Progress on the Synthesis of the Aromathecin Family of Compounds: An Overview

We present a systematic review of the methods developed for the synthesis of the aromathecin family of compounds (benz[6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinolin-11(13H)-ones) and their derivatives. These methods can be broadly classified into four categories based on the construction of pentacyclic structures: Category 1: by constructing a pyridone moiety (D-ring) on the pyrroloquinoline ring (A/B/C-ring), Category 2: by constructing a pyridine moiety (B-ring) on the pyrroloisoquinolone ring (C/D/E-ring), Category 3: by constructing an indolizidinone moiety (C/D-ring) in a tandem reaction, and Category 4: by constructing a pyrrolidine moiety (C-ring) on the isoquinolone ring (D/E-ring).

Topologically associating domains define the impact of de novo promoter variants on autism spectrum disorder risk

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have demonstrated the roles of rare promoter de novo variants (DNVs). However, most promoter DNVs in ASD are not located immediately upstream of known ASD genes. In this study analyzing WGS data of 5,044 ASD probands, 4,095 unaffected siblings, and their parents, we show that promoter DNVs within topologically associating domains (TADs) containing ASD genes are significantly and specifically associated with ASD. An analysis considering TADs as functional units identified specific TADs enriched for promoter DNVs in ASD and indicated that common variants in these regions also confer ASD heritability. Experimental validation using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) showed that likely deleterious promoter DNVs in ASD can influence multiple genes within the same TAD, resulting in overall dysregulation of ASD-associated genes. These results highlight the importance of TADs and gene-regulatory mechanisms in better understanding the genetic architecture of ASD.

New Maintenance Culture Method for Intestinal Stem Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Most orally administered drugs exert their effects after being absorbed in the small intestine. Therefore, new drugs must undergo nonclinical pharmacokinetic evaluations in the small intestine. Enterocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are expected to be used in the evaluation system, as they reflect human intestinal characteristics more accurately; moreover, several differentiation protocols are available for these cells. However, enterocytes derived from hiPSCs have drawbacks such as time, cost, and lot-to-lot differences. Hence, to address these issues, we attempted to maintain hiPSC-derived intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that can differentiate into various intestinal cells by regulating various pathways. Although our previous attempt was partly successful, the drawbacks of elevated cost and complicated handling remained, because more than 10 factors (A 83-01, CHIR99021, epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, SB202190, nicotinamide, N-acetylcysteine, valproic acid, Wnt3a, R-spondin 1, and noggin) are needed to maintain ISCs. Therefore, in this study, we successfully maintained ISCs using only five factors, including growth factors. Moreover, we generated not only enterocytes but also intestinal organoids from the maintained ISCs. Thus, our novel findings provided a time-saving and cost-effective culture method for enterocytes derived from hiPSCs.

Measurement of Direct-Photon Cross Section and Double-Helicity Asymmetry at sqrt[s]=510 GeV in p[over →]+p[over →] Collisions

We present measurements of the cross section and double-helicity asymmetry A_{LL} of direct-photon production in p[over →]+p[over →] collisions at sqrt[s]=510  GeV. The measurements have been performed at midrapidity (|η|<0.25) with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. At relativistic energies, direct photons are dominantly produced from the initial quark-gluon hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force at leading order. Therefore, at sqrt[s]=510  GeV, where leading-order-effects dominate, these measurements provide clean and direct access to the gluon helicity in the polarized proton in the gluon-momentum-fraction range 0.02<x<0.08, with direct sensitivity to the sign of the gluon contribution.

Prediction of pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis using artificial intelligence and deep learning

BACKGROUND

Pouchitis is one of the major postoperative complications of ulcerative colitis (UC), and it is still difficult to predict the development of pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) in UC patients. In this study, we examined whether a deep learning (DL) model could predict the development of pouchitis.

METHODS

UC patients who underwent two-stage restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA at Keio University Hospital were included in this retrospective analysis. The modified pouchitis disease activity index (mPDAI) was evaluated by the clinical and endoscopic findings. Pouchitis was defined as an mPDAI ≥ 5.860; endoscopic pouch images before ileostomy closure were collected. A convolutional neural network was used as the DL model, and the prediction rates of pouchitis after ileostomy closure were evaluated by fivefold cross-validation.

RESULTS

A total of 43 patients were included (24 males and 19 females, mean age 39.2 ± 13.2 years). Pouchitis occurred in 14 (33%) patients after ileostomy closure. In less than half of the patients, mPDAI scores matched before and after ileostomy closure. Most of patients whose mPDAI scores did not match before and after ileostomy closure had worse mPDAI scores after than before. The prediction rate of pouchitis calculated by the area under the curve using the DL model was 84%. Conversely, the prediction rate of pouchitis using mPDAI before ileostomy closure was 62%.

CONCLUSION

The prediction rate of pouchitis using the DL model was more than 20% higher than that using mPDAI, suggesting the utility of the DL model as a prediction model for the development of pouchitis. It could also be used to determine early interventions for pouchitis.

Sarcopenia Is Associated with Fecal Incontinence in Patients with Dysphagia: Implication for Anal Sarcopenia

OBJECTIVES

To examine the relationship between sarcopenia and fecal incontinence in patients with dysphagia.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study using the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database.

SETTING

19 hospitals including 9 acute care hospitals, 8 rehabilitation hospitals, 2 long-term care hospitals, and 1 home visit rehabilitation center.

PARTICIPANTS

460 dysphagic patients, aged 20 years and older.

MEASUREMENTS

Sarcopenia was diagnosed by the 2019 criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Fecal incontinence was assessed by health care professionals at baseline according to the definition of the Japanese Practice Guidelines for Fecal Incontinence. We examined whether there was a significant difference between the rate of fecal incontinence in patients with/without sarcopenia. Age, sex, type of dwelling, Barthel index, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), calf circumference, handgrip strength, body mass index, malnourishment, C-reactive protein level, serum albumin level, and delivery of enteral nutrition by nasogastric and/or gastrostomy tube were measured. To examine the relationship between sarcopenia and fecal incontinence, logistic regression analysis was performed with adjustments for age, sex, sarcopenia, CCI, enteral nutrition, and dwelling.

RESULTS

The mean age of patients was 81 ± 10 years. Of the 460 study patients, 404 (88%) patients had sarcopenia and 104 had fecal incontinence (23%). The rate of fecal incontinence was higher in the sarcopenia group than the non-sarcopenia group (25% vs. 7%, P = 0.003). Logistic regression analysis showed that sarcopenia was independently associated with fecal incontinence (odds ratio: 3.114, 95% confidence interval: 1.045, 9.282).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of fecal incontinence was 23% in patients with dysphagia. Sarcopenia was independently associated with fecal incontinence, which suggests the presence of anal sarcopenia. Defecation control should be assessed in patients with sarcopenia.

Probing Gluon Spin-Momentum Correlations in Transversely Polarized Protons through Midrapidity Isolated Direct Photons in p^{↑}+p Collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV

Studying spin-momentum correlations in hadronic collisions offers a glimpse into a three-dimensional picture of proton structure. The transverse single-spin asymmetry for midrapidity isolated direct photons in p^{↑}+p collisions at sqrt[s]=200  GeV is measured with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Because direct photons in particular are produced from the hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force, this measurement is a clean probe of initial-state spin-momentum correlations inside the proton and is in particular sensitive to gluon interference effects within the proton. This is the first time direct photons have been used as a probe of spin-momentum correlations at RHIC. The uncertainties on the results are a 50-fold improvement with respect to those of the one prior measurement for the same observable, from the Fermilab E704 experiment. These results constrain gluon spin-momentum correlations in transversely polarized protons.

Hydrostatic pressure mimicking diurnal spinal movements maintains anabolic turnover in bovine nucleus pulposus cells in vitro

Treatment strategies for progressive intervertebral-disc degeneration often alleviate pain and other symptoms. With the goal of developing strategies to promote the regeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP), the present study tried to identify the biological effects of hydrostatic (HP) and osmotic pressures on NP cells. The study hypothesis was that a repetitive regimen of cyclic HP followed by constant HP in high-osmolality medium would increase anabolic molecules in NP cells. Bovine NP cells/clusters were enclosed within semi-permeable membrane pouches and incubated under a regimen of cyclic HP for 2 d followed by constant HP for 1 d, repeated 6 times over 18 d. NP cells showed a significantly increased expression of anabolic genes over time: aggrecan, chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1, hyaluronan synthase 2, collagen type 2 (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression of catabolic or degenerative genes (matrix metalloproteinase 13, collagen type 1) and cellular characteristic genes (proliferating cell nucleic antigen, E-cadherin) was suppressed. The amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycan increased significantly at day 18 compared to day 3 (p < 0.01). Immunostaining revealed deposition of extracellular-matrix molecules and localization of other specific molecules corresponding to their genetic expression. An improved understanding of how cells respond to physicochemical stresses will help to better treat the degenerating disc using either cell- or gene-based therapies as well as other potential matrix-enhancing therapies. Efforts to apply these tissue-engineering and regenerative-medicine strategies will need to consider these important physicochemical stresses that may have a major impact on the survivability of such treatments.

Generation of Budding-Like Intestinal Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived intestinal organoids have low invasiveness; however, the current differentiation method does not reflect the crypt-villus-like structure due to structural immaturity. Here, we generated budding-like organoids that formed epithelial tissue-like structures and had the characteristics of the mature small intestine from human iPS cells. They showed a high expression of drug transporters and induced the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein. When treated with tumor necrosis factor-α and/or transforming growth factor-β, the budding-like organoids replicated the pathogenesis of mucosal damage or intestinal fibrosis. Upon dissociation and seeding on cell culture inserts, the organoids retained intestinal characteristics, forming polarized intestinal folds with approximately 400 Ω × cm² transepithelial electrical resistance. This novel method has great potential for disease modeling and drug screening applications.

Construction and Quality Evaluation of the Japanese Sarcopenic Dysphagia Database

OBJECTIVES

To describe the activity and evaluate the quality of the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database.

DESIGN

Cohort registry study.

SETTING

19 hospitals including 9 acute care hospitals, 8 rehabilitation hospitals, 2 long-term care hospitals, and 1 home visit rehabilitation team.

PARTICIPANTS

467 dysphagic patients, aged 20 years and older.

MEASUREMENTS

The following indices were assessed at baseline: age, sex, main disease, sarcopenic dysphagia, whole body sarcopenia, Food Intake Level Scale (FILS), malnutrition diagnosed by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria, oral status assessed by the Revised Oral Assessment Guide or the Oral Health Assessment Tool, activities of daily living assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) or the Barthel Index (BI), Charlson comorbidity index, C-reactive protein and serum albumin levels, dysarthria, hoarseness, aphasia, pressure ulcers, bladder, bowel, and kidney function, respiratory status, polypharmacy, number of drugs, and involvement of health care professionals and rehabilitation nutrition team. FILS, FIM or BI, and outcome including discharge destination were assessed at follow-up. A simple comparison of cases and evaluation of the quality of data were performed.

RESULTS

The mean age was 80.4 ± 11.4 yr. The variable input error was 0. The number of patients with missing data was high for estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein, serum albumin, skeletal mass index, and tongue pressure. The prevalence of either probable, possible, or no sarcopenic dysphagia was 105 (23%), 182 (39%), or 179 (38%), respectively. Doctors including physiatrists, nurses, physical therapists, and registered dietitians were involved with most patients, while the rehabilitation nutrition team was involved in only 16% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The quality of the database was relatively high. Sarcopenic dysphagia is common in patients with dysphagia.

Comprehensive Profiling of Gene Expression in the Cerebral Cortex and Striatum of BTBRTF/ArtRbrc Mice Compared to C57BL/6J Mice

Mouse line BTBR T+ Iptr3^tf/J (hereafter referred as to BTBR/J) is a mouse strain that shows lower sociability compared to the C57BL/6J mouse strain (B6) and thus is often utilized as a model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we utilized another subline, BTBRTF/ArtRbrc (hereafter referred as to BTBR/R), and analyzed the associated brain transcriptome compared to B6 mice using microarray analysis, quantitative RT-PCR analysis, various bioinformatics analyses, and in situ hybridization. We focused on the cerebral cortex and the striatum, both of which are thought to be brain circuits associated with ASD symptoms. The transcriptome profiling identified 1,280 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 974 downregulated and 306 upregulated genes, including 498 non-coding RNAs [ncRNAs]) in BTBR/R mice compared to B6 mice. Among these DEGs, 53 genes were consistent with ASD-related genes already established. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis highlighted 78 annotations (GO terms) including DNA/chromatin regulation, transcriptional/translational regulation, intercellular signaling, metabolism, immune signaling, and neurotransmitter/synaptic transmission-related terms. RNA interaction analysis revealed novel RNA–RNA networks, including 227 ASD-related genes. Weighted correlation network analysis highlighted 10 enriched modules including DNA/chromatin regulation, neurotransmitter/synaptic transmission, and transcriptional/translational regulation. Finally, the behavioral analyses showed that, compared to B6 mice, BTBR/R mice have mild but significant deficits in social novelty recognition and repetitive behavior. In addition, the BTBR/R data were comprehensively compared with those reported in the previous studies of human subjects with ASD as well as ASD animal models, including BTBR/J mice. Our results allow us to propose potentially important genes, ncRNAs, and RNA interactions. Analysis of the altered brain transcriptome data of the BTBR/R and BTBR/J sublines can contribute to the understanding of the genetic underpinnings of autism susceptibility.

Comparison of the inducibility of CYP mRNA exposed to typical inducers in fresh and cryopreserved cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes

Herein, we evaluated CYPs and their nuclear receptor mRNA induction by exposure to typical inducers, omeprazole, rifampicin, and phenobarbital in cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes. Six freshly-isolated hepatocytes and 6 cryopreserved hepatocytes from cynomolgus monkey liver were prepared for a 14-day monolayer culture, 28-day co-culture with feeder cells, and 28-day 3D spheroid culture with feeder cells. Omeprazole and rifampicin respectively induced CYP1A1 and CYP3A8 mRNAs, while phenobarbital induced CYP2C43, CYP2C75, and CYP3A8, and slightly induced CYP2B6. The nuclear receptors AHR, PXR, and CAR mRNA levels, which were activated by omeprazole, rifampicin, and phenobarbital, respectively, tended to decrease via exposure to inducers despite the increase in CYP mRNA levels. These trends were similar for all three culture methods. No evident difference was observed in CYP mRNA induction between fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes. Based on mRNA levels, the co-culture and 3D spheroid culture methods are more reasonable than monolayer culture for CYP evaluation, because the use of feeder cells can reduce the number of hepatocytes, improve the cell adhesion, and maintain the mRNA expression levels. In addition, co-culture method is more cost-effective, as common culture plates can be used.

Establishment of a novel culture method for maintaining intestinal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells

The small intestine plays an important role in the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs due to the presence of drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes. However, few appropriate methods exist to investigate intestinal pharmacokinetics. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can form various types of cells and represent a potentially useful tool for drug discovery. We previously reported that differentiated enterocytes from human iPS cells are useful for pharmacokinetic studies; however, the process is time and resource intensive. Here, we established a new two-dimensional culture method for maintaining human iPS-cell-derived intestinal stem cells (ISCs) with differentiation potency and evaluated their ability to differentiate into enterocytes exhibiting appropriate pharmacokinetic function. The culture method used several factors to activate signalling pathways required for maintaining stemness, followed by differentiation into enterocytes. Functional evaluation was carried out to verify epithelial-marker expression and inducibility and activity of metabolic enzymes and transporters. Our results confirmed the establishment of an ISC culture method for maintaining stemness and verified that the differentiated enterocytes from the maintained ISCs demonstrated proper pharmacokinetic function. Thus, our findings describe a time- and cost-effective approach that can be used as a general evaluation tool for evaluating intestinal pharmacokinetics.

Modulation of methotrexate-induced intestinal mucosal injury by dietary factors

Methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal mucosal injury in animals has been studied to understand how MTX can cause gastrointestinal disorders, but the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders is still uncertain. We have attempted to reveal how dietary factors influence intestinal toxicity due to MTX. Mice were fed normal chow (NC) or a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) before oral administration of MTX. While MTX significantly decreased the survival rates of mice fed HFHSD, the intestinal epithelial injury was detected. MTX excretion in the feces of mice fed HFHSD was reduced. Change of diets between NC and HFHSD influences the survival. The survival rates of the mice fed a high-sucrose diet or control diet were higher than those fed HFHSD. Higher survival rates were observed in mice fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet modified (HFHSD-M) in which casein was replaced by soybean-derived proteins. The survival rates of mice treated with vancomycin were lower than those administered neomycin. Microbiome and metabolome analyses on feces suggest a similarity of the intestinal environments of mice fed NC and HFHSD-M. HFHSD may modify MTX-induced toxicity in intestinal epithelia on account of an altered MTX distribution as a result of change in the intestinal environment.

P6524The comparison of radial artery occlusion rate after distal radial artery puncture between hemodialysis and non-hemodialysis patients

Background

In recent years it has been attempted to use a distal radial artery (DRA) as a puncture site for cardiac catheterization and intervention. A patency of radial artery is important in hemodialysis patients because the radial artery is source as an arteriovenous shunt. However, the incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO) is not known after DRA puncture.

Purpose

To compare RAO rates after DRA puncture between dialysis and non-dialysis patients.

Method

This was retrospective, observational and single center study. All consecutive 1,533 patients undergoing DRA puncture were analyzed. The primary endpoint is RAO rates. The secondary endpoint is composite bleeding adverse event rates. These endpoints were evaluated by a vascular echocardiography several hours or the next day after the procedure.

Result

Among 1,533 patients, 26 were dialysis patients and 1,504 were non-dialysis patients. 1,386 people (90.5%) succeeded in puncture. Radial artery occlusion occurred in 7 patients (0.4%), all of whom were non-dialysis patients. There was no significant difference of RAO rate in dialysis patients and non-dialysis patients.

Conclusion

When performing DRA puncture, the probability of radial artery occlusion is not higher in dialysis patients than non-dialysis patients. The DRA puncture may be one of the option as puncture site even in dialysis patients.

Nuclear Dependence of the Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetry in the Production of Charged Hadrons at Forward Rapidity in Polarized p+p, p+Al, and p+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

We report on the nuclear dependence of transverse single-spin asymmetries (TSSAs) in the production of positively charged hadrons in polarized p^{↑}+p, p^{↑}+Al, and p^{↑}+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV. The measurements have been performed at forward rapidity (1.4<η<2.4) over the range of transverse momentum (1.8<p_{T}<7.0  GeV/c) and Feynman x (0.1<x_{F}<0.2). We observed positive asymmetries for positively charged hadrons in p^{↑}+p collisions, and significantly reduced asymmetries in p^{↑}+A collisions. These results reveal a nuclear dependence of TSSAs for charged-hadron production in a regime where perturbative techniques are applicable. These results provide new opportunities to use p^{↑}+A collisions as a tool to investigate the rich phenomena behind TSSAs in hadronic collisions and to use TSSAs as a new handle in studying small-system collisions.

Comparison of mRNA expression profiles of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in fresh and cryopreserved cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes

In this study, freshly isolated and cryopreserved cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes were seeded on Cell-able^® plates with feeder cells to form spheroids and were cultured for 28 days. As a control, hepatocytes were also cultured with or without feeder cells on collagen-coated plates. We verified the mRNA expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzyme-related genes and the leakage of enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, and γ-GTP) as indicators of cell survival. As a result, the patterns of target mRNA expression in fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes were very similar during the culture period between culture methods. mRNA expression levels were highly maintained at day 28 using the 3D spheroid and co-culture methods, demonstrating that these methods are useful for maintenance of liver function. Leakage of AST and ALT was higher at day 3 but decreased at day 14. LDH was not detected, suggesting that the cell viability was also maintained during the culture period. Furthermore, the functional differences between fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes were not clearly detected. The co-culture method was useful for long-term culture not requiring 3D structure, and the 3D spheroid culture method was effective as well. With these techniques, cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes are expected to exhibit smaller individual differences and high reproducibility.

Abstract P2-14-09: A novel nipple aleolar complex involvement predictive index (NACPI) for indicating nipple sparing mastectomy in breast cancer patients

Background: While Preservation of NAC is concerned to increase the risk of local recurrences in the retroareolar glandular tissue, nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM) is increasing in patients with breast cancer and has been shown to result in better cosmetic outcome and the benefit for quality-of-life. It is necessary to predict accurately NAC involvement in order to select which patients may be candidates to NSM. The distance from the nipple to the tumor (DNT) is proposed as one of the best criteria to select the patient. The purpose of this study is to identify the predictors of NAC involvement retrospectively and to develop a clinical predictive model to select the patients who can be offered preservation of NAC.Methods: A total of 168 patients with primary operable breast cancer who received subcutaneous mastectomy for breast reconstruction at Saitama Medical Center during July 2013 to December 2017 were selected from the hospital's surgical database. NAC involvement was defined by the presence of invasive carcinoma and/or ductal carcinoma in situ at the subareolar margin.

Results: Of the 148 patients who were preserved NAC, 89.9% (133/148) were NAC involvement negative and 10.1% (15/148) were positive in permanent pathological specimens. Of the 20 patients who were resected NAC, NAC involvement positivity was only 50.0% (10/20). This revealed that NAC involvement with a sensitivity (SN) of 40.0%, a specificity (SP) of 93.0%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 50.0% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 89.9% (AUC=0.665, 95%CI: 0.5345-0.796). In 140 patients who were performed intraoperative sub-nipple frozen section biopsy, the findings was significantly associated with NAC involvement (P&lt;0.001), and which predict the NAC involvement with a SN of 93.3%, a SP of 89.6%, a PPV of 51.9%, and a NPV of 99.1% (AUC=0.915, 95%CI: 0.835-0.994). In the concordance rate between frozen section findings and definitive pathologic results, DCIS was 53% (9/17), atypical cell was 50% (2/4) and invasive ductal carcinoma was 100% (3/3). Correlation between NAC involvement and clinicopathological factors, tumor size ≥4cm (P&lt;0.001), DNT &lt;1cm by MMG (P=0.002), DNT &lt;1cm by MRI (P&lt;0.001), nipple contrast findings by MRI (P&lt;0.001), tumor in central portion (P&lt;0.001), multicentirc/focal lesion (P&lt;0.001), c(N) positive (P=0.014) were significant relation with NAC involvement. Each predictors were scored 0 or 1, and the total score of 0-3 points was defined as low risk, 4 points as intermediate risk, and 5-7 points as high risk. Depending on this categorized classification, the NAC involvement rate was 3.5% (5/142) in low risk, 68.7% (11/16) in intermediate risk, 90.0% (9/10) in high risk and there was a significant correlation between the risk group and NAC involvement (P &lt;0.001). Notably, assuming that NAC is preserved for low risk patients and is resected for intermediate and high risk patients, NACPI contributes to improve the accuracy of selecting the surgical procedures (SN 80.0%, SP 95.8%, PPV 76.9%, NPV 96.5% (AUC=0.879, 95%CI: 0.784-0.974)).Conclusion: This study suggests that NACPI can help us indicating subcutaneous mastectomy for the breast cancer patients who request preserve NAC with more oncological safety.

Citation Format: Seki H, Sakurai T, Shimizu K, Mizuno S, Tokuda T, Kaburagi T, Seki M, Karahashi T, Nakajima K. A novel nipple aleolar complex involvement predictive index (NACPI) for indicating nipple sparing mastectomy in breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-14-09.

Difluorination of Functionalized Aromatic Olefins Using Hypervalent Iodine/HF Reagents

The hypervalent iodine/HF reagent consisting of PhIO and HF·py was found to be effective for fluorination of functionalized aromatic olefins bearing synthetically important carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Fluorination of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one with PhIO/HF·py reagent in CH₂Cl₂ at room temperature gave 3,3-difluoro-1,2-diphenyl-1-propanone in high yield. Other α-aryl-α,β-unsaturated ketones underwent the fluorination to yield aryl 2,2-difluoroethyl ketone derivatives in good to high yields. Catalytic fluorination of α-aryl-α,β-unsaturated ketones using a p-TolI/HF·py/mCPBA reagent system also worked well. Moreover, the fluorination of cinnamyl alcohol derivatives by PhIO/HF·py reagent proceeded smoothly to afford 2-aryl-3,3-difluoro-1-propanols in moderate yields.

Pseudorapidity Dependence of Particle Production and Elliptic Flow in Asymmetric Nuclear Collisions of p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and ^{3}He+Au at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

Asymmetric nuclear collisions of p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and ^{3}He+Au at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV provide an excellent laboratory for understanding particle production, as well as exploring interactions among these particles after their initial creation in the collision. We present measurements of charged hadron production dN_{ch}/dη in all such collision systems over a broad pseudorapidity range and as a function of collision multiplicity. A simple wounded quark model is remarkably successful at describing the full data set. We also measure the elliptic flow v_{2} over a similarly broad pseudorapidity range. These measurements provide key constraints on models of particle emission and their translation into flow.

Early Enteral Feeding of Daikenchuto Stimulates Early Bowel Movement With Increased Portal Venous Blood Flow After Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Daikenchuto (DKT), a Japanese Kampo medicine, had been reported to increase small intestinal blood flow after liver resection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of early enteral feeding of DKT on portal venous flow and early bowel movement after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in an attempt to clarify whether these effects on bowel motility can prevent bacterial and/or fungal translocation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Our prospective study included the consecutive 16 LDLT recipients at Mie University Hospital between June 2006 and September 2009. Sixteen patients were divided into the 2 groups according to enteral feeding starting postoperative day (POD) 1: 8 patients in DKT (15 g/d) administration (DKT group, for 1 week) and 8 patients in tepid water administration (non-DKT group, for 1 week). Portal venous flow, portal venous pressure, presence of fungal infection (serum level of β-D-glucan and fungal polymerase chain reaction assay), time to first food intake, and time to first defecation were serially examined.

RESULTS

Portal venous flow (mean [SD] velocity) was significantly increased in DKT group compared with non-DKT group: 47.5 (12.9) vs 31.8 (15.4) (P = .04) on POD 1, 46.8 (11.5) vs 28.8 (12.5) (P = .03) on POD 3, and 42.3 (17.2) vs 25.2 (9.0) (P = .05) on POD 5. However, mean (SD) portal venous pressures did not significantly change between the 2 groups. Between the 2 groups (DKT vs non-DKT), the day of first oral intake was not significantly different: 6.9 (2.5) vs 11.3 (8.7) (P = .061), but the mean (SD) day of first defecation was significantly shorter in the DKT group: 3.9 (1.1) vs 5.5 (2.6) (P = .02). Although fungal polymerase chain reaction assay was not significantly different between the 2 groups (4 vs 4 positive cases), the mean (SD) serum levels of β-D-glucan were significantly lower in the DKT group than in the non-DKT group: 9.0 (7.4) vs 18.4 (15.9) pg/mL (P = .04).

CONCLUSION

Early enteral feeding of DKT after LDLT increased portal vein blood flow without increasing portal vein pressure and stimulated early bowel movement, which in turn might prevent fungal translocation.

Isolated Biliary Fistula After Donor Right Hepatectomy and Its Novel Interventional Treatment: Isolated Liver-Punctured Drainage

Isolated biliary leakage is difficult to manage, and afflicted patients often develop refractory fistula. The present case was a 43-year-old male donor whose wife developed acute fulminant liver failure. Computed tomography (CT) volumetry showed that the estimated remnant liver volume was only 394 mL (31%) if his right lobe would be harvested. Since remnant liver volume was marginal, our proposed cut line for the right hepatectomy was set in order to preserve branches of the middle hepatic vein draining segments 4b+8 and 5. Right hepatectomy was performed, but on postoperative day 14, the donor developed fever and right back pain, and enhanced CT showed a 6 cm intra-abdominal abscess at the site of cutting, and we diagnosed it as an isolated biliary fistula since the isolated segment 5/8 was receiving arterial blood supply and exhibiting regrowth. A transabdominal abscess drainage was performed, after which the patient lost 30 to 50 mL of bile juice per day in drainage until 2 months after the drainage procedure. Ethanol injection, acetic acid injection, and transarterial or portal embolization for the isolated liver were proposed, but these all were impossible to carry out because there were no accessible routes. Thus, re-abscess drainage with a 7-French drainage catheter was performed through the isolated liver on postoperative day 53, and the isolated functional liver was punctured to induce liver atrophy. After this drainage, the isolated liver started to shrink and bile output had been stopped. In conclusion, our punctured-liver drainage could be effective for the treatment of isolated biliary fistula, allowing physicians to avoid an invasive additional liver resection or other invasive percutaneous approach using chemical reagents.

Using human iPS cell-derived enterocytes as novel in vitro model for the evaluation of human intestinal mucosal damage

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN

The primary component in gut mucus is mucin 2 (MUC2) secreted by goblet cells. Fluctuations in MUC2 expression are considered a useful indicator for evaluating mucosal damage and protective effect of various agents using animal studies. However, there are few in vitro studies evaluating mucosal damage using MUC2 as the indicator. Hence, we attempted to establish a novel in vitro model with MUC2 as the indicator for evaluating drug-induced mucosal damage and protective effect using enterocytes derived from human iPS cells.

METHODS

Compounds were added into enterocytes derived from human iPS cells, and MUC2 mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated. Further, the effect of compounds on membrane permeability was investigated.

RESULTS

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were found to decrease MUC2 mRNA expression in enterocytes, whereas mucosal protective agents increased mRNA levels. Changes in MUC2 protein expression were consistent with those of mRNA. Additionally, our results indicated that indomethacin caused mucosal damage, affecting membrane permeability of the drug. Moreover, we observed protective effect of rebamipide against the indomethacin-induced permeability increase.

CONCLUSIONS

The developed model could facilitate evaluating drug-induced mucosal damage and protective effects of various agents and could impact drug development studies regarding pharmacological efficacy and safety.

Beam Energy Dependence of Jet-Quenching Effects in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV

We report measurements of the nuclear modification factor R_{CP} for charged hadrons as well as identified π^{+(-)}, K^{+(-)}, and p(p[over ¯]) for Au+Au collision energies of sqrt[s_{NN}]=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV. We observe a clear high-p_{T} net suppression in central collisions at 62.4 GeV for charged hadrons which evolves smoothly to a large net enhancement at lower energies. This trend is driven by the evolution of the pion spectra but is also very similar for the kaon spectra. While the magnitude of the proton R_{CP} at high p_{T} does depend on the collision energy, neither the proton nor the antiproton R_{CP} at high p_{T} exhibit net suppression at any energy. A study of how the binary collision-scaled high-p_{T} yield evolves with centrality reveals a nonmonotonic shape that is consistent with the idea that jet quenching is increasing faster than the combined phenomena that lead to enhancement.

Comparison of national strategies to reduce meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Japan and England

BACKGROUND

National responses to healthcare-associated infections vary between high-income countries, but, when analysed for contextual comparability, interventions can be assessed for transferability.

AIM

To identify learning from country-level approaches to addressing meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Japan and England.

METHODS

A longitudinal analysis (2000-2017), comparing epidemiological trends and policy interventions. Data from 441 textual sources concerning infection prevention and control (IPC), surveillance, and antimicrobial stewardship interventions were systematically coded for: (a) type: mandatory requirements, recommendations, or national campaigns; (b) method: restrictive, persuasive, structural in nature; (c) level of implementation: macro (national), meso (organizational), micro (individual) levels. Healthcare organizational structures and role of media were also assessed.

FINDINGS

In England significant reduction has been achieved in number of reported MRSA bloodstream infections. In Japan, in spite of reductions, MRSA remains a predominant infection. Both countries face new threats in the emergence of drug-resistant Escherichia coli. England has focused on national mandatory and structural interventions, supported by a combination of outcomes-based incentives and punitive mechanisms, and multi-disciplinary IPC hospital teams. Japan has focused on (non-mandatory) recommendations and primarily persuasive interventions, supported by process-based incentives, with voluntary surveillance. Areas for development in Japan include resourcing of dedicated data management support and implementation of national campaigns for healthcare professionals and the public.

CONCLUSION

Policy interventions need to be relevant to local epidemiological trends, while acceptable within the health system, culture, and public expectations. Cross-national learning can help inform the right mix of interventions to create sustainable and resilient systems for future infection and economic challenges.

Cerebrospinal fluid orexin-A levels in systemic lupus erythematosus patients presenting with excessive daytime sleepiness

Objective Involvement of the hypothalamus is rare in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) orexin-A levels in SLE patients with hypothalamic lesions to investigate whether the orexin system plays a role in SLE patients with hypothalamic lesions who present with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Methods Orexin-A levels were measured in CSF from four patients with SLE who presented with hypothalamic lesions detected by MRI. Three patients underwent repeated CSF testing. All patients met the updated American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for SLE. Results Tests for serum anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies, CSF myelin basic protein and CSF oligoclonal bands were negative in all patients. All patients presented with EDS. Low to intermediate CSF orexin-A levels (92-180 pg/ml) were observed in three patients in the acute stage, two of whom (patients 1 and 2) underwent repeated testing and showed increased CSF orexin-A levels, reduced abnormal hypothalamic lesion intensities detected by MRI and EDS dissipation at follow-up. In contrast, CSF orexin-A levels were normal in one patient (patient 4) while in the acute stage and at follow-up, despite improvements in EDS and MRI findings. Patient 4 showed markedly increased CSF interleukin-6 levels (1130 pg/ml) and a slightly involved hypothalamus than the other patients. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the orexinergic system has a role in EDS in SLE patients with hypothalamic lesions. Furthermore, cytokine-mediated tissue damage might cause EDS without orexinergic involvement.

Reappraisal of classification of distal cholangiocarcinoma based on tumour depth

Background

In the eighth edition of the AJCC cancer staging classification, the T system for distal cholangiocarcinoma (DCC) has been revised from a layer-based to a depth-based approach. The aim of this study was to propose an optimal T classification using a measured depth in resectable DCC.

Methods

Patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for DCC at 32 hospitals between 2001 and 2010 were included. The distance between the level of the naive bile duct and the deepest cancer cells was measured as depth of invasion (DOI). Invasive cancer foci were measured as invasive tumour thickness (ITT). Log rank χ2 scores were used to determine the cut-off points, and concordance index (C-index) to assess the survival discrimination of each T system.

Results

Among 404 patients, DOI was measurable in 182 (45·0 per cent) and ITT was measurable in all patients, with median values of 2·3 and 5·6 mm respectively. ITT showed a positive correlation with DOI (rs = 0·854, P &lt; 0·001), and the cut-off points for prognosis were 1, 5 and 10 mm. Median survival time was shorter with increased ITT: 12·4 years for ITT below 1 mm, 5·2 years for ITT at least 1 mm but less than 5 mm, 3·0 years for ITT at least 5 mm but less than 10 mm, and 1·5 years for ITT 10 mm or more (P &lt; 0·001). This classification exhibited more favourable prognostic discrimination than the T systems of the seventh and eighth editions of the AJCC (C-index 0·646, 0·622 and 0·624 respectively).

Conclusion

ITT is an accurate approach for depth assessment in DCC. The four-tier ITT classification with cut-off points of 1, 5 and 10 mm seems to be a better T system than those in the seventh and eighth editions of the AJCC classification.

Intravenous Administration of Tacrolimus Stabilizes Control of Blood Concentration Regardless of CYP3A5 Polymorphism in Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Comparison of Intravenous Infusion and Oral Administration in Early Postoperative Period

BACKGROUND

We compared achievement rate of sufficient tacrolimus blood concentration in the early postoperative period and incidence of acute cellular rejection within 1 month after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) between tacrolimus intravenous (IV) and oral administration groups.

METHODS

From October 2005 to November 2016, 61 LDLT patients administered tacrolimus, who could be genotyped for CYP3A5*3 and *1, were chosen from the electronic record database. The patients were then divided into the 2 groups (an IV group [n = 38] and an oral group [n = 23]). We defined patients with 1*1 or *1*3 as expressors and those with *3*3 as nonexpressors. Sufficient trough level tacrolimus blood concentration on postoperative day (POD) 3 was defined as 10-20 ng/mL.

RESULTS

Comparable concentrations were seen between the 2 groups, with mean blood concentration 13.7 ± 8.5 ng/mL in the oral group and 15.2 ± 4.3 ng/mL in the IV group. Achievement rate of sufficient tacrolimus concentration on POD 3 was significantly higher in the IV group than in oral group: 97% (37 of 38) vs 65% (15 of 23), respectively (P = .001). When we focused on achievement rate in the oral group according to CYP3A5 polymorphism, the frequency of expressors (17%) was significantly lower than that of nonexpressors (82%) (P = .016). However, in the IV group this negative influence was totally eliminated, resulting in high achievement rates regardless of CYP3A5 polymorphism. In terms of incidence of acute cellular rejection, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (IV 32% vs oral 17%, P = .250).

CONCLUSION

IV administration of tacrolimus allowed us to obtain more stable control of blood concentration regardless of CYP3A5 genotype.

Measurements of Multiparticle Correlations in d+Au Collisions at 200, 62.4, 39, and 19.6 GeV and p+Au Collisions at 200 GeV and Implications for Collective Behavior

Recently, multiparticle-correlation measurements of relativistic p/d/^{3}He+Au, p+Pb, and even p+p collisions show surprising collective signatures. Here, we present beam-energy-scan measurements of two-, four-, and six-particle angular correlations in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200, 62.4, 39, and 19.6 GeV. We also present measurements of two- and four-particle angular correlations in p+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV. We find the four-particle cumulant to be real valued for d+Au collisions at all four energies. We also find that the four-particle cumulant in p+Au has the opposite sign as that in d+Au. Further, we find that the six-particle cumulant agrees with the four-particle cumulant in d+Au collisions at 200 GeV, indicating that nonflow effects are subdominant. These observations provide strong evidence that the correlations originate from the initial geometric configuration, which is then translated into the momentum distribution for all particles, commonly referred to as collectivity.