Soluble klotho induces the heat shock factor 1 through EGR1 expression

Klotho is an antiaging protein that has multiple functions. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether soluble klotho plays a role in cellular stress response pathways. We found that klotho deficiency (kl-/-) largely decreased HSF1 levels and impaired heat shock protein expression. Interestingly, recombinant soluble klotho-induced HSF1 and HSPs such as HSP90, HSP70, and HSP27 in kl-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Soluble Klotho treatment also induced cell proliferation and HSF1 promoter activity in MEF kl-/- cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, using point mutagenesis, we identified regulatory/binding sites of transcription factors EGR1 regulated by soluble klotho in the HSF1 promoter. Taken together, our findings unravel the molecular basis of klotho and provide molecular evidence supporting a direct interaction between soluble klotho and HSF1-mediated stress response pathway.

Three-Dimensional Magnetic Rehabilitation, Robot-Enhanced Hand-Motor Recovery after Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

We developed an end-effector-type rehabilitation robot that can uses electro- and permanent magnets to generate a three-way magnetic field to assist hand movements and perform rehabilitation therapy. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of a rehabilitation program using a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic force-based hand rehabilitation robot on the motor function recovery of the paralyzed hands of patients with stroke. This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial in which 36 patients with subacute stroke were assigned to intervention and control groups of 18 patients each. The intervention group received 30 min of rehabilitation therapy per day for a month using a 3D magnetic force-driven hand rehabilitation robot, whereas the control group received 30 min of conventional occupational therapy to restore upper-limb function. The patients underwent three behavioral assessments at three time points: before starting treatment (T0), after 1 month of treatment (T1), and at the follow-up 1-month after treatment completion (T2). The primary outcome measure was the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), and secondary outcome measures included the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Limb (FMA_U), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), and European Quality of Life Five Dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaire. No participant safety issues were reported during the intervention. Analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant interaction effects between time and group for both the WMFT score (p = 0.012) and time (p = 0.010). In post hoc analysis, the WMFT scores and time improved significantly more in the patients who received robotic rehabilitation at T1 than in the controls (p = 0.018 and p = 0.012). At T2, we also consistently found improvements in both the WMFT scores and times for the intervention group that were superior to those in the control group (p = 0.024 and p = 0.018, respectively). Similar results were observed for FMA_U, MBI, and EQ-5D. Rehabilitation using the 3D hand-rehabilitation robot effectively restored hand function in the patients with subacute stroke, contributing to improvement in daily independence and quality of life.

Consumer Trend of Using Ready-to-Use Salted Napa Cabbage at Home: Current Consumer Behaviors, Beliefs, and Opinions about the Main Ingredient of Kimchi

ABSTRACT

Salted napa cabbage is the most important ingredient of kimchi. Currently, people have started to prepare ready-to-use salted napa cabbage at home. This study focused on this trend by investigating consumers' beliefs, opinions, and actual use of the products by conducting a telephone survey (895 female consumers) and face-to-face interviews (n = 514) in 2016 and a telephone survey (n = 200) in 2021. Most respondents (93 and 91% in 2016 and 2021, respectively) answered that convenience was the main reason for using salted napa cabbage. Regarding consumption behavior, 22 and 16% of the respondents in each year used salted napa cabbage after storing it for more than 24 h. In particular, 85 and 91% of consumers stored the product at room temperature, and 60 and 58% used it without washing, which could affect the quality of the food, as microorganisms could multiply during the storage. Inappropriate handling increased by age group, especially in 2021 (P < 0.05). In the query on satisfaction after using the products, 85 and 80% of respondents were satisfied because the product was convenient (54%) and hygienic (17%). Conversely, the respondents who were not satisfied with the products did not like the degree of salting and unhygienic status of the products. The majority (93 and 80%) of consumers preferred buying salted napa cabbage again because of its convenience. Although consumers thought that hygiene and quality were important factors, many respondents (83 and 72%) were not aware of foodborne illnesses associated with kimchi. Nevertheless, consumers intended to pay more for safe, salted napa cabbage (72 and 76%). The results of this study provide useful and credible data for understanding the factors affecting consumers' consumption and general beliefs and opinions on the use of salted napa cabbage, especially for food safety management.

HIGHLIGHTS

Ascorbic acid induces salivary gland function through TET2/acetylcholine receptor signaling in aging SAMP1/Klotho (-/-) mice

Aging affects salivary gland function and alters saliva production and excretion. This study aimed to investigate whether ascorbic acid can be used to treat salivary gland dysfunction in an extensive aging mouse model of SAMP1/Klotho-/- mice. In our previous study, we found that ascorbic acid biosynthesis was disrupted in the salivary glands of SAMP1/Klotho (-/-) mice subjected to metabolomic profiling analysis. In SAMP1/Klotho -/- mice, daily supplementation with ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg for 18 days) significantly increased saliva secretion compared with the control. The expression of salivary gland functional markers (α-amylase, ZO-1, and Aqua5) is upregulated. Additionally, acetylcholine and/or beta-adrenergic receptors (M1AchR, M3AchR, and Adrb1) were increased by ascorbic acid in the salivary glands of aging mice, and treatment with ascorbic acid upregulated the expression of acetylcholine receptors through the DNA demethylation protein TET2. These results suggest that ascorbic acid could overcome the lack caused by dysfunction of ascorbic acid biosynthesis and induce the recovery of salivary gland function.

Quercetin and Quercitrin from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb Inhibit the Migration and Invasion of Colon Cancer Cells through the JNK Signaling Pathway

Considering the high metastatic potential of colorectal cancer (CRC), the inhibition of metastasis is important for anti-CRC therapy. Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb (A. pilosa) is a perennial herbaceous plant that is widely distributed in Asia. The extracts of A. pilosa have shown diverse pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. In the present study, the antimetastatic activity of A. pilosa was evaluated. Methanol extraction from the roots of A. pilosa was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 12 fractions were obtained. Among these, fraction 4 showed the most potent inhibitory effect on the migration of colon cancer cells. Using LC-HR MS analysis, quercetin and quercitrin were identified as flavonoids contained in fraction 4. Like fraction 4, quercetin and quercitrin effectively inhibited the migration and invasion of RKO cells. While the level of E-cadherin was increased, the levels of N-cadherin and vimentin were decreased by the same agents. Although they all activate the p38, JNK, and ERK signaling pathways, only SP600125, an inhibitor of the JNK pathway, specifically inhibited the effect of fraction 4, quercetin, and quercitrin on cell migration. An in vivo experiment also confirmed the antitumor activity of quercetin and quercitrin. Collectively, these results suggest that A. pilosa and its two flavonoids, quercetin and quercitrin, are candidates for the antimetastatic treatment of CRC.

[Cranial suture ultrasound for reducing radiation exposure in diagnosis of craniosynostosis in young children]

Currently, there are no standards for examining patients with suspected craniosynostosis. CT of the brain with 3D skull reconstruction is a common approach to diagnose craniosynostosis in many hospitals. This technique in pediatric patients is associated with a high dose of ionizing radiation and prompts searching for other diagnostic methods.

OBJECTIVE

To generalize an experience of cranial suture ultrasound and compare diagnostic capabilities of various ultrasound devices.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed data of cranial suture ultrasound in 49 patients under the age of 14 months with a suspected craniosynostosis. All patients underwent expert-class ultrasound. Of these, 10 patients underwent middle-class ultrasound. Age of these patients ranged from 2 to 10 months.

RESULTS

According to ultrasound data, we have found 48 synostotic sutures in 42 patients. There were 2 inaccurate results among these 48 sutures. In both cases, expert-class ultrasound confirmed partial closure of cranial sutures while 3D CT revealed their complete closure. Sensitivity and specificity of technique were 95.8% and 100%, respectively. Both expert- and middle-class ultrasound revealed synostotic sutures in 10 children under 1 year old.

CONCLUSION

Our data have shown that ultrasound of cranial sutures may be a first-line imaging technique. This method has high sensitivity and specificity in pediatric patients. Moreover, middle-class ultrasound devices may be used for diagnosis.

HOXC6-Mediated miR-188-5p Expression Induces Cell Migration through the Inhibition of the Tumor Suppressor FOXN2

Homeobox C6 (HOXC6) is a transcription factor that plays a role in the malignant progression of various cancers. However, the roles of HOXC6 and its regulatory mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we used microRNA (miRNA) regulatory networks to identify key regulatory interactions responsible for HOXC6-mediated cancer progression. In microarray profiling of miRNAs, the levels of miRNAs such as hsa-miR-188-5p, hsa-miR-8063, and hsa-miR-8064 were significantly increased in HOXC6-overexpressing cells. Higher positive expression rates of HOXC6 and miR-188-5p were observed in malignant cancer. We also found that HOXC6 significantly upregulated miR-188-5p expression. The underlying function of HOXC6-mediated miR-188-5p expression was predicted through TargetScan and the MiRNA Database. Overexpression of mir-188-5p inhibited the expression of forkhead box N2 (FOXN2), a tumor suppressor gene. Furthermore, in the luciferase assay, miR-188-5p bound to the 3'-UTR of FOXN2 and was mainly responsible for the dysregulation of FOXN2 expression. Silencing FOXN2 induced cell migration, and the effect of FOXN2 silencing was enhanced when the HOXC6/miR-188-5p axis was induced. These results suggest that HOXC6/miR-188-5p may induce malignant progression in cancer by inhibiting the activation of the FOXN2 signaling pathway.

[Intracranial meningiomas in children]

Meningiomas are rare in children and distinguished from the tumors in adults by clinical and biological aspects. Moreover, some histological forms and localizations are even casuistic in adults. There were 178 patients younger 18 years old with brain tumors. All patients underwent surgery at the pediatric department for 5-year period. Meningiomas were diagnosed in 5 cases that accounted for 2.8% of the total number of brain tumors in children. The authors reported children with intracranial meningiomas and discussed certain features of the course of disease in these patients.

Cinnamaldehyde protects against oxidative stress and inhibits the TNF‑α‑induced inflammatory response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Oxidative stress and inflammation play critical roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a natural compound from Cinnamomum cassia, and its anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities have been widely investigated. In the present study, the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of CA on H₂O₂- or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were examined. CA and its natural derivative, 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA), markedly increased the cellular protein level of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and promoted the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to the nucleus. CA-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 activation protected the HUVECs from H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, which promotes apoptosis. HO-1 depletion by siRNA attenuated the CA-mediated cell protective effects against oxidative stress. Additionally, CA markedly inhibited the adhesion of U937 monocytic cells to HUVECs by decreasing the expression level of vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1). An in vivo experiment confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of CA, as lipopoly-saccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cell infiltration was effectively inhibited by the compound. Overall, these observations suggest that CA may be used as a therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-mediated cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis.

[Neuroendoscopic interventions using an Nd-YAG laser for multilevel hydrocephalus: treatment results for 10 patients]

INTRODUCTION

Treatment or multilevel hydrocephalus is a complex problem. Neuroendoscopic interventions, make it possible to combine minimal invasiveness with the possibility of fenestration of several cysts during one procedure and thereby eliminate multi-level occlusion. We present our the experience of using a neodymium YAG laser (Nd-YAG laser) as an additional tool to improve the treatment results of patients with non-communicating hydrocephalus.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study included 10 patients aged from 5 months to 8 years who underwent endoscopic interventions with the use of rigid endoscope with frameless navigation. A surgical laser with a radiation wavelength of 1.064 μm was used as the main tool for fenestrating the walls of the cysts.

RESULTS

13 endoscopic laser interventions were performed in 10 patients with multilevel hydrocephalus. In 3 children, the two-stage treatment was chosen in due to the impossibility of simultaneous fenestration of all cysts. The interval between procedures was 1 month in two cases and 11 months in one case. We managed to compensate for cerebrospinal fluid disturbances in each patient, positive dynamics in the condition was noted. The duration of postoperative stay averaged 8 days (from 4 to 13 days). There were no deaths in the study group. All patients were discharged in good condition. Average follow-up duration was 14 months (from 8 to 25 months). During the observation, the condition of the patients remained stable; there was no need for repeated operations.

CONCLUSION

Combined use of bypass operations, endoscopic techniques and neural navigation may improve the results of treatment of patients with multilevel hydrocephalus. Data presented in this article demonstrates the safety and effectiveness of the clinical use of laser radiation as an additional tool for interventions in patients with this condition.

Antioxidant modifications induced by the new metformin derivative HL156A regulate metabolic reprogramming in SAMP1/kl (-/-) mice

Aging is characterized by a reduced ability to defend against stress, an inability to maintain homeostasis, and an increased risk of disease. In this study, a metabolomics approach was used to identify novel metabolic pathways that are perturbed in a mouse model of accelerated aging (SAMP1/kl-/-) and to gain new insights into the metabolic associations of the metformin derivative HL156A. Extensive inflammation and calcification were observed in the tissues of the SAMP1/kl-/- mice with premature aging. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) obtained from SAMP1/kl-/- mice, we observed that HL156A induced FOXO1 expression through inhibition of the IGF-1/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Treatment of HL156A decreased reactive oxygen species production and enhanced mitochondrial transmembrane potential in SAMP1/kl-/- MEFs. A metabolomic profile analysis showed that HL156A increased the GSH/GSSG ratio in the kidneys of SAMP1/kl-/- mice (8-12 weeks old). In addition, treating SAMP1/kl-/- mice with HL156A (30 mg/kg) for 4 weeks improved survival and decreased the significant elevation of oxidized GSH (GSSG) that was observed in SAMP1/kl-/- mice. In histological sections, HL156A administered SAMP1/kl-/- mice exhibited a decrease in excessive calcification. Based on these findings, we conclude that the new metformin derivative HL156A may inhibit oxidative damage by inducing glutathione metabolism and antioxidant pathways.

Soluble Klotho regulates bone differentiation by upregulating expression of the transcription factor EGR-1

Klotho is a transmembrane protein known to regulate aging and lifespan. Soluble Klotho (sKL), a truncated form of Klotho, regulates various cell signaling pathways, including bone development. Here, we investigated the relationship between sKL and the zinc finger transcription factor early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1) on bone formation. We find that sKL induces the expression of EGR-1 mRNA and protein. Through mutational analysis, we identify the 130 bp region on the EGR-1 promoter that is responsive to sKL overexpression. Additionally, sKL induces the expression of markers of bone differentiation (BMP2, RUNX2, ALP, COL1A, and osteocalcin) in osteoblast MC3T3 cells. EGR-1 siRNA decreases the bone mineralization induced by sKL or ascorbic acid/glycerol 2-phosphate in MC3T3 cells. Our results suggest that sKL may regulate bone development through EGR-1 expression.

[Endoscopic treatment of nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis in dizygotic twins. A case report and literature review]

The article presents a rare clinical case of isolated sagittal craniosynostosis in dichorionic diamniotic twins. The review addresses issues of epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis of craniosynostosis in this group of patients.

Synergistic cranberry juice combinations with natural-borne antimicrobials for the eradication of uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilm within a short time

Urinary tract infections (UTI), one of the most common diseases in humans, are caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Cranberry juice (CB) is a widely known prophylaxis for UTI, but the treatment of CB alone could not effectively eradicate preformed UPEC biofilms. The aim of this study was to develop enforced CB composites within a short time by adding a small quantity of natural borne antimicrobials. UPEC biofilms (initial: 6·0 log CFU per cm² ), formed on silicone coupons in artificial urine medium, were exposed to CB (4-8%), caprylic acid (CAR; 0·025-0·05%) and thymol (TM; 0·025-0·05%) at 37°C for 1 min. Individual treatment of each compound did not show the significant antibacterial effect on UPEC biofilms (P > 0·05). Otherwise, the survivor counts of biofilms were synergistically reduced with CB containing any of the antimicrobials. For example combined treatment with CB (8%) + CAR (0·05%) + TM (0·05%) resulted in a 6 log reduction in UPEC populations in the biofilm (no detectable bacteria remained) with 4·6 log of synergistic bactericidal effect. The confocal laser scanning microscope images indicated that any composites including TM might result in biofilm detachment from the surface. The present method is cost-effective and more acceptable to consumers as it is based on the synergistic interaction of natural borne antimicrobials. The results of this study could be widely applicable in the functional food, medical and healthcare field. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Anti-biofilm effect of cranberry juice (CB) has been focused mainly on inhibiting biofilm formation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC); however, combined treatment with natural borne antimicrobials derived from coconut oil (caprylic acid) and oregano essential oil (thymol) could synergistically enhance its eradicating activity against biofilms. This study developed novel CB composites showing marked anti-biofilm effects (complete eradication of UPEC biofilms within just 1 min).

[Factors of endoscopic third ventriculostomy efficacy in infants with obstructive hydrocephalus under one year of age]

Endoscopic surgery for obstructive hydrocephalus in children is an alternative to shunts. Currently, the efficacy of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in infants up to one year of age is increasingly discussed among neurosurgeons. To increase the efficacy of ETV, many surgeons raise the question: what factors may affect the efficacy of this procedure in the younger age group?

OBJECTIVE

To study the factors affecting the efficacy of ETV.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 88 ETVs were performed in infants under one year of age in our clinic in 2012-2016. Subsequently, 43 (48.9%) children underwent CSF shunting, and one child underwent repeated ETV. The mean time until the appearance of clinical signs of stoma closure was 3.9 months (116 days).

RESULTS

The procedure was most effective in the case of congenital obstructive hydrocephalus (64.5% of successful operations) and also in children over the age of 6 months (63.6% of successful operations). The efficacy in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus was 40%. The efficacy in grade 4 intraventricular hemorrhage was lowest and amounted to 25%. The total efficacy of ETV in children under one year of age in our study was 51.1%.

CONCLUSION

In the case of congenital obstructive hydrocephalus, the efficacy of ETV is maximal and amounts to 64.5%. To achieve the highest efficacy of ETV in infants under one year of age, careful selection of patients at the preoperative stage is necessary, with allowance for many factors affecting treatment outcome.

Nonlinear association between bone mineral density and all-cause mortality: the Dong-gu study

There was a U-shaped association between hip BMD and all-cause mortality, with the lowest mortality in the 90th percentile in males. However, there was an inverse linear relationship in females. In contrast, the association between lumbar spine BMD and mortality was less evident in males, with no association in females.

INTRODUCTION

Bone mineral density (BMD) is reported inversely associated with mortality. Although some previous studies provided evidence for nonlinear associations, these were not adequately assessed in most previous works.

METHODS

We evaluated the nonlinear relationship between BMD and mortality in Asians. Our study involved 8629 participants in the Dong-gu study from 2007 to 2010. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) according to BMD categories after adjusting for potential confounders. During a follow-up of 6.7 ± 1.4 years, 712 participants died.

RESULTS

There was a U-shaped association between hip BMD and all-cause mortality, with the lowest mortality in the 90th percentile in males. However, there was an inverse linear relationship in females. In males, compared with the 75th to 95th percentile group, the < 2.5th percentile group had a 3.89 (95% CI 2.41-6.28)-fold higher risk and the 2.5th to 5th percentile group had a 2.51 (95% CI 1.25-5.04)-fold higher risk. The HR was 2.51 (95% CI 1.25, 5.04) in the > 97.5th percentile group. In females, compared with that in the 75th to 95th percentile group, the HR was 2.33 (95% CI 1.24, 4.39) in the < 2.5th percentile group. In contrast, the association between lumbar spine BMD and mortality was less evident in males, with no association in females.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study shows that the association between BMD and mortality varies by gender and that high and low BMD are predictors of all-cause mortality in males.

Molecular-based identification and detection of Salmonella in food production systems: current perspectives

Salmonella remains a prominent cause of foodborne illnesses and can originate from a wide range of food products. Given the continued presence of pathogenic Salmonella in food production systems, there is a consistent need to improve identification and detection methods that can identify this pathogen at all stages in food systems. Methods for subtyping have evolved over the years, and the introduction of whole genome sequencing and advancements in PCR technologies have greatly improved the resolution for differentiating strains within a particular serovar. This, in turn, has led to the continued improvement in Salmonella detection technologies for utilization in food production systems. In this review, the focus will be on recent advancements in these technologies, as well as potential issues associated with the application of these tools in food production. In addition, the recent and emerging research developments on Salmonella detection and identification methodologies and their potential application in food production systems will be discussed.

A cost-effective cell- and matrix-based minimally invasive single-stage chondroregenerative technique developed with validated vertical translation methodology

Introduction The morbidity and significant health economic impact associated with the chondral lesion has led to a large number of strategies for therapeutic neochondrogenesis. The challenge has been to develop techniques that are cost effective single-stage procedures with minimal surgical trauma that have undergone rigorous preclinical scrutiny and robust reproducible assessment of effectiveness. A biological repair requires the generation of a cellular and matrix composite with appropriate signalling for chondrogenic differentiation. Methods and results A technique was developed that allowed chondrogenic primary (uncultured) cells from bone marrow aspirate concentrate, combined with a composite hydrophilic and fibrillar matrix to be applied arthroscopically to a site of a chondral lesion. The construct was tested in vitro and in animal experiments before clinical trials. Clinical trials involved 60 patients in a prospective study. Symptomatic International Cartilage Repair Society grade 3 and 4a lesions were mapped and treated. Pre- and postoperative clinical assessments showed statistically significant improved outcomes; Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale (mean 52.8 to > 76.4; P < 0.05) International Knee Documentation Committee (mean 39 to > 79 P < 0.05) and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (64.5 to >89.2 P < 0.05). Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was evaluated morphologically (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue, average MOCART score 72) and qualitatively; the regenerate was comparable to native cartilage. Conclusions This technique is effective, affordable, requires no complex tools and delivers a single-stage treatment that is potentially accessible to any centre capable of performing arthroscopic surgery. Good clinical results were found to be sustained at five years of follow-up with a regenerate that appears hyaline like using multiple magnetic resonance measures.

Pin1 induces the ADP-induced migration of human dental pulp cells through P2Y1 stabilization

PIN1, which belongs to a family of prolyl isomerases, specifically binds to phosphorylated Ser/Thr-pro motifs to catalytically regulate the post-phosphorylation conformation of its substrates. This study aimed to investigate the importance of Pin1 expression in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) to understand the involvement of Pin1 in the regulation of P2Y1 and the activation of ADP-mediated P2Y1 signaling. This study found that the protein levels of P2Y1 gradually decreased after the onset of cell recovery following heat stress. Interestedly, hDPC migration significantly decreased during the recovery period. An in vitro study revealed that the silencing of PIN1 by siRNA or the pharmacologic inhibition of its activity decreased the migration of P2Y1 and P2Y1 expression in these cells. In addition, we found that Pin1 directly interacts with S252 of P2Y1 and that its binding stabilizes the P2Y1 protein to increase migration activity. These results strongly suggest that Pin1 mediates cell migration by stabilizing P2Y1 and that the Pin1/P2Y1 signaling pathways might serve as a novel mechanism of cell migration progression in hDPCs.

Development and clinical application of an evidence-based pharmaceutical care service algorithm in acute coronary syndrome

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Drug therapies are critical for preventing secondary complications in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The purpose of this study was to develop and apply a pharmaceutical care service (PCS) algorithm for ACS and confirm that it is applicable through a prospective clinical trial.

METHODS

The ACS-PCS algorithm was developed according to extant evidence-based treatment and pharmaceutical care guidelines. Quality assurance was conducted through two methods: literature comparison and expert panel evaluation. The literature comparison was used to compare the content of the algorithm with the referenced guidelines. Expert evaluations were conducted by nine experts for 75 questionnaire items. A trial was conducted to confirm its effectiveness. Seventy-nine patients were assigned to either the pharmacist-included multidisciplinary team care (MTC) group or the usual care (UC) group. The endpoints of the trial were the prescription rate of two important drugs, readmission, emergency room (ER) visit and mortality.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The main frame of the algorithm was structured with three tasks: medication reconciliation, medication optimization and transition of care. The contents and context of the algorithm were compliant with class I recommendations and the main service items from the evidence-based guidelines. Opinions from the expert panel were mostly positive. There were significant differences in beta-blocker prescription rates in the overall period (P = .013) and ER visits (four cases, 9.76%, P = .016) in the MTC group compared to the UC group, respectively.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

We developed a PCS algorithm for ACS based on the contents of evidence-based drug therapy and the core concept of pharmacist services.

Can persistent organic pollutants distinguish between two opposite metabolic phenotypes in lean Koreans?

AIMS

This study investigated the association of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), an emerging new risk factor for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, with the presence of opposite phenotypes of glucose and lipid metabolism among normal-weight Koreans of similar body composition.

METHODS

Fifty subjects, randomly selected from an ongoing community-based cohort study, from two opposite phenotype groups - metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUHNW) and metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) - were matched for waist circumference, visceral fat mass and demographic variables, then compared for serum concentrations of POPs.

RESULTS

Most POPs (10 out of 13 compounds) were present in higher serum concentrations in the MUHNW than in the MHNW. In particular, serum concentrations of all compounds of the organochlorine pesticide class were 2.2 to 4.7 times higher in cases than in controls. Compared with the lowest tertile of summary measures of POPs, Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the second and third tertiles were 7.4 (1.9-29.4) and 10.4 (2.6-41.2), respectively. Adjusting for possible confounders did not change the results.

CONCLUSION

Taken altogether, these findings from the present and previous studies suggest that increased serum POP concentrations may play an important role in the development of unhealthy metabolic phenotypes in lean people.

New metformin derivative HL156A prevents oral cancer progression by inhibiting the insulin-like growth factor/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways

Metformin is a biguanide widely prescribed as an antidiabetic drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The purpose of the present study was to observe the effects of the new metformin derivative, HL156A, on human oral cancer cell and to investigate its possible mechanisms. It was observed that HL156A significantly decreased FaDu and YD‐10B cell viability and colony formation in a dose‐dependent way. HL156A also markedly reduced wound closure and migration of FaDu and YD‐10B cells. We observed that HL156A decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and apoptotic cells with caspase‐3 and ‐9 activation. HL156A inhibited the expression and activation of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 and its downstream proteins, AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and ERK1/2. In addition, HL156A activated AMP‐activated protein kinase/nuclear factor kappa B (AMPK‐NF‐κB) signaling of FaDu and YD‐10B cells. A xenograft mouse model further showed that HL156A suppressed AT84 mouse oral tumor growth, accompanied by down‐regulated p‐IGF‐1, p‐mTOR, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and promoted p‐AMPK and TUNEL expression. These results suggest the potential value of the new metformin derivative HL156A as a candidate for a therapeutic modality for the treatment of oral cancer.

Rapid and simple method by combining FTA™ card DNA extraction with two set multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains and virulence genes in food samples

The aim of this research was to optimize two multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that could simultaneously detect six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as well as the three virulence genes. We also investigated the potential of combining the FTA™ card-based DNA extraction with the multiplex PCR assays. Two multiplex PCR assays were optimized using six primer pairs for each non-O157 STEC serogroup and three primer pairs for virulence genes respectively. Each STEC strain specific primer pair only amplified 155, 238, 321, 438, 587 and 750 bp product for O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145 respectively. Three virulence genes were successfully multiplexed: 375 bp for eae, 655 bp for stx1 and 477 bp for stx2. When two multiplex PCR assays were validated with ground beef samples, distinctive bands were also successfully produced. Since the two multiplex PCR examined here can be conducted under the same PCR conditions, the six non-O157 STEC and their virulence genes could be concurrently detected with one run on the thermocycler. In addition, all bands clearly appeared to be amplified by FTA card DNA extraction in the multiplex PCR assay from the ground beef sample, suggesting that an FTA card could be a viable sampling approach for rapid and simple DNA extraction to reduce time and labour and therefore may have practical use for the food industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Two multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were optimized for discrimination of six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and identification of their major virulence genes within a single reaction, simultaneously. This study also determined the successful ability of the FTA™ card as an alternative to commercial DNA extraction method for conducting multiplex STEC PCR assays. The FTA™ card combined with multiplex PCR holds promise for the food industry by offering a simple and rapid DNA sample method for reducing time, cost and labour for detection of STEC in food and environmental samples.

Global analysis of gene expression profiles in the submandibular salivary gland of klotho knockout mice

Salivary dysfunction commonly occurs in many older adults and is considered a physiological phenomenon. However, the genetic changes in salivary glands during aging have not been characterized. The present study analyzed the gene expression profile in salivary glands from accelerated aging klotho deficient mice (klotho−/−, 4 weeks old). Microarray analysis showed that 195 genes were differentially expressed (z‐score > 2 in two independent arrays) in klotho null mice compared to wild‐type mice. Importantly, alpha2‐Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (Atp1a2), Ca²⁺‐ATPase (Atp2a1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), which have been suggested to be regulators of submandibular salivary gland function, were significantly decreased. When a network was constructed from the differentially expressed genes, proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR γ), which regulates energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, was located at the core of the network. In addition, the expression of genes proposed to regulate various PPAR γ‐related cellular pathways, such as Klk1b26, Egfbp2, Cox8b, Gpx3, Fabp3, EGF, and NGFβ, was altered in the submandibular salivary glands of klotho−/− mice. Our results may provide clues for the identification of novel genes involved in salivary gland dysfunction. Further characterization of these differentially expressed genes will be useful in elucidating the genetic basis of aging‐related changes in the submandibular salivary gland.

Cariporide Enhances the DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Acid-tolerable Malignant Mesothelioma H-2452 Cells

The Na+/H+ exchanger is responsible for maintaining the acidic tumor microenvironment through its promotion of the reabsorption of extracellular Na+ and the extrusion of intracellular H+. The resultant increase in the extracellular acidity contributes to the chemoresistance of malignant tumors. In this study, the chemosensitizing effects of cariporide, a potent Na+/H+-exchange inhibitor, were evaluated in human malignant mesothelioma H-2452 cells preadapted with lactic acid. A higher basal level of phosphorylated (p)-AKT protein was found in the acid-tolerable H-2452AcT cells compared with their parental acid-sensitive H-2452 cells. When introduced in H-2452AcT cells with a concentration that shows only a slight toxicity in H-2452 cells, cariporide exhibited growth-suppressive and apoptosis-promoting activities, as demonstrated by an increase in the cells with pyknotic and fragmented nuclei, annexin V-PE(+) staining, a sub-G0/G1 peak, and a G2/M phase-transition delay in the cell cycle. Preceding these changes, a cariporide-induced p-AKT down-regulation, a p53 up-regulation, an ROS accumulation, and the depolarization of the mitochondrial-membrane potential were observed. A pretreatment with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 markedly augmented the DNA damage caused by the cariporide, as indicated by a much greater extent of comet tails and a tail moment with increased levels of the p-histone H2A.X, p-ATMSer1981, p-ATRSer428, p-CHK1Ser345, and p-CHK2Thr68, as well as a series of pro-apoptotic events. The data suggest that an inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling is necessary to enhance the cytotoxicity toward the acid-tolerable H-2452AcT cells, and it underlines the significance of proton-pump targeting as a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome the acidic-microenvironment-associated chemotherapeutic resistance.

[Shunt-induced craniosynostosis: topicality of the problem, choice of the approach, and features of surgical treatment]

RATIONALE

Shunt-induced craniosynostosis is one of the late complications of CSF shunting surgery, which affects the patient's condition, clinical picture, and treatment approach.

OBJECTIVE

to evaluate the prevalence rate and clinical significance of this disease, define the indications for surgery, and choose the optimal surgical approach.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study included 59 children with shunt system dysfunction, aged 1 to 14 years, who were treated at the Department in the period from 2014 to 2016. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) age at the time of examination is older than 1 year; 2) implantation of a shunt system in the first 12 months of life. The state of cranial sutures was assessed using three-dimensional reconstruction of patient's computerized tomography images. Images obtained before or in the first months after primary implantation of a shunt system were used to exclude cases of primary craniosynostosis.

RESULTS

Premature synostosis of the cranial sutures was detected in 27 (46%) cases. Of these, 3 (11%) patients with clinical symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and radiographic signs of craniocerebral disproportion underwent cranial vault remodeling surgery: two biparietal craniotomies and one fronto-parieto-occipital reconstruction. In two cases, simultaneous replacement of a valve with a programmable one was performed. There were no complications after reconstructive surgery.

CONCLUSION

Shunt-associated craniosynostosis is one of the late complications of CSF shunting surgery. However, its presence is not an indication for surgery and should not be a reason for surgical aggression. Surgery for increasing the intracranial volume is indicated only for secondary craniosynostosis combined with signs of craniocerebral disproportion. In these cases, reconstructive surgery is an effective treatment option for improving the patient's condition.

2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibits the TNF-α-induced proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells

The abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a crucial event in the development of atherosclerosis, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is actively involved in this process by enhancing the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA) is a natural compound of Cinnamomum cassia. Although 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (HCA), another compound from Cinnamomum cassia, has been widely studied with regard to its antitumor activity, MCA has not attracted researchers' interest due to its mild toxic effects on cancer cells and its mechanisms of action remain unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of MCA on the TNF-α-induced proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). As shown by our results, MCA inhibited TNF-α-induced cell proliferation by reducing the levels of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, CDK4 and CDK6, and increasing the levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21 and p27, without resulting in cellular cytotoxicity. Furthermore, MCA decreased the level of secreted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 by inhibiting MMP-9 transcription. Unexpectedly, MCA did not affect the TNF-α-induced levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). However, by showing that MCA potently inhibited the degradation of IκBα and the subsequent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), we demonstrated that MCA exerts its effects through the NF-κB signaling pathway. MCA also effectively inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced HASMC migration. Taken together, these observations suggest that MCA has the potential for use as an anti-atherosclerotic agent.

Microbicidal effects of plain soap vs triclocarban-based antibacterial soap

The aim of this study was to determine the bactericidal effects of plain and antibacterial soap. The bactericidal effects of plain and antibacterial soap containing 0.3% triclocarban were examined against 10 Gram-positive and 10 Gram-negative bacterial strains after exposure at 22°C and 40°C for 20 s. Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible to both soaps than Gram-positive bacteria. However, with one exception (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 at 40°C), there was no significant difference between the effects of medicated and non-medicated soap at either temperature. Triclocarban in soap does not lead to a meaningful reduction in bacterial levels during use.

Changes in the Microbial Composition of Microbrewed Beer during the Process in the Actual Manufacturing Line

This study investigated changes in the microbial composition of microbrewed beer during the manufacturing processes and identified potential microbial hazards, effective critical quality control points, and potential contamination routes. Comprehensive quantitative (aerobic plate count, lactic acid bacteria, fungi, acetic acid bacteria, coliforms, and Bacillus cereus) and qualitative (Escherichia coli and eight foodborne pathogens) microbiological analyses were performed using samples of raw materials (malt and manufacturing water), semiprocessed products (saccharified wort, boiled wort, and samples taken during the fermentation and maturation process), and the final product obtained from three plants. The initial aerobic plate count and lactic acid bacteria counts in malt were 5.2 and 4.3 log CFU/g, respectively. These counts were reduced to undetectable levels by boiling but were present at 2.9 and 0.9 log CFU/ml in the final product. Fungi were initially present at 3.6 log CFU/g, although again, the microbes were eliminated by boiling; however, the level in the final product was 4.6 log CFU/ml. No E. coli or foodborne pathogens (except B. cereus) were detected. B. cereus was detected at all stages, although it was not present in the water or boiled wort (total detection rate ¼ 16.4%). Results suggest that boiling of the wort is an effective microbial control measure, but careful management of raw materials and implementation of effective control measures after boiling are needed to prevent contamination of the product after the boiling step. The results of this study may constitute useful and comprehensive information regarding the microbiological quality of microbrewed beer.

[The use of frameless navigation during endoscopic interventions in children with multilocular hydrocephalus]

INTRODUCTION

The use of the endoscopic technique largely improves treatment outcomes in patients with multilocular hydrocephalus. However, impaired anatomy and the lack of usual landmarks often cause problems in planning and intraoperative identification of changed structures. The use of frameless navigation during endoscopic interventions can significantly facilitate surgeon tasks and increases the efficacy of surgery. During surgery, the neuronavigation system visualizes a rigid endoscope that interconnects separated ventricles and cysts. Surgery can be completed with guiding a stent through an operating channel of the endoscope and implanting a shunt system.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Ten children underwent 11 endoscopic interventions using frameless intraoperative navigation at our clinic in 2013-2014. The number of surgically interconnected compartments ranged from 3 to 5. Simultaneous placement of a shunt system was performed in 8 of 11 interventions.

RESULTS

Clinical improvement as a result of the operation was achieved in all children. 2 patients underwent re-operations 5 months and 1 year after endoscopic intervention.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the use of frameless navigation during endoscopic interventions makes their implementation most efficient and safe for the patient.

Sirtuin inhibitors, EX527 and AGK2, suppress cell migration by inhibiting HSF1 protein stability

The histone deacetylases (HDACs), Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and Sirt2, play crucial roles in many biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. HDAC inhibitors have been considered as a potential therapeutic approach for various types of cancers. Here, we demonstrated that the Sirt1 and Sirt2 inhibitors EX527 and AGK2 suppressed cell growth and caused G1 phase arrest by inhibiting the expression of Cdk6 and/or Cdk4. An agar colony formation assay revealed that EX527 and AGK2 decreased colony formation in soft agar. Furthermore, EX527 and AGK2 pretreatment inhibited the expression of HSF1 and HSP27 and induced HSF1 ubiquitination. Sirt1 overexpression increased HSF1 expression and/or stabilization and induced cell migration in a scratch assay. Overall, these results indicate that EX527 and AGK2 suppress cell growth and migration by inhibiting HSF1 protein stability.

Regional differences in mu and kappa opioid receptor G-protein activation in brain in male and female prairie voles

Prairie voles are unusual mammals in that, like humans, they are capable of forming socially monogamous pair bonds, display biparental care, and engage in alloparental behaviors. Both mu and kappa opioid receptors are involved in behaviors that either establish and maintain, or result from pair bond formation in these animals. Mu and kappa opioid receptors both utilize inhibitory G-proteins in signal transduction mechanisms, however the efficacy by which these receptor subtypes stimulate G-protein signaling across the prairie vole neuraxis is not known. Utilizing [(35)S]GTPγS autoradiography, we characterized the efficacy of G-protein stimulation in coronal sections throughout male and female prairie vole brains by [D-Ala2,NMe-Phe4,Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO) and U50,488H, selective mu and kappa opioid agonists, respectively. DAMGO stimulation was highest in the forebrain, similar to that found with other rodent species. U-50,488H produced greater stimulation in prairie voles than is typically seen in mice and rats, particularly in select forebrain areas. DAMGO produced higher stimulation in the core versus the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in females, while the distribution of U-50,488H stimulation was the opposite. There were no gender differences for U50,488H stimulation of G-protein activity across the regions examined, while DAMGO stimulation was greater in sections from females compared to those from males for NAc core, entopeduncular nucleus, and hippocampus. These data suggest that the kappa opioid system may be more sensitive to manipulation in prairie voles compared to mice and rats, and that female prairie voles may be more sensitive to mu agonists in select brain regions than males.

Bactericidal effects of triclosan in soap both in vitro and in vivo

OBJECTIVES

On December 2013, the US FDA proposed a rule stating that manufacturers must provide data to demonstrate that antibacterial soap is more effective than plain soap or water. The objective of the present study was to examine the in vitro and in vivo bactericidal effect of triclosan (the most widely used antiseptic agent in soap) in soap.

METHODS

Twenty bacterial strains (proposed by the FDA) were exposed to plain and antibacterial soaps (the same formulation as plain soap, but containing 0.3% triclosan) for 20 s at 22°C (room temperature) and 40°C (warm temperature). The temperature and time were selected to simulate the hand washing conditions and procedures used by consumers. The triclosan concentration of 0.3% is the maximum allowed by law. The decontamination efficacy of plain soap and antibacterial soap was also examined in vivo: the hands of volunteers were artificially inoculated with Serratia marcescens.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in bactericidal activity between plain soap and antibacterial soap at either test temperature. However, antibacterial soap showed significantly greater bactericidal effects after 9 h. These results suggest that although triclosan-containing soap does have antibacterial activity, the effects are not apparent during the short time required for hand washing.

CONCLUSIONS

Antibacterial soap containing triclosan (0.3%) was no more effective than plain soap at reducing bacterial contamination when used under 'real-life' conditions. The present study provides practical information that may prove useful for both industry and governments.

The anticancer mechanism of 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde in human head and neck cancer cells

Cinnamaldehyde has been shown to effectively induce apoptosis in a number of human cancer cells. In the present study, cinnamaldehyde derivative-induced apoptosis and its signaling pathways were assessed in p53-wild (SGT) and p53-mutant (YD-10B) human head and neck cancer cells. The cinnamaldehyde derivatives, 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (HCA) and 2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (BCA), exhibited powerful anti-proliferative effects on SGT and YD-10B cells. The apoptotic effect induced by HCA or BCA was supported by caspase-3, -7, -9 and PARP activation, and confirmed by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. HCA induced the expression of p21 in both SGT and YD-10B cells. Furthermore, HCA induced the level of pro-apoptotic Bak1 expression while decreasing the level of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in both cell lines, suggesting that HCA induced the cell death pathway in a p53-independent manner. HCA also induced the expression of LC3B in SGT and YD-10B cells. Following pre-incubation with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, HCA-induced apoptosis was largely increased in SGT cells, while inhibited in YD-10B cells, suggesting that autophagy may actively contribute to HCA-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these observations suggest that HCA may be an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of head and neck cancer regardless of p53 status.

Synergistic antimicrobial activity of caprylic acid in combination with citric acid against both Escherichia coli O157:H7 and indigenous microflora in carrot juice

The identification of novel, effective, and non-thermal decontamination methods is imperative for the preservation of unpasteurized and fresh vegetable juices. The aim of this study was to examine the bactericidal effects of caprylic acid + citric acid against the virulent pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the endogenous microflora in unpasteurized fresh carrot juice. Carrot juice was treated with either caprylic acid, citric acid, or a combination of caprylic acid + citric acid at mild heating temperature (45 °C or 50 °C). The color of the treated carrot juice as well as microbial survival was examined over time. Combined treatment was more effective than individual treatment in terms of both color and microbial survival. Caprylic acid + citric acid treatment (each at 5.0 mM) at 50 °C for 5 min resulted in 7.46 and 3.07 log CFU/ml reductions in the E. coli O157:H7 and endogenous microflora populations, respectively. By contrast, there was no apparent reduction in either population following individual treatment. A validation assay using a low-density E. coli O157:H7 inoculum (3.31 log CFU/ml) showed that combined treatment with caprylic acid (5.0 mM) + citric acid (2.5 mM) at 50 °C for >5 min or with caprylic acid + citric acid (both at 5.0 mM) at either 45 °C or 50 °C for >5 min completely destroyed the bacteria. Combined treatment also increased the redness of the juice, which is a perceived indication of quality. Taken together, these results indicate that combined treatment with low concentrations of caprylic acid and citric acid, which are of biotic origin, can eliminate microorganisms from unpasteurized carrot juice.

[Changes in the mucous membranes of the oral cavity in chronic renal failure (experimental study)]

Methods of light microscopy were used to study the morphological changes of the oral cavity mucosa in rats (n = 48) in chronic renal failure (CRF) of various degrees. It was found that after 6 months of modeling of mild and moderate CRF, lamina propria of the oral cavity mucous membranes was diffusely infiltrated with leukocytes. At the same time, relative density of the distribution of the components of blood and lymphatic vascular bed was increased. In severe CRF, the atrophy and hyperkeratosis of the epithelium of the oral cavity mucous membrane developed, while the lamina propria demonstrated sclerosis and significant increase of leukocyte (primarily neutrophil and monocyte) and macrophage numerical density with the formation of small leukocyte infiltrates. In addition, in moderate and severe CRF, the number of eosinophils and plasma cells was increased in the lamina propria which indicates the possible presence of allergic component in the initiation and maintenance of its inflammation.

Survival of foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes) and Bacillus cereus spores in fermented alcoholic beverages (beer and refined rice wine)

Only limited information is available on the microbiological safety of fermented alcoholic beverages because it is still a common belief that such beverages do not provide a favorable environment for bacterial growth and survival. Thus, in this study, we examined the survival of major foodborne pathogens and spores in fermented alcoholic beverages. Foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus) and B. cereus spores (initial population, 3 to 4 log CFU/ml) were inoculated separately into three types of beer and refined rice wine, which were then stored at 5 and 22°C. Bacterial counts were assayed periodically for up to 28 days. Vegetative B. cereus counts decreased rapidly, whereas B. cereus spore counts remained constant (P > 0.05) for a long period of time in all beverages. Vegetative B. cereus cells formed spores in beer at 5 and 22°C, and the spores survived for long periods. Among vegetative cells, E. coli O157:H7 had the highest survival (only 1.49 to 1.56 log reduction during 28 days in beer at 5°C). Beer and refined rice wine supported microbial survival from several days to several weeks. Our results appear to contradict the common belief that pathogens cannot survive in alcoholic beverages. Long-term survival of pathogens (especially B. cereus and E. coli O157:H7) in beer and refined rice wine should be taken into consideration by the manufacturers of these beverages. This study provides basic information that should help further research into microbial survival in alcoholic beverages and increase the microbiological safety regulation of fermented alcoholic beverages.

[Morphological changes in the fatty tissue after a single exposure to the ultrasound]

The morphological changes in the fatty tissue of the posterior surface of knee joint were studied in rats (n = 96) using the method of light microscopy 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after a single ultrasonic exposure of various duration (5, 10, 20 min)) in a diagnostic mode. This exposure resulted in hyperemia, lymphostasis and increase of vascular permeability. The degree of changes was found to increase in proportion to the duration of exposure. All the changes detected were reversible, and the majority of them disappeared within 1-2 days. During the practical application, it is necessary to take into account the possibility the induction of cell and tissue damage during the ultrasonographic examinations. Development and application of the measures directed to decrease the edema and to stabilize the vascular wall both during the ultrasonography and immediately after it are expedient. Ultrasonography should be performed only when there are significant medical indications, and to receive the required diagnostic information, the lowest power of the device should be used.

[Oral cavity pathology by renal failure]

The analysis of the scientific literature devoted to organ and tissue changes of oral cavity at the chronic renal insufficiency (CRI)is made. The number of patients in an end-stage of CRI constantly increases and patients receiving renal replacement therapy including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or renal transplantation will comprise an enlarging segment of the dental patient population. Owing to CRI and its treatment there is a set of changes of teeth and oral cavity fabrics which remain even in a end-stage. Renal replacement therapy can affect periodontal tissues including gingival hyperplasia in immune suppressed renal transplantation patients and increased levels of bacterial contamination, gingival inflammation, formation of calculus, and possible increased prevalence and severity of destructive periodontal diseases. Besides, the presence of undiagnosed periodontitis may have significant effects on the medical management of the patients in end-stage of CRI.

Pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy induces autophagy and apoptosis via the activation of MAPKs in human skin cancer cells

Pheophorbide a (Pa), a chlorophyll derivative, is a photosensitizer that can induce significant antitumor effects in several types of tumor cells. The present study investigated the mechanism of Pa-mediated photodynamic therapy (Pa-PDT) in the human skin cancer cell lines A431 and G361. PDT significantly inhibited the cell growth in a Pa-concentration-dependent manner. We observed increased expression of Beclin-1, LC3B and ATG5, which are markers of autophagy, after PDT treatment in A431 cells but not in G361 cells. In G361 cells, Pa-PDT strongly induced PARP cleavage and subsequent apoptosis, which was confirmed using Annexin V/Propidium iodide double staining. Pa-PDT predominantly exhibited its antitumor effects via activation of ERK1/2 and p38 in A431 and G361 cells, respectively. An in vivo study using the CAM xenograft model demonstrated that Pa-PDT strongly induced autophagy and apoptosis in A431-transplanted tumors and/or apoptosis in G361-transplanted tumors. These results may provide a basis for understanding the underlying mechanisms of Pa-PDT and for developing Pa-PDT as a therapy for skin cancer.

Microbial diversity and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in cheap and junk foods consumed by primary schoolchildren

Aerobic plate counts (APC), coliforms, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and eight foodborne pathogens were tested in 1008 cheap and junk foods, including candies, dried cakes, chewing gum, chocolate, dried and seasoned seafood, ice cream, and sugary foods. APCs were positive for 342 samples (33·9%), and the majority of the counts were 2-3 log CFU g(-1) or ml(-1) (average: 1·10 log CFU g(-1) or ml(-1) ). Most samples (97·3%) contained no coliforms (average: 0·07 log CFU g(-1) or ml(-1) ). Bacillus cereus was detected in 68 samples (average: 0·14 log CFU g(-1) or ml(-1) ). Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were detected in 6 and 1 samples, respectively, whereas other foodborne pathogens were not isolated. The highest bacterial counts were associated with dried and seasoned seafood products and dried cakes, suggesting that appropriate regulations of these food types should be considered. Cheap and junk foods were produced mainly in developing countries, but there were no significant differences in the bacterial counts among different countries of origin. The presence of foodborne pathogens may pose a risk for children. These results suggest that there is cause for deeper concern about the safety of these foods and that effective countermeasures should be established to improve their microbiological safety.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Food safety is especially important for children, but only limited information is available about the microbiological quality of cheap and junk foods that are consumed frequently by primary schoolchildren (e.g. dried cakes, candies and chocolates). The present study investigated the microbial quality of cheap and junk foods, and our results indicate that these foods are a potential health risk for children, therefore, deeper concern about the safety of these foods and effective countermeasures should be established to improve their microbiological safety. The present study may contribute to the development of an appropriate child food safety management system.

Vibrational modes of GaN nanowires in the gigahertz range

Brillouin-light-scattering measurements and finite-element modeling of vibrational spectra in the range of 5-40 GHz are presented for an array of monocrystalline GaN nanowires with hexagonal cross sections. Analysis of the spectra is substantially complicated by the presence of a distribution of nanowire diameters. The measurements and calculations reveal a variety of modes with simple flexural, higher-order flexural, approximately 'plane-strain', approximately longitudinal and torsional displacement patterns that are similar to the corresponding modes of isotropic cylinders. The largest peaks in the spectra with acoustic angular wavenumbers in the range of 4 to ~15 μm(-1) were determined to arise from modes with relatively large transverse displacements, consistent with inelastic light scattering arising predominantly from surface ripple. These dominant modes have finite frequencies in the limit of zero wavenumber, corresponding to transverse standing waves. At higher wavenumbers, the spectra provide evidence for increased scattering through elasto-optic coupling, especially with respect to the emergence of a peak from a mode analogous to the longitudinal guided modes of thin films.

Changes in microbial contamination levels and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) during sprout production in manufacturing plants

Samples were taken from three sprout processing plants at five different stages of production (a total of 20 investigations). Quantitative analyses comprised aerobic plate counts (APCs) and the measurement of coliforms and Bacillus cereus levels, whereas qualitative analyses involved assessing the levels of Escherichia coli and major foodborne pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus). The APC for alfalfa seeds (3·71-4·61 log CFU g(-1)) and rapeseed (4·25-5·11 log CFU g(-1)) increased by approximately 3 log CFU g(-1) during sprouting, reaching 7·17-7·61 and 7·33-8·28 log CFU g(-1), respectively, by the final stage of production. Similarly, increasing trends were noted in the level of coliforms (0·58-4·03 log CFU g(-1) at the seed stage, increasing to 5·52-6·99 log CFU g(-1) by the sprout stage). Bacillus cereus was detected in eight alfalfa (40%) and 14 rapeseed (70%) sprouts, and L. monocytogenes was isolated from one pregermination soaked alfalfa seed. A slight reduction in the level of bacterial contamination was noted after washing the sprouts with water prior to storage, indicating that improvements to the current washing protocol, or other efficient intervention methods, may be needed. Taken together, these results suggest that improved hygiene control during production and processing and a more sanitary environment are needed. The present study provides comprehensive information regarding the microbiological safety of seeds and sprouts during manufacturing.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY

The present study investigated the levels of microbial contamination present in alfalfa and rapeseed sprouts by examining the samples taken at different stages of the manufacturing process in three actual plants. The results provide detailed information regarding the levels of seed and sprout contamination during production. The results may be useful to those involved in the sprout industry and/or academic research in terms of developing hygienic control measures, efficient intervention methods and appropriate guidelines.

HOXC6 is deregulated in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and modulates Bcl-2 expression

Homeobox C6 (HOXC6) genes belong to the homeoprotein family of transcription factors, which play an important role in morphogenesis and cellular differentiation during embryonic development. The aim of this study was to explore the role of HOXC6 in the regulation of Bcl-2 in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The HOXC6 and Bcl-2 gene were identified as being overexpressed in HNSCC tissue and cell lines. Transfection assays demonstrated that HOXC6 increased the levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein. A luciferase reporter assay suggested that HOXC6 induced activity of the Bcl-2 promoter. A series of Bcl-2 promoter deletion mutants were examined and the minimal HOXC6-responsive region was identified to be in the TAAT motif (-420 bp) of the Bcl-2 promoter. Interestingly, the inhibition of HOXC6 using siRNA led to the repression of Bcl-2 expression and induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis; overexpression of HOXC6 in HNSCC cells increased the resistance to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Together, our findings suggest that HOXC6 is an important mechanism of the anti-apoptotic pathway via regulation of Bcl-2 expression.

Poly I:C inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the growth inhibitory effect of paclitaxel in oral sqaumous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling has dual effect of promoting tumor progression and anti-cancer property. This study was designed to determine the effect of polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly I:C), a TLR3 agonist, on the proliferation of oral cancer cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, YD-10B and YD-8, were used. TLRs expression was examined by RT-PCR and IL-8 production by poly I:C was examined by ELISA. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis were performed to determine the molecular mechanism of poly I:C-induced cell death.

RESULTS

TLR3 was functionally expressed in YD-10B and YD-8 cells. Treatment of poly I:C inhibited the cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis revealed that poly I:C induced apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway. In addition, combination treatment with poly I:C and paclitaxel more significantly inhibited cell proliferation compared with poly I:C or paclitaxel alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Poly I:C effectively inhibits oral cancer cell proliferation and can be considered as a candidate to improve the inhibitory effect of anti-cancer drugs.

Inhibition of Plk1 and Pin1 by 5'-nitro-indirubinoxime suppresses human lung cancer cells

A novel indirubin derivative, 5'-nitro-indirubinoxime (5'-NIO), exhibits a strong anti-cancer activity against human cancer cells. Here, the 5'-NIO-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest in lung cancer cells was associated with a decrease in protein levels of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1. Treatment with Plk1 siRNA or Pin1 inhibitor effectively inhibited the Rb phosphorylation, suggesting their regulatory role at G1 phase. In addition, the overexpression of Plk1 or Pin1 inhibited apoptotic signals following the cleavage of PARP in 5'-NIO-treated cells. These findings suggest that 5'-NIO have potential anti-cancer efficacy through the inhibition of Plk1 or/and Pin1 expression.