Redox Biomarkers - An Effective Tool for Diagnosing COVID-19 Patients and Convalescents

Aim

COVID-19 triggers the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which, in combination with a weakened antioxidant barrier, can lead to protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, the overall redox potential, and protein and lipid peroxidation products in COVID-19 patients, convalescents, and healthy subjects, and to the determine the diagnostic applicability of these parameters in COVID-19 patients.

Materials and Methods

The study involved 218 patients with COVID-19, 69 convalescents, and 48 healthy subjects who were selected for the research based on age and sex. The study was conducted between 20 February 2021 and 20 November 2021 in Białystok, Poland. The antioxidant barrier, redox status, and oxidative damage products were assessed in serum/plasma samples with the use of colorimetric and spectrophotometric assays.

Results

Glutathione reductase (GR) activity was higher, whereas total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in COVID-19 patients than in convalescents (p<0.0001) and the control group (p<0.0001). The concentrations of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were higher in COVID-19 patients (p<0.0001) and convalescents (p<0.0001) than in the control group. AGEs were the most effective diagnostic biomarker for differentiating COVID-19 patients from the control group (AUC=0.9971) and convalescents from the control group (AUC=1.000).

Conclusion

An infection with the SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the redox balance and increases protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. AGEs fulfill the criteria for a potential diagnostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients and convalescents.

Serum Clusterin Concentration and Its Glycosylation Changes as Potential New Diagnostic Markers of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Recovery Process

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Glycoprotein clusterin (CLU) has many functions such as phagocyte recruitment, complement system inhibition, apoptosis inhibition, hormone and lipid transport, as well as in the immune response. The study aimed to assess the changes in CLU concentrations and the profile and degree of CLU glycosylation between patients with severe COVID-19, convalescents, and healthy subjects (control). The profile and degree of serum CLU N-glycosylation were analyzed using lectin-ELISA with specific lectins. CLU concentrations were significantly lower and relative reactivities of CLU glycans with SNA (Sambucus nigra agglutinin) were significantly higher in severe COVID-19 patients in comparison to convalescents and the control group. The relative reactivities of CLU glycans with MAA (Maackia amurensis agglutinin), together with relative reactivity with LCA (Lens culinaris agglutinin), were also significantly higher in patients with severe COVID-19 than in convalescents and the control group, but they also significantly differed between convalescents and control. The development of acute inflammation in the course of severe COVID-19 is associated with a decrease in CLU concentration, accompanied by an increase in the expression of α2,3-linked sialic acid, and core fucose. Both of these parameters can be included as useful glycomarkers differentiating patients with severe COVID-19 from convalescents and the control group, as well as convalescents and healthy subjects.

Are Changes in Serum IgG Glycosylation Related to the Severe Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Recovery Process? In Search of New Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers

Introduction

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation affects its effector functions and is essential in many steps of the inflammatory cascade. Therefore, it may be an important parameter for assessing the body's immune response during the course of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019).

Methods

The N- and O-glycosylation of serum IgG in severe COVID-19 patients (n=87), convalescents (n=50), and healthy subjects (n=65) were examined using a modified lectin-ELISA method with specific biotinylated lectins. The obtained data were analyzed using STATISTICA 13.3PL software.

Results

We showed significantly higher expression of Lewisx oligosaccharide structures in severe COVID-19 patients than in the other two groups. Moreover, significantly lower expression of Lewisy sugar structures in IgG glycans was observed in the convalescents when compared with COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects. The lowest expression of highly branched N-glycans in cases of severe COVID-19 indicates that the development of the disease is associated with the presence of typical IgG biantennary N-glycans. The lack of significant differences in the expression of Tn antigen in IgG between studied groups and the significantly lower expression of T antigen in convalescents compared to the patients with severe COVID-19 and healthy subjects indicates a decrease in the content of the T antigen in IgG O-glycans in subjects recovered from COVID-19. Substantially higher reactivities of IgG O-glycans with Jacalin observed in COVID-19 patients and convalescents in comparison to the control group were most probably caused by increased expression of core 3 O-glycans in IgG.

Conclusion

Severe COVID-19 is accompanied by the expression in serum IgG of sialylated biantennary and highly branched N-glycans, decorated by fucose of Lewisx and Lewisy structures. The higher reactivity of IgG O-glycans with Jacalin in severe COVID-19 patients and convalescents indicates that the disease development and the recovery process are most probably accompanied by increased expression of the core 3 O-glycans.

Changes in chemokine and growth factor levels may be useful biomarkers for monitoring disease severity in COVID-19 patients; a pilot study

Aim

The aim of the present study was to assess differences in the serum levels of chemokines and growth factors (GFs) between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. The diagnostic utility of the analyzed proteins for monitoring the severity of the SARS-CoV- 2 infection based on the patients' MEWS scores was also assessed.

Materials and methods

The serum levels of chemokines and growth factors were analyzed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (50 women, 50 men) with the use of the Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine Screening Panel (Biorad) and the Bio-Plex Multiplex system.

Results

The study demonstrated that serum levels of MIP-1α, RANTES, Eotaxin, CTACK, GRO-α, IP-10, MIG, basic-FGF, HGF, SCGF-β, G-CSF, M-CSF, SCF, MIF, LIF, and TRAIL were significant higher in COVID-19 patients than in the control group. The concentrations of CTACK, GRO-α, IP-10, MIG, basic-FGF, HGF, PDGF- BB, GM-CSF, SCF, LIF, and TRAIL were higher in asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients (stage 1) and COVID-19 patients with pneumonia without respiratory failure (stage 2). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that IP-10, MIF, MIG, and basic-FGF differentiated patients with COVID-19 from healthy controls with the highest sensitivity and specificity, whereas GM-CSF, basic-FGF, and MIG differentiated asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients (stage 1) from COVID-19 patients with pneumonia without respiratory failure (stage 2) with the highest sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions

MIG, basic-FGF, and GM-CSF can be useful biomarkers for monitoring disease severity in patients with COVID-19.

New Insights on the Progesterone (P4) and PGRMC1/NENF Complex Interactions in Colorectal Cancer Progression

The literature data regarding the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the context of hormone therapy (HT), including both estrogen-progestogen combinations and estrogen alone, are inconclusive. The precise relationship underlying the action of progesterone (P4) and progesterone receptors in CRC has yet to be determined. We characterized the expression profiles of both nuclear and membrane progesterone receptors and their potential cofactors in CRC tissues. Additionally, we analyzed the P4 and NENF treatment effects on the cell proliferation and invasion of DLD-1 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. We observed a weak expression of the nuclear P4 receptor (PGR), but an abundant expression of the P4 receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) and neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NENF) in the CRC tissues. P4 treatment stimulated the proliferation of the DLD-1 and HT-29 CRC cells. The co-treatment of P4 and NENF significantly increased the invasiveness of the DLD-1 and HT-29 cells. A functional analysis revealed that these effects were dependent on PGRMC1. AN immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated a cytoplasmic co-localization of PGRMC1 and NENF in the CRC cells. Moreover, the concentration of serum NENF was significantly higher in CRC patients, and P4 treatment significantly increased the release of NENF in the DLD-1 cells. P4 or NENF treatment also significantly increased the IL-8 release in the DLD-1 cells. Our data may provide novel insights into the action of P4 and PGRMC1/NENF in CRC progression, where NENF may act as a potential PGRMC1 co-activator in non-classical P4 signaling. Furthermore, NENF, as a secreted protein, potentially could serve as a promising circulating biomarker candidate for distinguishing between colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals, although large-scale extensive studies are needed to establish this.

Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Lymphocyte/Monocyte Ratio (LMR) - Risk of Death Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with COVID-19

Aim

The aim of our retrospective study was search for new prognostic parameters, which can help quickly and cheaply identify patients with risk for severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Materials and Methods

The following peripheral blood combination biomarkers were calculated: NLR (neutrophil/lymphocytes ratio), LMR (lymphocyte/monocyte ratio), PLR (platelet/lymphocyte ratio), dNLR (neutrophils/(white blood cells - neutrophils)), NLPR (neutrophil/(lymphocyte × platelet ratio)) in 374 patients who were admitted to the Temporary Hospital no 2 of Clinical Hospital in Bialystok (Poland) with COVID-19. The patients were divided into four groups depending on the severity of the course of COVID-19 using MEWS classification.

Results

The NLR and dNLR were significantly increased with the severity of COVID-19, according to MEWS score. The AUC for the assessed parameters was higher in predicting death in patients with COVID-19: NLR (0.656, p=0.0018, cut-off=6.22), dNLR (0.615, p=0.02, cut-off=3.52) and LMR (0.609, p=0.03, cut-off=2.06). Multivariate COX regression analysis showed that NLR median above 5.56 (OR: 1.050, P=0.002), LMR median below 2.23 (OR: 1.021, P=0.011), and age >75 years old (OR: 1.072, P=0.000) had a significant association with high risk of death during COVID-19.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that NLR, dNLR, and LMR calculated on admission to the hospital can quickly and easy identify patients with risk of a more severe course of COVID-19. Increase NLR and decrease LMR have a significant predictive value in COVID-19 patient's mortality and might be a potential biomarker for predicting death in COVID-19 patients.

The Diagnostic Value of Inflammatory Markers (CRP, IL6, CRP/IL6, CRP/L, LCR) for Assessing the Severity of COVID-19 Symptoms Based on the MEWS and Predicting the Risk of Mortality

Introduction

Various diagnostic tools are used to assess the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and the risk of mortality, including laboratory tests and scoring indices such as the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS). The diagnostic value of inflammatory markers for assessing patients with different severity of COVID-19 symptoms according to the MEWS was evaluated in this study.

Materials and Methods

The concentrations of CRP (C-reactive protein) (immunoassay) and IL6 (interleukin 6) (electrochemiluminescence assay) were determined, and CRP/IL6, CRP/L, and LCR ratios were calculated in blood serum samples collected from 374 COVID-19 patients.

Results

We demonstrated that CRP, IL6, CRP/IL6, CRP/L, LCR inflammatory markers increase significantly with disease progression assessed based on the MEWS in COVID-19 patients and may be used to differentiating patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19 and to assess the mortality.

Conclusion

The diagnostic value of inflammatory markers for assessing the risk of mortality and differentiating between patients with mild and severe COVID-19 was confirmed.

miR-483-5p offsets functional and behavioural effects of stress in male mice through synapse-targeted repression of Pgap2 in the basolateral amygdala

Severe psychological trauma triggers genetic, biochemical and morphological changes in amygdala neurons, which underpin the development of stress-induced behavioural abnormalities, such as high levels of anxiety. miRNAs are small, non-coding RNA fragments that orchestrate complex neuronal responses by simultaneous transcriptional/translational repression of multiple target genes. Here we show that miR-483-5p in the amygdala of male mice counterbalances the structural, functional and behavioural consequences of stress to promote a reduction in anxiety-like behaviour. Upon stress, miR-483-5p is upregulated in the synaptic compartment of amygdala neurons and directly represses three stress-associated genes: Pgap2, Gpx3 and Macf1. Upregulation of miR-483-5p leads to selective contraction of distal parts of the dendritic arbour and conversion of immature filopodia into mature, mushroom-like dendritic spines. Consistent with its role in reducing the stress response, upregulation of miR-483-5p in the basolateral amygdala produces a reduction in anxiety-like behaviour. Stress-induced neuromorphological and behavioural effects of miR-483-5p can be recapitulated by shRNA mediated suppression of Pgap2 and prevented by simultaneous overexpression of miR-483-5p-resistant Pgap2. Our results demonstrate that miR-483-5p is sufficient to confer a reduction in anxiety-like behaviour and point to miR-483-5p-mediated repression of Pgap2 as a critical cellular event offsetting the functional and behavioural consequences of psychological stress.

Clinical Significance and Diagnostic Utility of NLR, LMR, PLR and SII in the Course of COVID-19: A Literature Review

Nowadays, society is increasingly struggling with infectious diseases that are characterized by severe course and even death. Recently, the whole world has faced the greatest epidemiological threat, which is COVID-19 caused by SARS CoV-2 virus. SARS CoV-2 infection is often accompanied by severe inflammation, which can lead to the development of different complications. Consequently, clinicians need easily interpreted and effective markers of inflammation that can predict the efficacy of the treatment and patient prognosis. Inflammation is associated with changes in many biochemical and hematological parameters, including leukocyte counts and their populations. In COVID-19, changes in leukocytes count populations such as neutrophils, lymphocytes or monocytes are observed. The numerous research confirm that indicators like neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic inflammatory index (SII) may prove effective in assessment patient prognosis and choosing optimal therapy. Therefore, in this review, we would like to summarize the latest knowledge about the diagnostic utility of systemic inflammatory ratios - NLR, LMR, PLR and SII in patients with COVID-19. We focused on the papers evaluating the diagnostic utility of inflammatory ratios using ROC curve published in the recent 3 years. Identification of biomarkers associated with inflammation would help the selection of patients with severe course of COVID-19 and high risk of death.

Fashionable, but What is Their Real Clinical Usefulness? NLR, LMR, and PLR as a Promising Indicator in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis: A Systematic Review

The link between inflammation and cancer is still an attractive subject of many studies because systemic inflammatory response has been proven to play a pivotal role in cancer progression and metastasis. The strongest relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer development is observed in colorectal cancer (CRC). The evaluation of ratios derived from the routinely performed inflammatory biomarkers shows limited performances and limited clinical utility when individually used as prognostic factors for patients with CRC. In this review, we would like to summarize the latest knowledge about the diagnostic utility of systemic inflammatory ratios: neutrophil/lymphocyte (NLR), lymphocyte/monocyte (LMR), and platelet/lymphocyte (PLR) in CRC. We focused on the papers that assessed the diagnostic utility of blood cell parameters on the basis of the area under the ROC curve published in the recent 6 years. Identification of biomarkers that are significantly associated with prognostic in cancer would help the selection of patients with a high risk of poor outcomes.

Canonical NF-κB signaling pathway and GRO-α/CXCR2 axis are activated in unruptured intracranial aneurysm patients

Activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory molecules involved in the formation of intracranial aneurysms (IA). The study aimed to assess the NF-κB p65 subunit and the GRO-α chemokine and its receptor CXCR2 concentrations in unruptured intracranial aneurysm patients (UIA, n = 25) compared to individuals without vascular changes in the brain (n = 10). It was also analyzed whether tested proteins are related to the size and number of aneurysms. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum protein levels were measured using the ELISA method. Median CSF and serum NF-κB p65 concentrations were significantly lower, while median CSF GRO-α and CXCR2 concentrations were significantly higher in UIA patients compared to the control group. CSF and serum NF-κB p65 concentrations negatively correlated with the number of aneurysms. In UIA patients the median GRO-α concentration was two-fold and CXCR2 almost four-fold higher in CSF compared to the serum value. CSF GRO-α concentration positively correlated with the size of aneurysms.Significantly decreased CSF NF-κB p65 and significantly increased CSF GRO-α and its CXCR2 receptor concentrations in UIA patients compared to the control group may altogether suggest that the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway is activated and its target pro-inflammatory genes are highly expressed in UIA patients. However, to unequivocally assess the involvement of the classical NF-κB pathway with the participation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and the GRO-α/CXCR2 axis in the formation of IA, further in vivo model studies are needed.

IL-6 Quotient (The Ratio of Cerebrospinal Fluid IL-6 to Serum IL-6) as a Biomarker of an Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm

Background

Studies conducted so far have focused mainly on the assessment of IL-6 levels in patients with ruptured brain aneurysms. Carrying out detailed studies in patients with un-ruptured brain aneurysms (UIA) would be extremely important, as it would answer the question of whether IL-6 plays also a role in primary aneurysm formation and growth.

Methods

IL-6, S100, NSE, and albumin concentrations in 67 UIA patients and 17 individuals without vascular lesions in the brain were tested using in vitro diagnostic immunoassays according to the manufacturers' instructions. IL-6 Quotient was calculated by dividing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-6 by serum IL-6.

Results

We showed that IL-6 Quotient was significantly higher in UIA patients (1.78) compared to the control group (0.87; p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a growth in IL-6 Quotient increases the probability of UIA diagnosis. In UIA patients CSF IL-6 concentration was significantly higher (4.55 pg/ml) compared to the serum concentration (2.39 pg/ml; p<0.001). In both the study and control group, the blood-brain barrier was intact, thus the CSF-blood gradient of the IL-6 concentration in UIA patients was likely to be the expression of local synthesis of the cytokine within the central nervous system. Patients with multiple brain aneurysms had significantly higher CSF IL-6 levels (5.08 pg/ml) compared to individuals with a single aneurysm (4.14 pg/ml; p=0.0227).

Conclusion

This totality of the may suggest IL-6 as a biomarker for UIA formation; however, further studies are needed to unequivocally confirm clinical application of IL-6 concentration evaluation.

Myelin-associated proteins are potential diagnostic markers in patients with primary brain tumour

INTRODUCTION

Taking into account the possibility of myelin-associated proteins having a role in brain tumour development, the study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of myelin-associated proteins (Nogo-A, MAG, OMgp) released into extracellular space in patients with brain tumours.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Protein concentration in primary brain tumour (n = 49) and non-tumoural subjects (n = 24) was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum by means of ELISA. Immunohistochemistry for IDH1-R132H was done on 5-μm thick formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour sections with the use of an antibody specific for the mutant IDH1-R132H protein.

RESULTS

The receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed that CSF Nogo-A and serum MAG were useful in differentiating patients with primary brain tumour from non-tumoural individuals. This was also true in the case of the separate analysis of the astrocytic tumour versus non-tumoural groups and the meningeal tumour versus non-tumoural groups. Neither Nogo-A nor MAG or OMgp concentrations were significantly different, in serum or CSF, between IDH1 wild-type astrocytic brain tumour patients compared to IDH1 mutant patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated the potential usefulness of CSF Nogo-A and serum MAG evaluation as circulating biomarkers of primary brain tumours. Because blood is relatively easy to obtain, future research should be conducted to explicitly indicate the value of serum MAG concentration evaluation as a brain tumour biomarker.Key messagesMyelin-associated proteins may be circulating brain tumour biomarkers.Nogo-A and MAG proteins seem to be the most useful in brain tumour diagnosis.Decreased CSF Nogo-A concentration is an adverse prognostic factor for patients' survival.

Association of Tumour Microenvironment with Protein Glycooxidation, DNA Damage, and Nitrosative Stress in Colorectal Cancer

Purpose

In this study, we evaluated the total antioxidant capacity, nitrosative stress, and protein/DNA oxidation and glycoxidation products in patients with colorectal cancer regarding histopathological parameters associated with the tumour microenvironment, such as inflammatory infiltration and tumour budding and compare all determined parameters between tumours located in the right and left side of the colon and normal mucosa.

Patients and Methods

Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitrosative stress (myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrogen oxide (NO), peroxynitrite, and nitrotyrosine), protein oxidation products (protein carbonyls (PC), total thiols, and ischemia modified albumin (IMA)), protein glycooxidation products (tryptophan, kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine, dityrosine, Amadori product, advanced glycation end products (AGE)) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured in homogenates from normal and cancerous tissue of 30 patients with colorectal cancer.

Results

Levels of FRAP (p=0.0009), IMA (p=0.0002), kynurenine (p<0.0001), N-formylkynurenine (p<0.0001), dityrosine (p<0.0001), Amadori products (p=0.0024), AGE (p<0.0001), MPO (p<0.0001), NO (p<0.0001) and nitrotyrosine (p=0.0011) were increased, whereas PC (p=0.0004), tryptophan (p<0.0001), 8-OHdG (p<0.0001) and peroxynitrite (p=0.0003) were decreased in the left-side tumour compared to the right-side tumour and normal mucosa.

Conclusion

Our results showed that colorectal cancer is related with disturbances in antioxidant defense and increased oxidative and nitrosative damages to proteins and DNA. These parameters may be useful for evaluation the progression and differentiation of the tumour location. We also demonstrated that redox indicators may depend on the histological type of the tumour and may influence tumour invasion depth, presence of lymph node and distant metastasis, vascular and neural invasion, inflammatory infiltration, and tumour budding, which are part of the tumour microenvironment.

Inflammatory cell-associated tumors. Not only macrophages (TAMs), fibroblasts (TAFs) and neutrophils (TANs) can infiltrate the tumor microenvironment. The unique role of tumor associated platelets (TAPs)

It is well known that various inflammatory cells infiltrate cancer cells. Next to TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), TAFs (tumor-associated fibroblasts) and TANs (tumor-associated neutrophils) also platelets form the tumor microenvironment. Taking into account the role of platelets in the development of cancer, we have decided to introduce a new term: tumor associated platelets-TAPs. To the best of our knowledge, thus far this terminology has not been employed by anyone. Platelets are the first to appear at the site of the inflammatory process that accompanies cancer development. Within the first few hours from the start of the colonization of cancer cells platelet-tumor aggregates are responsible for neutrophils recruitment, and further release a number of factors associated with tumor growth, metastasis and neoangiogenesis. On the other hand, it also has been indicated that factors delivered from platelets can induce a cytotoxic effect on the proliferating neoplastic cells, and even enhance apoptosis. Undoubtedly, TAPs' role seems to be more complex when compared to tumor associated neutrophils and macrophages, which do not allow for their division into TAP P1 and TAP P2, as in the case of TANs and TAMs. In this review we discuss the role of TAPs as an important element of tumor invasiveness and as a potentially new therapeutic target to prevent cancer development. Nevertheless, better exploring the interactions between platelets and tumor cells could help in the formulation of new therapeutic goals that support or improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment.

Dynamics of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and -8 Secretion in Gingival Crevicular Fluid after Gingival Recession Therapy via MCAT with Either Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft or Collagen Matrix

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to determine and estimate the changing levels of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 8 (MMP-1 and MMP-8) in GCF at consecutive stages of healing after root coverage procedure via modified coronally advanced tunnel (MCAT) combined with either sub-epithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) or collagen matrix (CM) and also to relate those changes to clinical outcomes of both therapeutic approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study involved 20 patients with a total of 91 recessions. Those on one side of the mandible received MCAT plus CM while the contralateral ones MCAT plus SCTG. The evaluation of MMP-1 and MMP-8 concentrations in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) took place at baseline, then at 1, 2, and 4 weeks, and finally at 3 months after surgery. Elisa protocol was applied to determine the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-8 in GCF.

RESULTS

Three-month observation revealed statistically significant changes in MMP-1, MMP-8 and Sulcus Fluid Flow Rate (SFFR) values after implementation of both techniques. A correlation was found between a difference in MMP-1 concentrations and gain in Keratinized Tissue (KT) after SCTG and CM. MMP-8 levels and a Gingival Thickness (GT) gain observed after CM was also correlated.

CONCLUSIONS

A type of augmentative material does appear to determine the dynamics of MMP-1 secretion.

Sirtuins-The New Important Players in Women's Gynecological Health

The participation of sirtuins in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation lies at the basis of their possible modes of action and is related to their expression in various cell structures; their location in the mitochondria and blood plasma has been indicated as of primary importance. Despite many existing studies, research on sirtuins continues to present an opportunity to discover new functions and dependencies, especially when it comes to women's gynecological health. Sirtuins have a significant role in both the formation and the course of many gynecological diseases. Their role is particularly important and well documented in the course of the development of cancer within the female reproductive organs; however, disturbances observed in the ovary and oocyte as well as in follicular fluid are also widely investigated. Additionally, sirtuins take part in some gynecological disturbances as regulative factors in pathways associated with insulin resistance, glucose and lipids metabolism disorders. In this review, we would like to summarize the existing knowledge about sirtuins in the manner outlined above.

Elevated plasma 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity is correlated with IL-8 levels and associated with an increased risk of death in glial brain tumor patients

INTRODUCTION

In cancer treatment an attempt has been made to pharmacologically regulate the proteasome functions, thus the aim was to test whether 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L) activity has a role in glial brain tumors. Furthermore, we analyzed the correlation between proteasome activity and IL-8, CCL2, NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 concentrations, which impact on brain tumors has already been indicated.

METHODS

Plasma 20S proteasome ChT-L activity was assayed using the fluorogenic peptide substrate Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC in the presence of SDS. IL-8, CCL2, NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 concentration was analyzed with the use of ELISA method. Immunohistochemistry for IDH1-R132H was done on 5-microns-thick formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor sections with the use of antibody specific for the mutant IDH1-R132H protein. Labelled streptavidin biotin kit was used as a detection system.

RESULTS

Brain tumor patients had statistically higher 20S proteasome ChT-L activity (0.649 U/mg) compared to non-tumoral individuals (0.430 U/mg). IDH1 wild-type patients had statistically higher 20S proteasome ChT-L activity (1.025 U/mg) compared to IDH1 mutants (0.549 U/mg). 20S proteasome ChT-L activity in brain tumor patients who died as the consequence of a tumor (0.649) in the following 2 years was statistically higher compared to brain tumor patients who lived (0.430 U/mg). In brain tumor patients the 20S proteasome ChT-L activity positively correlated with IL-8 concentration.

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated 20S proteasome ChT-L activity was related to the increased risk of death in glial brain tumor patients. A positive correlation between 20S proteasome ChT-L activity and IL-8 concentration may indicate the molecular mechanisms regulating glial tumor biology. Thus research on proteasomes may be important and should be carried out to verify if this protein complexes may represent a potential therapeutic target to limit brain tumor invasion.

Pro-Oxidant Enzymes, Redox Balance and Oxidative Damage to Proteins, Lipids and DNA in Colorectal Cancer Tissue. Is Oxidative Stress Dependent on Tumour Budding and Inflammatory Infiltration?

This study is the first to assess redox homeostasis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in respect to histopathological parameters associated with the tumour microenvironment such as tumour budding and inflammatory infiltration. Pro-oxidant enzymes (NADPH oxidase (NOX), xanthine oxidase (XO)), antioxidant barrier (Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH)), redox status (total antioxidant (TAC)/oxidant status (TOS)) and oxidative damage products (advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)) were determined in both the normal and cancerous tissue of 29 CRC patients. The activity of NOX (p < 0.01) and XO (p = 0.01), as well as SOD (p < 0.0001), CAT (p < 0.0001) and TAC level (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in tumour tissue than in normal colon mucosa. Oxidative damage products (AGE-p < 0.01, AOPP-p < 0.001, MDA-p < 0.001, 8-OHdG-p < 0.0001) were also higher in cancerous colon tissue. Furthermore, we observed that CAT (p < 0.05) and XO (p < 0.05) activity depends on the intensity of inflammatory infiltration. Oxidative stress index (OSI) (p < 0.05) and MDA (p < 0.01) values were significantly higher in patients with tumour budding (TB) > 5 versus cases with TB < 5. However, OSI level did not differ significantly between cancer and normal tissue. Our results confirm that CRC is associated with enzymatic/non-enzymatic redox imbalance and increased oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA. The determination of these biomarkers could be useful for the evaluation of the tumour progression.

Diagnostic utility of protein to creatinine ratio (P/C ratio) in spot urine sample within routine clinical practice

The spot (random) urine protein to creatinine ratio (P/C ratio) is an alternative, fast and simple method of detecting and estimating the quantitative assessment of proteinuria. The aim of the work was to review the literature concerning the usefulness of spot urine P/C ratio evaluation in the diagnosis of proteinuria in the course of kidney disease, hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, immunological diseases, diabetes mellitus, and multiple myeloma, and in the diagnosis of proteinuria in children. We searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: proteinuria, spot urine protein to creatinine ratio, spot urine P/C ratio, protein creatinine index, PCR (protein to creatinine ratio), P/C ratio and methods, Jaffe versus enzymatic creatinine methods, urine protein methods, spot urine protein to creatinine ratio versus ACR (albumin to creatinine ratio), proteinuria versus albuminuria, limitations of the P/C ratio. More weight was given to the articles published in the last 10-20 years. A spot urine P/C ratio >20 mg/mmol (0.2 mg/mg) is the most commonly reported cutoff value for detecting proteinuria, while a P/C ratio value >350 mg/mmol (3.5 mg/mg) confirms nephrotic proteinuria. The International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy recommends a P/C ratio of 30 mg/mmol (0.3 mg/mg) for the classification of proteinuria in pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia. A high degree of correlation was observed between P/C ratio values and the protein concentration in 24-h urine collections. The spot urine P/C ratio is a quick and reliable test that can eliminate the need for a daily 24-h urine collection. However, in doubtful situations, it is still recommended to assess proteinuria in a 24-h urine collection. The literature review indicates the usefulness of the spot P/C ratio in various disease states; therefore, this test should be available in every laboratory. However, the challenge for the primary care physician is to know the limitations of the methods used to determine the protein and creatinine concentrations that are used to calculate the P/C ratio. Moreover, the P/C ratio cutoff used should be determined in individual laboratories because it depends on the patient population and the laboratory methodologies.

Differences in Monocyte Subsets and Monocyte-Platelet Aggregates in Acute Myocardial Infarction-PreliminaryResults

BACKGROUND

Monocyte-platelet interaction may favor the development of a proatherogenic monocyte phenotype. It is still uncertain which of the 3 monocyte subpopulations interact with platelets to form monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPAs) in acute myocardial infarctions. The aim of our study was to evaluate the monocyte subsets, the percentage of MPAs and the involvement of monocyte subsets in MPA formation among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and compared to patients with stable angina (SA).

METHODS

Monocyte subsets and MPAs formation were measured in blood collected in 3.2% sodium citrate tubes by means of flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Classical, intermediate and nonclassical monocyte percentages were statistically different when comparing patients with STEMI and NSTEMI. Moreover, classical and intermediate monocytes were statistically different when comparing the STEMI and SA group; however, only the classical monocyte subset was found to be higher in the acute myocardial infarction group compared to the SA group. The percentage of MPAs was significantly higher in STEMI (50.1%) compared to NSTEMI (22.9%). We found no differences in the involvement of monocyte subsets in MPA formation between patients with STEMI and NSTEMI and in comparison with the SA group.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that the increase in circulating levels of classical monocytes in patients with STEMI as compared to NSTEMI reflects the severity of the acute event. The increased percentage of MPAs may favor the development of STEMI compared to NSTEMI.

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid Neudesin concentration and Neudesin Quotient as potential circulating biomarkers of a primary brain tumor

Background

Despite the previously suggested role of Neudesin in tumorigenesis and its potential as a novel target for the treatment of cancers, its prognostic value has never been examined. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate Neudesin concentrations in primary brain tumor patients and make a comparison with non-tumoral individuals.

Methods

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum Neudesin concentration was evaluated by means of the ELISA method.

Results

The total group of brain tumor patients had statistically lower serum Neudesin concentrations compared to the non-tumoral group (P = 0.037). The meningeal tumor subgroup also had statistically lower serum Neudesin concentrations compared to the non-tumoral group (P = 0.012). The Astrocytic brain tumor subgroup had significantly higher CSF Neudesin concentrations compared to the non-tumoral group (P = 0.046). Neudesin Quotient (CSF concentration divided by serum concentration) in the astrocytic brain tumor subgroup was statistically higher compared to the non-tumoral group (P = 0.023). Males had statistically lower concentrations of the serum Neudesin compared to females (P = 0.047). Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that for women the serum Neudesin concentration was 1.53 times higher than for men. In the model of multivariate linear regression analysis, predictor variables influencing serum Neudesin concentrations included CSF Neudesin concentration and the Neudesin Quotient, if other model parameters are fixed. The developed model explains 82% of the variance in serum Neudesin concentration. Both linear regression models, univariate and multivariate, pointed to fewer factors with a potential to influence the Neudesin Quotient compared to serum Neudesin concentration.

Conclusions

In astrocytic brain tumor patients Neudesin concentrations within the cerebrospinal fluid are higher compared with non-tumoral individuals. Serum Neudesin concentration strongly correlates with its CSF level. In primary brain tumor patients serum Neudesin concentration is clearly gender-dependent. Linear regression models pointed to fewer factors that may influence the Neudesin Quotient value, which suggests it is a better biomarker of astrocytic brain tumors than serum and CSF Neudesin concentrations alone.

Cerebrospinal fluid and serum IL-8, CCL2, and ICAM-1 concentrations in astrocytic brain tumor patients

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was the evaluation of serum and CSF concentrations of CCL2, IL-8, and sICAM-1 in patients with astrocytic tumors as compared to a group of non-tumoral patients.

METHODS

Chemokine concentrations were measured using the ELISA method.

RESULTS

Regardless of the parameter tested and the patient group (brain tumor or non-tumoral patients), statistical differences (P < 0.05) were found between concentrations obtained in CSF compared to values obtained in serum for all proteins tested. CSF IL-8 concentrations were significantly elevated in CNS tumor patients as compared to non-tumoral individuals (P = 0.000); serum CCL2 and sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly decreased in CNS tumors in comparison with the comparative group (P = 0.002 and P = 0.026, respectively). Among proteins tested in the serum, a higher area under the ROC curve (AUC) revealed CCL2 compared to sICAM-1 in differentiating subjects with CNS brain tumors from non-tumoral subjects. AUC for CSF IL-8 was higher than for its index (CSF IL-8/serum IL-8).

CONCLUSIONS

For individual biomarkers (IL-8 and CCL2, sICAM-1), measured in CNS brain tumor patients, the appropriate material, respectively CSF or serum, should be chosen and quantitatively tested. Increased cerebrospinal fluid IL-8 with decreased serum CCL2 create a pattern of biomarkers, which may be helpful in the management of CNS astrocytic brain tumors.

The Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on the Level of Human Neutrophil Peptides 1-3 in Patients with Aggressive Periodontitis

PURPOSE

To assess the presence of HNP1-3 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients suffering from aggressive periodontitis before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty patients, each with generalised aggressive periodontitis (GAP) were included in the study. After periodontal examination, one site with a probing depth (PD) ≥ 4 mm was selected. Patients received nonsurgical treatment (scaling and root planing [SRP]) with additional administration of systemic antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin 375 mg three times daily + metronidazole 250 mg three times daily for 7 days). Prior to therapy and 3 and 6 months after, the following parameters were evaluated from the same site: PD, gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), sulcus fluid flow rate (SFFR). The level of HNP1-3 in GCF was determined by means of a commercially available ELISA kit.

RESULTS

Compared to baseline, the level of HNP 1-3 did not show statistically significant differences at 3 and 6 months. The evaluated clinical parameters and SFFR showed statistically significant decreases compared to baseline. At 6 months, PD (median) decreased from 7 to 3.5 and CAL (median) decreased from 7 to 4.

CONCLUSION

In patients with GAP, nonsurgical periodontal therapy in conjunction with systemic administration of amoxicillin and metronidazole had no effect on the level of HNP1-3 in GCF.

The Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on HNP1-3 Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Chronic Periodontitis Patients

The rich bacterial flora of oral cavity is controlled by innate immune response, including antibacterial peptides and among them human neutrophil peptides 1–3 (HNP1-3). The knowledge of the involvement of HNPs in innate and acquired immunity of the periodontium is fragmentary. The aim of the study was to assess alterations in HNP1-3 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis patients before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Nineteen patients with chronic periodontitis were qualified to the study. After periodontal examination, one site with pocket depth (PD) ≥4 mm was selected. All the patients received periodontal treatment involving scaling and root planing with additional systemic antibiotic therapy (Amoxicillin 375 mg three times daily and Metronidazole 250 mg three times daily for 7 days). Prior to therapy, 3 and 6 months after it, clinical periodontal parameters were measured and GCF was collected from previously chosen site. The level of HNP1-3 in GCF was determined by means of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay kit. The periodontal therapy caused a statistically significant (p < 0.001) decrease in all the assessed clinical parameters at the sites of sample collection except for bleeding on probing. The level of HNP1-3 per measure point showed a statistically significant increase (baseline—3 months: p = 0.05, baseline—6 months: p = 0.007). Within the limits of the study, it can be stated that nonsurgical periodontal therapy with additional systemic administration of Amoxicillin and Metronidazole increases the level of HNP1-3 in GCF.

Lectin adhesion proteins (P-, L- and E-selectins) as biomarkers in colorectal cancer

CONTEXT

Selectins probably participate in the interactions between platelets and other inflammatory cells in cancer invasion and metastasis formation. We assessed a potential relationship of P-, L- and E-selectin in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in relation to tumour advancement according to TNM classification, and tumour location.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study group was composed of 53 CRC patients and 25 healthy subjects. Plasma levels of soluble P-, L- and E-selectins were measured using the immunoenzymatic method with Quantikine kits (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).

RESULTS

The mean levels of all selectins were significantly higher in CRC patients compared to healthy controls. The highest level of sP-selectin was observed in patients with metastases to the liver (stage IV), and was significantly higher than in patients without metastases (stage I/II) and with lymph node metastases (stage III), p = .02. The highest levels of sL- and sE-selectin were observed in patients with lymph node metastasis. We also found sP-selectin to be the best predictor of CRC.

CONCLUSION

Our finding show possible involvement of tested selectins in CRC advancement and forming metastasis. Among sL- and E- selectins, P-selectin plays an important role in the progression of CRC and could be an attractive biomarker with clinical significance.

Immunohistochemical expression and serum level of survivin protein in colorectal cancer patients

Survivin is one of the apoptosis-related inhibitors that is associated with a more aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis in numerous types of malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The objective of the present study was to perform immunohistochemical tissue analysis of survivin expression and serum analysis of survivin levels in CRC patients. The study group consisted of 55 CRC patients. Survivin expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 38 patients using monoclonal antibodies. Color reactions were observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cancer cells. The expression was defined based on the H-score method. The level of survivin was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. A positive immunoreaction was observed in the tumor tissues of 84.2% (32/38) of patients with CRC, consisting of nuclear (63.2%; 24/38) and cytoplasmic (81.6%; 31/38) expression. The survivin nuclear expression was associated with tumor mass location and the presence of distant metastases (P=0.048 and P=0.026, respectively). Survivin was detected in the sera of 38.2% (21/55) of CRC patients and in 81.8% (18/22) of healthy individuals. Serum protein levels were found to correlate with hematocrit (P=0.035), hemoglobin (P=0.008) and albumin (P=0.045), but not with any of the investigated clinicopathological parameters. The immunohistochemical positive reaction of survivin in the nuclei of cancer cells may condition their proliferative capacity, which is associated with higher risk of developing metastatic foci. Thus, the present study suggests that the expression of survivin may have diagnostic implications in cancer of the colon and thus requires further research. By contrast, the survivin serum level in CRC patients appears to be diagnostically ineffectual for clinical use.

Serum soluble CD40L concentration depending on the stage of multiple myeloma and its correlation with selected angiogenic cytokines

INTRODUCTION    Little is known about the CD40L-CD40 pathway in hematologic malignancies, especially in multiple myeloma (MM). OBJECTIVES    The aim of the current study was to evaluate serum soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) concentrations in patients with newly diagnosed MM prior to treatment at different stages of disease, compared with healthy controls. To assess the clinical significance of sCD40L, we assessed correlations between the levels of sCD40L and those of angiogenic cytokines: interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble receptor of IL-6 (sIL-6R), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), and platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB), as well as with well-established biomarkers of MM activity (lactate dehydrogenase activity and percentage of bone marrow plasma cells) and with a marker of platelet activation (β-thromboglobulin). PATIENTS AND METHODS    The study group consisted of 41 patients with newly diagnosed MM; the control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects. The level of sCD40L was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS    The level of sCD40L was significantly higher in patients with MM than in controls and increased with the stage of the disease. Moreover, it significantly correlated with the levels of IL-6, sIL-6R, sVCAM-1, PDGF-AB, as well as the levels of MM activity markers and β-thromboglobulin. CONCLUSIONS    Our findings indicate that increased serum sCD40L levels may be related to angiogenesis in patients with MM. This protein has potential clinical usefulness in MM and may be considered as an additional prognostic marker. The correlation of sCD40L with β-thromboglobulin may indicate that in patients with MM sCD40L derives from activated platelets.

sVCAM-1 concentration and carotid IMT values in patients with acute myocardial infarction--Atherosclerotic markers of the presence, progress and prognosis

PURPOSE

Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) plays a role in the adhesion and migration of leukocytes from blood to arterial intima and correlate with the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to establish whether soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) may act as an independent risk factor of coronary artery disease occurrence and whether it may reflect a degree of its advancement, if sVCAM-1 has a potential relation with intima-media thickness measurement (IMT), if sVCAM-1 may be useful as a predictor of further cardiovascular events.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study group was composed of 78 patients who were consecutively hospitalized in 2010-2011 due to myocardial infarction (MI). Selected clinical and biochemical risk factors were assessed, sVCAM-1 concentrations and IMT were measured.

RESULTS

Concentrations of sVCAM-1 were significantly higher in the study group as compared to the healthy controls. No significant dependence between sVCAM-1 concentration and the value of IMT in carotid arteries was found. There were no significantly statistical differences between the advancement of coronary artery changes and sVCAM-1 concentration. During the follow-up that lasted from 2 to 4 years (average period - 2.8 years), 4 patients died in the study group (5.1%). sVCAM-1 concentrations (but not IMT values) were significantly statistically higher in the group of patients who died (2248.5±443.5 vs. 990.2±433.6, p=0.0003).

CONCLUSIONS

sVCAM-1 concentrations are useful indicators of the presence of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries, but not its advancement. sVCAM-1 (but not IMT) can be a predictive indicator of an increased risk of death during follow-up in patients after myocardial infarction.

Multifunctional CD40L: pro- and anti-neoplastic activity

The CD40 ligand is a type I transmembrane protein that belongs to a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is present not only on the surface of activated CD4+ T cells, B cells, blood platelets, monocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells but also on cancer cells. The receptor for ligand is constitutively expressed on cells, TNF family protein: CD40. The role of the CD40/CD40L pathway in the induction of body immunity, in inflammation, or in hemostasis has been well documented, whereas its involvement in neoplastic disease is still under investigation. CD40L ligand may potentiate apoptosis of tumor cells by activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), AP-1, CD95, or caspase-depended pathways and stimulate host immunity to defend against cancer. Although CD40L has a major contribution to anti-cancer activity, many reports point at its ambivalent nature. CD40L enhance release of strongly pro-angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and activator of coagulation, TF, the level of which is correlated with tumor metastasis. CD40L involvement in the inhibition of tumor progression has led to the emergence of not only therapy using recombinant forms of the ligand and vaccines in the treatment of cancer but also therapy consisting of inhibiting platelets-main source of CD40L. This article is a review of studies on the ambivalent role of CD40L in neoplastic diseases.

Immunohistochemical expression of MMP-7 protein and its serum level in colorectal cancer

The study objective was to determine the presence of MMP-7 in cancer tissue in correlation with its serum level in patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC). In 45 patients with CRC, MMP-7 expression was assessed immunohistochemically on FFPE slides in tumours (N = 37) and in the corresponding surgical margin sample. MMP-7 serum level was measured preoperatively. The expression of MMP-7 in cancer tissue was much stronger as compared to the normal intestinal mucosa. Also the level of MMP-7 in the serum of CRC patients was higher than in healthy subjects (N = 24) (p < 0.01). The tumour located in the colon showed higher expression of MMP-7 than CRCs located in the rectum (p < 0.05), whereas the higher MMP-7 serum level showed correlation with older age (p = 0.005), tumour size less than 5 cm (p < 0.05), higher Dukes' stage (p < 0.05) and distant metastases (p < 0.05). The increased serum level of MMP-7 in CRC patients may indicate the presence of distant metastases.

Prognostic significance of adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) and VEGF in colorectal cancer patients

INTRODUCTION

Adhesion molecules take part in the interaction between host cells and cancer cells. In the current study the relationship between the soluble adhesion molecules sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 and proangiogenic factor VEGF in colorectal cancer progression were measured.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study group consisted of 46 patients with colorectal carcinoma (classified due to TNM classification) and 40 controls. sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and VEGF plasma concentration were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

All measured parameters levels were increased significantly in patients with colorectal cancer in comparison to controls (p<0.001). sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and VEGF increased significantly due to colorectal cancer progression. There was a positive correlation between sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in all study groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated in CRC patients significantly increased levels of soluble adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and sICAM-1) and angiogenic factor (VEGF) as compared to control group. The dynamics of these molecules showed the growing tendency along with tumor size and metastasis formation.

[The relations between platelet count, mean platelet volume and HbA1C in patients with type 2 diabetes]

Considerable interest experimental and clinical researches has been focused on important role of advanced glication and its products and oxidative stress on the structure and functional disorders of platelets in diabetes. The aim of the study of our work was an estimate of platelet count (PLT) and mean platelet volume (MPV) for diabetics and control subjects and diabetics depending on glycated haemoglobin. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the platelet count was 216.4 x 10(9)/l in control subjects 223.60 x 10(9)/l. The mean platelet volume in diabetic was significantly higher than in control subjects and the results totaled 9.81 fl in diabetics. The platelet count in groups: B1 and B2 than in control subjects 9.36 fl, depending on glycated haemoglobin were not significantly important. The mean platelet volume in diabetics with level of glycated haemoglobin below 7.5% was 10.25 fl in group B2 9.83 fl and in control subjects 9.36 fl. One can suppose changes in patelet count and mean platelet volume depend on level metabolic disorders in diabetic.

[Platelets activation in depending on glycaemic control in diabetes type 2]

Both metabolic and heamodynamic disorders accompany diabetes. Inadequate control of glycaemia, glication proteins and oxidative stress causes chronic thromboembolic and atherothrombosis complications. Disorders which are observed in diabetes induce intravascular platelets activation and changes with platelets' morphologic parameters. It is interesting if this process depends on glycaemic control diabetes? The aim of our study was to investigate in patients with type 2 diabetes the level of beta-thromboglobulin as the platelets activation marker and platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), which depend on diabetes control.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study group included 58 patients with type 2 diabetes (middle ages was 58) with long-term anamnesis and treated only with insulin. The control group was composed by 36 healthy people (middle ages was 54). The study group was categorized into two subgroups, in depending on percent of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) which is a marker of diabetes control: B1--HbA1c < 7,5%--(13 people), B2--HbA1c > or = 7,5%--(45 people). Identical set research (beta-TG, PLT MPV and HbA1c) were carried out in both study group and the control group. Blood samples were collected from elbow vein, with no staza use and were put to test- tubes with disodium versenate (EDTA-K2) and to vacuum test- tubes Vacutainer with anticoagulant CTAD.

RESULTS

We didn't observe significantly important differences in the research parameters: B-TG, MPV and PLT between subgroups with good diabetes control and worse diabetes control. The level of beta-thromboglobulin and the mean platelet volume was significantly important higher in the study group than in the control subjects. However, PLT--platelet count, in the blood collected from patients with type 2 diabetes was slightly lower than in the control group.

CONCLUSION

Increased activation of platelets in patients with type 2 diabetes does not depend on glycaemic control diabetes.

Does surgery affect certain mediators of thrombocytopoiesis in patients with colorectal cancer?

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The most common method to treat colorectal cancer is a surgical procedure involving tumor resection. Surgery induces systemic metabolic changes like hypoxia, acidosis, production of hormones and proinflammatory cytokines, which participate in hematopoiesis.

METHODOLOGY

We examined 38 patients with colorectal cancer and 35 healthy subjects as a control group. In these patients, thrombopoietin concentration, interleukin-6, percentage of reticulated platelets and platelet count were estimated three times: before surgery, 3 days and 12 days after surgery.

RESULTS

In colorectal cancer, before surgery, thrombopoietin, interleukin-6, percentage of reticulated platelets and platelet count were significantly higher than in controls. 3 days after surgery we observed a 2-fold increase in thrombopoietin concentration and a 5-fold increase in interleukin-6 concentration, compared to the baseline. The platelet count was significantly decreased. 12 days after surgery thrombopoietin and interleukin concentration were markedly reduced and platelet count was significantly increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Depending on the time that has passed since surgery, we observed significant changes in platelet count and thrombocytopoietic indices. Three days after surgery, platelet count was reduced while concentrations of the cytokines increased, which resulted in a significant rise in platelet count 12 days after surgery. Tumor resection in colorectal cancer patients regulates thrombocytopoiesis and restores physiological relationship between PLT and Tpo. The elevated IL-6 level in our study may indicate its involvement not only in the neoplastic and inflammatory processes, but also in thrombocytopoiesis.

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in pancreatic ductal carcinoma is associated with tumor metastasis formation

The objective of the current study was to assess the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in pancreatic ductal carcinoma and to examine its correlation with chosen clinico-anatomical parameters. The study group consisted of 36 patients with pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Tumors were stained using immunohistochemical method (NCL -MMP-9, Novocastra). No correlation was found between tumor MMP-9 expression and age, gender or grade of histological malignancy. However, statistical analysis revealed a relationship between tumor MMP-9 expression and histological type (adenocarcinoma mucinosum) of pancreatic carcinoma. The expression was strongly correlated with lymph node involvement and occurrence of distant metastases (p<0.00001). The results indicate a correlation between the expression of MMP-9 in pancreatic ductal carcinoma and worse prognosis (shown by lymph node involvement and distant metastases).

Relationship between soluble P-selectin and inflammatory factors (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Platelets are an important element in the thrombotic process, inflammation and cancer progression. We tested the hypothesis that there is a relationship between platelet activation and inflammation in colorectal cancer patients (CRC).

PATIENTS/METHODS

We measured soluble (s) P-selectin (marker of platelet activation), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (indexes of inflammation) in 42 CRC patients and 38 healthy subjects. CRC patients were divided into two groups: A-24 patients in stages I and II; B-18 patients in stage III. Soluble P-selectin, Interleukin-6 concentration was measured using commercially available immunoenzymatic methods. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (RCRP) concentration was measured by a high sensitivity latex particle turbidimetric immunoassay.

RESULTS

Soluble P-selectin, CRP and IL-6 levels were significantly increased as compared to the control group (p<0.001). Plasma levels of sP-selectin, CRP and IL-6 were higher in group B (with metastases) than in group A (without metastases) (p<0.001). CRC patients had a positive correlation between IL-6 and CRP (r=0.7638, p<0.01) and between sP-selectin and IL-6 (r=0.5633, p<0.03).

CONCLUSION

We observed hyperactivation of blood platelets and inflammatory response in patients with colorectal cancer, also the inflammatory process and platelet activation progress along with colorectal cancer advancement. Our results seem to confirm the relationship of platelet activation with inflammatory response in colorectal cancer patients.

Changes in platelet CD 62P expression and soluble P-selectin concentration in surgically treated colorectal carcinoma

PURPOSE

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of tumor advancement and surgery treatment on P-selectin expression (CD 62P), level of sP-selectin and platelet count.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study involved 27 colorectal cancer patients (CRC). They were divided into two groups: group B1--18 patients (T2-3N0M0) and group B2--9 patients (T2-4N+M0). In CRC patients the blood was collected three times: 1) before surgery (A0), 2) 3 days after surgery and 3) 12 days after surgery.

RESULTS

The results obtained showed that CD 62P expression in CRC patients was twice higher (5.36%) than in control (2.58%) (p < 0.001). The level of sP-selectin concentration in both groups (B1--74.22 ng/mL and B2--70.33 ng/mL) was significantly higher than in control (46.01 ng/mL) (p < 0.001). There was no significant differences in CD 62P expression, plasma sP-selectin concentration and in PLT count between group B1 and B2. Three days after surgery in both groups of patients we observed decreased CD 62P expression and sP-selectin level compared to the results before surgery (p < 0.05). Twelve days after surgery we found an increase in the CD 62P-positive platelets and sP-selectin in group B1 and B2. We found positive correlation between plasma sP-selectin concentration and PLT count in CRC.

CONCLUSIONS

In the current study on colorectal cancer we observed platelet hyperactivation, irrespective of tumor clinical advancement. Surgical procedure, in the early period following radical tumor resection, does not totally eliminate platelet activation in vivo.

[Does menopause affect thrombocytopoiesis and platelet activation?]

BACKGROUND

Menopause has been postulated to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. We try to analyse wheather lack of estrogens in postmenopausal women (without oestrogen replacement therapy) can change any of the platelet parameters. In the current study, blood samples of healthy woman before (group K) and after menopause (group Km) were analysed with respect to platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), large platelet count (LPLT), percentage of reticulated platelets (RP), absolute count of reticulated platelets (BLR) and plasma levels of thrombopoietin (TPO) and beta-thromboglobulin.

RESULTS

The mean platelet count in group Km (230.12 +/- 49.5 x 10(9)/l) was significantly lower than in group K (252.35 +/- 41.25 x 10((9)/l, p = 0.025). Percentage of reticulated platelet in group Km (1.35 +/- 0.4%) was higher than in group K (1.13 +/- 0.47%, p = 0.02). Also P-TG concentration in group Km (245.64 +/- 29.55 IUI ml) was significantly higher (p = 0.02) than in group K (221.79 +/- 42.20 IU/ml). The MPV, LPLT, TPO and BLR values were similar in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Lower platelet count in woman after menopause than in young woman probably was a result of a decreased concentration of estrogens. Higher percentage of reticulated platelet in group of woman after menopause than in the group before menopause suggests that it is a more sensitive parameter of thrombocytopoiesis than others. Higher beta-thromboglobulin level confirms platelet activation in postmenopausal women.

Platelet count, mean platelet volume and thrombocytopoietic indices in healthy women and men

Gender-dependent differences in platelet count have been demonstrated in few studies. In women platelet count is higher than in men, which seems to reflect different hormonal profiles or a compensatory mechanism associated with menstrual blood loss. The aim of the study was to assess platelet count, mean platelet volume and thrombocytopoietic indices in women and men. The study was conducted on healthy blood donors divided into groups: F - 60 women and M - 65 men. Platelet count and mean platelet volume were determined on a haematological analyser Advia 120, Bayer. The following thrombocytopoietic indices were measured: thrombopoietin concentration (ELISA), percentage of reticulated platelets (flow cytometry, COULTER EPICS XL) and absolute reticulated platelet count.

RESULTS

Higher platelet count was noted in the group of women 252.35 +/- 41.25 x 10(9)/l as compared to men 221.87 +/- 37.63 x 10(9)/l (p = 0.0002). At the same time women had lower thrombopoietin concentration 156.50 +/- 57.18 pg/ml compared to men 180.46 +/- 60.98 pg/ml, (p = 0.03). No statistically significant differences were found in the mean platelet volume, percentage of reticulated platelets or absolute reticulated platelet count between group F and M.

CONCLUSIONS

Platelet count is gender-dependent, being higher in women than in men. Thrombopoietin concentration is gender-dependent and is lower in women than in men. In physiological conditions, there is no correlation between platelet count and thrombopoietin concentration in women (r = -0.155) and men (r = -0.2586).

Does smoking affect thrombocytopoiesis and platelet activation in women and men?

PURPOSE

Smoking is a significant risk factor of cardiac ischaemia. Changes in platelet count, morphology and platelet activation enhance the risk.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The objective of the study was to assess platelet parameters in smoking healthy subjects with reference to sex. In the group of women, 27% were smokers, in the group of men--49%. All the subjects were tested for platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), percentage of large platelets (L(PLT)), concentrations of beta-thromboglobulin, sP-selectin (soluble) and thrombopoietin, percentage of reticulated platelets (RP) and absolute count of reticulated platelet.

RESULTS

Lower platelet count (237.00 +/- 39.52 vs 258.34 +/- 40.81 x 10(9)/l, p = 0.0002), higher percentage of reticulated platelets (1.39 +/- 0 .66 vs 1.04 +/- 0.35%, p = 0.04) and higher concentration of sP-selectin (52.66 +/- 18.54 vs 43.94 +/- 17.14 ng/ml, p = 0.03) were observed only in the group of smoking women, compared to non-smokers. In neither of the sexes smoking had an effect on the following parameters: mean platelet volume, percentage of large platelets, concentration of thrombopoietin, absolute count of reticulated platelet and concentration of beta1 -thromboglobulin.

CONCLUSIONS

The results allow the hypothesis that women are more sensitive to smoking than men. Platelets in male smokers are less sensitive to smoking--the study showed no significant changes in the parameters.