increased fraction of cells in sub-G1 consistent with apoptosis. Antiangiogenesis of VCA was assessed by CAM assay, where vessel growth induced by fat emulsion was decreased. These results suggest that VCA inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by increasing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Allantois/blood supply
- Allantois/drug effects
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Chick Embryo
- Chorion/blood supply
- Chorion/drug effects
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Plant Preparations
- Plant Proteins
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2
- Toxins, Biological/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Park
- College of Natural Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Korea.
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Lim WJ, Park SR, Cho SJ, Kim MK, Ryu SK, Hong SY, Seo WT, Kim H, Yun HD. Cloning and characterization of an intracellular isoamylase gene from Pectobacterium chrysanthemi PY35. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:348-54. [PMID: 11554733 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding an intracellular isoamylase from the Pectobacterium chrysanthemi PY35 was cloned in Escherichia coli DH5alpha and sequenced. The isoamylase gene (amyX) had an open reading frame of 1974 bp encoding 657 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 74,151 Da. The molecular weight of the enzyme was also estimated to be 74 kDa by activity staining of a SDS-PA gel. Isoamylase from P. chrysanthemi PY35 had 59% pairwise amino acid identity with glycogen debranching enzyme from E. coli and contained the four regions conserved among all amylolytic enzymes. The isoamylase was optimally active at pH 7 and 40 degrees C. AmyX hydrolyzed alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages of amylopectin, while did not hydrolyze alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages of amylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Lim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, 660-701, Korea
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Lee HS, Park SY, Moon KC, Hong HK, Song CY, Hong SY. mRNA expression of urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human crescentic glomerulonephritis. Histopathology 2001; 39:203-9. [PMID: 11493338 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Weak staining for urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA), or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) confined to crescents has been described in a few cases of severe crescentic glomerulonephritis. We evaluated the molecular mechanism by which these proteins are increased or induced within crescents. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined uPA, tPA and PAI-1 mRNA expression in 12 renal biopsies with crescentic glomerulonephritis, and in six control renal biopsies with no detectable abnormalities by RNA in-situ hybridization. The expressions of uPA, tPA and PAI-1 proteins were also assessed by immunofluorescence. To better determine the cellular origin of uPA and PAI-1 transcripts, CD68 protein was studied by immunohistochemistry on the same sections on which in-situ hybridization had been performed. In controls, there were very low level signals of uPA and PAI-1 mRNAs in a few glomerular epithelial cells (GECs). Specific signals of uPA and PAI-1 mRNAs were detected in the cells forming crescents in all the cases with crescentic glomerulonephritis. However, weak expression of mRNA for tPA was detected in two cases only. Immunostaining for uPA and PAI-1 was positive in some but not all, cases of crescentic glomerulonephritis. A double-labelling study showed that the signal for PAI-1 and uPA mRNAs was mainly in CD68- cells. CONCLUSIONS Local accumulation of uPA or PAI-1 in crescents is associated with enhanced mRNA expression of these proteins. The up-regulation of PAI-1 mRNA by GECs, in particular, could play a major role in the formation of persistent fibrin deposits and progression of the lesions in crescents. Whether up-regulation of uPA is an epiphenomenon or plays a pathogenic role in the formation of crescents remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Yongon-dong 28, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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Lee J, Jung ID, Nam SW, Clair T, Jeong EM, Hong SY, Han JW, Lee HW, Stracke ML, Lee HY. Enzymatic activation of autotaxin by divalent cations without EF-hand loop region involvement. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:219-24. [PMID: 11389881 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a recently described member of the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family of proteins with potent tumor cell motility-stimulating activity. Like other NPPs, ATX is a glycoprotein with peptide sequences homologous to the catalytic site of bovine intestinal alkaline phosphodiesterase (PDE) and the loop region of an EF-hand motif. The PDE active site of ATX has been associated with the motility-stimulating activity of ATX. In this study, we examined the roles of the EF-hand loop region and of divalent cations on the enzymatic activities of ATX. Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) was each demonstrated to increase the PDE activity of ATX in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas incubation of ATX with chelating agents abolished this activity, indicating a requirement for divalent cations. Non-linear regression analysis of enzyme kinetic data indicated that addition of these divalent cations increases reaction velocity predominantly through an effect on V(max.) Three mutant proteins, Ala(740)-, Ala(742)-, and Ala(751)-ATX, in the EF-hand loop region of ATX had enzymatic activity comparable to that of the wild-type protein. A deletion mutation of the entire loop region resulted in slightly reduced PDE activity but normal motility-stimulating activity. However, the PDE activity of this same deletion mutant remained sensitive to augmentation by cations, strongly implying that cations exert their effect by interactions outside of the EF-hand loop region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- College of Medicine, Konyang University, Nonsan 320-711, South Korea
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Kim MY, Chung HJ, Hong SY, Kim HR, Lee JC, Park SM, Lee JH, Yang MS, Kim DH. Characterization of a novel allele of glucose oxidase from a Korean wild type strain of Aspergillus niger. Mol Cells 2001; 11:281-6. [PMID: 11459216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel allele of the glucose oxidase (GO, EC1.1.3.4) gene (GO) from a Korean wild type strain of Aspergillus niger, ACMO4, with an increased GO activity in culture filtrate. Southern blot analyses of GO from ACMO4 (GO-ACMO4) revealed that the gene was present as a single copy in the genome of A. niger. However, its sequence differs from that of GO from A. niger ATCC 9029 (GO-ATCC9029). GO-ACMO4 appears to be a functional gene based on the fact that it is enzymatically active when heterologously expressed in yeast. Sequence comparisons of the coding region of GO-ACMO4 revealed 16 nucleotide changes that resulted in four amino acid substitutions; T432D, G517D, G530S, and Q542R. The GO proteins from both ATCC 9029 and ACMO4 were heterologously expressed, purified, and compared biochemically. The two enzymes showed no difference in their apparent Km value for glucose (30 mM), but the Vmax of GO-ACMO4 (515.6 unit/mg) was 10% higher than that of GO-ATCC 9029, resulting in a 10% higher specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Kim
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea.
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43
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Burton H, Sinclair RJ, Hong SY, Pruett JR, Whang KC. Tactile-spatial and cross-modal attention effects in the second somatosensory and 7b cortical areas of rhesus monkeys. Somatosens Mot Res 2001; 14:237-67. [PMID: 9443366 DOI: 10.1080/08990229770971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed neuronal responses in the second somatosensory (SII) and 7b cortical areas during a selective attention task. Cues directed attention to one of three simultaneous stimuli: vibrotactile stimuli applied to mirror sites on both hands or to a similarly timed auditory tone. Two stimulus patterns appeared with equal probability for the cued stimulus: a constant amplitude sinewave or the latter with a superimposed brief amplitude pulse midway in the trial. Uncued stimuli always contained amplitude pulses. Monkeys demonstrated whether an amplitude pulse at the cued location was present or absent by making appropriately rewarded up and down foot pedal movements. Cue location and stimulus pattern varied trial-wise and pseudo-randomly. Average firing rates to vibrotactile stimuli in 82 of 181 SII cells and 13 of 22 area 7b cells differed significantly during at least one epoch for trials cued to the contralateral hand when compared to trials cued to the ipsilateral hand or auditory stimulus. Predominant were relatively suppressed firing rates during times prior to the epoch containing the amplitude pulses or enhanced activity during and after these pulses. Generally, different cells showed suppression early vs enhancement later in a trial. Analyses of the ratio between firing rates before and during the amplitude pulses suggested improved evoked signals to the amplitude pulses. The discussion considers attention as a mechanism for reducing distractions, early in the trial through suppressing these signals, or for selectively increasing response magnitudes in the cued channel, especially around times when amplitude pulses were present or absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Burton
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a known risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), involved in folate-dependant metabolism, is associated with homocysteine levels. We studied the associations among MTHFR genotypes, coronary artery disease (CAD), and homocysteine levels in 85 patients with CAD and 152 healthy subjects. The MTHFR genotypes and plasma homocysteine levels were determined. No significant difference in mutation of the MTHFR gene between two groups was observed (P>0.05). While the homozygous mutant genotype (V/V) had the highest homocysteine levels compared to wild (A/A) and heterozygous mutant (A/V) genotypes, there were no significant differences in homocysteine levels among the MTHFR genotype groups. Homocysteine was significantly and inversely related to folate levels, the significant association in V/V genotype (beta coefficient=-1.954, P=0.04). Our data suggested that MTHFR polymorphism was not associated with homocysteine levels, implying no association between gene polymorphism and CAD in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital, 23-20 Bongmyung-Dong, Chunan, 330-100, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
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Lutgendorf SK, Reimer TT, Harvey JH, Marks G, Hong SY, Hillis SL, Lubaroff DM. Effects of housing relocation on immunocompetence and psychosocial functioning in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:M97-105. [PMID: 11213283 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/56.2.m97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychological and physical response to moderate life stressors among older adults has not been well characterized. This research examines effects of voluntary housing relocation on distress and immune function in healthy older adults as a model for studying the effects of moderate life stress. METHODS Thirty older adults moving to congregate living facilities were assessed 1 month premove, 2 weeks postmove, and 3 months postmove. Twenty-eight nonmoving control subjects were assessed at similar time points. Subjects completed psychosocial questionnaires and had early morning blood draws in their homes. Blood samples were assayed for natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IgG antibody titers to the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigen. RESULTS Movers demonstrated decreased vigor and elevated thought intrusion 1 month premove and 2 weeks postmove. By the 3-month follow-up, vigor increased, and intrusion decreased to levels commensurate with the controls. Averaged across all time points, movers showed lower NKCC than controls; however, post-hoc analyses indicate that by the 3-month follow-up time point, these differences were no longer significant. There were no differences between groups in IL-6 or in EBV antibody titers. Independent of the effects of group, higher levels of vigor were associated with greater NKCC at all assessments and with lower EBV titers at 2 weeks postmove. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that in general, healthy older adults recover well psychologically from moderate. temporary life stressors such as moving. Whereas movers showed generally lower NKCC than controls, IL-6 and EBV antibody titers appeared not to be strongly affected by the stress of moving.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Lutgendorf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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Kim SK, Cho BK, Paek SH, Hong SJ, Kim HS, Hong SY, Choe G, Chi JG, Nam DH, Wang KC. The detection of p53 gene mutation using a microdissection technique in primary intracranial germ cell tumors. Int J Oncol 2001. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.18.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Tay JH, Show KY, Hong SY. Reuse of industrial sludge as construction aggregates. Water Sci Technol 2001; 44:269-272. [PMID: 11794664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Industrial wastewater sludge and dredged marine clay are high volume wastes that needed enormous space at landfill disposal sites. Due to the limitation of land space, there is an urgent need for alternative disposal methods for these two wastes. This study investigates the possibility of using the industrial sludge in combination with marine clay as construction aggregates. Different proportions of sludge and clay were made into round and angular aggregates. It was found that certain mix proportions could provide aggregates of adequate strength, comparable to that of conventional aggregates. Concrete samples cast from the sludge-clay aggregates yield compressive strengths in the range of 31.0 to 39.0 N/mm2. The results showed that the round aggregates of 100% sludge and the crush aggregates of sludge with up to 20% clay produced concrete of compressive strengths which are superior to that of 38.0 N/mm2 for conventional aggregate. The study indicates that the conversion of high volume wastes into construction materials is a potential option for waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Tay
- School of Civil and Structural Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Kim SK, Cho BK, Paek SH, Hong SJ, Kim HS, Hong SY, Choe G, Chi JG, Nam DH, Wang KC. The detection of p53 gene mutation using a microdissection technique in primary intracranial germ cell tumors. Int J Oncol 2001; 18:111-6. [PMID: 11115546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a microdissection technique, the contribution of the p53 mutation to tumorigenesis and prognosis in each histological subtype of the intracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs) was evaluated. Nineteen patients had primary intracranial GCTs, including 4 germinomas (GEs), 4 teratomas (TEs), 1 mixed tumor of GE and TE, and 10 mixed GCTs containing non-germinomatous malignant germ cell tumors (NG-MGCTs). After microdissection of specific subtypes, genomic DNA was screened for mutations in exons 5-8 of the p53 gene, using the dideoxyfingerprinting (ddF) followed by direct DNA sequencing. The direct sequencing revealed a total of six mutations in PCR products derived from the five cases (26%) which showed mobility shifts in ddF. Among the six mutations detected, four were missense mutations and two were silent. Missense mutations of the p53 gene tended to occur more frequently in the NG-MGCT component than in the GE or TE components (3/15 vs. 1/12 vs. 0/13). The incidence of missense mutations was not different between the survivors (3/13) and the deceased (1/6). This study suggests the possible role of the p53 gene in the tumori-genesis of NG-MGCT. However, p53 gene mutation did not correlate with the prognosis of NG-MGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Paraquat, a non-selective herbicide, is a known fatal substance in humans, and intentional ingestion of paraquat is increasing among Korean suicides. In 1999, 147 subjects admitted to the Institute of Pesticide Poisoning, Soonchunhyang Chunan Hospital, Korea ingested paraquat. Initial routine laboratory tests were conducted and the outcome of paraquat poisoning was categorized as survivor and fatality. Mean amount (S.D.) of ingestion was 54.5 (104.9) ml, and the overall fatality rate was 44.2%. Abnormal liver function (GOT and GPT), renal dysfunction (BUN and creatinine), metabolic acidosis (pH and PaCO(2)), and abnormal urine analysis (RBC, WBC, and protein) had significant odds ratios (ORs) for paraquat fatality (P<0.05). In multiple logistic regression, subjects with liver or renal dysfunction or metabolic acidosis had significant risks of the fatality. Our results determined that initial routine laboratory parameters could be used to predict the outcome of paraquat poisoning and recommended that evaluation of acid-base status and renal and liver function should be conducted and evaluated before intensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Chunan, South Korea
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50
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Abstract
The drought that affected the US states of Oklahoma and Texas in the summer of 1998 was strong and persistent, with soil moisture reaching levels comparable to those of the 1930s 'dust bowl'. Although other effects of the record-strength 1997-98 El Niño were successfully predicted over much of the United States, the Oklahoma-Texas drought was not. Whereas the response of the tropical atmosphere to strong anomalies in sea surface temperature is quite predictable, the response of the extratropical atmosphere is more variable. Here we present results from mechanistic experiments to clarify the origin and maintenance of this extratropical climate extreme. In addition to global atmospheric models, we use a regional model to isolate regional climate feedbacks. We conclude that during April and May 1998, sea surface temperature anomalies combined with a favourable atmospheric circulation to establish the drought. In June-August, the regional positive feedback associated with lower evaporation and precipitation contributed substantially to the maintenance of the drought. The drought ended in the autumn, when stronger large-scale weather systems were able to penetrate the region and overwhelm the soil-moisture feedback. Our results show the potential for numerical models including appropriate physical processes to make skillful predictions of regional climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Hong
- National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Camps Springs, Maryland 20746, USA
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