The DESTINY+ Dust Analyser - a dust telescope for analysing cosmic dust dynamics and composition

The DESTINY+(Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for INterplanetary voYage with Phaethon fLyby and dUst Science) Dust Analyser (DDA) is a state-of-the-art dust telescope for the in situ analysis of cosmic dust particles. As the primary scientific payload of the DESTINY+ mission, it serves the purpose of characterizing the dust environment within the Earth-Moon system, investigating interplanetary and interstellar dust populations at 1 AU from the Sun and studying the dust cloud enveloping the asteroid (3200) Phaethon. DDA features a two-axis pointing platform for increasing the accessible fraction of the sky. The instrument combines a trajectory sensor with an impact ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer, enabling the correlation of dynamical, physical and compositional properties for individual dust grains. For each dust measurement, a set of nine signals provides the surface charge, particle size, velocity vector, as well as the atomic, molecular and isotopic composition of the dust grain. With its capabilities, DDA is a key asset in advancing our understanding of the cosmic dust populations present along the orbit of DESTINY+. In addition to providing the scientific context, we are presenting an overview of the instrument's design and functionality, showing first laboratory measurements and giving insights into the observation planning. This article is part of a theme issue 'Dust in the Solar System and beyond'.

New record of Philometra species from the marine edible fish Terapon jarbua collected from the Sindh, Arabian Sea, Pakistan

Diseases in fish due to helminth parasites, especially Philometra species, are the primary worry in aquaculture. Philometra are responsible for health problem in fishes they directly affect fish growth and population parameters. A comprehensive survey was conducted involving the examination of the marine fish species Terapon jarbua, gathered from the coastal waters of Sindh, Pakistan In this research different Philometra species from marine fish Terapon jarbua during 2021 and 2022. Philometra nematodes, belonging to the family Philometridae, are common parasitic organisms inhabiting both marine and freshwater environments. Their prevalence, particularly when existing in high numbers within host organisms, can lead to severe and potentially lethal consequences. Employing light microscopy techniques, diverse species of Philometra were identified, including Philometra teraponi, P. jarbuai, P. arabiai, P. karachii, and P. awarii, localized primarily within the ovaries of the host fish. A total of 140 fish samples were examined and 76 were infected. The intensity of infected fish was 54.28%. The identification process encompassed meticulous analysis of crucial parameters, such as body size, esophagus length, positioning of the nerve ring, dimensions of the ventriculus, and ligament size. Intriguingly, the parasites were found in varying contexts; while some were free within the ovaries, others were embedded within tissues, inducing severe muscular dystrophy. This research presents novel findings of Philometra nematodes in the marine waters of Pakistan, extending their host and geographical distribution records. Future studies are needed to better evaluate and describe the dynamics and the epidemiology of Philometra infection in wild and cultured fish species.

Cadmium (Cd) influences calcium (Ca) levels in the skeleton of a freshwater fish Channa gachua

Abstract Environmental contamination with heavy metals is a threat to the organisms due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in food chains. The study was aimed to assess cadmium (Cd) effect on calcium (Ca) level in bones of a freshwater fish Channa gachua. 42 fish individuals were kept into six (6) aquaria; labelled aq.0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 in the laboratory for treatment. Aq.0 was control group and aq.1, 2,3,4,5 were experimental with treatment solution of Cd 0, 0.1ppm, 0.5ppm, 1ppm, 2.5ppm and 5ppm respectively for three months. After exposure, bones tissue were examined for Cd accumulation and Ca concentration. Highest accumulation of Cd were recorded in aq.5 mean 46.86 ± 0.46 mgkg-1 .and lowest in the control group with mean 0.61 ± 0.06 mgkg-1. The order of Cd bioaccumulation in bones were aq.5 > aq.4 >aq.3 > aq.2 > aq.1 > aq.0. Highest concentration of Ca were noted in aq.0 (Control group) mean 7888.06 ± 4827.22 mgkg-1 and lowest were 1132.36 ± 203.73 mgkg-1 in aq.5 (at 5.0 ppm). Generally a pattern of decreasing Ca level were observed with each rise of Cd bioaccumulation aq.0 > aq.1 > aq.2 > aq.3 > aq.4 > aq.5. Current study indicated that Cd accumulation have substantial effect on Ca level in bones and hence on skeleton system. Strict rules must be implemented by government to control metals pollution and exploitations of biota.

Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with plant oil on growth performance and fatty acid composition of spinefoot rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

Abstract A 95-day feeding study was carried out to evaluate the impact of complete replacement of fish oil by plant oils in the growth performance, feed consumption fatty acid and body composition of juvenile rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus. There were four treatments i.e., A (fish oil diet), (linseed oil diet), C (soybean meal oil diet) and D (sunflower oil diet). The experimental trial was conducted in twelve 1.5-m3 fiber glass tanks (n=3). Spinefoot rabbitfish juveniles had an average initial weight of 0.948 g ± 0.124 g and they were stocked at 50 fish per tank. Fish fed diet A showed significantly better growth rate, final body weight, and total body weight than fish fed on the other diets. Moreover, the best FCR was observed for diet A followed by diet C and diets B and D had the worst FCR. Fish body composition for crude protein, dry matter, ashes and gross energy at the end of the trial had not differed between the treatments. The highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was found in fish fed diet A followed in decreasing order by diets D, B, and C. Fish oil is a better dietary lipid source for Spinefoot rabbitfish juveniles, Siganus rivulatus, than plant oils. Among plant oils, soybean oil was better than linseed oil and sunflower oil as the main dietary fat source.

An investigation on protein and amino acid contents in scales and muscles of pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) and Pampus argenteus (Eupharasen, 1788)

Abstract The present investigation was aimed to examine the percentage quantity of protein and amino acids in scales and muscles of Pampus argenteus and Parastromateus niger gathered from the local fish market of district Quetta of Balochistan. About 80 specimens of these two species, i.e., Pampus argenteus (N=40) and Parastromateus niger (N = 40), were collected from April 2017 to May 2018. In general, crude protein content was high in scales, that is, 71.03% in Parastromateus niger and 52.11% in Pampus argenteus, as well as in muscles of two Pomfret species of fishes i.e., 63.44% in Pampus argenteus and 60.99% in Parastromateus niger on a dry-weight basis, respectively. Likewise, the muscles and scales of Parastromateus niger reveal well compositions of amino acids that include proline was found to be high, and methionine was less than other amino acids, whereas threonine was found high in the scales of Pampus argenteus, but methionine was observed in lesser amount. However, the amino acids found in Pampus argenteus muscles also showed different compositions, such as lysine was found to be high, but histidine was less, respectively. In comparison, amino acids like tryptophan and cysteine were not detected in both scales and muscles of thesePomfret species of fishes. Thus, this study was based on analyzing the utilization of both Pomfret species of scales and meat whether they could have values as good supplements of both protein and certain kinds of essential amino acids in animal diets.

Size at sexual maturity estimation for 36 species captured by bottom and mid-water trawls from the marine habitat of Balochistan and Sindh in the Arabian Sea, Pakistan, using maximum length (Lmax) and logistic (L50) models

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the size at first sexual maturity (Lm) for 36 species belonging to 24 families from the marine habitat of Balochistan and Sindh in Arabian Sea, Pakistan through maximum length based an empirical and logistic model using commercial catch during June 2020 to May 2021. Individual total length (TL) was noted up to 0.1 cm using measuring broad. The Lm was calculated using two formulae; (i) log (Lm) = - 0.1246 + 0.9924 * log (Lmax) for Elasmobranchs and (ii) log (Lm) = -0.1189 + 0.9157* log (Lmax) for ray-finned fishes. The minimum Lm was recorded as 10.27 cm TL for Caranx malabaricus and 108.38 cm TL for Isurus oxyrinchus, respectively. Around Lm with 58.33% species were ranges from 19.00 cm to 25.00 cm TL. This study was estimated 16 newly Lm which is globally absent and rest 20 Lm are absent in the Arabian Sea (Pakistan coastal habitats). Therefore, the results will be helpful for the sustainable management and conservation of these marine fishes through the establishment of mesh size of trawl nets based on the size at sexual maturity (Lm).

Effects of microplastics in freshwater fishes health and the implications for human health

The presence of microplastics in aquatic environments has raised concerns about their abundance and potential hazards to aquatic organisms. This review provides insight into the problem that may be of alarm for freshwater fish. Plastic pollution is not confined to marine ecosystems; freshwater also comprises plastic bits, as the most of plastic fragments enter oceans via rivers. Microplastics (MPs) can be consumed by fish and accumulated due to their size and poor biodegradability. Furthermore, it has the potential to enter the food chain and cause health problems. Evidence of MPs s ingestion has been reported in >150 fish species from both freshwater and marine systems. However, microplastic quantification and toxicity in freshwater ecosystems have been underestimated, ignored, and not reported as much as compared to the marine ecosystem. However, their abundance, influence, and toxicity in freshwater biota are not less than in marine ecosystems. The interaction of MPs with freshwater fish, as well as the risk of human consumption, remains a mystery. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the impacts of MPs on freshwater fish is still very limited. This study detailed the status of the toxicity of MPs in freshwater fish. This review will add to our understanding of the ecotoxicology of microplastics on freshwater fish and give subsequent research directions.

Clot waveform analysis for perioperative hemostatic monitoring in a hemophilia A patient on emicizumab undergoing liver transplantation

How to optimize perioperative factor VIII (FVIII) replacement through hemostatic monitoring is critically important to manage hemophilia A patients. The bispecific antibody emicizumab binds activated FIX (FIXa) and FX to functionally mimic FVIIIa. While being used for hemostatic control in hemophilia A, this therapeutic antibody inconveniently interferes with coagulation tests using human FIXa and FX, such as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and FVIII activity measurement based on one-stage clotting assays. Clot waveform analysis (CWA) extends the interpretation of measurement curves for coagulation time to provide global information. We performed APTT-CWA to monitor perioperative hemostasis in a hemophilia A patient on emicizumab undergoing liver transplantation. Plasma samples were treated with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies against emicizumab to enable accurate coagulation assays. Kinetics of maximum coagulation velocity and acceleration mimicked that of FVIII activity. These CWA parameters better correlated with FVIII activity than APTT. The plateaus of them were observed at FVIII activity of 100% or more, supporting the protocol for perioperative FVIII replacement. Thus, CWA may measure coagulation potential in hemophilia A patients undergoing liver transplantation, aiding in optimizing perioperative hemostasis.

Humoral and cellular immune response dynamics in Japanese healthcare workers up to six months after receiving a third dose of BNT162b2 monovalent vaccine

Longitudinal data on the immune response from the first dose to several months after the third dose of COVID-19 vaccine are limited. We analyzed the immune response in 406 Japanese healthcare workers who received at least three doses of vaccine. The geometric mean anti-receptor binding domain IgG antibody titers and antigen-stimulated T-cell interferon-gamma levels after 6 months after receiving a third dose were similar to those 8 weeks after receiving a second dose. Humoral and cellular immunity induced by the third dose was more durable than that induced by the second dose. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry ID: UMIN000043340.

Occurrence of new Philometra sp. in mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus from the Karachi coast, Pakistan

A recent examination of Philometra nematodes from mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal, 1775) from the Karachi coast, Kemari was done in the years 2021-2022. The present study reported three new species of genus Philometra (Costa, 1845) (Nematoda: Philometridae) Philometra kolachii, Philometra lutjani and Philometra kemarii. A total of 140 fish samples were examined, and 76 were infected. The intensity of infected fish was 54.28%. In Pakistan, literature on Philometrid nematodes is limited, therefore, this research would be helpful for the documentation and enhancement of nematods in Pakistan.

Assessing anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity in 571 vaccines by using an IFN-γ release assay

Memory T cell responses have been analyzed only in small cohorts of COVID-19 vaccines. Herein, we aimed to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity in a large cohort using QuantiFERON assays, which are IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs) based on short-term whole blood culture. The study included 571 individuals receiving the viral spike (S) protein-expressing BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. QuantiFERON assays revealed antigen-specific IFN-γ production in most individuals 8 weeks after the second dose. Simultaneous flow cytometric assays to detect T cells expressing activation-induced markers (AIMs) performed for 28 randomly selected individuals provided data correlating with the QuantiFERON data. Simultaneous IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot and AIM assays for another subset of 31 individuals, based on short-term peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture, also indicated a correlation between IFN-γ production and AIM positivity. These observations indicated the acquisition of T cell memory responses and supported the usability of IGRAs to assess cellular immunity. The QuantiFERON results were weakly correlated with serum IgG titers against the receptor-binding domain of the S protein and were associated with pre-vaccination infection and adverse reactions after the second dose. The present study revealed cellular immunity after COVID-19 vaccination, providing insights into the effects and adverse reactions of vaccination.

Memory B Cells and Memory T Cells Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Booster Vaccination or Infection Show Different Dynamics and Responsiveness to the Omicron Variant

Although the immunological memory produced by BNT162b2 vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been well studied and established, further information using different racial cohorts is necessary to understand the overall immunological response to vaccination. We evaluated memory B and T cell responses to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein before and after the third booster using a Japanese cohort. Although the Ab titer against the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) decreased significantly 8 mo after the second vaccination, the number of memory B cells continued to increase, whereas the number of memory T cells decreased slowly. Memory B and T cells from unvaccinated infected patients showed similar kinetics. After the third vaccination, the Ab titer increased to the level of the second vaccination, and memory B cells increased at significantly higher levels before the booster, whereas memory T cells recovered close to the second vaccination levels. In memory T cells, the frequency of CXCR5+CXCR3+CCR6- circulating follicular Th1 was positively correlated with RBD-specific Ab-secreting B cells. For the response to variant RBDs, although 60-80% of memory B cells could bind to the omicron RBD, their avidity was low, whereas memory T cells show an equal response to the omicron spike. Thus, the persistent presence of memory B and T cells will quickly upregulate Ab production and T cell responses after omicron strain infection, which prevents severe illness and death due to coronavirus disease 2019.

Performance evaluation of a novel reticulocyte identification method that uses metachromatic nucleic acid staining based on a crossover analysis of emission DNA/RNA light (RNP Determination™) in hematology analyzer Celltac G

INTRODUCTION

Assessing the percentage of reticulocytes (%Retic) is useful for diagnosing and treating blood diseases that present with anaemia. The Celltac G+™ hematology analyzer (HA) uses a novel reticulocyte identification method that involves metachromatic nucleic acid staining with acridine orange and crossover analysis of emission light of DNA/RNA (determination of red cells, nucleic acid-containing cells, and platelets, RNP Determination™). The red and green fluorescence generated by stained single-stranded RNA and double-stranded DNA express immaturity and morphological abnormality of erythrocytes by detecting erythrocyte RNA and DNA content.

METHODS

The basic performance of the test automated analyzer (TAA) Celltac G+ was evaluated and compared with the flow cytometry reference method and the comparative automated analyzer (CAA) XN-1000/2000™. In addition, its precision, limit of quantity (LoQ), linearity, analytical measurement interval (AMI), accuracy, and comparability and the effects of interfering substances were evaluated.

RESULTS

Evaluation of %Retic by the TAA demonstrated good precision and linearity. The AMI was confirmed from 0.02 to 8.23, and the LoQ in %Retic as the coefficient of variation within an 11% limit (SD, within a 0.01 limit) was 0.14. TAA correlated well with the reference method and routine HA (CAA). Some deviations were found between TAA and CAA in DNA measurements of erythrocytes from abnormal samples.

CONCLUSION

Celltac G+ uses a novel measurement principle and can assess erythrocyte immaturity independent of DNA contents. It represents a new HA that provides novel, useful information on immaturity and morphological abnormality of erythrocytes.

Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus lenvatinib or sorafenib in non-viral unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an international propensity score matching analysis

BACKGROUND

A growing body of evidence suggests that non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) might benefit less from immunotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We carried out a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from consecutive patients with non-viral advanced HCC, treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, lenvatinib, or sorafenib, in 36 centers in 4 countries (Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, and UK). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus lenvatinib. Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus lenvatinib, and OS and PFS with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib. For the primary and secondary endpoints, we carried out the analysis on the whole population first, and then we divided the cohort into two groups: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) population and non-NAFLD/NASH population.

RESULTS

One hundred and ninety patients received atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, 569 patients received lenvatinib, and 210 patients received sorafenib. In the whole population, multivariate analysis showed that treatment with lenvatinib was associated with a longer OS [hazard ratio (HR) 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.95; P = 0.0268] and PFS (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.51-0.86; P = 0.002) compared to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab. In the NAFLD/NASH population, multivariate analysis confirmed that lenvatinib treatment was associated with a longer OS (HR 0.46; 95% CI 0.26-0.84; P = 0.0110) and PFS (HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.38-0.82; P = 0.031) compared to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab. In the subgroup of non-NAFLD/NASH patients, no difference in OS or PFS was observed between patients treated with lenvatinib and those treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab. All these results were confirmed following propensity score matching analysis. By comparing patients receiving atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib, no statistically significant difference in survival was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The present analysis conducted on a large number of advanced non-viral HCC patients showed for the first time that treatment with lenvatinib is associated with a significant survival benefit compared to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, in particular in patients with NAFLD/NASH-related HCC.

The vascular response to ultrathin biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent at 2-weeks and 1-year follow up in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Background

Recent clinical study suggests newer-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) that combine ultrathin strut and nano-coating with biodegradable polymers sirolimus-eluting stent (BP-SES) could improve long-term clinical outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over current generation DES. However, the details of vascular response in very early and chronic phase have not been systematically addressed.

Objective and method

We exploratory investigate early and chronic vascular response following BP-SES implantation in patients with STEMI to reveal mechanism of the favorable clinical outcomes in recent studies using frequency domain-optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT).

Consecutive twenty-four patients with STEMI who underwent FD-OCT after primary PCI and were eligible for follow-up FD-OCT at 2 weeks and 1 year after implantation were enrolled between June 2018 and August 2020.

OCT was performed immediately after PCI, at 2-weeks (2W) and 1-year (1Y) after the primary PCI. Struts were recorded as uncovered if any part was visibly exposed in the lumen or covered if a layer of tissue covered all reflecting surfaces. Struts of stents that are smaller than 3.0mm of diameter with more than 80μm between the center reflection and the adjacent vessel surface were recorded as malapposed. The reduction of atherothrombotic protrusion burden within the stent was also assessed.

Results

Twenty-four patients (age 64.9±11.4 years, male 83.3%) were enrolled.

The percentage of uncovered struts significantly decreased from post-PCI to 2W follow-up and from 2W follow-up to 1Y follow-up (62±20% post-PCI versus 27±11% at 2W follow up, p<0.0001 and 2W follow-up versus 3.3±3.3% at 1Y follow up, p<0.0001). Malapposed struts also decreased from post-PCI to 2W follow-up (4.1±3.6% post-PCI versus 1.5±2.2% at 2W follow-up, p<0.0001), but no significant difference was shown between 2W follow-up and 1Y follow-up (2W follow-up versus 1.0±2.3 at 1Y follow up, p=0.12). The average protrusion area of athero-thrombotic burden decreased (0.57±0.32 at post-PCI versus 0.42±0.22 mm2 at 2W follow up, p<0.0001) and its volume showed similar tendency (16.6±10.7 at post-PCI versus 12.9±8.23 mm3 at 2W follow up, p=0.0011). Thrombus was shown in all patients at post-PCI, but two patients (8.0%) showed it at 1Y follow-up.

Conclusion(s)

This study elucidated very early and chronic vascular responses following ultrathin strut BP-SES implantation in STEMI patients by FD-OCT. It showed resolution of athero-thrombotic materials in very early phase and favorable progression of strut coverage in very early and chronic phase.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Dynamics of antibody titers and cellular immunity among Japanese healthcare workers during the 6 months after receiving two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine

BACKGROUND

The antibody titer is known to wane within months after receiving two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. However, knowledge of the cellular immune response dynamics following vaccination is limited. This study to aimed to determine antibody and cellular immune responses following vaccination, and the incidence and determinants of breakthrough infection.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study a 6-month follow-up period was conducted among Japanese healthcare workers. All participants received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers and T-cell immune responses were measured in serum samples collected at several timepoints before and after vaccination.

RESULTS

A total of 608 participants were included in the analysis. Antibody titers were elevated 3 weeks after vaccination and waned over the remainder of the study period. T-cell immune responses showed similar dynamics. Six participants without predisposing medical conditions seroconverted from negative to positive on the IgG assay for nucleocapsid proteins, indicating breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Five of the six breakthrough infections were asymptomatic.

CONCLUSIONS

Both humoral and cellular immunity waned within 6 months after BNT162b2 vaccination. The incidence of asymptomatic breakthrough infection within 6 months after vaccination was approximately one percent.

UMIN CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY ID

UMIN000043340.

A11 ISOLATION OF NON-POLAR METABOLITES IN EXCRETORY/SECRETORY PRODUCTS FROM PARASITIC HELMINTHS AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS IMMUNOTHERAPY IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Background

Parasitic helminths are known to modulate host immune responses. This is thought to be mediated by their secretome. We are interested in the excretory/secretory products and mechanisms for modulating immune dysfunction in autoinflammatory diseases.

Aims

This research studies the mechanisms of immune modulation by parasitic helminths in the context of IBD. We aim to describe immunomodulatory helminth-derived metabolites (ESM).

Methods

Helminth-conditioned media was used to isolate ESM, which were further purified using column chromatography.

Bone marrow (BM) derived macrophages (BMDM) from C57BL6 mice, were treated with ESP fractions from Trichuris suis, Ascaris suum, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri or Dirofilaria immitis, stimulated with LPS, and secreted cytokine levels measured. Moreover, BM was cultured with or without ESM throughout differentiation to BMDM.

Colitic mice (3% DSS, 5 days) were treated with A. suum ESM or PBS once daily IP. Colon lengths and TNFα mRNA were measured, and histological preparations were scored to assess pathology.

Bioactive D. immitis ESM were fractionated using preparatory HPLC and assayed for bioactivity. Active fractions were analysed using MS/MS and fragmentation patterns and molecular weights were obtained. The active fractions are currently being studied by NMR to deduce a structure of an active metabolite.

Results

BMDM treated with crude ESM decreased TNFα secretion and increased IL-10. BMDM precursors which were treated with A. suum ESM throughout differentiation had reduced proliferation in a dose dependent manner. These BMDM showed remodeling of BMDM metabolic pathways. Intracellular ROS production was inversely proportional to Alamar blue oxidation.

We found that ESM from A. suum improved DSS-colitis. Specifically, mice with DSS-induced colitis given IP ESM had longer colons, lower histolopathology score, and lower TNFα mRNA expression in gut tissue.

HPLC-fractionated D. immitis ESM used to treat BMDM yielded varying suppression of TNFα with LPS stimulation. MS/MS of TNFα suppressive fractions contained masses with fragmentation patterns which were detected in fractions of several of the above-mentioned parasite species. Preliminary NMR studies will determine if this represents a conserved structure.

Conclusions

Helminth-derived components can immunologically polarize a response in vitro, as well as favour recovery in DSS colitis. Through multiple purification steps, a nearly pure fraction is found to have bioactivity, suggesting a single, bioactive molecule that is conserved across several parasitic helminths. These data are important in understanding the host-parasite interaction modulated by ESM, as well as provide therapeutic potential in IBD.

Funding Agencies

NSERC, FRQNT

Young age, female sex, and presence of systemic adverse reactions are associated with high post-vaccination antibody titer after two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: An observational study of 646 Japanese healthcare workers and university staff

BACKGROUND

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has started worldwide, including Japan. Although high rates of vaccine response and adverse reactions of BNT162b2 vaccine have been reported, knowledge about the relationship between sex differences and antibody response is limited. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether adverse reactions are associated with the vaccine response.

METHODS

This prospective observational study included 673 Japanese participants working in a medical school and its affiliated hospital in Tokyo, Japan (UMIN000043340). Serum samples were collected before the first dose and three weeks after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine, and antibody titers against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were measured. Answers to questionnaires about background characteristics and adverse reactions were obtained at the time of sample collection, and the relationship between antibody titers was analyzed.

RESULTS

After excluding participants who did not complete receiving two doses of vaccination or two series of serum sample collection, 646 participants were analyzed. Although all participants became sero-positive after vaccination, antibody titers were highly variable among individuals (260.9-57,399.7A U/mL), with a median titer of 13478.0AU/mL. Mean titer was higher in females than in males and higher in young (≤45 years old) participants than in aged (>45 years old) participants. Participants who experienced adverse reactions demonstrated a higher antibody titer after vaccination than those without adverse reactions. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that young age, female sex, and adverse reactions after the second dose were independently related to higher antibody titers after the second dose.

DISCUSSION

A favorable antibody response was observed after two doses of BNT162b2 vaccination among mostly healthy Japanese participants, especially among female and young participants. Although further investigation is essential, our results imply that the systemic adverse reactions (i.e., fever and general fatigue) are associated with a higher antibody response that indicates the acquisition of humoral immunity.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in hepatocarcinoma: new insights about its prognostic role in patients treated with lenvatinib

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment remains a big challenge in the field of oncology. The liver disease (viral or not viral) underlying HCC turned out to be crucial in determining the biologic behavior of the tumor, including its response to treatment. The aim of this analysis was to investigate the role of the etiology of the underlying liver disease in survival outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a multicenter retrospective study on a large cohort of patients treated with lenvatinib as first-line therapy for advanced HCC from both Eastern and Western institutions. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Among the 1232 lenvatinib-treated HCC patients, 453 (36.8%) were hepatitis C virus positive, 268 hepatitis B virus positive (21.8%), 236 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) correlate (19.2%) and 275 had other etiologies (22.3%). The median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 6.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.9-6.7 months] and the median overall survival (mOS) was 15.8 months (95% CI 14.9-17.2 months). In the univariate analysis for OS NASH-HCC was associated with longer mOS [22.2 versus 15.1 months; hazard ratio (HR) 0.69; 95% CI 0.56-0.85; P = 0.0006]. In the univariate analysis for PFS NASH-HCC was associated with longer mPFS (7.5 versus 6.5 months; HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71-0.99; P = 0.0436). The multivariate analysis confirmed NASH-HCC (HR 0.64; 95% CI 0.48-0.86; P = 0.0028) as an independent prognostic factor for OS, along with albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade, extrahepatic spread, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, portal vein thrombosis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status and alpha-fetoprotein. An interaction test was performed between sorafenib and lenvatinib cohorts and the results highlighted the positive predictive role of NASH in favor of the lenvatinib arm (P = 0.0047).

CONCLUSION

NASH has been identified as an independent prognostic factor in a large cohort of patients with advanced HCC treated with lenvatinib, thereby suggesting the role of the etiology in the selection of patients for tyrosine kinase treatment. If validated, this result could provide new insights useful to improve the management of these patients.

Contributions of small dense LDL and oxidized LDL on the formation of neoatherosclerosis in patients under statin treatment

Aim

In-stent neoatherosclerosis (NA) has emerged as an important contributing factor to late stent failure and cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to investigate whether lipid markers are associated with NA using optical coherence tomography (OCT) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with coronary artery disease under well-controlled low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) on statin treatment.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive 115 patients under statin treatment who underwent PCI with current-generation drug-eluting stent for acute and chronic coronary syndrome. OCT image and various lipid markers were obtained at 1-year for scheduled research assessment. NA was defined as a lipid laden neointima or calcified neointima. Both small dense LDL-c (sd-LDL-c) and remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RL-c) were measured using direct homogenous assay.

Results

During an average follow-up of 13 months, NA was observed in 14 (13.6%) patients. Not LDL-c but sd-LDL-c, Malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL) as oxidized LDL and (RL-c) were significantly higher in patients with NA. The optimal threshold values of sd-LDL-c, MDA-LDL and RL-c for predicting NA according to receiver operating characteristics analysis were 32.3 mg/dl, 91.0 U/L, and 3.3 mg/dL, respectively. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, sd-LDL-c (≥32.3 mg/dL) and MDA (≥91.0 U/L) were significantly associated with NA (odds ratio [OR]:13.62, p=0.016, OR: 12.68, p=0.01, respectively).

Conclusions

In statin-treated patients, sd-LDL-c and MDA-LDL but not LDL-c might be useful biomarkers to identify the formation of NA at 1 years after PCI. Aggressive reduction of these atherogenic LDL may have a potential to prevent the formation of NA.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Higher plasma level of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients with plaque rupture

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sd-LDL-c) and various lipid markers between patients exhibiting plaque rupture (PR) in the culprit lesions evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and those without PR in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.

Methods

We studied consecutive 60 de novo culprit lesions in 60 patients with STEMI who underwent pre-intervention OCT. PR was defined as a plaque containing a cavity that had overlying residual fibrous caps. Plasma sd-LDL-c was measured directly by homogeneous assay at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Results

The patients were classified into PR (n=40, 66.7%) or non-PR (n=20, 33.3%). There were no significant differences in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) and pre-admission statin therapy between two groups (135.1±38.0 mg/dL vs 129.2±43.8 mg/dL; p=0.35, 157.1±37.4 mg/dL vs 143.0±37.7 mg/dL; p=0.24, 15.0% vs 20.0%; p=0.93). However, sd-LDL-c level was significantly higher in patients with PR than those with non-PR (44.0±18.1 mg/dL vs 28.0±9.3 mg/dL; p=0.0005). On multiple logistic regression analysis, sd-LDL-c was an independent predictor of PR (odds ratio, 1.14 per 1 mg/dL; p=0.0063).

Conclusion

Sd-LDL-c was significantly associated with PR of the culprit lesion in patients with STEMI.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Alinity hq platelet results are equivalent with the international reference method in thrombocytopenic samples

INTRODUCTION

Accurate and precise platelet (PLT) count is critical for the appropriate management of patients with thrombocytopenia. This study evaluated the performance of PLT counting with the Abbott Alinity hq hematology analyzer, which utilizes multi-dimensional optical technology.

METHODS

Imprecision, linearity, and accuracy were assessed per CLSI guidelines. Alinity hq PLT results were compared to the international flow cytometry reference method (IRM) in the concentration range of 6.3 to 103.0 × 10⁹ /L. Additional comparisons were made with Sysmex XN-3000 PLT counts: impedance (PLT-I), optical (PLT-O), and optical fluorescent (PLT-F) methods.

RESULTS

The average within-run %CV was 4.7% on patient samples with PLT concentrations ranging from 13.1 to 41.7 × 10⁹ /L, and the within-laboratory %CV was 3.6% at the level of 68.2 × 10⁹ /L. Linearity evaluation indicated a maximum deviation of 3.1% from the linear fit in the range of 0.1 to 316.8 × 10⁹ /L. Comparison between Alinity hq and the IRM PLT counts yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and predicted bias of 0.0 and -0.5 × 10⁹ /L at 10.0 and 20.0 × 10⁹ /L transfusion thresholds, respectively. Alinity hq PLT counts also correlated well with Sysmex PLT counts, with strongest correlation obtained with PLT-F and PLT-O (r = .99) methods.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated excellent analytical performance of Alinity hq PLT counting in thrombocytopenic samples, equivalency with the IRM and strong agreement with Sysmex PLT-F and PLT-O methods. The Alinity hq multi-dimensional optical PLT count is available with every CBC without additional reagents and may help promote efficiency in clinical laboratories.

A52 ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EXCRETED/SECRETED PRODUCTS OF PARASITIC HELMINTHS AS IMMUNOMODULATORS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)

Background

Parasitic helminths Trichuris suis and Ascaris suum are known to modulate host immune responses. This is thought to be mediated by the secretome, or excreted factors released by these parasites. We are interested in the excretory/secretory products (ESP, TsESP and AsESP) and mechanisms responsible for modulating immune disfunciton in autoinflammatory diseases.

Aims

This research studies the mechanisms of immune modulation by parasitic helminths in the context of IBD. We aim to describe the cellular response in vitro, as well as the systemic response in vivo, to better characterize the scope of immune modulation in ESP treatment.

Methods

ESPs were collected from T. suis or A. suum-conditioned media and proteins and metabolites were isolated.

Bone marrow (BM) derived macrophages (BMDM) from C57BL6 mice, were treated with ESP fractions, stimulated with LPS, and secreted cytokines levels measured. Alternatively, undifferentiated BM was incubated with or without metabolites throughout the process of differentiation.

Using a DSS-colitis model, mice were given 3% DSS or water, then treated with ESP or PBS once daily by IP injection. Colon lengths and TNFα mRNA levels were measured and histological preparations were scored to assess pathology.

ESP with bioactivity were selected for further HPLC analysis. Fractions were collected and assayed for bioactivity.

Results

BMDM treated with T. suis or A. suum crude ESP decreased secretion of TNFα and increased IL-10. BMDM precursors incubated with A. suum metabolites during differentiation had fewer BMDM-like cells. Cytokine analysis showed decreased TNFα secretion. Experiments with Alamar suggested that metabolites remmodelled the BMDM metabolic pathways. These effects are being explored further.

We found that metabolites released by A. suum improved DSS-colitis. Specifically, mice with DSS-induced colitis given IP metabolites had reduced colon shortening compared to PBS controls, a lower histologic damage score, as well as lower levels TNFα mRNA expression in gut epithelial cells.

HPLC showed multiple peaks from crudes analyzed at 210 nm and 280 nm. HPLC fractions used to treat BMDM yielded varying secretion of TNFα. Bioactive fractions from HPLC coincide with the UV/Vis peaks, further suggesting they could be isolated and studied for immunomodulation.

Conclusions

These data suggested that ESP contains immunomodulators that may provide lead therapeutic compounds for patients with IBD. Helminth-derived components can immunologically polarize a response in vitro, as well as alter disease recovery in DSS colitis. HPLC fractionation and biological testing suggest that a bioactive molecule can be obtained. Further analysis must be done to determine structure using mass spectrometry and NMR analysis.

Funding Agencies

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Fonds de recherche nature et technologies Québec (FRQNT)

Citrullinated inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 in arthritic joints and its potential effect in the neutrophil migration

The citrullinated inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (cit-ITIH4) was identified as its blood level was associated with the arthritis score in peptide glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase-induced arthritis (pGIA) mice and the disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to clarify its citrullination pathway and function as related to neutrophils. In pGIA-afflicted joints, ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 levels were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoprecipitation (IP) and Western blotting (WB), while peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) expression was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), IHC and immunofluorescent methods. The pGIA mice received anti-lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D (Ly6G) antibodies to deplete neutrophils and the expression of cit-ITIH4 was investigated by WB. The amounts of ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 in synovial fluid (SF) from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients were examined by I.P. and W.B. Recombinant ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 were incubated with sera from healthy volunteers before its chemotactic ability and C5a level were evaluated using Boyden's chamber assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). During peak arthritic phase, ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 were increased in joints while PAD4 was over-expressed, especially in the infiltrating neutrophils of pGIA mice. Levels of cit-ITIH4 in plasma and joints significantly decreased upon neutrophil depletion. ITIH4 was specifically citrullinated in SF from RA patients compared with OA patients. Native ITIH4 inhibited neutrophilic migration and decreased C5a levels, while cit-ITIH4 increased its migration and C5a levels significantly. Cit-ITIH4 is generated mainly in inflamed joints by neutrophils via PAD4. Citrullination of ITIH4 may change its function to up-regulate neutrophilic migration by activating the complement cascade, exacerbating arthritis.

Early vascular healing following bioresorbable-polymer sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in comparison with durable-polymer everolimus-eluting stent: sequential optical coherence tomography study

Background

Orsiro ultrathin-strut bioresorbable-polymer sirolimus-eluting stent (BP-SES) might facilitate early vascular healing responses that seems to be associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes. We compared the early vascular healing responses to BP-SES and Xience durable-polymer everolimus-eluting stent (DP-EES) in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) using optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods

A total of 40 patients with CCS receiving OCT-guided PCI were included. 20 patients were assigned to BP-SES, and 20 to DP-EES. OCT was performed immediately after stent placement (post-procedure) and at 1 month follow-up. Struts were recorded as uncovered if any part was visibly exposed in the lumen or covered if a layer of tissue covered all reflecting surfaces. The incidence of intrastent thrombus (IS-Th) and irregular protrusion (IRP) were also assessed.

Results

At 1 month, the percentage of uncovered struts was significantly lower in the BP-SES compared with the DP-EES (2.8±1.6% vs. 5.8±1.8%, respectively; p<0.001), and that of malapposed struts was similar between both groups (2.5±3.1% vs. 2.4±2.2%; p=0.76). There were no differences in the incidence of IS-Th (65.0% vs. 55.0% at post-procedure; p=0.54, 30.0% vs. 35.0% at 1 month; p=0.75) and IRP (30.0% vs. 25.0% at post-procedure; p=0.74). IRP had completely resolved at 1 month in both groups.

Conclusion

Early vascular healing response to Orsiro BP-SES implantation was revealed in CCS patients at 1 month compared with Xience DP-EES. Orsiro BP-SES may have a potential to shorten the dual antiplatelet therapy duration.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Detection of residual disease in chronic myeloid leukemia utilizing genomic next generation sequencing reveals persistence of differentiated Ph+ B cells but not bone marrow stem/progenitors

Persistence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) results in the recurrence of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after the administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Thus, the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) with LSC potential can improve prognosis. Here, we analyzed 115 CML patients and found that CD25 was preferentially expressed on the phenotypic stem and progenitor cells (SPCs), and TKI therapy decreased the number of CD25-positive cells in the SPC fraction. To detect MRD harboring BCR-ABL1 fusion DNA, we developed a highly-sensitive method using patient-specific primers and next-generation sequencing. By using this method, we identified that in patients who achieved molecular remission, almost all residual CD25-positive SPCs were BCR-ABL1-negative. Moreover, in some patients BCR-ABL1 was detectable in peripheral B cells but not in SPCs. We conclude that CD25 marks LSCs at diagnosis but does not mark MRD following TKI treatment and that analysis of peripheral B cells can allow sensitive detection of MRD.

A204 ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EXCRETED AND SECRETED PRODUCTS OF PARASITIC HELMINTHS AS IMMUNOMODULATORS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Background

Parasitic helminths are known for their exceptional ability to modulate the host immune response in order to favour their survival. The excretory/secretory products (ESP), from Trichuris and Ascaris species are of keen interest for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients have benefitted from the administration of ova of T. suis in clinical trials, whereby symptoms were remediated through the ingestion of parasite ova, which subsequently hatch in the intestine. Our previous work has demonstrated the ability of T. suis ESP to downregulate secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12) and increase the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages.

Aims

This research aims to unveil the mechanisms of immune modulation by parasitic helminths in the context of IBD. We aim to characterize the cellular response in vitro, as well as the systemic response in vivo, in order to better characterize the scope of immune modulation that occurs with treatment.

Methods

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) monocytes were purified and treated with helminth-derived products. The products were removed, and fresh media was added containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate cells. Supernatants were collected for cytokine analysis and cells were lysed and frozen.

Mice were given 3% DSS or regular water for five days, and subsequently administered treatment with helminth-derived products, or a PBS control, once daily by intraperitoneal injection for 3–4 days. Weights were measured daily. On day 9 mice were sacrificed, colons lengths were measured, and spleens were collected for further analysis.

Results

We found that human PBMC monocytes treated with the ESP from T. suis and A. suum had decreased secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα) and increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10).

Additionally, we found that heminth products from A. suum had the ability to reverse the symptoms of weight loss and colon shrinking in DSS-mice compared to the control. Specifically, mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with metabolites increased their weight more than the PBS control (P < 0.0001) and had a longer colon compared to the PBS control (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Taken together, these data generate an interest for intestinal helminth products as immunomodulators regarding treatment for patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Funding Agencies

NSERC and FRQNT

A205 NON-POLAR HELMINTH-DERIVED METABOLITES MODULATES INNATE IMMUNE CELL RESPONSE AND PROTECTS MICE FROM EXPERIMENTAL COLITIS

Background

The hygiene hypothesis postulates that the lack of exposure to helminth parasites would contribute to the development of the auto-inflammatory disease. There has been a significant increase in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in North America. The previous study showed that infection with gastrointestinal helminth parasitedownregulated inflammatory pathways in several gut inflammation models. Given the known risks of live helminth infection, the therapy should direct towards helminth-derived properties.

Aims

To determine if helminth-derived metabolites treated mice are protected from DSS-induced colitis.

Methods

Preliminary, our screening reveled that non-polar fractions of 4 distinct helminth modulate LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines in vitro. 3% DSS or water was given to C57BL/6 mice for 5 days, followed by 4 days of a recovery period. The mice were treated intraperitoneal injection with non-polar helminth-derived metabolites (NPHM) on days 5, 6, and 7. Inflammation was assessed by disease activity,histopathology and cytokine mRNA expression in colons. The effect of NPHM on neutrophil chemotaxis was assess inin vitroand in vivo.

Results

The disease activity and histopathology score were significantly lower in DSS treated mice received NPHM. Also, NPHM treatment resulted in a decrease of an inflammatory cytokine such as TNF-α mRNA expression in the colon of mice with DSS-induced colitis. Mechanistically, NPHM reduced neutrophil chemotaxis.

Conclusions

NPHM treatment protects against DSS-induced colitis and modulate neutrophil response, which supports helminth therapy for IBD.

Funding Agencies

Supported by Hashimoto Municipal Hospital scholarship to TA and an NSERC Discovery grant to Fernando Lopes.

Mucin expression in gastric- and gastro-oesophageal signet-ring cell cancer: results from a comprehensive literature review and a large cohort study of Caucasian and Asian gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

The literature on the prognostic relevance of signet-ring cell (SRC) histology in gastric cancer (GC) is controversial which is most likely related to inconsistent SRC classification based on haematoxylin-eosin staining. We hypothesised that mucin stains can consistently identify SRC-GC and predict GC patient outcome.

METHODS

We performed a comprehensive literature review on mucin stains in SRC-GC and characterised the mucin expression in 851 Caucasian GC and 410 Asian GC using Alcian Blue (AB)-Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), MUC2 (intestinal-type mucin), and MUC5AC (gastric-type mucin). The relationship between mucin expression and histological phenotype [poorly cohesive (PC) including proportion of SRCs, non-poorly cohesive (non-PC), or mucinous (MC)], clinicopathological variables, and patient outcome was analysed.

RESULTS

Depending on mucin expression and cut-offs, the positivity rates of SRC-GC reported in the literature varied from 6 to 100%. Patients with MUC2 positive SRC-GC or SRC-GC with (gastro)intestinal phenotype had poorest outcome. In our cohort study, PC with ≥ 10% SRCs expressed more frequently MUC2, MUC5AC, and ABPAS (p < 0.001, p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively). Caucasians with AB positive GC or combined ABPAS-MUC2 positive and MUC5AC negative had poorest outcome (all p = 0.002). This association was not seen in Asian patients.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to suggest that mucin stains do not help to differentiate between SRC-GC and non-SRC-GC. However, mucin stains appear to be able to identify GC patients with different outcome. To our surprise, the relationship between outcome and mucin expression seems to differ between Caucasian and Asian GC patients which warrants further investigations.

The surface composition of asteroid 162173 Ryugu from Hayabusa2 near-infrared spectroscopy

The near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu, the target of the Hayabusa2 sample-return mission, is thought to be a primitive carbonaceous object. We report reflectance spectra of Ryugu's surface acquired with the Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) on Hayabusa2, to provide direct measurements of the surface composition and geological context for the returned samples. A weak, narrow absorption feature centered at 2.72 micrometers was detected across the entire observed surface, indicating that hydroxyl (OH)-bearing minerals are ubiquitous there. The intensity of the OH feature and low albedo are similar to thermally and/or shock-metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. There are few variations in the OH-band position, which is consistent with Ryugu being a compositionally homogeneous rubble-pile object generated from impact fragments of an undifferentiated aqueously altered parent body.

The geomorphology, color, and thermal properties of Ryugu: Implications for parent-body processes

The near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu is thought to have been produced from a parent body that contained water ice and organic molecules. The Hayabusa2 spacecraft has obtained global multicolor images of Ryugu. Geomorphological features present include a circum-equatorial ridge, east-west dichotomy, high boulder abundances across the entire surface, and impact craters. Age estimates from the craters indicate a resurfacing age of [Formula: see text] years for the top 1-meter layer. Ryugu is among the darkest known bodies in the Solar System. The high abundance and spectral properties of boulders are consistent with moderately dehydrated materials, analogous to thermally metamorphosed meteorites found on Earth. The general uniformity in color across Ryugu's surface supports partial dehydration due to internal heating of the asteroid's parent body.

Identification of specifically reduced Th2 cell subsets in allergic rhinitis patients after sublingual immunotherapy

BACKGROUND

Although Th2 cells are well known to play important roles in allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis (AR), the factors that induce and sustain the pathogenesis of AR remain unclear. The recent development of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is expected to allow changes to the underlying pathogenesis of AR. However, which Th2 cell subsets are important in house dust mite-induced AR (HDM-AR), the influence of SLIT on the pathogenic Th2 cells, and the association of Th2 cell subsets with SLIT efficacy have not been clarified.

METHODS

The cytokine production and frequency of HDM-reactive T-cell subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated using flow cytometry in 89 HDM-AR patients (placebo [n = 43] and HDM 300 IR [n = 46]) who participated in a placebo-controlled study of SLIT with HDM tablets. All patients provided samples both before treatment as a baseline and at the end of the 52-week study. The PBMCs were stained with CellTrace™ Violet (CTV) before culture with HDM extract, and HDM-reactive T cells were detected as the proliferated cells with diminished CTV.

RESULTS

HDM-reactive IL-5⁺ IL-13⁺ CD27^- CD161⁺ CD4⁺ cells and ST2⁺ CD45RO⁺ CD4⁺ cells were observed in the peripheral blood from each patient with HDM-AR; these cells significantly decreased after SLIT in the group treated with active tablets. HDM-reactive ST2⁺ CD45RO⁺ CD4⁺ cells were significantly lower in active-responders.

CONCLUSION

Allergen-reactive ST2⁺ CD45RO⁺ CD4⁺ cells or those combined with IL-5⁺ IL-13⁺ CD27^- CD161⁺ CD4⁺ cells may be useful as markers indicating the successful treatment of SLIT. These cells may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AR as pathogenic memory Th2 cells.

Reappraisal of classification of distal cholangiocarcinoma based on tumour depth

Background

In the eighth edition of the AJCC cancer staging classification, the T system for distal cholangiocarcinoma (DCC) has been revised from a layer-based to a depth-based approach. The aim of this study was to propose an optimal T classification using a measured depth in resectable DCC.

Methods

Patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for DCC at 32 hospitals between 2001 and 2010 were included. The distance between the level of the naive bile duct and the deepest cancer cells was measured as depth of invasion (DOI). Invasive cancer foci were measured as invasive tumour thickness (ITT). Log rank χ2 scores were used to determine the cut-off points, and concordance index (C-index) to assess the survival discrimination of each T system.

Results

Among 404 patients, DOI was measurable in 182 (45·0 per cent) and ITT was measurable in all patients, with median values of 2·3 and 5·6 mm respectively. ITT showed a positive correlation with DOI (rs = 0·854, P &lt; 0·001), and the cut-off points for prognosis were 1, 5 and 10 mm. Median survival time was shorter with increased ITT: 12·4 years for ITT below 1 mm, 5·2 years for ITT at least 1 mm but less than 5 mm, 3·0 years for ITT at least 5 mm but less than 10 mm, and 1·5 years for ITT 10 mm or more (P &lt; 0·001). This classification exhibited more favourable prognostic discrimination than the T systems of the seventh and eighth editions of the AJCC (C-index 0·646, 0·622 and 0·624 respectively).

Conclusion

ITT is an accurate approach for depth assessment in DCC. The four-tier ITT classification with cut-off points of 1, 5 and 10 mm seems to be a better T system than those in the seventh and eighth editions of the AJCC classification.

Telomere length determined by the fluorescence in situ hybridisation distinguishes malignant and benign cells in cytological specimens

BACKGROUND

Telomeres are tandem repeats of TTAGGG at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes that play a key role in preventing chromosomal instability. The aim of the present study is to determine telomere length using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on cytological specimens.

METHODS

Aspiration samples (n = 41) were smeared on glass slides and used for FISH.

RESULTS

Telomere signal intensity was significantly lower in positive cases (cases with malignancy, n = 25) as compared to negative cases (cases without malignancy, n = 16), and the same was observed for centromere intensity. The difference in DAPI intensity was not statistically significant. The ratio of telomere to centromere intensity did not show a significant difference between positive and negative cases. There was no statistical difference in the signal intensities of aspiration samples from ascites or pleural effusion (n = 23) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNA samples from the pancreas (n = 18).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study revealed that telomere length can be used as an indicator to distinguish malignant and benign cells in cytological specimens. This novel approach may help improve diagnosis for cancer patients.

Pathogenicity of memory Th2 cells is linked to stage of allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND

Allergic rhinitis (AR) consists of three developmental stages that are based on the presence/absence of antigen-specific IgE and symptoms. The pathogenic Th2 (Tpath2) cells constitute a population of Th2 cells with additional potentially pathogenic characteristics. We examined the relationship between Tpath2 cells and the stages of allergic rhinitis by focusing on ST2, which is an IL-33 receptor.

METHODS

Patients with Japanese cedar pollen-induced AR (JCP-AR) and healthy volunteers were divided into "nonsensitized," "asymptomatic sensitized (AS)," and "JCP-AR" groups. We analyzed the ST2 expression and the Th2 function of cultured CD4⁺ T cells. Next, we observed the progress of patients in the AS stage around the time of seasonal pollen dispersal, with the characteristics of Th2 cells.

RESULTS

The ST2 expression of T cells was only upregulated in the AR group. The production of IL-4 and IL-13 was found in CD4⁺ T cells obtained from AS by stimulation with JCP, but reactivity to IL-33 was not observed. Although IL-33 did not induce the elevation of IL-4 production in the JCP-AR group, IL-33 substantially increased the production of IL-5 and IL-13 in comparison with antigen stimulation alone. In newly afflicted patients, the increased expression of ST2 and elevated reactivity to IL-33 was observed, even before the pollen dispersal season.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated that the pathogenicity of memory Th2 cells is linked to sensitization and the stage of allergic rhinitis. Therefore, Tpath2 cells may provide useful insights into the mechanism of the onset and progression of allergic rhinitis.

Can radiological technologists serve as primary screeners of low-dose computed tomography for the diagnosis of lung cancer?

BACKGROUND

The Accreditation Council for Lung Cancer CT Screening of Japan established guidelines for the certification of Radiological Technologists in 2009.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the trends in examination pass rates of the Radiological Technologists and discuss the reasons.

METHODS

The cohort comprised 1593 Radiological Technologists (as examinees) based on 10-year of data (with a total of 17 examination runs). First, the examinees' written test results were analyzed. Second, an abnormal finding detection test was conducted using >100 client PCs connected to a dedicated server containing low-dose lung cancer CT screening images of 60 cases. The passing scores were correct answer rate >60% and sensitivity (TP) of >90%, respectively.

RESULTS

Overall, 1243 examinees passed with an overall rate of 78%. The average pass rate for the written test was 91%, whereas that for the abnormal findings detection test was 85%. There was a moderate correlation between the test pass rate and average years of clinical experience of the examinees for the abnormal findings detection test (R = 0.558), whereas no such correlation existed for the written test (R = 0.105).

CONCLUSIONS

In order for accredited Radiological Technologists to serve as primary screeners of low-dose computed tomography, it is important to revise the educational system according to current standard practices.

Charge behavior in a plasmonic photocatalyst composed of Au and TiO2

Redox reaction sites on a Au nanoparticle-deposited TiO₂ (Au/TiO₂) plasmonic photocatalyst are visualized using a chemical microanalytical technique for investigating charge behaviors in Au/TiO₂.

Triggering immunological memory against the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta to protect against colitis

Infection with parasitic helminths can ameliorate the severity of concomitant inflammatory disease. To use the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, and to extend this concept by assessing whether triggering a memory response against the worm inhibits dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in Balb/c mice. Initial studies revealed that oral infection with 1, 3 or 5 H. diminuta cysticercoids 8 days before intrarectal administration of DNBS (3 mg) resulted in less severe inflammation and that infected mice displayed an increased propensity for T helper-2 immunity. A 1 mg dose of a PBS-soluble extract of the worm (HdAg) delivered intraperitoneally concomitant with DNBS was anticolitic as determined by macroscopic and histological disease scores 72 hour post-DNBS. Mice infected 28 days previously had a memory response as determined by HdAg-evoked increases in interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 from in vitro stimulated splenocytes and serum anti-H. diminuta IgG. Moreover, mice infected with 5 H. diminuta 28 days previously were protected from DNBS-induced colitis by secondary infection or 100 μg HdAg (ip.) at the time of DNBS treatment. An additional approach to managing inflammatory disease could be infection with H. diminuta followed by eliciting antiworm recall responses.

Cytological diagnostic clues in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas of the breast: Streaming arrangement, necrotic background, nucleolar enlargement and cannibalism of cancer cells

OBJECTIVE

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare histological type of breast cancer. The cytological diagnosis of non-keratinising, poorly differentiated SCC is often difficult, and distinguishing it from invasive ductal carcinoma or apocrine carcinoma (AC) is especially challenging. We aimed to define the diagnostic cytological features of poorly differentiated SCC of the breast.

METHODS

We studied the cytological findings of poorly differentiated SCC (n=10) and compared them to those of IDC (n=15) and AC (n=14). The following six cytological features were evaluated: streaming arrangement, nucleolar enlargement, dense nuclei, cannibalism, atypical keratinocytes and necrotic background.

RESULTS

SCC exhibited significantly higher frequencies of streaming arrangement (70% vs 6.7%, P=.002), nucleolar enlargement (80% vs 27%, P=.02), and necrotic background (80% vs 36%, P=.002) than invasive ductal carcinoma. The detection of two or three of these features yielded a higher sensitivity (80%) and specificity (93%) for the diagnosis of SCC. Streaming arrangement (70% vs 0%, P<.001), cannibalism (60% vs 0%, P=.002), and a necrotic background (80% vs 36%, P=.047) were all significantly more frequent in SCC than in AC. When distinguishing SCC from AC, the presence of two or three of these features yielded a high sensitivity (80%) and specificity (100%).

CONCLUSIONS

Cytological features such as a streaming arrangement, a necrotic background, nucleolar enlargement and cannibalism are useful indicators for the diagnosis of SCC of the breast. As such, greater attention should be paid to these morphological features in daily clinical practice.

Abstract P2-01-20: The non-invasive treatment for sentinel lymph node metastasis by photodynamic therapy using a verteporfin solubilized phospholipid polymer aggregate

Introduction:

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become a standard procedure for axillary lymph node evaluation in clinically node-negative breast cancer patients. Recent trial suggested that patients with 1or 2 sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) involvement could be treated with SLNB alone.

Although SLNB is much less invasive procedure comparing with axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), it is still associated with complications such as lymph edema, numbness and pain.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cancer is a non-invasive optical therapeutic method in which the topical or systemic delivery of photosensitizing drugs is followed by its subsequent activation with broadband red light.

In this study, the usefulness of PDT for treating SLN metastasis was evaluated in murine model.

Materials and Methods:

Verteporfin, a hydrophobic photosensitizer (PS) forms a soluble conjugate in aqueous medium with a water-soluble and amphiphilic PMB polymer as a solubilizer. The PMB forms stable and well-dispersed molecular aggregate when its concentration is over 1.0 mg/mL based on the hydrophobic interactions among polymer chains. The verteporfin can form conjugate (PMB-vertepoffin) with hydrophobic domain in the PMB aggregate. The PMB-verteporfin was injected at dorsum manus of BALB/c nude mice. The concentrations of verteporfin in tissues were determined by measuring the fluorescence emitted at 700 nm (with excitation at 430 nm). To develop a murine SLN metastasis model, 5 x 105 human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells with stable expression of GFP were injected to the forearm of BALB/c nude mice. Seven days after inoculation of cancer cells, 20 μL of PMB-verteporfin was injected at dorsum manus of BALB/c nude mice and 75 J of light energy was delivered using a 640 nm diode laser for a total treatment time of 1 min. Fifty-three mice were randomly assigned to the combination of PMB-verteporfin injection and light exposure (A), light exposure alone (B), PMB-verteporfin injection alone (C), and no treatment (D) groups. Ten days after PDT, brachial lymph nodes, which were considered as SLNs were harvested and evaluated by stereoscopic fluorescence microscope. And, DNA was extracted from harvested lymph node. Human Alu family sequence was detected by 7300 Real Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad CA USA) to estimate metastatic volume.

Results:

The concentration of verteporfin in SLN was siginificantly higher than other organs including lung, liver, kidney and brachial skin.

The group A significantly reduced the SLN metastasis (13%) comparing with , group B (57%), group C (46%) and group D (52%).

The Ct value in a PCR of the combination of group A (Ct=29.17) significantly reduced the SLN metastasis comparing with group B (Ct=22.45, p=0.018), group C (Ct=25.58, p=0.018) and group D (Ct=25.54, p=0.005).

Conclusions:

These data suggested that PDT using PMB as a nanotransporter of verteporfin could be a minimally invasive treatment of SLN metastasis in breast cancer, and represent a potential alternative procedure to SLNB.

Citation Format: Shimada K, Matsuda S, Jinno H, Konno T, Ito A, Arai T, Ishihara K, Kitagawa Y. The non-invasive treatment for sentinel lymph node metastasis by photodynamic therapy using a verteporfin solubilized phospholipid polymer aggregate [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-20.