NT-3 evokes an LTP-like facilitation of AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the neonatal rat spinal cord

Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a neurotrophic factor required for survival of muscle spindle afferents during prenatal development. It also acts postsynaptically to enhance the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) produced by these fibers in motoneurons when applied over a period of weeks to the axotomized muscle nerve in adult cats. Similar increases in the amplitude of the monosynaptic EPSP in motoneurons are observed after periodic systemic treatment of neonatal rats with NT-3. Here we show an acute action of NT-3 in enhancing the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA/kainate) receptor-mediated fast monosynaptic EPSP elicited in motoneurons by dorsal root (DR) stimulation in the in vitro hemisected neonatal rat spinal cord. The receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a blocks this action of NT-3 as does the calcium chelator bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) injected into the motoneuron. The effect of NT-3 resembles long-term potentiation (LTP) in that transient bath application of NT-3 to the isolated spinal cord produces a long-lasting increase in the amplitude of the monosynaptic EPSP. An additional similarity is that activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is required to initiate this increase but not to maintain it. The NMDA receptor blocker MK-801, introduced into the motoneuron through the recording microelectrode, blocks the effect of NT-3, indicating that NMDA receptors in the motoneuron membrane are crucial. The effect of NT-3 on motoneuron NMDA receptors is demonstrated by its enhancement of the depolarizing response of the motoneuron to bath-applied NMDA in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX). The potentiating effects of NT-3 do not persist beyond the first postnatal week. In addition, EPSPs with similar properties evoked in the same motoneurons by stimulation of descending fibers in the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) are not modifiable by NT-3 even in the initial postnatal week. Thus, NT-3 produces synapse-specific and age-dependent LTP-like enhancement of AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the spinal cord, and this action requires the availability of functional NMDA receptors in the motoneuron.

LSD and DOB: interaction with 5-HT2A receptors to inhibit NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in the rat prefrontal cortex

Both the phenethylamine hallucinogen (-)-1-2, 5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOB), a selective serotonin 5-HT2A,2C receptor agonist, and the indoleamine hallucinogen D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, which binds to 5-HT1A, 1B, 1D, 1E, 1F, 2A, 2C, 5, 6, 7, dopamine D1 and D2, and alpha1 and alpha2 adrenergic receptors), but not their non-hallucinogenic congeners, inhibited N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced inward current and NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor in pyramidal cells of the prefrontal cortical slices. The inhibitory effect of hallucinogens was mimicked by 5-HT in the presence of selective 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. The inhibitory action of DOB, LSD and 5-HT on the NMDA transmission was blocked by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonists R-(+)-alpha-(2, 3-dimethoxyphenil)-1-[4-fluorophenylethyl]-4-piperidineme thanol (M100907) and ketanserin. However, at low concentrations, when both LSD and DOB by themselves only partially depressed the NMDA response, they blocked the inhibitory effect of 5-HT, suggesting a partial agonist action. Whereas N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulphonamide (W-7, a calmodulin antagonist) and N-[2-[[[3-(4'-chlorophenyl)- 2-propenyl]methylamino]methyl]phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4'-methoxy-b enzenesulphonamide phosphate (KN-93, a Ca2+/CaM-KII inhibitor), but not the negative control 2-[N-4'methoxybenzenesulphonyl]amino-N-(4'-chlorophenyl)-2-propeny l-N -methylbenzylamine phosphate (KN-92), blocked the inhibitory action of LSD and DOB, the selective protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine was without any effect. We conclude that phenethylamine and indoleamine hallucinogens may exert their hallucinogenic effect by interacting with 5-HT2A receptors via a Ca2+/CaM-KII-dependent signal transduction pathway as partial agonists and modulating the NMDA receptors-mediated sensory, perceptual, affective and cognitive processes.

A pre- and postsynaptic modulatory action of 5-HT and the 5-HT2A, 2C receptor agonist DOB on NMDA-evoked responses in the rat medial prefrontal cortex

Intracellular recordings were made from pyramidal neurons in layers V and VI of the rat medial prefrontal cortex in slice preparations to investigate the effect of the serotonin 5-HT2A,2C receptor agonist (-)-1-2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenol-2-aminopropane (DOB) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced responses. Bath application of either DOB or 5-HT [in the presence of antagonists to 5-HT1A, 5-HT3 and gamma-aminobutytric acid (GABA) receptors] produced a concentration-dependent biphasic modulation of the NMDA responses. They facilitated and inhibited NMDA responses at low (</= 1 microM DOB and </= 50 microM 5-HT) and higher concentrations, respectively. Both the facilitating and inhibitory action were blocked by the highly selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist R-(+)-alpha-(2, 3-dimethoxyphenil)-1-[4-fluorophenylethyl]-4-piperidineme thanol (M100907) and the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin, thus indicating that both facilitation and inhibition were mediated by the activation of the 5-HT2A receptor subtype. However, the facilitating, but not inhibitory, action of DOB showed a marked desensitization, suggesting that the facilitation and inhibition of NMDA responses resulted from activation of different 5-HT2A receptor subtypes and/or signal-transduction pathways. Indeed, the selective PKC inhibitor chelerythrine and the Ca2+/CaM-KII inhibitor KN-93 prevented the facilitating and inhibitory action of DOB, respectively. We have generated several lines of evidence to indicate the following scenario. Low concentrations of DOB, at presynaptic nerve terminals, markedly enhance NMDA-induced release of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), which then act upon both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors to elicit inward current. The massive inward current masks the postsynaptic inhibitory action of DOB. At higher concentrations, DOB inhibits the release of EAAs and discloses the postsynaptic inhibitory action.

Clozapine, but not haloperidol, prevents the functional hyperactivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat cortical neurons induced by subchronic administration of phencyclidine

Repeated exposure of rats to the psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine (PCP) markedly increased the response of prefrontal cortical neurons to the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) relative to agonist alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid. Moreover, acute challenge by PCP produced a significantly reduced block of NMDA-induced current. In addition, the subchronic administration of PCP reduced significantly the paired-pulse facilitation, accompanied by a significant increase of excitatory postsynaptic current variance. These results suggest that repeated exposure to PCP increased evoked release of excitatory amino acids. The enhanced release of excitatory amino acids evoked by NMDA could explain, at least partly, a hypersensitive response to NMDA and a reduced blockade of the NMDA responses by a PCP challenge in rats exposed repeatedly to PCP. Pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, but not the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol, attenuates the repeated PCP-induced effect. Our results support the hypothesis that clozapine may facilitate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission to improve schizophrenic-negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. This novel approach is useful for evaluating the cellular mechanisms of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs.

Inhibition of NMDA-receptor mediated response in the rat medial prefrontal cortical pyramidal cells by the 5-HT3 receptor agonist SR 57227A and 5-HT: intracellular studies

The techniques of intracellular recording and single-electrode voltage-clamp were used to study the effect of serotonin (5-HT) and the selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist SR 57227A on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-evoked responses in pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in in vitro brain slice preparations. Bath application of 5-HT or SR 57227A produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of NMDA-induced membrane depolarization, action potentials, and inward current. The depressant action of 5-HT and SR 57227A had a slow onset and showed no signs of receptor desensitization. This action was markedly attenuated or completely blocked by the selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists granisetron and BRL 46470A, but not other receptor antagonists. In addition to inhibiting NMDA-evoked responses, SR 57227A also depressed significantly pharmacologically isolated, NMDA receptor-mediated, monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) elicited by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor; this inhibitory action was blocked by BRL 46470A but not other 5-HT receptor antagonists. Perfusion of Ca2+-free or low Ca2+ plus Cd2+ artificial cerebrospinal fluid prevented electrical stimulation-induced EPSCs, but did not affect the inhibitory action of 5-HT and SR 57227A. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that 5-HT and SR 57227A interact with 5-HT3-like receptors to produce a direct inhibitory action on NMDA receptor-mediated response in pyramidal cells of the mPFC.

M100907, a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and a potential antipsychotic drug, facilitates N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor mediated neurotransmission in the rat medial prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro

The technique of intracellular recording was used to examine the effect of M100907 (formerly MDL 100907), a highly selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and a potential antipsychotic drug (APD), on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated responses in pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex in in vitro brain slice preparations. Bath administration of M100907, but not its inactive stereoisomer M100009, produced a 350% to 550% increase of NMDA-induced responses in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 14 nmol/L, reminiscent of the action of clozapine. M100907 did not alter AMPA responses. Moreover, M100907 significantly increased the amplitude and duration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials and currents evoked by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor. We have generated several lines of evidence indicating that M100907 enhances glutamate receptor-mediated neurotransmission in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex by facilitating NMDA-induced release of excitatory amino acids. The robust potentiation of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission may explain, at least partly, the potential antipsychotic action of this compound. Furthermore, if M100907 proves to be an effective APD and if our findings can be extended to other atypical APDs, which are known to possess a relatively high affinity to 5-HT2A receptors, they may account for the purported efficacy of atypical APDs in alleviating some negative symptoms such as cognitive and executive functions.

M100907, a highly selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and a potential atypical antipsychotic drug, facilitates induction of long-term potentiation in area CA1 of the rat hippocampal slice

In the present study, we have shown that M100907, a highly selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and a putative atypical antipsychotic drug (APD), markedly potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responses and excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. Furthermore, it enhances the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) of CA1 synapses. If our findings can be extended to other atypical APDs, which are known to possess a relatively high affinity to 5-HT2A receptors, they may account for the purported efficacy of atypical APDs in alleviating some negative symptoms and improving cognitive and executive functions. In addition, the possibility of using M100907 as a nootropic should be further tested.

Clozapine and haloperidol modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate- and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotransmission in rat prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro

The effects of the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and clozapine on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission were examined and compared in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex in rat brain slices by using the techniques of intracellular recording and single-electrode voltage-clamp. The bath administration of either haloperidol or clozapine produced a marked facilitation (300-400%) of NMDA-evoked responses in a concentration-dependent manner. The EC50 values of haloperidol and clozapine were 38 and 14 nM, respectively. At concentrations of > or =100 nM, clozapine, but not haloperidol, produced bursts of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), which were blocked by glutamate receptor antagonists, suggesting that these EPSPs were the result of increasing release of excitatory amino acids. Haloperidol, but not clozapine, produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-induced current with an EC50 value of 37 nM. Haloperidol significantly decreased the amplitude of EPSPs evoked by the electrical stimulation of the forceps minor, whereas clozapine increased the amplitude of these EPSPs. The study of current-voltage relationship indicates that clozapine preferentially potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated transmission, whereas haloperidol depresses the non-NMDA receptor-mediated response, which probably obscures its potentiating effect on NMDA receptor-mediated EPSPs.

NMDA-induced response in pyramidal neurons of the rat medial prefrontal cortex slices consists of NMDA and non-NMDA components

Using the techniques of intracellular recording, we examined and characterized the membrane response induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and compared the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited by NMDA and by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor in presumed pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) slice preparation. Bath application of NMDA produced EPSPs, membrane depolarization, and bursts of action potentials. These effects were completely blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-phosphonopentanoic acid (d-AP5). The non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dion (CNQX) markedly decreased NMDA-induced responses and converted the I-V relationship curve of NMDA from a curvi-linear to the characteristic J-shape, thus indicating the existence of a non-NMDA component. Synaptic responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor also consisted of NMDA and non-NMDA components. Both NMDA- and electrical stimulation-elicited EPSPs were markedly reduced or completely abolished by using Ca2+-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), ACSF containing either TTX, low Ca2+ plus Cd2+, or a membrane permeable Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM (when BAPTA was loaded in the recording electrode, it was without effect). Under these conditions, NMDA-induced depolarization was significantly reduced. Taken together, these results suggest that in addition to a direct action on pyramidal neurons, NMDA causes a release of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), which in turn activate non-NMDA receptors.

Quisqualate-preferring metabotropic glutamate receptor activates Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange in rat basolateral amygdala neurones

1. Inward currents evoked by metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu) agonists quisqualate and 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) were characterized in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala. Currents were recorded with whole-cell patch electrodes in the presence of D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV, 50 microM), 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 30 microM) and tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 microM). 2. When recording with K+ electrodes, quisqualate (10-50 microM) produced an inward current which was not associated with a significant change in membrane slope conductance (Gm) and was insensitive to Ba2+ (0.2 mM) and Cs+ (2 mM). The 1S,3R-ACPD (50-200 microM)-induced inward current was associated with a decreased Gm and reversed polarity around -95 mV. However, in Ba2+ and Cs+, the 1S,3R-ACPD inward current amplitude was enhanced and was not accompanied by a change in Gm, a response similar to that evoked by quisqualate. 3. Glutamate (1 mM) and the group I mGlu specific agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG, 100 microM) also evoked currents not associated with a change in Gm. 4. When recorded with Cs+ electrodes in external Ba2+ and Cs+ solution, quisqualate activated an inward current more potently than 1S,3R-ACPD, suggesting that this current is preferentially activated by quisqualate. The mGlu agonist-induced inward current was not accompanied by a Gm change under these conditions. 5. Substitution of extracellular Na+ with Li+ (117 or 50 mM) or with 100 mM choline reduced the quisqualate- and 1S,3R-ACPD-induced inward currents, results consistent with mediation by Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange. 6. The quisqualate- and 1S,3R-ACPD-induced inward currents were reduced in Ca(2+)-free EGTA (1 mM) solution and prevented by including the Ca2+ chelating agent BAPTA (10 mM) in the recording electrode. In low-Ca2+ (100 microM)- and Cd2+ (200 microM)-containing solution to block voltage-gated Ca2+ currents, the quisqualate-induced current was not altered, but the 1S,3R-ACPD inward current was blocked. These data suggest that the quisqualate- and 1S,3R-ACPD-induced currents are mediated through a rise in intracellular Ca2+ and require extracellular Ca2+, but that the 1S,3R-ACPD current may depend on Ca2+ influx via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. 7. The quisqualate current with no Gm change was inhibited by including the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange inhibitory peptide (XIP; 10 microM) in the K+ recording electrode. XIP did not prevent the outward current evoked by baclofen (10 microM) or the 1S,3R-ACPD-induced inward current associated with decreased conductance. 8. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that quisqualate and 1S,3R-ACPD in Ba2+ and Cs+ solution activate a Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange current not associated with a conductance change. The quisqualate exchange current mediated through a group I mGlu may result from mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The 1S,3R-ACPD exchange current requires extracellular Ca2+ passing through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and may be mediated through a different receptor.

Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist-induced hyperpolarizations in rat basolateral amygdala neurons: receptor characterization and ion channels

1. Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-agonist-induced hyperpolarizations and corresponding outward currents were analyzed in basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons in rat brain slice preparations with current-clamp and single-electrode voltage-clamp recording to characterize the mGluR subtype(s) and the ion channel(s) mediating this response. 2. The mGluR agonist (1S,3R)-1-amino-cyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) induced a membrane hyperpolarization or outward current in BLA neurons in a concentration-dependent manner (median effective concentration = 34 microM; range = 10-200 microM); the 1S,3R-ACPD hyperpolarizations are recorded in 89% of neurons that accommodate or cease firing in response to a 400-ms depolarizing current injection (0.5 nA). 3. mGluR agonists elicited hyperpolarizations or outward currents in a concentration-dependent manner in the following rank order of potency: (2S,3S,4S)-alpha-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-I) > 1S,3R-ACPD > (s)-4-carboxyphenylglycine = (RS)-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine (4C3HPG) > L-aminophosphonobutyric acid > (1S,3S)-1-amino-cyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. In contrast, the mGluR agonists quisqualate and ibotenate induced only depolarizations in the presence of D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione in BLA neurons. 4. The 1S,3R-ACPD-induced outward current is mediated through a large-conductance calcium-dependent potassium (BK) conductance. The BK channel blockers iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin blocked the response, as did the potassium channel blockers tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine; the small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel blocker apamin did not affect the response. 5. The mGluR-agonist-induced hyperpolarization is blocked in amygdala slices from animals pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTX). 1S,3R-ACPD hyperpolarizations were recorded in neurons contralateral but not ipsilateral to the site of PTX injection. 6. The antagonist (+/-)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG, 500 microM) reduced significantly the 1S,3R-ACPD-induced hyperpolarization. 7. In conclusion, the relative potency of L-CCG-I and 4C3HPG in evoking only hyperpolarizations (outward currents) in accommodating neurons, and the observation that MCPG (500 microM) reduces the hyperpolarization, suggest that a group-II-like mGluR underlies the hyperpolarizing response. The mGluR-induced response is sensitive to iberiotoxin and to pretreatment with PTX, suggesting activation of BK channels through a group II mGluR linked to a PTX-sensitive G protein in BLA neurons.

Effects of concanavalin A on desensitization kinetics of GABA responses in Achatina fulica neurons

The effects of the lectin concanavalin A (Con A), on the kinetics of desensitization of the responses of voltage clamped Achatina fulica LP5 neuron to microperfused acetylcholine (ACh) and GABA were compared. Both ACh and GABA elicited increases in chloride conductance which decayed biphasically during prolonged applications of these agonists; an initial rapid decay was followed by a later slow decay. Con A (5 micrograms/ml) accelerated both the fast and the slow decays of responses to ACh. Con A (5 micrograms/ml) also accelerated the fast decay of responses to GABA, but the slow decay was unaffected, even by 20 micrograms/ml or more of the lectin. It is suggested that, at least in the case of GABA receptor, the fast and slow decays involve distinct desensitization kinetics. The effects of Con A on the desensitization of the ACh and GABA responses were reversed by D-mannose, a competitive and specific inhibitor of Con A binding to membrane sugar residues. These results provide further evidence that receptor desensitization can be influenced by perturbing the sugar moieties associated with the subunits comprising these signalling macromolecules. The carbohydrate residues may play an important role in regulating desensitization of transmitter receptors.

The functional role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in epileptiform activity induced by 4-aminopyridine in the rat amygdala slice

The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist, (RS)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG; 500 microM), was tested on intracellularly recorded epileptiform activity induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in amygdala neurons. Superfusing 4-AP (1 mM) produced interictal spiking followed by ictal bursting. MCPG prevented the progressive transition from interictal spiking to ictal bursting but affected neither induction of interictal spiking nor maintenance of ongoing ictal bursting. These data suggest that mGluRs may be involved in the induction of ictal seizure events.

Interactions of anticholinesterases with Achatina fulica acetylcholine responses and electrogenic sodium pump

The dose-dependent effects of the anticholinesterases, neostigmine and mycotoxin territrem-B, were determined on: (i) Cl(-)-responses of voltage clamped Achatina fulica neurons to microperfused acetylcholine; (ii) the 4 K(+)-induced outward currents evoked by an electrogenic sodium pump in the same neuron; and (iii) acetylcholinesterase activity of Achatina fulica ganglionic homogenates. Both compounds at low doses potentiated the peak acetylcholine responses. However, they had different effects at higher (> 1 microM) doses in that neostigmine now antagonized acetylcholine responses, while territrem-B still produced a maximal potentiation. At all doses neostigmine produced a dose-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. The cholinolytic effect of high doses of neostigmine was associated with the inhibition of 4 K(+)-induced current in the same neuron, while territrem-B neither altered the K(+)-induced current nor antagonized acetylcholine responses. The cholinolytic effect of neostigmine was completely antagonized by the inhibition of electrogenic sodium pump by ouabain or by perfusion with K(+)-free solution. These results suggest that neostigmine at high concentrations inhibits the electrogenic sodium pump and that the cholinolytic effect of high doses of neostigmine is secondary to this action. Territrem-B, on the other hand, had no effect on the electrogenic sodium pump and had no effect on the neuronal membrane properties other than to inhibit acetylcholinesterase. Thus, territrem-B may be a useful tool for studying the interaction between acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptors.

Anticardiolipin antisera from lupus patients with seizures reduce a GABA receptor-mediated chloride current in snail neurons

The effects of circulating anticardiolipin (ACL) antisera in lupus patients on the LP5 central neuron of snail were studied. Both GABA and glutamate increased a chloride conductance of the LP5 neuron. The ACL antisera decreased the GABA-elicited responses in a concentration dependent manner while it had no effect on glutamate-elicited responses. The ACL antisera affected neither the resting membrane current, nor the membrane conductivity of neuron. Antisera without the activity of anticardiolipin did not decrease the GABA-elicited responses. The seizure incidence of the patients with higher ACL antisera levels is also higher. It is concluded that ACL antisera inhibited the GABA ionophore receptor complex in a snail central neuron.

Interaction of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin with Helix acetylcholine receptors

The effects of lectins concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), were studied on acetylcholine (ACh) responses of physically isolated internally dialyzed Helix aspersa neurons using the concentration clamp method and on the binding of [3H]alpha-bungarotoxin to the cluster of neurons. Con A and WGA have different simple sugar specificity and produced different actions on ACh-evoked Cl conductance responses, which were antagonized by Con A (5 micrograms/ml) but were not altered by WGA. Con A depressed ACh responses when applied extracellularly while it had no effect on ACh responses of the same neuron when added to the intracellular solution, thus indicating that Con A specific glycoproteins are exposed on the surface of the neuron. The studies of the effect of Con A on the properties of the ACh binding site (receptor) have demonstrated, that (1) the onset of desensitization of ACh responses of the dialyzed neurons, determined from the decay of ACh-current from peak to plateau in the continued presence of agonist and best fitted by a double exponential function, was accelerated by Con A; (2) Con A depressed the maximal ACh induced current in a dose response relationship and altered the Hill coefficients; (3) Con A depressed the binding of [3H]alpha-bungarotoxin to the cluster of neurons. These results indicate that Con A receptors on the surface of the neuronal membrane play a regulatory role in the ACh-receptor system and suggest that binding of lectin molecules to their receptors leads to inhibition of binding of ACh to ACh-receptors and to acceleration of the kinetics of desensitization of ACh receptors. All the effects of Con A, that is, on the peak amplitude, desensitization, dose-response relationship of ACh induced current and binding of [3H]alpha-bungarotoxin, could be recovered by D-mannose, a competitive inhibitor of Con A binding to its receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of territrem-B on cholinergic responses of snail neuron

Effects of territrem-B (TRB), a mycotoxin isolated from a rice culture of Aspergillus terreus, on the central neuron of the snail Achatina fulica were studied electrophysiologically. Territrem-B potentiated the acetylcholine (ACh) induced current of the neuron, while it had no effect on GABA or L-glutamate elicited currents. TRB and neostigmine increased the peak amplitude of the response elicited by the first perfusion of ACh and depressed the increase in current produced by a second perfusion. TRB and neostigmine showed different dose-dependent effects on ACh responses. The results suggested that TRB is a good tool for studying the physiological role of AChE in central neurons.

The effects of cAMP, Ca2+, and phorbol esters on ouabain-induced depression of acetylcholine responses in Helix neurons

1. Using internal perfusion and concentration-clamp procedures applied to Helix neurons, the effects of cAMP, Ca2+, and phorbol esters on ouabain-induced depression of acetylcholine Cl-dependent responses were determined. 2. Intracellular cAMP (10(-4) M) depressed those acetylcholine responses which were blocked by ouabain but had no effect on ouabain-insensitive acetylcholine responses. In the presence of elevated intracellular cAMP, ouabain had no further depressant effect on these acetylcholine responses. Both elevated cAMP and ouabain reduced the acetylcholine response without altering the current-voltage curves. 3. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration depressed the amplitude of current induced by application of acetylcholine in neurons with ouabain-sensitive responses and shifted the dose-response relationship to the right. However, elevated Ca2+ did not reduce the maximal response induced by acetylcholine, nor did it prevent the reduction of that response by ouabain. 4. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent stimulator of protein kinase C activity, caused depression of both the ouabain-sensitive and the ouabain-insensitive acetylcholine responses. The inhibitory effect of TPA was markedly enhanced after addition of ATP to the intracellular medium and was greatly reduced by cooling to 5 degrees C. The blocking effect of ouabain, however, reexamined in the presence of TPA. 5. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the depression of acetylcholine induced Cl--responses in Helix neurons is a result of an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration but is unrelated to activation of protein kinase C or increases in intracellular Ca2+.

Ouabain blocks some rapid concentration-induced clamp acetylcholine responses on Helix neurons

1. The effects of ouabain, a potent inhibitor of Na(+)-K+ ATPase, were determined on the transmembrane responses of internally dialyzed Helix neurons to rapid acetylcholine (ACh) application using the "concentration clamp" technique. 2. Ouabain selectively depressed "A"-type responses to ACh, which are due to a selective increase in membrane permeability to chloride. In contrast, the "B"-type responses, due primarily to an increase in monovalent cation permeability, was unaffected. 3. The blockade of the Cl- responses was not associated with a change of the reversal potential of the response. Ouabain depressed the maximal response without shifting the dose-response curve. 4. Ouabain caused an increase in the time constant of decay of the ACh current, but the value in the presence of ouabain was not different from that of a lower concentration of ACh determined so as to give a response of the same peak amplitude. Therefore, the effect of ouabain is not on the process of receptor desensitization directly.

Concentration jump studies of intracellularly dialysed Xenopus oocytes show desensitization of kainate receptors

The techniques of intracellular dialysis and 'concentration jump' have been applied to Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain RNA. Changes in the internal ionic environment of the oocyte through intracellular perfusion via patch pipettes, in whole cell recording mode, led to expected changes in the reversal potential for current induced during application of L-kainic acid. The responses to this amino acid were also studied using the agonist 'concentration jump' technique. Dose-response relationships for L-kainate were similar to those obtained with oocyte superfusion, but the L-kainate-induced currents exhibited desensitization.

[Effect of ionizing radiation on the chemoreceptive properties of snail giant neurons. Correction by ATP and concanavalin A]

Ionizing radiation was shown to reduce the membrane response to acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid and to modify the sensitivity of acetylcholine reactions to ouabain. The possibility was demonstrated of the postirradiation pharmacological correction of the neuronal membrane chemosensitivity by increasing the intracellular concentration of ATP and by the external application of concanavalin A. Possible mechanisms of action of ionizing radiation on the chemoreceptive properties of the neuronal membrane are discussed.

The pharmacological characteristics of two types of cholinoreceptors in the membrane of dialyzed neurons

1. The ramped voltage clamp technique was developed as a rapid means of studying the effects of certain nicotinic and muscarinic agents on ionic involvement and conductance changes during acetylcholine (ACh) responses of Helix pomatia neurons. 2. Atropine was found to be a potent cholinolytic on A-type neurons, ACh responses of which are blocked by ouabain and mediated by Na+ and Cl- permeabilities, while d-tubocurarine blocked B-type ACh responses which are insensitive to ouabain and mediated by Na+ and K+ permeabilities. 3. Nicotinic agent butyrylcholine was found to be a potent cholinomimetric on B-type cells. 4. The results suggest that ACh receptors on A-type cells are more "muscarinic" while those on B-type cells are more "nicotinic". 5. It was also suggested that both muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors may coexist in the Helix neuronal membrane and the possibility of ACh interacting with one of them is determined by the level of phosphorylation of the membrane proteins.

The effects of short-chain fatty acids on the neuronal membrane functions of Helix pomatia. II. Cholinoreceptive properties

We have examined the effects of short-chain fatty acids on acetylcholine (ACh)-induced transmembrane currents using internally dialyzed neurons of Helix. Decenoic acid, which increased the fluidity of excitable membranes, caused dramatic changes in the voltage sensitivity of ACh currents consisting of an ACh-induced increase in membrane permeability for K+ and Na+ ions and a shift of the Erev of these ACh responses to more positive potentials. Valeric acid, which did not change the membrane fluidity, had no effect on this type of ACh response. Changes of the ENa and ECl had no effect on the size of the decenoic acid-induced shift of the Erev. But the influence of decenoic acid on the voltage sensitivity of ACh-induced currents almost disappeared after the change of the EK by the reduction of the internal K concentration. Decenoic acid had no effect on ACh responses in which K+ ions were not involved in the generation of ACh-induced currents. The results suggest that decenoic acid-induced changes in membrane fluidity modulate cholinoreceptive properties of the neuronal membrane by the inhibition of the K+ carrier involved in the generation of ACh responses.

Modification of acetylcholine sensitivity of neuronal membrane by presynaptic stimulation

The action of electrical stimulation of one of the pallial nerves on the sensitivity of the bursting RPa1 neuron of Helix pomatia to acetylcholine (ACh) was investigated. The depolarizing effect of ACh was significantly decreased by presynaptic stimulation. Stimulation leads also to an attenuation of the ACh-induced increase in membrane conductivity. The effect of stimulation on the ACh evoked response of the membrane was reversibly blocked by cold and was completely eliminated after long term incubation of the neuron under "in vitro" conditions.