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Michaelsen TE, Emilsen S, Sandin RH, Granerud BK, Bratlie D, Ihle O, Sandlie I. Human Secretory IgM Antibodies Activate Human Complement and Offer Protection at Mucosal Surface. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:43-50. [PMID: 27864913 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IgM molecules circulate in serum as large polymers, mainly pentamers, which can be transported by the poly-Ig receptor (pIgR) across epithelial cells to mucosal surfaces and released as secretory IgM (SIgM). The mucosal SIgM molecules have non-covalently attached secretory component (SC), which is the extracellular part of pIgR which is cleaved from the epithelial cell membrane. Serum IgM antibodies do not contain SC and have previously been shown to make a conformational change from 'a star' to a 'staple' conformation upon reaction with antigens on a cell surface, enabling them to activate complement. However, it is not clear whether SIgM similarly can induce complement activation. To clarify this issue, we constructed recombinant chimeric (mouse/human) IgM antibodies against hapten 5-iodo-4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenacetyl (NIP) and in addition studied polyclonal IgM formed after immunization with a meningococcal group B vaccine. The monoclonal and polyclonal IgM molecules were purified by affinity chromatography on a column containing human SC in order to isolate joining-chain (J-chain) containing IgM, followed by addition of excess amounts of soluble SC to create SIgM (IgM J+ SC+). These SIgM preparations were tested for complement activation ability and shown to be nearly as active as the parental IgM J+ molecules. Thus, SIgM may offer protection against pathogens at mucosal surface by complement-mediated cell lysis or by phagocytosis mediated by complement receptors present on effector cells on mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Michaelsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - R H Sandin
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - B K Granerud
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Bratlie
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Ihle
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Vestrheim AC, Moen A, Egge-Jacobsen W, Bratlie DB, Michaelsen TE. Different glycosylation pattern of human IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies isolated from transiently as well as permanently transfected cell lines. Scand J Immunol 2013; 77:419-28. [PMID: 23488770 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effector functions of IgG depend on the presence of carbohydrates attached to asparagine 297 in the Fc-portion. In this report, glycosylation profiles of recombinant wild-type and mutant IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies produced from three cell lines were analysed using LC-ESI-Orbitrap. Clear differences were detected between IgG1 and IgG3 glycoforms, where IgG1 generally contained fucosylated glycoforms, whilst IgG3 mainly were non-fucosylated. When using NS-0 and J558L cells for permanent transfection, IgG1 wt glycoforms differed between the two cell lines, whilst IgG3 wt glycoforms did not. Transiently transfected HEK 293E cells were used to produce IgG1 and IgG3 wt and mutants, affecting complement activation. Cell supernatants were harvested at early and late time points and analysed separately. IgGs harvested late showed simpler and less developed glycosylation structure compared to those harvested early. The IgG harvested early was slightly more effective in complement activation than those harvested late, whilst the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was unaltered. Generally, the glycosylation pattern of the mutants tested, including a hinge truncate mutant of IgG3, did not differ significantly from the wild-type IgGs. The striking difference in glycosylation pattern of IgG1 compared to IgG3 therefore appears not to be due to the long hinge region of IgG3 (62 amino acids) relative to the IgG1 hinge region (15 amino acids). Furthermore, mutation variants at or near the C1q binding site showed similar glycosylation structure and difference in their complement activation activity observed earlier is thus most likely due to differences in protein structure only.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Vestrheim
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Vestrheim AC, Moen A, Egge-Jacobsen W, Bratlie DB, Michaelsen TE. Different Glycosylation Pattern of Human IgG1 and IgG3 Antibodies Isolated From Transiently as Well as Permanently Transfected Cell Lines. Scand J Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Moen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - W. Egge-Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - D. B. Bratlie
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo; Norway
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Inngjerdingen KT, Langerud BK, Rasmussen H, Olsen TK, Austarheim I, Grønhaug TE, Aaberge IS, Diallo D, Paulsen BS, Michaelsen TE. Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from Malian Medicinal Plants Protect againstStreptococcus pneumoniaein a Mouse Pneumococcal Infection Model. Scand J Immunol 2013; 77:372-88. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - B. K. Langerud
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; Division of Infectious Disease Control; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo; Norway
| | - H. Rasmussen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Services; Division of Public Relations and Institute Resources; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo; Norway
| | - T. K. Olsen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Services; Division of Public Relations and Institute Resources; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo; Norway
| | - I. Austarheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - T. E. Grønhaug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - I. S. Aaberge
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; Division of Infectious Disease Control; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo; Norway
| | | | - B. S. Paulsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
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Inngjerdingen KT, Meskini S, Austarheim I, Ballo N, Inngjerdingen M, Michaelsen TE, Diallo D, Paulsen BS. Chemical and biological characterization of polysaccharides from wild and cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 139:350-358. [PMID: 22107838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Malian traditional medicine the roots of Vernonia kotschyana are used for treating gastric ulcer and gastritis. In 2006, 9000kg of roots from Vernonia kotschyana were used to produce Gastrosedal, an ameliorated traditional medicine in Mali. Harvesting from the wild, the main source of raw material, is causing a growing concern of diminishing populations of the plant, and Vernonia kotschyana is now being cultivated in several areas around Mali. In the current study the structures and bioactive properties of isolated polysaccharides from wild and cultivated Vernonia kotschyana were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pectin- and inulin-type polysaccharides were isolated from the roots of cultivated and wild Vernonia kotschyana. The isolated polysaccharides were investigated regarding their chemical compositions, and for their abilities to fixate human complement and activate macrophages from a mouse macrophage cell line. RESULTS No significant differences in the carbohydrate composition of the fractions isolated from the cultivated versus the wild roots were observed. A previously reported pectic arabinogalactan Vk2a was found in both the cultivated and the wild roots in this study, and exhibited potent complement fixation activity, and a moderate activation of macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The present study has shown that the cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana contain the same types of bioactive polysaccharides as the wild roots. It is therefore preliminarily feasible for the cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana to be used as a herbal medicine to replace the wild roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Rasmussen IB, Oynebraten I, Hoydahl LS, Flobakk M, Lunde E, Michaelsen TE, Bogen B, Sandlie I. CD40/APC-specific antibodies with three T-cell epitopes loaded in the constant domains induce CD4+ T-cell responses. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:89-96. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Michaelsen TE, Andreasson IKG, Langerud BK, Caugant DA. Similar superantigen gene profiles and superantigen activity in norwegian isolates of invasive and non-invasive group a streptococci. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:423-9. [PMID: 21707691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) harbours several virulence factors, including M protein (coded by the emm gene) and superantigens (SAgs). SAgs are extracellular toxins that directly activate the immune system by cross-binding to the HLA class II molecule and T cell receptor (TCR), thereby causing activation of up to 30% of the T cells and subsequent massive secretion of cytokines. Forty-eight GAS strains isolated from patients at Norwegian hospitals between 1988 and 2004 were included in this study. Of these, 24 were invasive streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) or necrotizing fasciitis (NF) isolates and 24 were non-invasive pharyngitis isolates, matched for having the same T-type and year of isolation as the invasive isolates. The isolates were characterized by emm sequence typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and SAg gene profiles. A correlation between T-type, emm type, sequence type and SAg gene profile was revealed. No difference between invasive and non-invasive isolates regarding serotype or genotype was demonstrated. Selected invasive and non-invasive isolates with identical SAg gene profiles were analysed for SAg activity in bacterial growth culture media with and without human cell culture media added. A human T cell proliferation assay was used as measurement for SAg activity and simultaneously we also measured the cytokine content in normal human peripheral blood leucocyte cell culture media. The results revealed that invasive and non-invasive isolates did not differ significantly in SAg activity as it is present in semipurified bacterial culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Michaelsen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Gronhaug TE, Ghildyal P, Barsett H, Michaelsen TE, Morris G, Diallo D, Inngjerdingen M, Paulsen BS. Bioactive arabinogalactans from the leaves of Opilia celtidifolia Endl. ex Walp. (Opiliaceae). Glycobiology 2010; 20:1654-64. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
The C1q binding epicentre on IgG molecules involves residues Asp(270), Lys(322), Pro(329) and Pro(331) in the C(H)2 domain. IgG1 and IgG3 are usually the most efficient of the four human IgG subclasses in activating complement and they both share all these residues. To reveal possible differences in the structural requirement for complement activation, we created a number of NIP (5-iodo-4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenacetyl) specific IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies with parallel mutations in or near the putative C1q binding site. The mutants were tested simultaneously for antibody induced, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML) at high and low antigen concentration on the target cells using sera of human, rabbit and guinea pig as complement source. In addition, we tested the antibodies against target cells decorated with the NP hapten, which has 10-fold lower affinity for the antibodies compared to the NIP hapten. We also used ELISA methods to measure complement activation. We observed a clear difference between IgG1 and IgG3 localized to residues Asp(270), Leu(334), Leu(335). For all these residues, and especially for Asp(270), IgG1 was heavily reduced in complement activation, while IgG3 was only moderated reduced, by alanine substitution. This difference was independent of the long hinge region of IgG3, demonstrated by hinge region truncation of this isotype such that it resembles that of IgG1. This report indicates the presence of structural differences between human IgG1 and IgG3 in the C1q binding site, and points to a specialization of the two isotypes with respect to complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Michaelsen
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health.
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Cornwell GG, Husby G, Westermark P, Natvig JB, Michaelsen TE, Skogen B. Identification and characterization of different amyloid fibril proteins in tissue sections. Scand J Immunol 2008; 6:1071-80. [PMID: 413186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1977.tb00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antisera specific for 4 different classes of amyloid fibril proteins, amyloid protein AA and the immunoglobulin light-chain amyloid proteins AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, and AlambdaV, were used to identify these proteins directly in tissue sections from 25 patients with amyloidosis. The specificity of these reactions was established by blocking experiments with purified amyloid fibril proteins and Bence Jones proteins of known variable subgroups. Protein AA was detected in 17 patients, including all 13 with secondary amyloidosis, 2 with primary amyloidosis and 2 with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Immunoglobulin light-chain proteins AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, and AlambdaV were in 3, 1, and 2 patients, respectively, all of whom had primary or myeloma/macroglobulinemia-associated amyloidosis. Antiserum specific for the amyloid-related serum protein SAA reacted with the same tissues as anti-AA and had the same pattern of staining in tissue sections.
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Abstract
In a series of experiments several idiotype-specific rabbit antisera produced against different IgG anti-Rh (D) antibodies reacted with other anti-Rh (D) antibodies and thus showed cross-idiotypic reactions. Some of the antisera agglutinated almost all types of anti-D-sensitized erythrocytes, whereas other idiotype-specific antisera agglutinated only a few anti-D-sensitized erythrocytes. Anti-D-antibodies showed several different cross-idiotypic reaction patterns. The cross-idiotypic antigens were, in most instances, localized to the heavy chains only. In a few cases, however, the cross-idiotypic antigens were dependent on the interaction between heavy and light chains.
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12
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Abstract
The Cgamma2 homology region of rabbit IgG does not behave like a domain. Thus, there is no trans-interaction between the two Cgamma2 regions; instead there is an unusual cis-interaction between Cgamma2 and Cgamma3 regions. The observations were made on the plasmin digestion products Facb (IgG minus the Cgamma3 region) and pFc' (Cgamma3 region), which did not dissociate under neutral conditions but dissociated in 3M guanidine solution (that is, cis-interaction between Cgamma2 and Cgamma3). The Facb fragment split into subunits with equal molecular weights under neutral conditions on partial reduction and alkylation (that is, lack of trans-interaction between the two Cgamma2 in the molecule).
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Abstract
In the present study evidence is presented that SAA in serum complexes to a carrier protein with a molecular weight of 100,000-200,000 daltons, with mobility in the alpha-region on electrophoresis, and with a rather low normal serum concentration. The carrier protein is apparently not albumin. SAA isolated from the carrier protein has a molecular weight of 14,000 daltons and does not complex to any considerable extent with itself under neutral conditions.
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Abstract
Exposure to moulds is thought to cause adverse health effects ranging from vague subjective symptoms to allergy and respiratory diseases. Until now, most studies have been emphasizing low levels of exposure. In Norwegian sawmills during the 1980s, extensively high spore counts up to 10(7) spores/m3 air were reported. By using serum samples obtained from sawmill workers during that period, in addition to control sera, we studied the antibody response of all classes and IgG subclasses to Rhizopus microsporus at different levels of exposure. Antigen specificity was further studied by Western blotting. Exposure to R. microsporus was accompanied by R. microsporus-specific antibody production against a wide range of antigenic components most likely of both protein and carbohydrate nature. Increasing levels of mould-specific IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 and IgA antibodies were associated with increased exposure, while the highest levels of exposure were associated with a somewhat reduced level of mould-specific IgE antibodies. In conclusion, the present study strongly suggests that high mould exposure can induce a strong IgG and IgA response in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rydjord
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Natvig JB, Michaelsen TE, Gedde-Dahl Jr T, Fischer T. IgG1 SUBCLASS PROTEIN WITH THE GENETIC Gm MARKERS Gm(z + non-a +): ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF INTRAGENIC HYBRIDIZATION AMONG IgG SUBCLASS GENES. Int J Immunogenet 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1974.tb00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Léonard S, Pierard I, Michaelsen TE, Izui S, Masson PL, Coutelier JP. Variability of the inhibition by total immunoglobulin of in vitro autoantibody-mediated erythrophagocytosis by mouse macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:155-61. [PMID: 16792686 PMCID: PMC1941991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several autoimmune diseases, mainly autoantibody-mediated, are attenuated by infusion of total IgG (IVIg). The efficacy varies widely from one patient to another. Using an experimental model of in vitro phagocytosis of autoantibody-coated erythrocytes by mouse macrophages, we analysed the possible causes for such a variability. Our results indicated that the efficacy of the phagocytosis inhibition depends upon different factors, such as the isotype and the extent of polymerization of the immunoglobulin used for the treatment as well as the genetic background of the mice and the state of macrophage activation that can be influenced by concomitant viral infection. The development of an in vitro assay for the phagocytic activity of macrophages might improve the selection of patients susceptible to benefit from IVIg treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Léonard
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Berntzen G, Brekke OH, Mousavi SA, Andersen JT, Michaelsen TE, Berg T, Sandlie I, Lauvrak V. Characterization of an FcgammaRI-binding peptide selected by phage display. Protein Eng Des Sel 2006; 19:121-8. [PMID: 16423844 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzj011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-affinity IgG receptor, Fcgamma receptor I (FcgammaRI), is expressed exclusively on myeloid cells, and there is a great interest in the targeting of vaccine antigens to FcgammaRI using anti-human FcgammaRI antibodies or fragments derived from such molecules. In order to reduce the size and complexity of the targeting reagent, we have searched for FcgammaRI binding peptides in peptide libraries displayed on phage. The human monocytic cell line U937 was used as target. Phages that displayed the consensus peptide CLRSGXGC were selected and revealed increased binding to IFN-gamma stimulated versus non-stimulated U937 cells as well as to FcgammaRI transfected versus non-transfected IIA1.6 cells. Furthermore, they bound the extracellular domains of soluble FcgammaRI, but neither FcgammaRIIA, FcgammaRIIB nor FcgammaRIIIB. Binding was inhibited by a synthetic version of the peptide, whereas neither human IgG nor the FcgammaRI-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) mAb22 and 32.2 interfered. Flow-cytometry analysis and internalization studies showed that a synthetic biotin-conjugated peptide ADGACLRSGRGCGAAK-bio was able to target U937 cells and FcgammaRI transfected IIA1.6 cells, and further to promote internalization and vesicular degradation of streptavidin coupled to 1 microm magnetic beads. These peptides may have potential as FcgammaRI targeting reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Berntzen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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Kausmally L, Waalen K, Løbersli I, Hvattum E, Berntsen G, Michaelsen TE, Brekke OH. Neutralizing human antibodies to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) derived from a VZV patient recombinant antibody library. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:3493-3500. [PMID: 15557222 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the causative agent of chickenpox and herpes zoster, can be life-threatening in prematurely born children and in children with immune defects or who are under immunosuppressive treatment. Therefore agents for passive immunization, such as VZV-specific immunoglobulin preparations (VZIG) derived from convalescent plasma, are crucial in the prophylaxis of VZV infection. This study describes the isolation of human VZV-neutralizing recombinant antibodies. A human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library was generated from RNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes of a convalescent varicella patient. Specific phage antibodies were selected against VZV-infected human fibroblasts, and eight unique clones were further expressed as soluble scFv in Escherichia coli. They all showed binding characteristics to varicella antigens with affinities in the K(D) range 0.1-0.2 muM. Two of the scFv antibodies, VZV4 and VZV5, showed dose-dependent in vitro neutralization of VZV. VZV39 also showed a neutralizing effect as scFv, an effect that was increased 4000-fold by conversion into IgG and was further increased by the addition of complement. This is possibly the first time that monovalent scFv antibodies have been shown to neutralize VZV in vitro. This finding will have an impact on the production of new prophylactic antibodies, as such antibody fragments can be cost-effectively produced in E. coli. The antibodies isolated bind both complement-dependent and -independent epitopes for neutralization, thus they may prove useful tools for the study of VZV virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kausmally
- Agricultural University of Norway, Institute for Biotechnology, Ås, Norway
| | - K Waalen
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division for Infectious Disease Control, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Løbersli
- Affitech AS, Oslo Research Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - E Hvattum
- Affitech AS, Oslo Research Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - G Berntsen
- Affitech AS, Oslo Research Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Michaelsen
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division for Infectious Disease Control, Oslo, Norway
| | - O H Brekke
- Affitech AS, Oslo Research Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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Henriksen G, Schoultz BW, Michaelsen TE, Bruland ØS, Larsen RH. Sterically stabilized liposomes as a carrier for alpha-emitting radium and actinium radionuclides. Nucl Med Biol 2004; 31:441-9. [PMID: 15093814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-particle emitting radionuclides (223)Ra (t(1/2) = 11.4 d), (224)Ra (t(1/2) = 3.6 d), and (225)Ac(t(1/2) = 10.0 d) may have a broad application in targeted radiotherapy provided that they could be linked to vehicles with tumor affinity. The potential usefulness of liposomes as carriers was studied in the present work. Radium and actinium radionuclides could be loaded in good yields into sterically stabilized liposomes. Subsequent coating of the liposomes with a folate-F(ab')(2) construct yielded a product with affinity towards tumor cells expressing folate receptors. Radionuclide loaded liposomes showed excellent stability in serum in vitro.
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Lauvrak V, Berntzen G, Heggelund U, Herstad TK, Sandin RH, Dalseg R, Rosenqvist E, Sandlie I, Michaelsen TE. Selection and Characterization of Cyclic Peptides that Bind to a Monoclonal Antibody Against Meningococcal L3,7,9 lipopolysaccharides. Scand J Immunol 2004; 59:373-84. [PMID: 15049781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2004.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is still no general vaccine for prevention of disease caused by group-B meningococcal strains. Meningococcal lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) have received attention as potential vaccine candidates, but concerns regarding their safety have been raised. Peptide mimics of LPS epitopes may represent safe alternatives to immunization with LPS. The monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 9-2-L3,7,9 specific for Neisseria meningitidis LPS immunotype L3,7,9 is bactericidal and does not cross-react with human tissue. To explore the possibility of isolating peptide mimics of the epitope recognized by MoAb 9-2-L3,7,9, we have constructed two phage display libraries of six and nine random amino acids flanked by cysteines. Furthermore, we developed a system for the easy exchange of peptide-encoding sequences from the phage-display system to a hepatitis B core (HBc) expression system. Cyclic peptides that specifically bound MoAb 9-2-L3,7,9 at a site overlapping with the LPS-binding site were selected from both libraries. Three out of four tested peptides which reacted with MoAb 9-2-L3,7,9 were successfully presented as fusions to the immunodominant loop of HBc particles expressed in Escherichia coli. However, both peptide conjugates to keyhole limpet haemocyanin and HBc particle fusions failed to give an anti-LPS response in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lauvrak
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Michaelsen TE, Kolberg J, Aase A, Herstad TK, Høiby EA. The four mouse IgG isotypes differ extensively in bactericidal and opsonophagocytic activity when reacting with the P1.16 epitope on the outer membrane PorA protein of Neisseria meningitidis. Scand J Immunol 2004; 59:34-9. [PMID: 14723619 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) of the four IgG isotypes, all specific for the P1.16 epitope on the meningcoccal PorA protein, were tested for functional activities. The avidities of the antibodies, measured by NH4SCN elution in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, showed similar values for all the MoAbs. The serum bactericidal activity (SBA) defined as the lowest concentration of antibodies giving 50% reduction in the number of meningococcal colony-forming units using human serum as complement, showed a hierarchy of IgG3 >> IgG2b > IgG2a >> IgG1. For the opsonophagocytosis (OP), the hierarchy was IgG3 > IgG2b = IgG2a >> IgG1. OP was measured in flow cytometry using log-phase live meningococci as target cells, normal human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) as effector cells and human serum as a complement source. The mouse MoAbs were negative in OP when using human PMNs in the absence of complement. The results demonstrate the importance of choosing the right isotype of mouse MoAbs when using them to judge the potential vaccine importance of their corresponding antigen. If such MoAbs should be used for passive vaccination against infectious diseases, the isotype would presumably play an important role for their anticipated clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Michaelsen
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Norway.
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Michaelsen TE, Ihle Ø, Beckstrøm KJ, Herstad TK, Sandin RH, Kolberg J, Aase A. Binding properties and anti-bacterial activities of V-region identical, human IgG and IgM antibodies, against group B Neisseria meningitidis. Biochem Soc Trans 2003; 31:1032-5. [PMID: 14505474 DOI: 10.1042/bst0311032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed chimaeric (ch) mouse/human antibodies with identical binding regions isolated from the V-genes of two mouse parent hybridoma cell lines, with specificity against the P1.7 and P1.16 epitopes on the outer-membrane protein PorA on meningococci. The chimaeric antibodies can be used to analyse relationships between specificity, binding activity (avidity and kinetics), isotype (antibody class and antibody subclass) and in vitro anti-bacterial activity of meningococcal antibodies. The antibody sets represented the human isotypes IgG1, IgG3 and IgM, which dominate during immune response against protein antigens. The binding activities were quite similar for all these isotypes, surprisingly also for the pentameric IgM. Interestingly, monomeric IgM, prepared from pentameric IgM by partially reduction and alkylation, had similar binding activities as the original pentameric IgM. Regarding in vitro anti-bacterial activity, chIgG1 was superior in SBA (serum bactericidal activity) compared with chIgG3, while chIgG3 was more efficient in OP (opsonophagocytosis; measured by flow cytometry) than chIgG1. ChIgM showed slightly higher SBA than chIgG1 on molar basis, and much higher OP than chIgG3 and chIgG1. A lower concentration of antibodies was needed against the P1.16 than against the P1.7 epitope to induce SBA, but this was not the case for OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Michaelsen
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, and Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Aase A, Naess LM, Sandin RH, Herstad TK, Oftung F, Holst J, Haugen IL, Høiby EA, Michaelsen TE. Comparison of functional immune responses in humans after intranasal and intramuscular immunisations with outer membrane vesicle vaccines against group B meningococcal disease. Vaccine 2003; 21:2042-51. [PMID: 12706694 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A serogroup B meningococcal outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine was delivered either intranasally or intramuscularly to 12 and 10 volunteers, respectively. The mucosal vaccine was given as four weekly doses followed by a fifth dose after 5 months; each dose consisted of OMVs equivalent to 250 microg of protein. The intramuscular (i.m.) vaccine, consisting of the same OMVs but adsorbed to Al(OH)(3), was administered as three doses each of 25 microg of protein, with 6 weeks interval between first and second doses and the third dose after 10 months. Both groups of vaccinees demonstrated significant immune responses when measured as specific IgG antibodies against live meningococci, as serum bactericidal activity (SBA) and as opsonophagocytic activity. Two weeks after the last dose, the anti-meningococcal IgG concentrations were significantly higher in the i.m. group (median IgG concentration: 43.1 microg/ml) than in the intranasal group (10.6 microg/ml) (P=0.001). The corresponding opsonophagocytic activity was 7.0 and 3.0 (median log(2) titre) (P=0.001), and the SBA was 5.0 and 2.0 (median log(2) titre) (P=0.005), for the i.m. and intranasal groups, respectively. The last immunisation induced an enhanced immune response in the i.m. group, whereas the intranasal group showed no significant booster response. Accordingly, affinity maturation of anti-OMV-specific IgG antibodies was seen only after i.m. vaccination. The IgG1 subclass dominated the responses in both groups, whereas the significant IgG3 responses observed in the i.m. group were absent in the intranasal group. Although the intranasal OMV vaccination schedule used here induced functional immune responses relevant to protection, an improved vaccine formulation and/or a modified mucosal immunisation regimen may be needed to achieve a systemic effect comparable to that seen after three doses of intramuscular vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aase
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Ihle Ø, Beckstrøm KJ, Michaelsen TE. Cloning, sequencing and expression of immunoglobulin variable regions of murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the P1.7 and P1.16 PorA protein loops of Neisseria meningitidis. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:453-62. [PMID: 12753502 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The P1.7 and P1.16 epitopes on the PorA protein on the outer membrane of Neisseria meningitidis can induce protective antibodies upon vaccination. Structural analysis of antibodies to these targets can give information on the immune response induced by these epitopes and can reveal any structural similarities among the antibodies. To do so, we have isolated the immunoglobulin (Ig) variable genes from four mouse hybridomas expressing antibodies against the P1.7 and P1.16 epitopes. These V genes were successfully expressed as functional chimeric (ch) mouse/human IgG1 antibodies by subcloning them into expression vectors containing the constant genes of human heavy and light chains. Sequencing the two sets of V genes against P1.16 revealed a high degree of homology, similar to that previously published for P1.7 V genes. The close homology allowed us to interchange heavy and light chains between antibodies in some instances to construct new antibodies that bind the original antigen. This study demonstrates that the immune response in mice against the meningococcal PorA protein epitopes P1.7 as well as P1.16 is limited to few and very similar germline genes, and therefore the P1.7- and P1.16-specific antibodies share high degree of similarities amongst each other. These V genes were used to construct chimeric antibodies with conserved antigen-binding activity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/genetics
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Porins/chemistry
- Porins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø Ihle
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Lunde E, Lauvrak V, Rasmussen IB, Schjetne KW, Thompson KM, Michaelsen TE, Brekke OH, Sollid LM, Bogen B, Sandlie I. Troybodies and pepbodies. Biochem Soc Trans 2002; 30:500-6. [PMID: 12196123 DOI: 10.1042/bst0300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
All antibodies (Abs) with effector function are produced in mammalian cells, whereas bacterial production is restricted to smaller targeting fragments (scFv and Fab) without effector functions. In this project, we isolated different peptides that bind one of several Ab effector molecules. We have developed bacterial expression vectors for direct cloning of these peptides as fusions to scFv and Fab, and have obtained targeting fragments that also have the ability to bind Ab effector molecules. Some of these fusions (pepbodies) may also initiate Ab effector functions. We have also genetically inserted T-cell epitopes into Abs with specificity for antigen-presenting cell (APC) surface molecules to target the Ab-T-cell epitope fusions (Troybodies) to APCs. The approach is to exchange loops in Ig constant domains with single copies of well-defined T-cell epitopes. We have shown that a number of such T-cell epitopes are loaded on to MHC class II on APCs and are presented to specific T-cells. An increase in T-cell activation of up to four orders of magnitude is achieved compared with synthetic peptide. Our current goal is to identify all the loops in all Ig constant domains that may be loaded with T-cell epitopes to produce a multi-vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lunde
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 1050, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Kolberg J, Aase A, Michaelsen TE, Rødal G. Epitope analyses of pneumococcal surface protein A: a combination of two monoclonal antibodies detects 94% of clinical isolates. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001; 31:175-80. [PMID: 11720812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2001.tb00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunisation of BALB/c mice with seven heat-treated Norwegian clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae of different serotypes elicited mainly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). It was remarkable that the fusions resulted only in a few mAbs directed against other protein antigens. Dot blot analysis with 16 mAbs using clinical isolates representing 23 different capsular types and the uncapsulated reference strain R36A showed that some of the mAbs bound to PspA epitopes expressed by a low number of strains whereas others bound to broadly distributed epitopes. On the basis of their reactivities, seven of these mAbs could be divided into two groups recognising different subsets of pneumococci. The three mAbs in the narrow reacting group bound to epitopes found in 21-25% of the strains whereas the four mAbs in the broad reacting group detected more than 57% of the analysed strains. The epitopes for these seven antibodies were surface exposed on live exponential phase grown pneumococci as shown by flow cytometry. The finding that a combination of mAb 180,C-1 (IgG2a) from the first group and mAb 170,E-11 (IgG2a) from the second group detected 94% of the examined strains is interesting because PspA has been reported by others to be a serological highly variable protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kolberg
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Rasmussen IB, Lunde E, Michaelsen TE, Bogen B, Sandlie I. The principle of delivery of T cell epitopes to antigen-presenting cells applied to peptides from influenza virus, ovalbumin, and hen egg lysozyme: implications for peptide vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10296-301. [PMID: 11517321 PMCID: PMC56955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.181336898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) increases CD4(+) T cell activation, and this observation can be exploited in the development of new vaccines. We have chosen an antigen-targeting approach in which we make recombinant antibodies (Abs) with T cell epitopes in their constant region and APC-specific variable regions. Three commonly used model epitopes, amino acids 110-120 of hemagglutinin, 323-339 of ovalbumin, and 46-61 of hen egg lysozyme, were introduced as loops in the C(H)1 domain of human IgG3. For all three epitopes, we show that the recombinant molecules are secreted from transfected cells. The epitopes are presented to specific T cells, and targeting to IgD on B cells in vitro enhances the presentation efficiency by 10(4) to 10(5) compared with the free peptide. After i.v. injection, the epitopes targeted to IgD are presented by splenic APCs to activate specific T cells, whereas little or no activation could be detected without targeting, even after the amount of antigen injected was increased 100-fold or more. Because a wide variety of T cell epitopes, in terms of both length and secondary structure, can be tolerated in loops in constant domains of Abs, the Ab constant region seems to have the intrinsic stability that is needed for this fusion molecule strategy. It might thus be possible to load the Ab with several different epitopes in loops in different domains and thereby make a targeted multisubunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Post Box 1050, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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28
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Diallo D, Paulsen BS, Liljebäck TH, Michaelsen TE. Polysaccharides from the roots of Entada africana Guill. et Perr., Mimosaceae, with complement fixing activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 74:159-171. [PMID: 11167034 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Entada africana is a tree used in traditional medicine in Mali. The root is, for example, used for wound-healing. Since polysaccharides from other plants are thought to play a role in the wound-healing process, we wanted to study the polysaccharides present in the root of this species. The polysaccharides were extracted with water at 50 and 100 degrees C and were further separated by anion exchange chromatography. The acidic fractions were finally purified by affinity chromatography on a Con A column. The fraction denoted Ea100 acidic I had the highest activity in the complement fixation test system, while the other acidic fractions had minor activities and the neutral fractions were almost negative. Ea100 acidic I has a structure resembling the arabinogalactan-protein type II polymer, which also was demonstrated by the abilities to precipitate with the Yariv reagent. The biological activity was reduced considerably after removal of arabinofuranoside residues by weak acid hydrolysis. The main core of the other polysaccharides extracted with 100 degrees C were pectins resembling the rhamnogalacturonan type I. These fractions also contain arabinogalactan type II structures, shown by the formation of precipitates with the Yariv reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Diallo
- Department of Traditional Medicine, B.P.1746, Bamako, Mali
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Michaelsen TE, Aase A, Kolberg J, Wedge E, Rosenqvist E. PorB3 outer membrane protein on Neisseria meningitidis is poorly accessible for antibody binding on live bacteria. Vaccine 2001; 19:1526-33. [PMID: 11163678 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is reported here that the PorB3 porin proteins of serotype 4 and 15 are poorly accessible for antibody binding on live Neisseria meningitidis bacteria, whereas the allelic PorB2 and the PorA outer membrane protein appear to be highly accessible. This was revealed by flow cytometry analysis using several mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as well as PorB3 specific antibodies isolated from post vaccination and patient sera. However, strong antibody binding to the PorB3 protein was observed after killing the bacteria with ethanol. The reason for the lack of epitope exposure could be a shielding effect of the carbohydrate chains of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) possibly combined with short extra-cellular loops in the PorB3 protein. The findings indicate that the PorB3 protein is not an optimal target for protective antibodies induced by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Michaelsen
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Torshov, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
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30
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Abstract
T-cells recognize protein antigens as short peptide fragments (8-20 amino acids) bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). A prerequisite for antigen-specific T-cell activation is antigen uptake, enzymatic degradation, and recycling of MHC-peptide complexes to the surface of APCs. Whereas CD8+ T cells recognize endogenously derived antigen (virus and other intracellular pathogens) bound to MHC class I molecules, CD4+ T cells recognize exogenously derived antigen in complex with MHC class II molecules. Hence, extracellular bacteria, such as meningococci during invasive disease, will be presented to CD4+ T cells in the context of MHC class II molecules, after uptake and processing by professional APCs like B cells, macrophages, or dendritic cells. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells can be classified as Th1 or Th2 subpopulations on the basis of different cytokine production and effector functions (1). Intracellular microbes often induce Th1-dominated responses, whereas extracellular pathogens and parasites typically trigger Th2 responses. Th1 cells produce mainly interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-β, which represent important inducers of the cell-mediated immune responses. The principal Th1 cytokine IFN-γ activates macrophages by enhancing their ability to phagocytize and destroy microbes by intracellular bactericidal mechanisms. In contrast, Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13, which are important factors for inducing and regulating B-cell responses (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Næss
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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31
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Kolberg J, Høiby EA, Aase A, Sletten K, Rødal G, Michaelsen TE, Bucher A. Streptococcus pneumoniae heat shock protein 70 does not induce human antibody responses during infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000; 29:289-94. [PMID: 11118910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2000.tb01536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed against Streptococcus pneumoniae in search for potential common pneumococcal proteins as vaccine antigens. mAb 230,B-9 (IgG1) reacted by immunoblotting with a 70-kDa protein which was isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography and subsequent preparative electrophoresis. N-terminal amino acid sequencing showed homology to that of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70). The hsp70 epitope reactive with mAb 230,B-9 was found in all the pneumococci examined as well as in other streptococci and enterococci. The epitope was not expressed in several other examined Gram-positive or -negative bacteria. Pneumococcal hsp70 has by other investigators been proposed to be a vaccine candidate. Binding experiments using flow cytometry showed that the epitope was not surface-exposed on live exponential phase grown S. pneumoniae. Human patient sera did not react with affinity-purified pneumococcal hsp70. Therefore the pneumococcal hsp70 does not seem to be of special interest in a vaccine formulation. The human sera contained antibodies to high molecular proteins co-purified with hsp70. Some of these proteins could be the pneumococcal surface protein A.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kolberg
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Torshov, Oslo, Norway.
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Thommesen JE, Michaelsen TE, Løset GÅ, Sandlie I, Brekke OH. Lysine 322 in the human IgG3 C(H)2 domain is crucial for antibody dependent complement activation. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:995-1004. [PMID: 11395138 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The classical complement activation cascade of the immune system is initiated by multivalent binding of its first component, C1q, to the Fc region of immunoglobulins in immune complexes. The C1q binding site on mouse IgG2b has been shown to contain the amino acids Glu 318, Lys 320 and Lys 322 in the C(H)2 domain (Duncan, A.R., Winter, G.,1988. The binding site for C1q on IgG. Nature 322 738-740). Identical or closely related motifs are found on all IgGs in all species, and the binding site has therefore been thought to be universal. However, the results from another study indicate that the site is different in human IgG1 molecules (Morgan, A., Jones, N.D., Nesbitt, A.M., et al., 1995. The N-terminal end of the C(H)2 domain of chimeric human IgG1 anti-HLA-DR is necessary for C1q, Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RIII binding. Immunology 86 319-324). To determine the site(s) responsible for complement activation in anti-NIP-mouse/human IgG3 antibodies, we have mutated amino acids Lys 276, Tyr 278, Asp 280, Glu 318, Lys 320 and Lys 322 in two beta-strands in the C(H)2 domains of human IgG3. In addition, we mutated the Glu 333, which resides in close proximity to the postulated C1q-binding site of mouse IgG2b, as well as Leu 235 in the lower hinge region. All mutants were tested in Antibody Dependent Complement Mediated Lysis (ADCML)(4) assays, where the antigen concentration on target cells was varied and human serum was complement source. Only the mutants that lacked the positively charged side chain of lysine in position 322 showed strong reduction in ADCML, particularly at low antigen density on target cells. Alanine scanning of positions 318 and 320 did not affect ADCML, contrary to what was observed for mouse IgG2b. Neither did a leucine to glutamic acid mutation in position 235 have the effect that has been reported for human IgG1. These results suggest that the complement binding site on human IgG3 molecules is different from that found on mouse IgG2b, and possibly on human IgG1 as well. Thus the contact site may not be conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Thommesen
- Department of Biology, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1050 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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Michaelsen TE, Gilje A, Samuelsen AB, Høgåsen K, Paulsen BS. Interaction between human complement and a pectin type polysaccharide fraction, PMII, from the leaves of Plantago major L. Scand J Immunol 2000; 52:483-90. [PMID: 11119247 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2000.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between a pectin type polysaccharide fraction, PMII, isolated from the leaves of Plantago major, and human complement was tested in two different hemolytic complement-fixation tests and in addition by two ELISA methods detecting complement-activation products. Sera were used as a complement source of 10 arbitrary human volunteers, individually and as a pool. The complement-fixation tests were designed to measure the concentration of the pectin necessary to inhibit 50% of the hemolysis (ICH(50)). The ELISA tests for complement-activation products were measured in AU/mg using a fully activated serum as a standard. We observed a more than 200-fold difference in ICH(50) activity of the PMII pectin in one of the hemolytic tests by varying the individual sera used as complement-source. On the other hand, the ELISA complement-activation tests showed no significant variation in activity of the PMII depending on the complement-serum used. The level of antibodies against PMII detected in the complement-sera did not correlate with the ICH(50) activity of PMII. The results show that PMII is a potent complement activator with an activity of the same order of magnitude on a weight basis as that of aggregated human immunoglobulin (Ig)G. This activation leads to a complement consumption probably explaining the PMII's effect in the complement-fixation tests. PMII seems to be an activator both on the classical and the alternative pathway of activation. The results might be related to the reported wound-healing effect of the leaves of Plantago major.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Michaelsen
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Hetland G, Samuelsen AB, Løvik M, Paulsen BS, Aaberge IS, Groeng EC, Michaelsen TE. Protective effect of Plantago major L. Pectin polysaccharide against systemic Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. Scand J Immunol 2000; 52:348-55. [PMID: 11013005 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2000.00793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial effect of a soluble pectin polysaccharide, PMII, isolated from the leaves of Plantago major, was examined in inbred NIH/OlaHsd and Fox Chase SCID mice experimentally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B. Serotype 6B is known to give a more protracted infection when injected intraperitoneally into susceptible mice than more virulent serotypes like type 4. PMII was administered i.p. either once 3 days before challenge or once to thrice from 3 to 48 h after challenge. The number of bacteria in blood and the mouse survival rate were recorded. Pre-challenge administration of PMII and also lipopolysaccharide (LPS), included as a control, gave a dose-dependent protective effect against S. pneumoniae type 6B infection. However, injection of PMII after establishment of the infection in NIH/OlaHsd mice had no effect. The data demonstrate that, firstly, the polysaccharide fraction PMII from P. major protects against pneumococcal infection in mice when administered systemically prechallenge, and secondly that the protective effect is owing to stimulation of the innate and not the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hetland
- Department of Environmental Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
A novel and efficient method has been developed for isolation of correctly digested DNA fragments without the use of classic size-dependent electrophoretic separation methods. To achieve this, DNA fragments are end-labelled by haptens. After specific endonuclease digestion of the hapten-labelled DNA, the DNA is incubated with a protein that specifically binds to the hapten. The incubation mixture is then passed through a cartridge containing a protein-binding membrane that does not bind DNA. Undigested and partly digested DNA are retained on the membrane, while correctly digested DNA is selectively recovered for use in further downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ihle
- National Institute of Public Health, Department of VAIM, PO Box 4404 Torshov, 0462 Oslo, Norway.
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Wang J, Jarvis GA, Achtman M, Rosenqvist E, Michaelsen TE, Aase A, Griffiss JM. Functional activities and immunoglobulin variable regions of human and murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the P1.7 PorA protein loop of Neisseria meningitidis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1871-8. [PMID: 10722576 PMCID: PMC97360 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.4.1871-1878.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The meningococcal PorA protein is considered a promising vaccine candidate. Although much is understood regarding the structure of PorA proteins, little is known about the structure-function relationships of PorA antibodies. The aim of this study was to compare the functional and molecular characteristics of a human monoclonal antibody (MAb) and three murine MAbs specific for the PorA P1.7 serosubtype. Murine MAbs 207,B-4 (immunoglobulin G2a [IgG2a]) and MN14C11.6 (IgG2a) were both bactericidal and opsonophagocytic for P1.7-expressing meningococci, whereas human MAb SS269 (IgG3) and murine MAb 208,D-5 (IgA) initiated neither effector function. Epitope mapping with synthetic peptides revealed that MAbs 207,B-4 and 208,D-5 recognized the sequence ASGQ, which is the same specificity motif that a previous study had established for SS269 and MN14C11.6. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses of the variable regions of the four MAbs showed that the SS269 V(H) region belonged to the VH3 family and was approximately 70% homologous to those of the murine MAbs which were all from the 7183 family, whereas the SS269 V(L) region belonged to the Vlambda1-b family and was less than 40% homologous to those of the murine MAbs which were all members of the Vkappa1 family. The Fab fragment of SS269 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and was shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses to bind as well as intact SS269 MAb to P1.7,16 serosubtype group B strain 44/76. We conclude that distinct differences exist in the effector function activities and variable region gene sequences of human and murine P1.7-specific MAbs despite their recognition of similar epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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37
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Abstract
J chain is associated with pentameric IgM and dimeric IgA via disulfide bonds involving the penultimate cysteine residue in the secretory tailpiece of the mu or the alpha heavy chain. We have investigated the structural basis for incorporation of J chain by analyzing several IgM mutants, IgA mutants and IgG/IgM hybrid molecules. IgM mutants with the mu secretory tailpiece replaced by the alpha secretory tailpiece and/or Cys414 replaced by serine incorporated J chain, although in reduced amounts correlating with reduced pentamer/polymer formation. In addition to pentamers, tetramers of IgMC414S contained J chain, while no J chain was associated with smaller polymers or hexamers of IgM. An IgA/IgM hybrid tailpiece abolished J chain incorporation to pentameric IgM. Analysis of IgG molecules that have added a secretory tailpiece and/or have IgM domain replacements showed that J chain incorporation depends on regions of the C(mu)4 domain in addition to the tailpiece. Features of the C(mu)3 domain other than Cys414 also play a role in efficient formation of pentamers and J chain incorporation, while the C(mu)2 domain is not specifically required. By analysis of two IgA mutants that formed larger polymers than IgAwt, we found J chain equally incorporated into dimers, trimers, tetramers and pentamers. Thus, the results show that J chain incorporation into IgA does not depend on the polymeric structure, while J chain incorporation into IgM is restricted to certain polymeric conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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38
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Olafsen T, Munthe Lund CK, Bruland OS, Sandlie I, Michaelsen TE. Complement-mediated lysis of cultured osteosarcoma cell lines using chimeric mouse/human TP-1 IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1999; 48:411-8. [PMID: 10501855 PMCID: PMC11037159 DOI: 10.1007/s002620050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the commonest malignant tumour of the bones. The presence of micrometastases at the time of primary diagnosis is associated with poor prognosis. Despite developments in surgery and aggressive chemotherapy, about 50% of the patients still succumb to the disease. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative treatment modalities. One such strategy is to use antibodies with improved effector functions. The two monoclonal antibodies, TP-1 and TP-3, recognize a tumour-associated antigen on human osteosarcoma cells. In the present study, we describe the cloning of the TP-1 variable genes, and the production of complete chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibodies. Constructs containing the constant genes from human IgG1, IgG3 or a mutant IgG3 with a shortened hinge region, called m15, were expressed in the mouse myeloma cell line, NS0. The m15 mutant has been shown to be very potent in triggering complement-mediated lysis. Our goal was to investigate whether this mutant could overcome the complement protection on human osteosarcoma cells, which is generally present on all human cells. We found that the target cells expressed several membrane-bound complement inhibitors, and that masking of these inhibitors rendered the cells sensitive to lysis. The m15 mutant exhibited greater lytic activity than both IgG3 and IgG1, although it could not cause extensive killing of the target cells alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Olafsen
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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39
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Lehmann AK, Halstensen A, Aaberge IS, Holst J, Michaelsen TE, Sornes S, Wetzler LM, Guttormsen H. Human opsonins induced during meningococcal disease recognize outer membrane proteins PorA and PorB. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2552-60. [PMID: 10225920 PMCID: PMC116003 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.5.2552-2560.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human opsonins directed against specific meningococcal outer membrane structures in sera obtained during meningococcal disease were quantified with a recently developed antigen-specific, opsonin-dependent phagocytosis and oxidative burst assay. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and PorA (class 1) and PorB (class 3) proteins purified from mutants of the same strain (44/76; B:15:P1.7. 16) were adsorbed to fluorescent beads, opsonized with acute- and convalescent-phase sera from 40 patients with meningococcal disease, and exposed to human leukocytes. Flow cytometric quantitation of the resulting leukocyte phagocytosis products (PPs) demonstrated that disease-induced serum opsonins recognized meningococcal OMV components and both porins. The PPPorA and PPPorB values induced by convalescent-phase sera correlated positively with the PPOMV values. However, the PPPorB values were higher than the PPPorA values in convalescent-phase sera (medians [ranges] of 754 [17 to 1,057] and 107 [4 to 458], respectively) (P < 0.0001) and correlated positively with higher levels of immunoglobulin G against PorB than against PorA as evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Extensive individual variations in the anti-OMV and antiporin serum opsonic activities between patients infected by serotypes and serosubtypes homologous and heterologous to the target antigens were observed. Simultaneously measured oxidative burst activity correlated with the opsonophagocytosis, an indication that both of these important steps in the in vitro phagocytic elimination of meningococci are initiated by opsonins directed against OMV components, including PorA and PorB. In conclusion, human patient opsonins against meningococcal OMV components and in particular PorB epitopes were identified by this new method, which might facilitate selection of opsonin-inducing meningococcal antigens for inclusion in future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Lehmann
- Medical Department B, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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41
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Sørensen V, Sundvold V, Michaelsen TE, Sandlie I. Polymerization of IgA and IgM: roles of Cys309/Cys414 and the secretory tailpiece. J Immunol 1999; 162:3448-55. [PMID: 10092800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated how the secretory tailpiece (tp), Cys414 and the amino acids flanking Cys414 or Cys309 are involved in regulating the different polymerization of IgM and IgA to pentamers and dimers/monomers, respectively. Whereas changing the tp of IgM to that of IgA has little effect on IgM polymerization, introducing the mu tp to IgA leads to the formation of larger than wild-type IgA polymers, including pentamers and hexamer. This shows that the secretory tp can differentially regulate polymerization depending on the heavy chain context. Cys414, which is engaged in intermonomeric disulfide bonds in IgM, is not crucial for the difference in IgM and IgA polymerization; IgM with a C414S mutation forms more large polymers than IgA. Also, IgA with IgM-like mutations in the five amino acids flanking Cys309, which is homologous to Cys414, oligomerize similarly as IgA wild type. Thus, IgA appears to have an inherent tendency to form monomers and dimers that is partially regulated by the tp, while the Cys309 region has only a minor effect. We also show that complement activation by IgM is sensitive to alterations in the polymeric structure, while IgA is inactive in classical complement activation even for polymers such as pentamers and hexamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
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42
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Rosenqvist E, Musacchio A, Aase A, Høiby EA, Namork E, Kolberg J, Wedege E, Delvig A, Dalseg R, Michaelsen TE, Tommassen J. Functional activities and epitope specificity of human and murine antibodies against the class 4 outer membrane protein (Rmp) of Neisseria meningitidis. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1267-76. [PMID: 10024570 PMCID: PMC96456 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.3.1267-1276.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against the class 4 outer membrane protein (OMP) from Neisseria meningitidis have been purified from sera from vaccinees immunized with the Norwegian meningococcal group B outer membrane vesicle vaccine. The human sera and purified antibodies reacted strongly with the class 4 OMP in immunoblots, whereas experiments with whole bacteria showed only weak reactions, indicating that the antibodies mainly reacted with parts of the class 4 molecule that were not exposed. The purified human anti-class 4 OMP antibodies and the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were neither bactericidal nor opsonic against live meningococci. Three new MAbs against the class 4 OMP were generated and compared with other, previously described MAbs. Three linear epitopes in different regions of the class 4 OMP were identified by the reaction of MAbs with synthetic peptides. The MAbs showed no blocking effect on bactericidal activity of MAbs against other OMPs. However, one of the eight purified human anti-class 4 OMP antibody preparations, selected from immunoblot reactions among sera from 27 vaccinees, inhibited at high concentrations the bactericidal effect of a MAb against the class 1 OMP. However, these antibodies were not vaccine induced, as they were present also before vaccination. Therefore, this study gave no evidence that vaccination with a meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine containing the class 4 OMP induces blocking antibodies. Our data indicated that the structure of class 4 OMP does not correspond to standard beta-barrel structures of integral OMPs and that no substantial portion of the OmpA-like C-terminal region of this protein is located at the surface of the outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rosenqvist
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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43
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Naess LM, Aarvak T, Aase A, Oftung F, Høiby EA, Sandin R, Michaelsen TE. Human IgG subclass responses in relation to serum bactericidal and opsonic activities after immunization with three doses of the Norwegian serogroup B meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine. Vaccine 1999; 17:754-64. [PMID: 10067680 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ten adult volunteers, with low prevaccination levels of serum IgG antibodies against meningococcal antigens (< 1 microg ml(-1)), received three doses of the Norwegian group B meningococcal outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine intramuscularly at weeks 0, 6 and 46. Anti-OMV IgG subclass responses were measured and compared with serum bactericidal activity (SBA) and opsonic activity against the vaccine strain 44/76. All vaccinees showed an IgG1 antibody response after each vaccine dose. The vaccine-induced median serum IgG1 antibody levels were 16, 17 and 18 microg ml(-1) 2-6 weeks after the first, second and third dose, respectively. Three vaccinees showed a weak IgG3 response after the first dose, whereas 8 and 9 showed a response after the second (median = 10 microg ml(-1)) and third dose (median = 10 microg ml(-1)), respectively. Low levels of anti-OMV IgG2 antibodies were found, whilst specific IgG4 antibodies were only detected for one vaccinee. The vaccine induced at least a fourfold increase in SBA titre in 8 vaccinees after the first dose, in 9 vaccinees after 2 doses and in all vaccinees after 3 doses. A positive correlation was found between IgG1 subclass antibody levels and SBA (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001). Elevated opsonophagocytic activity, measured as respiratory burst (RB), was observed in all vaccinees after one vaccine dose and usually increased after 2 and 3 doses. A strong positive correlation was found between IgG1 antibody levels and RB (r = 0.76, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, we have shown that systemic meningococcal OMV vaccination in adult vaccinees mainly induced IgG1 antibodies which correlated with bactericidal and opsonic activity, but also a considerable amount of IgG3 antibodies, which, in contrast to the IgG1 response, was induced only after 2 or 3 vaccine doses and declined more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Naess
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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44
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Oftung F, Naess LM, Wetzler LM, Korsvold GE, Aase A, Høiby EA, Dalseg R, Holst J, Michaelsen TE, Haneberg B. Antigen-specific T-cell responses in humans after intranasal immunization with a meningococcal serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccine. Infect Immun 1999; 67:921-7. [PMID: 9916109 PMCID: PMC96405 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.2.921-927.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the ability of the Norwegian group B meningococcal outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine, when administered intranasally without adjuvant, to induce T-cell responses in humans. A group of 12 vaccinees was immunized with four doses of OMVs (250 micrograms of protein/dose) at weekly intervals, and a single booster dose was given 5 months later. In vitro T-cell proliferation in response to the OMV vaccine, purified PorA (class 1) protein, PorB (class 3) protein, and one unrelated control antigen (Mycobacterium bovis BCG) was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation into peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from the vaccinees before and after the immunizations. The nasal OMV immunizations induced antigen-specific T-cell responses in the majority of the vaccinees when tested against OMVs (7 of 12) and the PorA antigen (11 of 12). None of the vaccinees showed a vaccine-induced T-cell response to the PorB antigen after the initial four doses. Although some individuals responded to all the vaccine antigens after the booster dose, this response was not significant when the vaccinees were analyzed as a group. We have also demonstrated that the PorA antigen-specific T-cell responses correlated with anti-OMV immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in nasal secretions, with anti-OMV IgG levels in serum, and with serum bactericidal activity. In conclusion, we have shown that it is possible to induce antigen-specific T-cell responses in humans by intranasal administration of a meningococcal OMV vaccine without adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oftung
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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45
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Abstract
Interactions between human IgG with human FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIIa (R131) were studied to investigate the role of the hinge region of IgG3 and IgG1 in the binding of the antibodies to FcgammaR. It was found that a hinge deletion mutant of IgG3 (IgG3 m15) was reduced in its ability to bind to FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIIa but was more potent at activating ADCC by activated lymphocytes (FcgammaRIIIa-mediated), compared to the wild-type version of IgG3. The human IgG1 allotype G1m(a,z) was more efficient at binding to FcgammaRI than the two IgG3 antibodies tested. The IgG1 and IgG3 wild type antibodies were better able to bind to FcgammaRII than the hinge deletion mutant version of IgG3. The data suggest a role for the hinge region in influencing FcgammaR mediated effector functions in IgG3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Redpath
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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46
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Roux KH, Strelets L, Brekke OH, Sandlie I, Michaelsen TE. Comparisons of the ability of human IgG3 hinge mutants, IgM, IgE, and IgA2, to form small immune complexes: a role for flexibility and geometry. J Immunol 1998; 161:4083-90. [PMID: 9780179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Various native and hinge-modified forms of Ig with identical Ids were reacted with an anti-Id mAb, and the resultant immune complexes were analyzed by negative stain immunoelectron microscopy. Complexes were scored for their geometry (linear versus ring complexes) and size (dimer, trimer, etc.). Ring dimers are the thermodynamically most favorable configuration, unless inhibited by steric and/or flexibility constraints. We found ring dimerization to correlate with the length of the upper, but not middle or lower, hinge. In contrast, the geometry and size of complexes of those molecules lacking formal hinges were unpredictable. A hingeless IgG mutant and native IgE readily formed ring dimers. Remarkably, monomeric IgM formed more ring dimers than any of the other Igs tested, including IgG3. We also tagged the Fab arms and measured the mean Fab-Fab angles and the degree of angular variation for each type of Ig. Surprisingly, IgM proved the most flexible by this assay. In hinged Igs, there was a correlation between length of the upper hinge and Fab-Fab flexibility. In contrast, we found no correlation between the mean Fab-Fab angle in uncomplexed Igs and their ability to dimerize with anti-Id mAb. These data suggest that the physicochemical methods typically used to evaluate molecular flexibility are often of low predictive value when tested in a functional assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Roux
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee 30306-4370, USA.
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47
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Haneberg B, Dalseg R, Oftung F, Wedege E, Høiby EA, Haugen IL, Holst J, Andersen SR, Aase A, Meyer Naess L, Michaelsen TE, Namork E, Haaheim LR. Towards a nasal vaccine against meningococcal disease, and prospects for its use as a mucosal adjuvant. Dev Biol Stand 1998; 92:127-33. [PMID: 9554266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A Norwegian outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine against group B meningococcal disease proved to be strongly immunogenic when administered intranasally in mice. The OMV preparation, made from Neisseria meningitidis and intended for parenteral use, was therefore given without adjuvant to human volunteers (n = 12) in the form of nose drops or nasal spray. Such immunizations, which were carried out at weekly intervals during a three-week period, were able to induce systemic antibodies with bactericidal activity in more than half of the individuals. In addition, all vaccinees developed marked increases in OMV-specific IgA antibodies in nasal secretions. The potential of the OMV particles as carriers for other less immunogenic antigens were elucidated in mice with use of whole inactivated influenza virus. Even though influenza virus alone did induce some systemic and salivary antibody responses after being administered intranasally, these responses were greatly augmented when the virus was presented together with OMVs. Thus, it is possible that a nasal OMV vaccine may induce protection against invasive meningococcal disease, and also that it might be used as a vehicle for nasal vaccines against other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Haneberg
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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48
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Rosenqvist E, Høiby EA, Bjune G, Aase A, Halstensen A, Lehmann AK, Paulssen J, Holst J, Michaelsen TE, Nøkleby H, Frøholm LO, Closs O. Effect of aluminium hydroxide and meningococcal serogroup C capsular polysaccharide on the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a group B Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicle vaccine. Dev Biol Stand 1998; 92:323-33. [PMID: 9554288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three different formulations of an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine against group B meningococcal disease have been prepared and tested for immunogenicity and reactogenicity in adult volunteers. The vaccines were prepared with or without aluminium hydroxide and serogroup C-polysaccharide (C-ps). Doses from 12.5 to 100 micrograms protein were given twice at a six weeks' interval. All three formulations were well tolerated and highly immunogenic, inducing bactericidal and opsonizing antibodies in humans. Adsorption of OMVs to aluminium hydroxide reduced the pyrogenicity in rabbits. The differences in immunogenicity between the formulations were relatively small, but after the second dose a stronger booster response was observed when the vaccines were adsorbed. Thus, a formulation with OMVs and C-ps represents a safe and highly immunogenic vaccine, even without aluminium hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rosenqvist
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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49
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Aase A, Høiby EA, Michaelsen TE. Opsonophagocytic and bactericidal activity mediated by purified IgG subclass antibodies after vaccination with the Norwegian group B meningococcal vaccine. Scand J Immunol 1998; 47:388-96. [PMID: 9600322 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To study how the different immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclass antibodies may confer protection against systemic meningococcal disease, we isolated IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies from plasma from vaccinees immunized with the Norwegian meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine. Four IgG1, one IgG2 and four IgG3 preparations were purified. The IgG2 and IgG3 subclass preparations were free from contaminating subclasses, whereas the IgG1 preparations contained from 0 to 14% of IgG2 and/or IgG3. Immunoblotting against whole-cell meningococcal antigens showed broad specificities of the various preparations, both within and between subclasses. These subclass preparations were tested for opsonophagocytic and bactericidal activity. As targets we used two different variants of the meningococcal vaccine strain, with low (44/76-SL) and high (44/76-1) expression of the outer membrane protein Opc. Using polymorphonuclear leucocytes as effector cells in the presence of human complement, all three IgG subclass preparations revealed high, and similar, opsonophagocytic activities against 44/76-SL, whereas against 44/76-1 the IgG2 preparation showed a reduced activity and most IgG3 preparations were slightly more active than the IgG1 preparations. Regarding bactericidal activity, all the three subclasses were highly active against 44/76-SL. Against 44/76-1 the bactericidal activities were somewhat more varied: all IgG1 and three IgG3 preparations exhibited higher activities than against 44/76-SL. Due to the low concentration in the IgG2 preparations, only a weak activity was seen against 44/76-1. One IgG3 preparation that was highly opsonophagocytic revealed no bactericidal activity against either of the two bacterial variants examined. In conclusion, we have shown that the IgG subclass effector functions differ from person to person, but that antibodies of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 subclasses, judged by their behaviour in the functional tests, may all contribute to protection against meningococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aase
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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50
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Haneberg B, Dalseg R, Wedege E, Høiby EA, Haugen IL, Oftung F, Andersen SR, Naess LM, Aase A, Michaelsen TE, Holst J. Intranasal administration of a meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine induces persistent local mucosal antibodies and serum antibodies with strong bactericidal activity in humans. Infect Immun 1998; 66:1334-41. [PMID: 9529050 PMCID: PMC108057 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.4.1334-1341.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A nasal vaccine, consisting of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from group B Neisseria meningitidis, was given to 12 volunteers in the form of nose drops or nasal spray four times at weekly intervals, with a fifth dose 5 months later. Each nasal dose consisted of 250 microg of protein, equivalent to 10 times the intramuscular dose that was administered twice with a 6-week interval to 11 other volunteers. All individuals given the nasal vaccine developed immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses to OMVs in nasal secretions, and eight developed salivary IgA antibodies which persisted for at least 5 months. Intramuscular immunizations did not lead to antibody responses in the secretions. Modest increases in serum IgG antibodies were obtained in 5 volunteers who had been immunized intranasally, while 10 individuals responded strongly to the intramuscular vaccine. Both the serum and secretory antibody responses reached a maximum after two to three doses of the nasal vaccine, with no significant booster effect of the fifth dose. The pattern of serum antibody specificities against the different OMV components after intranasal immunizations was largely similar to that obtained with the intramuscular vaccine. Five and eight vaccinees in the nasal group developed persistent increases in serum bactericidal titers to the homologous meningococcal vaccine strain expressing low and high levels, respectively, of the outer membrane protein Opc. Our results indicate that meningococcal OMVs possess the structures necessary to initiate systemic as well as local mucosal immune responses when presented as a nasal vaccine. Although the serum antibody levels were less conspicuous than those after intramuscular vaccinations, the demonstration of substantial bactericidal activity indicates that a nonproliferating nasal vaccine might induce antibodies of high functional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Haneberg
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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