Recent progress in MoS2 nanostructures for biomedical applications: Experimental and computational approach

In the category of 2D materials, MoS2 a transition metal dichalcogenide, is a novel and intriguing class of materials with interesting physicochemical properties, explored in applications ranging from cutting-edge optoelectronic to the frontiers of biomedical and biotechnology. MoS2 nanostructures an alternative to heavy toxic metals exhibit biocompatibility, low toxicity and high stability, and high binding affinity to biomolecules. MoS2 nanostructures provide a lot of opportunities for the advancement of novel biosensing, nanodrug delivery system, electrochemical detection, bioimaging, and photothermal therapy. Much efforts have been made in recent years to improve their physiochemical properties by developing a better synthesis approach, surface functionalization, and biocompatibility for their safe use in the advancement of biomedical applications. The understanding of parameters involved during the development of nanostructures for their safe utilization in biomedical applications has been discussed. Computational studies are included in this article to understand better the properties of MoS2 and the mechanism involved in their interaction with biomolecules. As a result, we anticipate that this combined experimental and computational studies of MoS2 will inspire the development of nanostructures with smart drug delivery systems, and add value to the understanding of two-dimensional smart nano-carriers.

Impact of luminescent MoSe2 quantum dots on activity of trypsin under different pH environment

It is vital that a straightforward detection approach for trypsin should be developed as it is important diagnostic tool for a number of diseases. Herein, the impact of luminescent MoSe2 quantum dots on trypsin activity under different pH environment has been studied. Addition of trypsin to MoSe2 quantum dots enhanced the fluorescence of quantum dots whereas quantum dots resulted in quenching of fluorescence of trypsin. The quenching behavior at various pH and temperature was examined and revealed that the MoSe2-trypsin complex stabilized through the electrostatic interactions. The obtained negative values of zeta potential of the complex -0.11 mV, -0.30 mV and -0.59 mV for pH 6.0,7.6 and 9.0 respectively confirmed the stability of the complex. The separation between the donor and acceptor atoms in energy transfer mechanism was found to decrease (1.48 nm to 1.44 nm to 1.30 nm) with increasing value of pH. It was also evident that trypsin retained its enzyme activity in the trypsin-MoSe2 complex and under different pH environment. The Vant Hoff plot from quenching revealed 1 binding site for quantum dots by trypsin for all pH of buffer solution. The complex formation of trypsin-MoSe2 quantum dots was verified for the first time using fluorescence spectroscopy and it revealed that tryspin form complex with MoSe2 quantum dots through electrostatic interactions. Our results revealed that the MoSe2 quantum dots stabilized and sheltered the active sites of trypsin, which was likely the cause of the increased bioavailability of MoSe2 quantum dots in enzymes.

Antioxidants supplementation improves the quality of in vitro produced ovine embryos with amendments in key development gene expressions

The present study assessed the effects of supplementation of different antioxidants on oocyte maturation, embryo production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and expression of key developmental genes. In this study, using ovine as an animal model, we tested the hypothesis that antioxidant supplementation enhanced the developmental competence of oocytes. Ovine oocytes aspirated from local abattoir-derived ovaries were subjected to IVM with different concentrations of antioxidants [(Melatonin, Ascorbic acid (Vit C), alpha-tocopherol (Vit E), Sodium selenite (SS)]. Oocytes matured without any antioxidant supplementation were used as controls. The oocytes were assessed for maturation rates and ROS levels. Further, embryo production rates in terms of cleavage, blastocysts and total cell numbers were evaluated after performing in vitro fertilization. Real-Time PCR analysis was used to evaluate the expression of stress related gene (SOD-1), growth related (GDF-9, BMP-15), and apoptosis-related genes (BCL-2 and BAX). We observed that maturation rates were significantly higher in alpha-tocopherol (100 μM; 92.4%) groups followed by melatonin (30 μM; 89.1%) group. However, blastocyst rates in ascorbic acid (100 μM; 19.5%), melatonin (30 μM; 18.4%), alpha-tocopherol (100 μM; 18.2%), and sodium selenite (20 μM; 16.9%) groups were significantly higher (P 0.05) than that observed in the control groups. Total cell numbers in blastocysts in the melatonin, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol groups were significantly higher than those observed in sodium selenite and control groups. ROS production was reduced in groups treated with melatonin (30 μM), vitamin C (100 μM), sodium selenite (20 μM) and α-tocopherol (200 μM) compared with that observed in the control group. Supplementation of antioxidants caused the alterations in mRNA expression of growth, stress, and apoptosis related gene expression in matured oocytes. The results recommend that antioxidants alpha-tocopherol (200 μM), sodium selenite (40 μM), melatonin (30 μM) and ascorbic acid (100 μM) during IVM reduced the oxidative stress by decreasing ROS levels in oocytes, thus improving embryo quantity and quality.

A sustainable approach towards utilization of plastic waste for an efficient electrode in microbial fuel cell applications

Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are a novel technique for power generation from wastewater. A number of approaches for the modification of physical as well as chemical properties of the electrodes can be employed to attain the maximum output power density and high power electricity. The use of an active organic linker, extracted from waste residue (plastic), for the synthesis of porous nanostructured materials would be beneficial in the fabrication of electrodes for MFC. Herein, terephthalic acid monomer (t) derived from plastic waste was successfully applied as an electrochemically active linking unit to form an iron-based metal-organic framework (Fe-t-MOF: MIL-53(Fe)). The synthesized Fe-t-MOF was further modified with conducting polymer (polyaniline (PANI)). The produced nanocomposite (Fe-t-MOF/PANI) was coated on stainless steel (SS) disk (as a current collector) for use as an electrode component of the MFC system. The power density, open circuit potential (OCP), and a limiting current density of the MFC are 680 mW/m², 0.67 V, and 3500mA/m², respectively. The technique opted here should help search a novel, efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective route for the modification of the plastic waste into an MFC electrode to achieve bioenergy production through wastewater treatment.

Dual Actions of A2A and A3 Adenosine Receptor Ligand Prevents Obstruction-Induced Kidney Fibrosis in Mice

Kidney fibrosis is the final outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Adenosine plays a significant role in protection against cellular damage by activating four subtypes of adenosine receptors (ARs), A₁AR, A_2AAR, A_2BAR, and A₃AR. A_2AAR agonists protect against inflammation, and A₃AR antagonists effectively inhibit the formation of fibrosis. Here, we showed for the first time that LJ-4459, a newly synthesized dual-acting ligand that is an A_2AAR agonist and an A₃AR antagonist, prevents the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) surgery was performed on 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. LJ-4459 (1 and 10 mg/kg) was orally administered for 7 days, started at 1 day before UUO surgery. Pretreatment with LJ-4459 improved kidney morphology and prevented the progression of tubular injury as shown by decreases in urinary kidney injury molecular-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) excretion. Obstruction-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis was attenuated by LJ-4459, as shown by a decrease in fibrotic protein expression in the kidney. LJ-4459 also inhibited inflammation and oxidative stress in the obstructed kidney, with reduced macrophage infiltration, reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These data demonstrate that LJ-4459 has potential as a therapeutic agent against the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

Soil fertility and rice productivity in shifting cultivation: impact of fallow lengths and soil amendments in Lengpui, Mizoram northeast India

An exponential increase in the human population has drastically reduced the length of fallow period (<5 years) in widely spread shifting cultivation (Jhum). This has increased the invasion of weeds and decreased soil fertility and crop productivity, and consequently raised concern of food security for the local farming communities. The present study was conducted in two jhum fallows (FL-10 and FL-15) to understand the response of fallow length and applications of indigenous soil microbes and rock phosphate on the levels of soil fertility and crop productivity. The results showed greater soil physicochemical properties in FL-15 compared to FL-10. Burning significantly increased the levels of soil pH, avail P, avail N in the soil, whereas, the same decreased the levels of soil C, MBC and SM in both the sites. Among treatments, the synergistic effect of rock phosphate and microbial inocula showed greater improvement in soil biochemical properties, and showed a climactic increase over control in crop productivity and rice yield in all sites. Maximum rice grain yield and productivity was recorded in FL-15 followed by FL-10. This study concludes that a mixture of rock phosphate and microbial inocula from the rhizosphere soil of early regenerating plant is effective in increasing soil fertility and crop productivity, and can be used as an important tool to sustain crop productivity and food security in the region.

Imaging urothelial bladder cancer: A VPAC PET targeted approach

INTRODUCTION Accurate staging of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) with imaging, which guides effective bladder cancer treatment, remains challenging. This investigation is to validate a hypothesis that targeting Vasoactive intestinal and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (VPAC) receptors using ⁶⁴Cu-TP3805 can PET image UBC efficiently.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nineteen patients (44-84 years of age) scheduled for radical cystectomy, underwent VPAC positron emission tomography (PET) imaging prior to surgery. Sixteen had completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to imaging. All 19 received ⁶⁴Cu-TP3805 (148 % ± 10% MBq) intravenously, and were imaged 60 to 90 minutes later. Standard uptake value (SUV)max for malignant lesions and SUVmean for normal tissues were determined and mean +/-SEM recorded. Following radical cystoprostatectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion imaging, results were compared with final surgical pathology.

RESULTS

⁶⁴Cu-TP3805 had no adverse events, negligible urinary excretion and rapid blood clearance. UBC PET images for residual disease were true positive in 11 patients and true negative in four. Of remaining 4, one had false positive and 3 had false negative scans, equating to 79% sensitivity (95%, CI 49%-95%), 80% specificity (95%, CI 28%-100%), 92% positive predictive value (95%, CI 62%-100%) and 57% negative predictive value (95%, CI 18%-90%).

CONCLUSIONS

These first in man results, in a group, heavily pretreated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, indicate that VPAC PET imaging can identify UBC effeiciently and suggest, that VPAC PET can diagnose UBC in a treatment naïve cohort for accurate staging, guide biopsy and treatment in patients with suspected metastasis and determine response to therapy. Further investigation of this molecular imaging approach is warranted.

Targeting VPAC1 Receptors for Imaging Glioblastoma

PURPOSE

Scintigraphic imaging of malignant glioblastoma (MG) continues to be challenging. We hypothesized that VPAC1 cell surface receptors can be targeted for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of orthotopically implanted MG in a mouse model, using a VPAC1-specific peptide [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805.

PROCEDURES

The expression of VPAC1 in mouse GL261 and human U87 glioma cell lines was determined by western blot. The ability of [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805 to bind to GL261 and U87 cells was studied by cell-binding. Receptor-blocking studies were performed to validate receptor specificity. GL261 tumors were implanted orthotopically in syngeneic T-bet knockout C57BL/6 mouse brain (N = 15) and allowed to grow for 2-3 weeks. Mice were injected i.v., first with ~ 150 μCi of 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-D-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) then 24 h later with ~ 200 μCi of [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805. In another set of tumor-bearing mice, (N = 5), ionic [⁶⁴Cu]Cl₂ was injected as a control. Mice were imaged at a 2-h post-injection using an Inveon micro-PET/CT, sacrificed and % ID/g of [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805 and [⁶⁴Cu]Cl₂ were calculated in a tumor, normal brain, and other tissues. For histologic tissue examination, 3-μm thick sections of the tumors and normal brain were prepared, digital autoradiography (DAR) was performed, and then the sections were H&E stained for histologic examination.

RESULTS

Western blots showed a strong signal for VPAC1 on both cell lines. [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805 cell-binding was 87 ± 1.5 %. Receptor-blocking reduced cell-binding to 24.3 ± 1.5 % (P < 0.01). PET imaging revealed remarkable accumulation of [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805 in GL261 MG with a negligible background in the normal brain, as compared to [¹⁸F]FDG. Micro-PET/CT image analyses and tissue distribution showed that the brain tumor uptake for [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805 was 8.2 ± 1.7 % ID/g and for [⁶⁴Cu]Cl₂ 2.1 ± 0.5 % ID/g as compared to 1.0 ± 0.3 % ID/g and 1.4 ± 0.3 % ID/g for normal mouse brains, respectively. The high tumor/normal brain ratio for [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805 (8.1 ± 1.1) allowed tumors to be visualized unequivocally. Histology and [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805 DAR differentiated malignant tumors from healthy brain and confirmed PET findings.

CONCLUSION

Targeting VPAC1 receptors using [⁶⁴Cu]TP3805 for PET imaging of MG is a promising novel approach and calls for further investigation.

QbD-steered development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for quantification of ferulic acid: Rational application of chemometric tools

The present work describes the systematic development of a simple, rapid, sensitive, robust, effective and cost-effective reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitative analysis of ferulic acid using analytical quality by design paradigms. Initially, apt wavelength for the analysis of ferulic acid was selected employing principal component analysis as the chemometric tool. An Ishikawa fishbone diagram was constructed to delineate various plausible variables influencing analytical target profile, viz. peak area, theoretical plate count, retention time and peak tailing as the critical analytical attributes. Risk assessment using risk estimation matrix and factor screening studies employing Taguchi design aided in demarcating two critical method parameters, viz. mobile phase ratio and flow rate affecting critical analytical attributes. Subsequently, the optimum operational conditions of the liquid chromatographic method were delineated using face-centred composite design. Multicollinearity among the chosen factors for optimization was analyzed by the magnitude of variance inflation factor optimized analytical design space, providing optimum method performance, was earmarked using numerical and graphical optimization and corroborated using Monte Carlo simulations. Validation, as per the ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, ratified the efficiency and sensitivity of the developed novel analytical method of ferulic acid in the mobile phase and the human plasma matrix. The optimal method used a mobile phase, comprising of acetonitrile: water (47:53% v/v, pH adjusted to 3.0 with glacial acetic acid), at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min^-1, at a λ_max of 322 nm using a C₁₈ column. Use of principal component analysis unearthed the suitable wavelength for analysis, while analytical quality by design approach, along with Monte Carlo simulations, facilitated the identification of influential variables in obtaining the "best plausible" validated chromatographic solution for efficient quantification of ferulic acid.

Effect on Morphology and Optical Properties of Inorganic and Hybrid Perovskite Semiconductor Thin Films Fabricated Layer by Layer

In recent time, organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells govern photovoltaic field, due to its remarkable development on the power conversion process. Still, large variations in device efficiency and basic physical properties are reported. This is due to variations during film fabrications and consecutive treatments employed. Here, we report a layer by layer deposition of inorganic perovskite (CsBi₃I₁₀) and lead halide perovskite (CH₃NH₃PbI₃) thin films. We find that the absorbance for corresponding thin film goes on increasing dramatically. UV-vis spectrum of film recorded to find the band gap of films, ˜1.55 eV optical band gap have been obtained for the film fabricated layer by layer. We further study the fabrication of different perovskite layers impact on microstructure, surface morphology and optical properties. The optical and structural characterization outcomes all suggests the perovskite films processed by using the layer by layer fabrication are well controlled, making this processes an auspicious technique to fabricate thin-films for numerous prospective device applications and scientific studies.

Effects of Thermal Annealing Duration on the Film Morphology of Methylamine Lead Triiodide (MAPbI₃) Perovskite Thin Films in Ambient Air

In the present communication we have studied the effect of thermal annealing duration on morphology of methylamine lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) perovskite (prepared using single step method) semiconductor that changes into lead iodide (PbI₂). Furthermore, the effect of annealing duration on thin films is investigated and correlated with its potential photovoltaic application. Thin films characteristics study by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results indicate MAPbI₃ degraded strongly by annealing duration. However, thin films (about 1.25 micron-thick) annealed at 80 °C for 10 min in ambient conditions cause minimum degradation with smooth and uniform surface morphology. It also shows a higher absorption coefficient with the band gap of °1.5 eV rendering this perovskite suitable for practical applications.

PET imaging urothelial bladder cancer: A novel approach

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Background: Urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) inflicts >80,000 new patients annually. Since treatment is stage-dependent, accurate staging is crucial. Conventional imaging and biopsy are often unreliable. A large number of PET tracers, developed to improve imaging, have limitations e.g. urinary excretion compromising their ability to assess the bladder lumen and invasive tumors. This study is to validate a hypothesis that high density VPAC receptors expression on UBC cell surface, can be targeted to PET image UBC, to determine loco-regional disease and metastatic lesions. Methods: Cu-64-TP3805 (4±10% mCi), with its high affinity (3.1 x 10−9M) for VPAC, was given IV to 19 UBC patients (44-80 yrs), scheduled for radical cystectomy. Those eligible for neoadjuvant chemotherapy were treated as such. Urine and blood samples were collected on the day of scan. Whole body PET/CT images acquired 60 to 90 min later and read by two physicians. Surgery was performed 1 to 4 weeks later. Imaging results were correlated with histology. Results: There were no adverse events. Urinary excretion of Cu-64-TP3805 was negligible. Blood clearance was biphasic (t ½ a = 22.3 ±2.7 min ~ 85% and t ½ β = 118.2 ± 4.9 min ~ 15%). VPAC PET bladder images were true positive (TP) in 11, true negative (TN) in 4, false positive (FP) in 1 and false negative (FN) in 3 patients with 79% sensitivity (95% CI 49%-95%), 80% specificity (95% CI 28%-100%), 92% PPV (95% CI 62%-100%), and 57% NPV (95% CI 18%-90%). Prostate images were TP in 8, TN in 6, and FP in 5 patients, with 100% sensitivity (95% CI 63%-100%), 55% specificity (95% CI 23%-83%), 62% PPV (95% CI 32%-86%), and 100% NPV (95% CI 54%-100%). The 5 FP images revealed HGPIN on re-analysis. For lymph nodes, images were TP in 1, TN in 14 and FN in 4 patients, with 25% sensitivity (95% CI 1%-81%), 100% specificity (95% CI 78%-100%), 100% PPV (95% CI 3%-100%), and 83% NPV (95% CI 59%-96%). In one patient, several lesions were seen in the spine and iliac crest. Biopsy was positive for metastasis. In smokers (N=12) there was diffused or focal tracer uptake in the lungs. In 7 non-smokers, 3 with CT depicted abnormality had tracer lung uptake and 4 did not. Conclusions: These first in human pilot study data depict Cu-64-TP3805 VPAC targeting to image UBC as worthy of further investigation.

Evaluating Ga-68 Peptide Conjugates for Targeting VPAC Receptors: Stability and Pharmacokinetics

PURPOSE

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the use of gallium-68 labeled receptor-specific peptides for imaging oncologic diseases. The objective was to examine the stability and pharmacokinetics of [⁶⁸Ga]NODAGA and DOTA-peptide conjugate targeting VPAC [combined for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)] receptors on tumor cells.

PROCEDURES

A VPAC receptor-specific peptide was chosen as a model peptide and conjugated to NODAGA and DOTA via solid-phase synthesis. The conjugates were characterized by HPLC and MALDI-TOF. Following Ga-68 chelation, the radiochemical purity of Ga-68 labeled peptide conjugate was determined by radio-HPLC. The stability was tested against transmetallation using 100 nM Fe³⁺/Zn²⁺/Ca²⁺ ionic solution and against transchelation using 200 μM DTPA solution. The ex vivo and in vivo stability of the Ga-68 labeled peptide conjugate was tested in mouse plasma and urine. Receptor specificity was determined ex vivo by cell binding assays using human breast cancer BT474 cells. Positron emission tomography (PET)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, tissue distribution, and blocking studies were performed in mice bearing BT474 xenografts.

RESULTS

The chemical and radiochemical purity was greater than 95 % and both conjugates were stable against transchelation and transmetallation. Ex vivo stability at 60 min showed that the NODAGA-peptide-bound Ga-68 reduced to 42.1 ± 3.7 % (in plasma) and 37.4 ± 2.9 % (in urine), whereas the DOTA-peptide-bound Ga-68 was reduced to 1.2 ± 0.3 % (in plasma) and 4.2 ± 0.4 % (in urine) at 60 min. Similarly, the in vivo stability for [⁶⁸Ga]NODAGA-peptide was decreased to 2.1 ± 0.2 % (in plasma) and 2.2 ± 0.4 % (in urine). For [⁶⁸Ga]DOTA-peptide, it was decreased to 1.4 ± 0.3 % (in plasma) and 1.2 ± 0.4 % (in urine) at 60 min. The specific BT474 cell binding was 53.9 ± 0.8 % for [⁶⁸Ga]NODAGA-peptide, 25.8 ± 1.4 % for [⁶⁸Ga]-DOTA-peptide, and 18.8 ± 2.5 % for [⁶⁸Ga]GaCl₃ at 60 min. Inveon microPET/CT imaging at 1 h post-injection showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher tumor to muscle (T/M) ratio for [⁶⁸Ga]NODAGA-peptide (3.4 ± 0.3) as compared to [⁶⁸Ga]DOTA-peptide (1.8 ± 0.6). For [⁶⁸Ga]GaCl₃ and blocked mice, their ratios were 1.5 ± 0.6 and 1.5 ± 0.3 respectively. The tissue distributions data were similar to the PET imaging data.

CONCLUSION

NODAGA is superior to DOTA in terms of radiolabeling kinetics. The method of radiolabeling was reproducible and yielded higher specific activity. Although both agents have relatively low in vivo stability, PET/CT imaging studies delineated BC tumors with [⁶⁸Ga]NODAGA-peptide, but not with [⁶⁸Ga]DOTA-peptide.

Characteristics and mechanism associated with drug conjugated inorganic nanoparticles

Nanoparticles have several exciting applications nowadays almost in every area. Biomedical field is one of them where nanoparticles show potential for various applications due to their exceptional and exciting properties. The presence of heavy metals in inorganic nanoparticles lead to toxicity in the biological system, therefore, their direct use for drug delivery is restricted. But encapsulating their surface with a non-toxic or biocompatible material makes them a promising material for application in drug delivery system. This review highlights the various characteristics and factors involved in nano-drug delivery system. The understanding of various mechanisms involved during the uptake of nanoparticles by cells, toxicity, surface chemistry and several drug release mechanisms has been discussed. This article also includes various computational studies used to optimise the design and properties of drug delivery system.

Effect of size and silica coating on structural, magnetic as well as cytotoxicity properties of copper ferrite nanoparticles

Copper ferrite nanoparticles, synthesized by conventional sol-gel method were calcined at different temperatures. The magnetic, structural, morphological and cytotoxicity analyses of the uncalcined and calcined nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated and compared. Formation of tetragonal structure of CuFe₂O₄ NPs was observed in XRD patterns. On increasing the temperature, better crystallinity and increased crystallite size were also observed. In the FTIR spectra, bonds corresponding to CH, OH and carboxylate groups gradually disappeared with increasing temperature, while peak corresponding to FeO existed more prominently. NPs calcined at 300 °C (Cu3) exhibited the highest magnetic saturation and lowest retentivity, thereby indicating its superparamagnetic behaviour. Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity values were obtained by invitro MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole) assay, Cell Titer assay and Cell Flow Cytometry with Propidium Iodide. NPs calcined at 300 °C, 500 °C and 700 °C exhibited non-toxicity at all the concentrations. Based on magnetic and biocompatibility analyses, Cu3 NPs were found to be the most suitable one to investigate the influence of silica coating on its surface. Presence of silica was confirmed by XRD pattern, FTIR spectrum, SEM and HRTEM micrographs as well as SAED pattern. In M-H curve, superparamagnetic behaviour of the CuFe₂O₄ core was retained but with reduced magnetic saturation due to magnetically dead layer of silica. An increase in cellular viability was witnessed in case of silica coated CuFe₂O₄ NPs as compared to uncoated NPs, thus reflecting on its enhanced biocompatibility. Nanosized, superparamagnetic and highly biocompatible characteristics make silica coated CuFe₂O₄ NPs a potential claimant for biomedical applications.

Nutritional and metabolic stressors on ovine oocyte development and granulosa cell functions in vitro

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of ammonia, urea, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyric acid (β-OHB) on oocyte development and granulosa cell (GC) growth parameter of ovine (Ovis aries). Ovine oocytes were matured in vitro in the presence of different concentration of ammonia, urea, NEFA, and β-OHB for 24 h, in vitro inseminated and evaluated for cleavage and blastocyst yield. Same concentrations of ammonia, urea, NEFA, and β-OHB were examined on growth parameters and hormone secretion activity of granulosa cells in vitro. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of steroidogenic genes (steroidogenic cytochrome P-450 (CYP11A1, CYP19A1)), cell proliferation-related genes (GDF9, FSHr), and apoptosis-related genes (BCL-2 and BAX). The maturation, cleavage, and blastocyst production rates were significantly lowered in media containing either 200 μM ammonia or 5 mM urea or high combo NEFA or 1 μM β-OHB. Exposure of granulosa cell to 400 μM ammonia or 1 μM β-OHB or very high combo or 6 mM urea significantly decreased all the parameters examined compared to lower levels of all nutritional and metabolic stressors. Elevated concentration of metabolic stressors induced GC apoptosis through the BAX/BCL-2 pathway and reduced the steroidogenic gene messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and cell proliferation gene mRNA expression. These results suggested that the decreased function of GCs may cause ovarian dysfunction and offered an improved understanding of the molecular mechanism responsible for the low fertility in metabolic stressed condition.

VPAC1 Targeted 64Cu-TP3805 kit preparation and its evaluation

INTRODUCTION

Previously, our laboratory has shown that ⁶⁴Cu-TP3805 can specifically target VPAC1 receptors and be used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of breast (BC) and prostate cancer (PC) in humans. Present work is aimed at the formulation of a freeze-dried diaminedithiol-peptide (N₂S₂-TP3805) kit and it's evaluation for the preparation of ⁶⁴Cu labeled TP3805. Parameters such as pH, temperature and incubation time were examined that influenced the radiolabeling efficiency and stability of the product.

METHODS

Kits were prepared under different conditions and radiolabeling efficiency of TP3805 kit was evaluated for a range of pH3.5-8.5, after addition of ⁶⁴Cu in 30μl, 0.1M HCl. Incubation temperature (37-90°C) and time (30-120min.) were also investigated. Kits were stored at -10°C and their long term stability was determined as a function of their radiolabeling efficiency. Further, stability of ⁶⁴Cu-TP3805 complex was evaluated in presence of fetal bovine serum and bovine serum albumin by using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kits were then used for PET imaging of BC and PC following eIND (101550) and institutional approvals. Specificity of ⁶⁴Cu-TP3805 for VPAC1 was examined with digital autoradiography (DAR) of prostate tissues obtained after prostatectomy, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue, and benign and malignant lymph nodes. Results were compared with corresponding tissue histology.

RESULTS

Radiolabeling efficiency was ≥95% at final pH ~7.2 when incubated at 50°C for 90min. Kits were stable up to 18months when stored at -10°C, and ⁶⁴Cu-TP3805 complex exhibited excellent stability for up to 4h at room temperature. ⁶⁴Cu-TP3805 complex did not show any transchelation even after 2h incubation at 37°C in 10% FBS as well as in BSA as determined by SDS PAGE analysis. DAR identified ≥95% of malignant lesions 11 new PC lesions, 20 high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, 2/2 ejaculatory ducts and 5/5 urethra verumontanum not previously identified The malignant lymph nodes were correctly identified by DAR and for 3/3 BPH patients, and 5/5 cysts, DAR was negative. In human BC (n=19) and PC (n=26) were imaged with 100% sensitivity.

CONCLUSION

Availability of ready to use N₂S₂-peptide kits for ⁶⁴Cu labeling is convenient and eliminates possible day to day variation during its routine preparation for clinical use.

Development of a voided urine assay for detecting prostate cancer non-invasively: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE

To validate a hypothesis that prostate cancer can be detected non-invasively by a simple and reliable assay by targeting genomic VPAC receptors expressed on malignant prostate cancer cells shed in voided urine.

PATIENTS/SUBJECTS AND METHODS

VPAC receptors were targeted with a specific biomolecule, TP4303, developed in our laboratory. With an Institutional Review Board exempt approval of use of de-identified discarded samples, an aliquot of urine collected as a standard of care, from patients presenting to the urology clinic (207 patients, 176 men and 31 women, aged ≥21 years) was cytospun. The cells were fixed and treated with TP4303 and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The cells were then observed under a microscope and cells with TP4303 orange fluorescence around the blue (DAPI) nucleus were considered 'malignant' and those only with a blue nucleus were regarded as 'normal'. VPAC presence was validated using receptor blocking assay and cell malignancy was confirmed by prostate cancer gene profile examination.

RESULTS

The urine specimens were labelled only with gender and presenting diagnosis, with no personal health identifiers or other clinical data. The assay detected VPAC positive cells in 98.6% of the men with a prostate cancer diagnosis (141), and none of the 10 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Of the 56 'normal' patients, 62.5% (35 patients, 10 men and 25 women) were negative for VPAC cells; 19.6% (11, 11 men and no women) had VPAC positive cells; and 17.8% (10, four men and six women) were uninterpretable due to excessive crystals in the urine. Although data are limited, the sensitivity of the assay was 99.3% with a confidence interval (CI) of 96.1-100% and the specificity was 100% with a CI of 69.2-100%. Receptor blocking assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses demonstrated the presence of VPAC receptors and gene profiling examinations confirmed that the cells expressing VPAC receptors were malignant prostate cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

These preliminary data are highly encouraging and warrant further evaluation of the assay to serve as a simple and reliable tool to detect prostate cancer non-invasively.

Structure and vibrations of glutathione studied by vibrational spectroscopy and density functional theory

The vibrational properties of glutathione have been investigated by infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopic techniques, and density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level. Assignments of all the experimentally observed vibrational bands have been done with the help of simulated vibrational spectra and potential energy distribution calculations of glutathione water cluster, which includes the effect of hydrogen bonding. Optimized molecular parameters of energy minimized structure have been compared with the available experimental values. Calculated molecular parameters of glutathione-water cluster match well with the experimental values. Some of the calculated molecular parameters and vibrational frequencies of vapor phase glutathione-water cluster suggest participation of some atoms of glutathione in hydrogen bonding. Experimentally observed UV-Visible absorption spectrum of glutathione has also been reported. Observed band at 203 nm has been assigned to electronic transitions calculated with time dependent density functional theory.

Investigation of trypsin-CdSe quantum dot interactions via spectroscopic methods and effects on enzymatic activity

The paper presents the interactions between trypsin and water soluble cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots investigated by spectrophotometric methods. CdSe quantum dots have strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of trypsin by a static quenching mechanism. The quenching has been studied at three different temperatures where the results revealed that electrostatic interactions exist between CdSe quantum dots and trypsin and are responsible to stabilize the complex. The Scatchard plot from quenching revealed 1 binding site for quantum dots by trypsin, the same has been confirmed by making isothermal titrations of quantum dots against trypsin. The distance between donor and acceptor for trypsin-CdSe quantum dot complexes is calculated to be 2.8 nm by energy transfer mechanisms. The intrinsic fluorescence of CdSe quantum dots has also been enhanced by the trypsin, and is linear for concentration of trypsin ranging 1-80 μl. All the observations evidence the formation of trypsin-CdSe quantum dot conjugates, where trypsin retains the enzymatic activity which in turn is temperature and pH dependent.

Pesticide use pattern among farmers in a rural district of West Bengal, India

Background:

A vast majority of Indian population are engaged in agriculture. While pesticides help in increasing crop production, inappropriate pesticide storage practice and inadequate protective measures frequently causes accidental poisoning among farmers.

Objective:

The present study was conducted to explore the pattern of pesticide use among farmers in a district of India with an attempt to identify the lacunae in their knowledge and awareness level on risks and hazards of pesticides use.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in the district of Burdwan, West Bengal, to address the study objective. Data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistical methods: Frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation.

Results:

In the present study alpha-cypermethrin (46%) was the most commonly used pesticide followed by methyl parathion (25.6%), imidacloprid (16.4%), dichlorvos (7.8%) and phorate (4.2%). The farmers used to store pesticides mostly in cowshed (48.4%) followed by storeroom (29.6%). During spraying of pesticides, farmers experienced headache (29.8%) followed by nausea (26%), burning sensation in eyes (9.8%), cough (9.2%), muscle cramps (2%). Regarding the personal protective measures taken by the farmers for spraying, covering nose, mouth with cloth combined with bath after spraying was the most common practice (27%). When asked about suggested actions to be taken if anybody becomes sick following exposure to pesticides, 86% of farmers prefer consulting a doctor.

Conclusion:

The study suggested that farmers of Burdwan were exposed to highly hazardous, restricted and banned pesticides, with insufficient protection. In this situation, educational and training interventions on pesticide handling and safety precautions are urgently needed.

Guanine-copper coordination polymers: crystal analysis and application as thin film precursors

Three copper-N9-modified guanine complexes are reported with structures ranging from a discrete trinuclear motif to a mixed-valence coordination polymer. These complexes were used as precursors for the deposition and growth of copper oxide thin films on Si(100), at two different annealing temperatures, by using a CVD technique. Subsequent resistivity measurements suggest the formation of conductive thin films, raising the possibility of using nucleobase-metal complexes as versatile thin film precursors.

Polyethyleneglycol crosslinked N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-polyethylenimine nanoparticles as efficient non-viral vectors for DNA and siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo

A series of electrostatically crosslinked nanoparticles, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-polyethylenimine-PEG600 (HePP), was prepared by allowing N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-polyethylenimine (HeP) to interact with polyethyleneglycol (600) dicarboxylic acid (HOOC-PEG600-COOH, PEG600dc), they were then evaluated for their capability to transfect cells in vitro and in vivo. DLS studies revealed the size of the HePP nanoparticles in the range 106-170 nm, which efficiently condensed nucleic acids and provided sufficient protection against nuclease degradation. HePP-pDNA complexes exhibited a considerably higher transfection efficiency and cell viability in various mammalian cell lines, with HePP-3-pDNA displaying the highest gene expression, which outperformed HeP and the commercially available transfection reagent, Lipofectamine™. Also, HePP-3 mediated sequential delivery of GFP specific siRNA resulted in ∼76% suppression of the target gene. Intravenous administration of HePP-3-pDNA complex to mice, followed by monitoring of the reporter gene analysis post 7d, revealed the highest gene expression occurred in the spleen. Together, these results advocate the potential of HePP nanoparticles as efficient vectors for gene delivery in vitro and in vivo.

Vibrational and electronic spectroscopic studies of melatonin

We report the infrared absorption and Raman spectra of melatonin recorded with 488 and 632.8 nm excitations in 3600-2700 and 1700-70 cm(-1) regions. Further, we optimized molecular structure of the three conformers of melatonin within density functional theory calculations. Vibrational frequencies of all three conformers have also been calculated. Observed vibrational bands have been assigned to different vibrational motions of the molecules on the basis of potential energy distribution calculations and calculated vibrational frequencies. Observed band positions match well with the calculated values after scaling except NH stretching mode frequencies. It is found that the observed and calculated frequencies mismatch of NH stretching is due to intermolecular interactions between melatonin molecules.

Identification of potential HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors: in silico virtual screening and QM/MM docking studies

HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a retroviral enzyme that catalyses integration of the reverse-transcribed viral DNA into the host genome, which is necessary for efficient viral replication. In this study, we have performed an in silico virtual screening for the identification of potential HIV-1 IN strand transfer (ST) inhibitors. Pharmacophore modelling and atom-based 3D-QSAR studies were carried out for a series of compounds belonging to 3-Hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-diones. Based on the ligand-based pharmacophore model, we obtained a five-point pharmacophore with two hydrogen bond acceptors (A), one hydrogen bond donor (D), one hydrophobic group (H) and one aromatic ring (R) as pharmacophoric features. The pharmacophore hypothesis AADHR was used as a 3D query in a sequential virtual screening study to filter small molecule databases Maybridge, ChemBridge and Asinex. Hits matching with pharmacophore hypothesis AADHR were retrieved and passed progressively through Lipinski's rule of five filtering, molecular docking and hierarchical clustering. The five compounds with best hits with novel and diverse chemotypes were subjected to QM/MM docking, which showed improved docking accuracy. We further performed molecular dynamics simulation and found three compounds that form stable interactions with key residues. These compounds could be used as a leads for further drug development and rational design of HIV-1 IN inhibitors.

Open grade III fractures of femoral shaft: Outcome after early reamed intramedullary nailing

BACKGROUND

Open grade III fractures of femur are a challenging therapeutic problem as most of them are associated with multiple trauma. Method used for skeletal stabilization of these fractures should limit further soft tissue damage, bacterial spread and morbidity in addition to its ease of application, providing mechanical support and restoring normal alignment.

METHODS

Forty-six patients with open grade III fractures of femoral shaft were included in the study. There were 10 grade IIIA, 34 grade IIIB and two grade IIIC fractures that were treated with early reamed intramedullary nailing with adequate management of soft tissue. Patients were reviewed retrospectively.

RESULTS

Mean time of union was 27 weeks. Infection rate was 4% and non-union rate was 9%. There were two cases (4%) with limb shortening. No case of angular or rotational deformity was noted.

CONCLUSION

Early reamed intramedullary nailing for open grade III fractures of femoral shaft, after giving due respect to the soft tissue injury, gives satisfactory results with proper alignment, good range of motion, short rehabilitation period and low infection rate.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV. Retrospective therapeutic study.

Linear polyethylenimine-graft-chitosan copolymers as efficient DNA/siRNA delivery vectors in vitro and in vivo

Chitosan was partially converted to its chlorohydrin derivative by the reaction with epichlohydrin, which was subsequently reacted with varying amounts of lPEI(2.5 kD) to obtain a series of chitosan-lPEI(2.5 kD) copolymers (CP). These copolymers were then characterized and evaluated in terms of transfection efficiency (in vitro and in vivo), cell viability, DNA release and buffering capacity. The CP-4 copolymer (the best among the CP series) showed enhanced transfection (-2 - 24 folds) in comparison with chitosan, lPEI(2.5 kD), bPEI(25 kD) and Lipofectamine in HEK293, HeLa and CHO cells. The buffering capacity (in the pH range of 3 - 7.5), as shown by confocal microscopy, and DNA-release capability of the CP copolymers, was found to be significantly enhanced over chitosan. Intravenous administration of CP-4/DNA polyplex in mice followed by the reporter gene analysis showed the highest gene expression in spleen. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of CP-4 copolymer as a safe and efficient nonviral vector. From the Clinical Editor: Chitosan -PEI (2.5 kD) copolymers (CP) were characterized and their transfection efficiency, DNA release and buffering capacity were studied. The CP-4 copolymer significantly enhanced buffering capacity and provided the highest gene expression levels. The method may be used to enhance DNA transfection.

Linear PEI nanoparticles: efficient pDNA/siRNA carriers in vitro and in vivo

Linear polyethylenimine (lPEI, 25 kDa) nanoparticles' (LPN) series was synthesized by varying percentage of cross-linking with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDE) and their size, surface charge, morphology, pDNA protection/release, cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency were evaluated. Synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were spherical in shape (size: ∼109 - 235 nm; zeta potential: +38 to +16 mV). These NPs showed increased buffering capacity with increasing percent cross-linking and also exhibited excellent transfection efficiency (i.e., ∼1.3 - 14.7 folds in case of LPN-5) in comparison with lPEI and the commercial transfection agents used in this study. LPN-5 based GFP-specific siRNA delivery resulted in ∼86% suppression of targeted gene expression. These particles were relatively nontoxic in vitro (in cell lines) and in vivo (in Drosophila). In vivo gene expression studies using LPN-5 in Balb/c mice through intravenous injection showed maximum expression of the reporter gene in the spleen. These results together demonstrate the potential of these particles as efficient transfection reagents.

FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR

The authors demonstrate a novel method of synthesizing linear PEI nanoparticles to utilize these as transfection agents.

Gellan gum-PEI nanocomposites as efficient gene delivery agents

Of the non-viral vectors, a cationic polymer like PEI is an attractive candidate which however, has been negatively impacted due to its marked toxicity. An anionic sugar polymer gelan gum (GG) has been introduced into PEI system to increase transfection efficiency with minimal toxicity. We showed that one of the synthesized (GP1-GP6) GG-PEI nanocomposites (NCs), GP3, exhibited negligible toxicity in in vitro (primary keratinocytes, HEK293, HeLa and HepG2 cells) and in vivo (Drosophila melanogaster) as compared to PEI or lipofectamin. GP3-pDNA complex was found to be transfected efficiently in the above cells as confirmed by FACS analysis (72.0 + 5.5%) while lipofectamine showed only 12.4 + 3.5% efficiency. GP3 mediated GFP specific siRNA delivery resulted in the knockdown of the GFP expression by approximately 77% and JNK (60%). In vivo gene expression studies in mice revealed reporter gene expression in spleen. The study demonstrates that GG blended PEI NCs hold promise for future applications in gene delivery both in vitro and in vivo.

Assessment of contamination of soil due to heavy metals around coal fired thermal power plants at Singrauli region of India

In the present study, an attempt was made to measure contamination of soil around four large coal-based Thermal Power Plants. The concentration of Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic and Nickel was estimated in all four directions from Thermal Power Plants. The soil in the study area was found to be contaminated to varying degrees from coal combustion byproducts. The soil drawn from various selected sites in each direction was largely contaminated by metals, predominantly higher within 2-4 km distance from Thermal Power Plant. Within 2-4 km, the mean maximum concentration of Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic and Nickel was 0.69, 13.69, 17.76, and 3.51 mg/kg, respectively. It was also observed that concentration was maximum in the prevalent wind direction. The concentration of Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic and Nickel was highest 0.69, 13.23, 17.29 and 3.56 mg/kg, respectively in west direction where wind was prevalent.

Zinc phthalocyanine thin film and chemical analyte interaction studies by density functional theory and vibrational techniques

Thin films of zinc phthalocyanine have been deposited on KBr and glass substrates by the thermal evaporation method and characterized by the x-ray diffraction, optical, infrared and Raman techniques. The observed x-ray diffraction and infrared absorption spectra of as-deposited thin films suggest the presence of an α crystalline phase. Infrared and Raman spectra of thin films after exposure to vapours of ammonia and methanol have also been recorded. Shifts in the position of some IR and Raman bands in the spectra of exposed films have been observed. Some bands also show changes in their intensity on exposure. Increased charge on the phthalocyanine ring and out-of-plane distortion of the core due to interaction between zinc phthalocyanine and vapour molecules involving the fifth coordination site of the central metal ion may be responsible for the band shifts. Changes in the intensity of bands are interpreted in terms of the lowering of molecular symmetry from D(4h) to C(4v) due to doming of the core. Molecular parameters and Mulliken atomic charges of zinc phthalocyanine and its complexes with methanol and ammonia have been calculated from density functional theory. The binding energy of the complexes have also been calculated. Calculated values of the energy for different complexes suggest that axially coordinated vapour molecules form the most stable complex. Calculated Mulliken atomic charges show net charge transfer from vapour molecules to the phthalocyanine ring for the most stable complex.

Effect of pyridine on infrared absorption spectra of copper phthalocyanine

Infrared absorption spectra of copper phthalocyanine in KBr pellet and pyridine solution in 400-1625 and 2900-3200 cm(-1)regions are reported. In the IR spectra of solid sample, presence of weak bands, which are forbidden according to the selection rules of D4h point group, is explained on the basis of distortion in the copper phthalocyanine molecule caused by the crystal packing effects. Observation of a new band at 1511 cm(-1) and change in intensity of some other bands in pyridine are interpreted on the basis of coordination of the solvent molecule with the central copper ion.

The effect of aluminium phosphide on the human brain: a histological study

The study was conducted on 317 cases of poisoning in the Varanasi region, India, between January 2002 and August 2003. Aluminium phosphide (Celphos) was used by 239 victims (75.40% of the total) and was used in 69.03% of male and 30.96% of female cases. It was commoner in males from both rural and urban areas and in the 21-30 year age group. Microscopic investigation of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex showed distinct changes due to the effect of celphos. Findings in the cerebral cortex revealed disorganisation of the different layers, round shaped neurons with a convex border, degenerated Nissl granules in the cytoplasm and a deeply stained degenerated eccentric nucleus. Findings in the cerebellar cortex included degenerated neurons, the infiltration of round cells into the molecular layer and the disappearance of the processes of Purkinje cells. Degenerate nuclei were surrounded by scavenger cells in the granular layer. The subcortical zone of the brain revealed a paucity of glial cells, degeneration of nerve fibres and the appearance of necrotic patches.

A study on drug use in a district hospital of West Bengal

A cross-sectional study at Howrah General Hospital, West Bengal for prescription analysis and assessment of drug dispensing in 341 patients revealed that the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 2.98 +/- 1.69, 38.2% drugs were in generic name and majority were from essential drugs list. 18.6% and 5.2% encounters used antibiotics and injections respectively. Average consultation and dispensing time were short. Majority of drugs were dispensed but unlabeled. 46.8% patients knew correct dosage of drugs. Only 4.7% patients were treated without drugs. Average drug cost per encounter was Rs. 31.32+30.89 where antibiotics and injections shared 36.5% and 4.6% respectively.

Infrared spectroscopic studies of free-base tetraphenylporphine and its dication

We present here the infrared absorption spectra of free-base tetraphenylporphine and its dication. Most of the allowed IR bands of porphyrin skeletal are observed in pairs due to two-fold symmetry of the free-base tetraphenylporphine. Observation of some new bands, disappearance of few bands in the IR spectrum of dication are interpreted on the basis of point group symmetry S4. Intensity change in the observed bands due to vibrational motion of the phenyl rings for dication is also explained on the basis of symmetry of dication. Sharing of electrons of the B(1u) orbitals by the two added protons are responsible for the shifts in the position of certain IR bands for dication.

Spectroscopic studies of rhodamine 6G dispersed in polymethylcyanoacrylate

We report here electronic absorption, fluorescence and resonance Raman studies of rhodamine 6G laser dye dispersed in the polymethylcyanoacrylate matrix. In the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of dispersed rhodamine 6G, band maxima are red shifted compared to solution. Raman spectra show some new bands. These spectral changes arise due to matrix effect and interaction between rhodamine 6G and the host material involving amine group of rhodamine.

Anatomical variations in termination of the axillary artery and its clinical implications

Variations in the termination of the axillary artery (AA) were observed in 51 out of 356 axilla during routine dissections. The incidence of variation was higher on the right axilla in 17.42% cases (CI: 11.60-22.51) than the left axilla 11.24% cases (CI: 6.46-15.55) and was found to be 12.33% in male and 40.63% in female cadavers. The variations were divided into four groups. The first group showed that the terminal end of the AA divided into lateral and medial divisions in 6.16% (CI: 2.21-9.82) male and in 15.63% (CI: 2.76-25.25) female cadavers. The second group variation showed that the terminal end of the axillary artery divided into deep and superficial divisions in 2.74% (CI: 0.10-5.27) male and in 6.25% (CI: -1.87-13.13) female cadavers. The third group showed that the terminal end of the AA divided into three branches in 2.74% (CI: 0.10-5.27) male and in 6.25% (CI: -1.87-13.13) female cadavers. The fourth group showed the tapering of the terminal end of AA in 0.68% (CI: -0.63-1.99) male and 12.50% (CI: 0.97-21.46) female cadavers. The variable origin of the circumflex humeral, subscapular and profunda brachii arteries was also observed. These variations in the terminal end of the axillary artery are not only of significant clinical importance to orthopaedic and reconstructive surgeons but also have very significant medico-legal implications.

Prescribing and dispensing activities at the health facilities of a non-governmental organization

BACKGROUND

Prescribing and dispensing surveys are pre-requisites to achieving rational drug use. There is a dearth of such studies in India, particularly in the non-governmental organization sector.

METHODS

We carried out a survey at the outpatient facilities maintained by the Southern Health Improvement Samity, a non-governmental organization in the South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. Data were collected prospectively by interviewing patients immediately after patient-physician and patient-dispenser encounters. Pre-designed forms were used to collect data pertaining to World Health Organization drug-use indicators and some additional indices. The calculations of cost of therapy involved some approximation.

RESULTS

Of the 312 prescriptions analysed, the majority were signed, legible and complete with respect to age/gender data; 95.5% used Latin abbreviations and 7.7% mentioned neither signs and symptoms nor diagnosis. The average number of drugs per encounter was 3.2; only 2 patients were treated without drugs; 46.2% of drugs were prescribed by generic name. Use of antibiotics (72.8% of encounters) and irrational fixed dose combinations (45.6% of prescribed drugs) were frequent, but injection use (3.9% of prescriptions) was low. The average drug cost per encounter was Rs 74.19, of which antibiotics comprised 37.1%. The availability of first-line antitubercular drugs was adequate but other key drugs were in limited supply. Essential drugs lists and formularies were not followed. Only 45.7% of prescribed drugs conformed to the World Health Organization model list of essential drugs. Only 12 preparations accounted for 70.9% of the prescribed drugs, including therapeutically doubtful ones such as cough syrups, multivitamins and carminative syrups. For the dispensing survey, 301 prescriptions were analysed separately. All the prescribed drugs were supplied for only 11.6% of prescriptions. There were no serious errors in dispensing but 43.8% of dispensed products were inadequately labelled. Patients knew the correct mode of use for 64.5% of dispensed drugs. The average consultation and dispensing times were 3.7 and 3.1 minutes, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Frequent use of antibiotics, irrational fixed dose combinations and preparations of uncertain efficacy, inadequate labelling of dispensed drugs and lack of access to standard tools for rational drug use such as locally adapted essential drugs list, formularies and standard treatment guidelines were some of the problematic prescribing and dispensing trends identified through this survey. Educational interventions are required to rectify these problems.

Evaluation of antimuscarinic activity in human volunteers: a teaching aid in clinical pharmacology

The antimuscarinic activity of oxyphenonium bromide, diphenhydramine hydrochloride and astemizole were evaluated in six volunteers. The parameters used were salivary secretion, heart rate and pupillary size. The results indicated that the changes in heart rate and pupillary size and measurements were not convenient parameters for class room demonstration. However, salivary secretion and dryness of mouth were found to be reliable parameters for measurement. It was concluded that simple procedures like evaluation of antimuscarinic activity could be introduced as teaching aids in clinical pharmacology for undergraduate students.

Influence of high fat diet on steady state bioavailability of lithium carbonate in manic depressive patients - a preliminary report

The effect of high fat food in the steady state bioavailability of lithium carbonate (900 or 1200mg daily, in divided doses) was studied in three patients of manic-depressive psychosis in a self-control cross-over design. Serial blood samples were collected by venepuncture until 8 hours following drug administration and lithium was assayed by flame photometry. The results indicated a reduction in the extent of bioavailability of lithium by the high fat food as compared to standard normal diet, in all the three patients studied Caution should be exercised in regard to lithium administration along with food rich in fat content.