1
|
Peter C, Schulz WA, Whongsiri P. Characterization of Native COMPASS Complex in Urothelial Carcinoma Cells by Size Exclusion Chromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2684:101-109. [PMID: 37410229 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3291-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The human COMPASS complexes regulate gene expression during development and cell differentiation. Three distinct subunits, KMT2C, KMT2D, and KDM6A (also known as UTX), are frequently mutated in urothelial carcinoma, possibly disrupting the formation of functional COMPASS complexes. Here, we describe methods to evaluate the formation of these large native protein complexes in urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines harboring different mutations in KMT2C/D. To this end COMPASS complexes were purified from nuclear extracts by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a Sepharose 6 column. SEC fractions were then separated by 3-8% Tris-acetate gradient polyacrylamide gel and the COMPASS complex subunits KMT2C, UTX, WDR5, and RBBP5 were detected by immunoblotting. In this fashion, the formation of a COMPASS complex could be observed in UC cells with wild-type but not in cells with mutant KMT2C and KMTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Peter
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patcharawalai Whongsiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Hoffmann MJ, Poschmann G, Petzsch P, Wiek C, Stühler K, Köhrer K, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of human urothelial cancer cells with histone deacetylase 5 overexpression. Sci Data 2022; 9:240. [PMID: 35624179 PMCID: PMC9142574 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the urinary bladder is a prevalent cancer worldwide. Because histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important factors in cancer, targeting these epigenetic regulators is considered an attractive strategy to develop novel anticancer drugs. Whereas HDAC1 and HDAC2 promote UC, HDAC5 is often downregulated and only weakly expressed in UC cell lines, suggesting a tumor-suppressive function. We studied the effect of stable lentiviral-mediated HDAC5 overexpression in four UC cell lines with different phenotypes (RT112, VM-Cub-1, SW1710, and UM-UC-3, each with vector controls). In particular, comprehensive proteomics and RNA-seq transcriptomics analyses were performed on the four cell line pairs, which are described here. For comparison, the immortalized benign urothelial cell line HBLAK was included. These datasets will be a useful resource for researchers studying UC, and especially the influence of HDAC5 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, these data will inform studies on HDAC5 as a less studied member of the HDAC family in other cell types and diseases, especially fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Structural Cell Biology Group, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santourlidis S, Schulz WA, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Gerovska D, Ott P, Bendhack ML, Hassan M, Erichsen L. Epigenetics in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Malignant Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031531. [PMID: 35163453 PMCID: PMC8835790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamentally important for cancer initiation and development. However, a survey of the literature reveals that, to date, they appear less comprehensively investigated in melanoma than in many other cancers, e.g., prostate, breast, and colon carcinoma. The aim of this review is to provide a short summary of epigenetic aspects of functional relevance for melanoma pathogenesis. In addition, some new perspectives from epigenetic research in other cancers with potential for melanoma diagnosis and therapy are introduced. For example, the PrimeEpiHit hypothesis in urothelial carcinoma, which, similarly to malignant melanoma, can also be triggered by a single exogenous noxa, states that one of the first steps for cancer initiation could be epigenetic changes in key genes of one-carbon metabolism. The application of such insights may contribute to further progress in the diagnosis and therapy of melanoma, a deadly type of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (S.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Wolfgang A. Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.J.A.-B.); (D.G.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniela Gerovska
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.J.A.-B.); (D.G.)
| | - Pauline Ott
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (S.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Marcelo L. Bendhack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Positivo University, Curitiba 80030-200, Brazil;
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherché Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lars Erichsen
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0211-81-16905
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Okubo K, REßING N, Schulz WA, Hansen FK, Asano T, Sato A. The Dual Histone Deacetylase-Proteasome Inhibitor RTS-V5 Acts Synergistically With Ritonavir to Induce Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Bladder Cancer Cells. Anticancer Res 2021; 41:5987-5996. [PMID: 34848452 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Simultaneous inhibition of histone deacetylase and proteasomes induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress efficiently. RTS-V5 is the first dual histone deacetylase-proteasome inhibitor, and we anticipated that combining it with the cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 inhibitor ritonavir would enhance its activity in bladder cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using bladder cancer cells (human T-24, J-82, murine MBT-2), we evaluated the ability and mechanism by which the combination of RTS-V5 and ritonavir induced ER stress and killed cancer cells. RESULTS The combination of RTS-V5 and ritonavir triggered robust apoptosis and inhibited bladder cancer growth effectively in vitro and in vivo. It caused ubiquitinated protein accumulation and induced ER stress synergistically. The combination inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway by increasing the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase. We also found that the combination caused histone and tubulin hyperacetylation. CONCLUSION Ritonavir enhances the ability of RTS-V5 to cause ER stress in bladder cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Okubo
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Nina REßING
- Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Takako Asano
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Sato
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koch J, Lang A, Whongsiri P, Schulz WA, Hoffmann MJ, Greife A. KDM6A mutations promote acute cytoplasmic DNA release, DNA damage response and mitosis defects. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:54. [PMID: 34702163 PMCID: PMC8549169 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KDM6A, encoding a histone demethylase, is one of the top ten mutated epigenetic cancer genes. The effect of mutations on its structure and function are however poorly characterized. Methods Database search identified nonsense and missense mutations in the N-terminal TPR motifs and the C-terminal, catalytic JmjC domain, but also in the intrinsically disordered region connecting both these two well-structured domains. KDM6A variants with cancer-derived mutations were generated using site directed mutagenesis and fused to eGFP serving as an all-in-one affinity and fluorescence tag to study demethylase activity by an ELISA-based assay in vitro, apoptosis by FACS, complex assembly by Co-immunoprecipitation and localization by microscopy in urothelial cells and apoptosis by FACS. Results Independent of the mutation and demethylase activity, all KDM6A variants were detectable in the nucleus. Truncated KDM6A variants displayed changes in complex assemblies affecting (1) known interactions with the COMPASS complex component RBBP5 and (2) KDM6A-DNA associated assemblies with the nuclear protein Nucleophosmin. Some KDM6A variants induced a severe cellular phenotype characterized by multiple acute effects on nuclear integrity, namely, release of nuclear DNA into the cytoplasm, increased level of DNA damage indicators RAD51 and p-γH2A.X, and mitosis defects. These damaging effects were correlated with increased cell death. Conclusion These observations reveal novel effects of pathogenic variants pointing at new specific functions of KDM6A variants. The underlying mechanisms and affected pathways have to be investigated in future research to understand how tumor cells cope with and benefit from KDM6A truncations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-021-00394-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Koch
- Department of Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - A Lang
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - P Whongsiri
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University Bangkog, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - W A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - M J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - A Greife
- Department of Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Okubo K, Isono M, Asano T, REßING N, Schulz WA, Hansen FK, Sato A. Ubiquitin-proteasome System Is a Promising Target for Killing Cisplatin-resistant Bladder Cancer Cells. Anticancer Res 2021; 41:2901-2912. [PMID: 34083281 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.15072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been shown to be associated with drug resistance in cancer. Using bladder cancer cells, we investigated the association between UPS activation and cisplatin resistance and also the efficacy of UPS-targeting drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells (J82-cisR, T24-cisR) and examined the activation status of the UPS and the efficacy of MLN7243, oprozomib, ixazomib, and RTS-V5. RESULTS The UPS in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells was activated compared to that in their parental controls. All the UPS-targeting drugs induced apoptosis and inhibited growth more effectively in the cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells than they did in the parental controls. Furthermore, these UPS-targeting drugs induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by causing unfolded protein accumulation at lower concentrations in the cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSION Targeting the UPS could be an effective strategy for treating cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Okubo
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Isono
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takako Asano
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Nina REßING
- Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Akinori Sato
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mahmood W, Erichsen L, Ott P, Schulz WA, Fischer JC, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Bendhack ML, Hassan M, Santourlidis S. Aging-associated distinctive DNA methylation changes of LINE-1 retrotransposons in pure cell-free DNA from human blood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22127. [PMID: 33335196 PMCID: PMC7746734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
LINE-1 hypomethylation of cell-free DNA has been described as an epigenetic biomarker of human aging. However, in the past, insufficient differentiation between cellular and cell-free DNA may have confounded analyses of genome-wide methylation levels in aging cells. Here we present a new methodological strategy to properly and unambiguously extract DNA methylation patterns of repetitive, as well as single genetic loci from pure cell-free DNA from peripheral blood. Since this nucleic acid fraction originates mainly in apoptotic, senescent and cancerous cells, this approach allows efficient analysis of aged and cancerous cell-specific DNA methylation patterns for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Using this methodology, we observe a significant age-associated erosion of LINE-1 methylation in cfDNA suggesting that the threshold of hypomethylation sufficient for relevant LINE-1 activation and consequential harmful retrotransposition might be reached at higher age. We speculate that this process might contribute to making aging the main risk factor for many cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wardah Mahmood
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Erichsen
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Pauline Ott
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes C Fischer
- Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcos J Arauzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marcelo L Bendhack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Positivo University, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Skowron MA, Petzsch P, Hardt K, Wagner N, Beier M, Stepanow S, Drechsler M, Rieder H, Köhrer K, Niegisch G, Hoffmann MJ, Schulz WA. Distinctive mutational spectrum and karyotype disruption in long-term cisplatin-treated urothelial carcinoma cell lines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14476. [PMID: 31597922 PMCID: PMC6785536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50891-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-damaging compound cisplatin is broadly employed for cancer chemotherapy. The mutagenic effects of cisplatin on cancer cell genomes are poorly studied and might even contribute to drug resistance. We have therefore analyzed mutations and chromosomal alterations in four cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cell lines (LTTs) by whole-exome-sequencing and array-CGH. 720–7479 genes in the LTTs contained point mutations, with a characteristic mutational signature. Only 53 genes were mutated in all LTTs, including the presumed cisplatin exporter ATP7B. Chromosomal alterations were characterized by segmented deletions and gains leading to severely altered karyotypes. The few chromosomal changes shared among LTTs included gains involving the anti-apoptotic BCL2L1 gene and losses involving the NRF2 regulator KEAP1. Overall, the extent of genomic changes paralleled cisplatin treatment concentrations. In conclusion, bladder cancer cell lines selected for cisplatin-resistance contain abundant and characteristic drug-induced genomic changes. Cisplatin treatment may therefore generate novel tumor genomes during patient treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karin Hardt
- Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicholas Wagner
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Beier
- Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stepanow
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Drechsler
- Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Rieder
- Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Karina D Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sassenberg M, Droop J, Schulz WA, Dietrich D, Loick SM, Wiek C, Scheckenbach K, Gaisa NT, Hoffmann MJ. Upregulation of the long non-coding RNA CASC9 as a biomarker for squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:806. [PMID: 31412811 PMCID: PMC6694542 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are available for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have shown promise as biomarkers in other cancer types and in some cases functionally contribute to tumor development and progression. Here, we searched for lncRNAs useful as biomarkers in HNSCC. METHODS Public datasets were mined for lncRNA candidates. Two independent HNSCC tissue sets and a bladder cancer tissue set were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Effects of lncRNA overexpression or downregulation on cell proliferation, clonogenicity, migration and chemosensitivity were studied in HNSCC cell lines. RESULTS Data mining revealed prominently CASC9, a lncRNA significantly overexpressed in HNSCC tumor tissues according to the TCGA RNAseq data. Overexpression was confirmed by RT-qPCR analyses of patient tissues from two independent cohorts. CASC9 expression discriminated tumors from normal tissues with even higher specificity than HOTAIR, a lncRNA previously suggested as an HNSCC biomarker. Specificity of HNSCC detection by CASC9 was further improved by combination with HOTAIR. Analysis of TCGA pan-cancer data revealed significant overexpression of CASC9 across different other entities including bladder, liver, lung and stomach cancers and especially in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. By RT-qPCR analysis we furthermore detected stronger CASC9 overexpression in pure SCC of the urinary bladder and mixed urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation than in pure urothelial carcinomas. Thus, CASC9 might represent a general diagnostic biomarker and particularly for SCCs. Unexpectedly, up- or downregulation of CASC9 expression in HNSCC cell lines with low or high CASC9 expression, respectively, did not result in significant changes of cell viability, clonogenicity, migration or chemosensitivity. CONCLUSIONS CASC9 is a promising biomarker for HNSCC detection. While regularly overexpressed, however, this lncRNA does not seem to act as a major driver of development or progression in this tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Sassenberg
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Droop
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dimo Dietrich
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophia Marie Loick
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine T Gaisa
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Hoffmann MJ, Beck MLC, Poschmann G, Petzsch P, Wiek C, Stühler K, Köhrer K, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. HDAC5 Expression in Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Lines Inhibits Long-Term Proliferation but Can Promote Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092135. [PMID: 31052182 PMCID: PMC6539474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) generally promote cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, whereas class IIA HDACs like HDAC4 and HDAC5 may promote or impede cancer development in a tissue-dependent manner. In urothelial carcinoma (UC), HDAC5 is often downregulated. Accordingly, HDAC5 was weakly expressed in UC cell lines suggesting a possible tumor-suppressive function. We therefore characterized the effects of stable HDAC5 expression in four UC cell lines (RT112, VM-Cub-1, SW1710 and UM-UC-3) with different phenotypes reflecting the heterogeneity of UC, by assessing proliferation, clonogenicity and migration ability. Further, we detailed changes in the proteome and transcriptome by immunoblotting, mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing analysis. We observed that HDAC5 overexpression in general decreased cell proliferation, but in one cell line (VM-Cub-1) induced a dramatic change from an epitheloid to a mesenchymal phenotype, i.e., epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These phenotypical changes were confirmed by comprehensive proteomics and transcriptomics analyses. In contrast to HDAC5, overexpression of HDAC4 exerted only weak effects on cell proliferation and phenotypes. We conclude that overexpression of HDAC5 may generally decrease proliferation in UC, but, intriguingly, may induce EMT on its own in certain circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michael L C Beck
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sharma A, Jamil MA, Nuesgen N, Dauksa A, Gulbinas A, Schulz WA, Oldenburg J, El-Maarri O. Detailed methylation map of LINE-1 5'-promoter region reveals hypomethylated CpG hotspots associated with tumor tissue specificity. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e601. [PMID: 30955237 PMCID: PMC6503062 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE‐1) sequences constitute a substantial portion of the human genome, and their methylation often correlating with global genomic methylation. Previous studies have highlighted the feasibility of using LINE‐1 methylation to discriminate tumors from healthy tissues. However, most studies are based on only a few specific LINE‐1 CpG sites. Methods Herein, we have performed a systematic fine‐scale analysis of methylation at 14 CpGs located in the 5′‐region of consensus LINE‐1, in bladder, colon, prostate, and gastric tumor tissues using a global degenerate approach. Results Our results reveal variable methylation levels between different CpGs, as well as some tissue‐specific differences. Trends toward hypomethylation were observed in all tumors types to certain degrees, showing statistically significance in bladder and prostate tumors. Our data points toward the presence of unique LINE‐1 DNA methylation patterns for each tumor type and tissue, indicating that not the same CpGs will be informative for testing in all tumor types. Conclusion This study provides an accurate guide that will help to design further assays that could avoid artifacts and explain the variability of obtained LINE‐1 methylation values between different studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad A Jamil
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Nuesgen
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albertas Dauksa
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Antanas Gulbinas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Osman El-Maarri
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Whongsiri P, Pimratana C, Wijitsettakul U, Sanpavat A, Jindatip D, Hoffmann MJ, Goering W, Schulz WA, Boonla C. Oxidative stress and LINE-1 reactivation in bladder cancer are epigenetically linked through active chromatin formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:419-428. [PMID: 30703483 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactivation of long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) are coincidently observed in bladder cancer (BlCa), but the mechanistic connection between these two oncogenic phenomena is unknown. Previously, we reported increases in oxidative stress and LINE-1 protein (ORF1p) expression in human BlCa tissues. In this study, we measured 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-oxoguanosine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1), H3K9me3 and HP1α in bladder tissues obtained from BlCa patients. Reactivation of LINE-1 by reactive oxygen species (ROS) through chromatin remodeling was investigated in seven BlCa cell lines. We found that 5mC was decreased, but 8-OHdG, H3K9me3 and HP1α levels were increased in BlCa tissues relative to the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. OGG1, H3K9me3 and HP1α expression in BlCa tissues were positively correlated with 8-OHdG levels. Following H2O2 treatment, LINE-1 transcript expression was increased in VM-CUB-1 and TCCSUP, whereas AluYa5 and AluYb8 transcripts were increased in BFTC905 cells. Basal expression of LINE-1 ORF1p varied among BlCa cell lines from none to very high. H2O2 treatment clearly increased expression of ORF1p in VM-CUB-1, TCCSUP and BFTC905. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that 5'-LINE-1 promoters became further enriched in H3K4me3 and H3K18ac in VM-CUB-1 and BFTC905 cells treated with H2O2. In contrast, 5'-LINE-1 promoters became more enriched in H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 in UM-UC-3 treated with H2O2. In summary, decreased 5mC, but increased 8-OHdG, H3K9me3 and HP1α expression were demonstrated in human BlCa tissues, indicating global DNA hypomethylation, increased oxidative stress and altered histone methylation in BlCa. Chromatin structures were profoundly changed in BlCa cells exposed to ROS, but expression of LINE-1 transcript and protein were at most modestly increased. ROS enhanced expression of full-length LINE-1 elements only in cell lines with pre-existing activation, which was paralleled by increased formation of active chromatin at LINE-1 promoter loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patcharawalai Whongsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaowat Pimratana
- Division of Urology, Buriram Hospital, Buriram Province 31000, Thailand
| | | | - Anapat Sanpavat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Depicha Jindatip
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Chanchai Boonla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ackermann R, Schmitz-Dräger BJ, Kushima M, Goebell P, Jax TW, Gerharz CD, Bültel H, Schulz WA, Ebert T. p53 and MDM2 in the Development and Progression of Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2019. [DOI: 10.1159/000480813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Schulz WA, Lang A, Koch J, Greife A. The histone demethylase UTX/KDM6A in cancer: Progress and puzzles. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:614-620. [PMID: 30628063 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lysine-specific demethylase 6A/UTX (gene name KDM6A) acts as a component of the COMPASS complex to control gene activation. UTX demethylates H3K27me2/3 at genes and enhancers. Deleterious mutations in KDM6A are found in many cancer types, prominently urothelial carcinoma and certain T-cell leukemias. In certain cancers, however, UTX supports oncogenic transcription factors, e.g. steroid hormone receptors in breast and prostate cancer. In fetal development, UTX regulates lineage choice and cell differentiation. Analogously, loss of UTX function in cancer may lead to metaplasia or impede differentiation. Likely because its function is contingent on its interacting transcription factors, the effects of UTX inactivation are not uniform and require detailed investigation in each cancer type. In urothelial carcinoma, in particular, the functional consequences of the frequent mutations in KDM6A and other COMPASS component genes are poorly understood. Nevertheless, UTX inactivation appears to sensitize many cancers to inhibitors of the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2. Conversely, inhibitors of UTX enzymatic activity may be applicable in cancers with an oncogenic UTX function. Intriguingly, the fact that KDM6A is localized on the X-chromosome, but both copies are expressed, may account for gender-specific differences in cancer susceptibility. In conclusion, despite recent progress, many open questions need to be addressed, most importantly, the detailed mechanisms by which KDM6A inactivation promotes various cancers, but also with which proteins UTX interacts in and apart from the COMPASS complex, and to which extent its catalytic function is required for its tumor-suppressive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Koch
- Department of Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annemarie Greife
- Department of Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Kreimer U, Schulz WA, Krikoni A, Schumann GG, Häussinger D, Münk C, Goering W. APOBEC3B Activity Is Prevalent in Urothelial Carcinoma Cells and Only Slightly Affected by LINE-1 Expression. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2088. [PMID: 30233553 PMCID: PMC6132077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common mutational signature in urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common type of urinary bladder cancer is assumed to be caused by the misdirected activity of APOBEC3 (A3) cytidine deaminases, especially A3A or A3B, which are known to normally restrict the propagation of exogenous viruses and endogenous retroelements such as LINE-1 (L1). The involvement of A3 proteins in urothelial carcinogenesis is unexpected because, to date, UC is thought to be caused by chemical carcinogens rather than viral activity. Therefore, we explored the relationship between A3 expression and L1 activity, which is generally upregulated in UC. We found that UC cell lines highly express A3B and in some cases A3G, but not A3A, and exhibit corresponding cytidine deamination activity in vitro. While we observed evidence suggesting that L1 expression has a weak positive effect on A3B and A3G expression and A3B promoter activity, neither efficient siRNA-mediated knockdown nor overexpression of functional L1 elements affected catalytic activity of A3 proteins consistently. However, L1 knockdown diminished proliferation of a UC cell line exhibiting robust endogenous L1 expression, but had little impact on a cell line with low L1 expression levels. Our results indicate that UC cells express A3B at levels exceeding A3A levels by far, making A3B the prime candidate for causing genomic mutations. Our data provide evidence that L1 activation constitutes only a minor and negligible factor involved in induction or upregulation of endogenous A3 expression in UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kreimer
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Krikoni
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerald G Schumann
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Whongsiri P, Pimratana C, Wijitsettakul U, Jindatip D, Sanpavat A, Schulz WA, Hoffmann MJ, Goering W, Boonla C. LINE-1 ORF1 Protein Is Up-regulated by Reactive Oxygen Species and Associated with Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Progression. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:143-151. [PMID: 29496693 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Reactivation of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) and oxidative stress are suggested to have oncogenic potential to drive tumorigenesis and cancer progression. We previously demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused hypomethylation of LINE-1 elements in bladder cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the expression of LINE-1-encoded protein (ORF1p) and oxidative stress marker 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in human bladder cancer tissues, as well as induction of ORF1p expression by ROS in bladder cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six cancerous and 15 non-cancerous adjacent tissues were immunohistochemically stained for ORF1p and 4-HNE. ORF1p expression and cell migration were determined in bladder cancer cells exposed to H2O2 Results: ORF1p and 4-HNE expression was higher in cancerous than non-cancerous tissues. Elevated ORF1p expression was associated with increased 4-HNE expression and with advanced tumors. H2O2 provoked oxidative stress and up-regulated ORF1p expression in VM-CUB-1 compared to the untreated control, and to a lesser degree in TCCSUP. H2O2 exposure enhanced cell migration in UM-UC-3, TCCSUP and VM-CUB-1. CONCLUSION Elevated ORF1p expression is associated with tumor progression. ROS experimentally induce ORF1p expression and promote migration in bladder cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patcharawalai Whongsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Depicha Jindatip
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anapat Sanpavat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Chanchai Boonla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grunewald CM, Schulz WA, Skowron MA, Hoffmann MJ, Niegisch G. Tumor immunotherapy—the potential of epigenetic drugs to overcome resistance. Transl Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2018.06.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
Kaletsch A, Pinkerneil M, Hoffmann MJ, Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Wang C, Hansen FK, Wiek C, Hanenberg H, Gertzen C, Gohlke H, Kassack MU, Kurz T, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. Effects of novel HDAC inhibitors on urothelial carcinoma cells. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:100. [PMID: 30064501 PMCID: PMC6069857 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are promising anti-cancer drugs that could also be employed for urothelial carcinoma (UC) therapy. It is unclear, however, whether inhibition of all 11 zinc-dependent HDACs or of individual enzymes is more efficacious and specific. Here, we investigated the novel HDACi 19i (LMK235) with presumed preferential activity against class IIA HDAC4/5 in comparison to the pan-HDACi vorinostat (SAHA) and the HDAC4-specific HDACi TMP269 in UC cell lines with basal expression of HDAC4 and characterized two HDAC4-overexpressing UC cell lines. Methods Cytotoxic concentrations 50% (CC50s) for HDACi were determined by MTT assay and high-content analysis-based fluorescent live/dead assay in UC cell lines with different expression of HDAC4 and as well as in normal urothelial cell cultures, HBLAK and HEK-293 cell lines. Effects of HDACis were analyzed by flow cytometry; molecular changes were followed by qRT-PCR and Western blots. UC lines overexpressing HDAC4 were established by lentiviral transduction. Inhibitor activity profiles of HDACi were obtained by current state in vitro assays, and docking analysis was performed using an updated crystal structure of HDAC4. Results In UC cell lines, 19i CC50s ranged around 1 μM; control lines were similarly or less sensitive. Like SAHA, 19i increased the G2/M-fraction, disturbed mitosis, and elicited apoptosis or in some cells senescence. Thymidylate synthase expression was diminished, and p21CIP1 was induced; global histone acetylation and α-tubulin acetylation also increased. In most cell lines, 19i as well as SAHA induced HDAC5 and HDAC4 mRNAs while rather repressing HDAC7. UC cell lines overexpressing HDAC4 were not significantly less sensitive to 19i. Reevaluation of the in vitro HDAC isoenzyme activity inhibition profile of 19i and its docking to HDAC4 using current assays suggested rather low activity against class IIA HDACs. The specific class IIA HDAC inhibitor TMP269 impeded proliferation of UC cell lines only at concentrations > 10 μM. Conclusions Anti-neoplastic effects of 19i on UC cells appear to be exerted by targeting class I HDACs. In fact, HDAC4 may rather impede UC growth. Our results suggest that targeting of class IIA HDACs 4/5 may not be optimal for UC therapy. Moreover, our investigation provides further evidence for cross-regulation of class IIA HDACs by class I HDACs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0531-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Kaletsch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ananda A Jaguva Vasudevan
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Chenyin Wang
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Gertzen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias U Kassack
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Weber L, Schulz WA, Philippou S, Eckardt J, Ubrig B, Hoffmann MJ, Tannapfel A, Kalbe B, Gisselmann G, Hatt H. Characterization of the Olfactory Receptor OR10H1 in Human Urinary Bladder Cancer. Front Physiol 2018; 9:456. [PMID: 29867524 PMCID: PMC5964926 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are a large group of G-protein coupled receptors predominantly found in the olfactory epithelium. Many ORs are, however, ectopically expressed in other tissues and involved in several diseases including cancer. In this study, we describe that one OR, OR10H1, is predominantly expressed in the human urinary bladder with a notably higher expression at mRNA and protein level in bladder cancer tissues. Interestingly, also significantly higher amounts of OR10H1 transcripts were detectable in the urine of bladder cancer patients than in the urine of control persons. We identified the sandalwood-related compound Sandranol as a specific agonist of OR10H1. This deorphanization allowed the functional characterization of OR10H1 in BFTC905 bladder cancer cells. The effect of receptor activation was morphologically apparent in cell rounding, accompanied by changes in the cytoskeleton detected by β-actin, T-cadherin and β-Catenin staining. In addition, Sandranol treatment significantly diminished cell viability, cell proliferation and migration and induced a limited degree of apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis revealed an increased G1 fraction. In a concentration-dependent manner, Sandranol application elevated cAMP levels, which was reduced by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, and elicited intracellular Ca2+ concentration increase. Furthermore, activation of OR10H1 enhanced secretion of ATP and serotonin. Our results suggest OR10H1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Weber
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Translational Wound Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stathis Philippou
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Augusta Kliniken Bochum Hattingen, Bochum, Germany
| | - Josephine Eckardt
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institute for Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ubrig
- Clinic for Urology, Augusta Kliniken Bochum Hattingen, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michéle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Institute for Pathology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kalbe
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Erichsen L, Ghanjati F, Beermann A, Poyet C, Hermanns T, Schulz WA, Seifert HH, Wild PJ, Buser L, Kröning A, Braunstein S, Anlauf M, Jankowiak S, Hassan M, Bendhack ML, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Santourlidis S. Author Correction: Aberrant methylated key genes of methyl group metabolism within the molecular etiology of urothelial carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6051. [PMID: 29643401 PMCID: PMC5895801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Erichsen
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Foued Ghanjati
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnes Beermann
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Cedric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter J Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Buser
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kröning
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Braunstein
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Anlauf
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Silvia Jankowiak
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherché Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marcelo L Bendhack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Positivo University, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Erichsen L, Ghanjati F, Beermann A, Poyet C, Hermanns T, Schulz WA, Seifert HH, Wild PJ, Buser L, Kröning A, Braunstein S, Anlauf M, Jankowiak S, Hassan M, Bendhack ML, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Santourlidis S. Aberrant methylated key genes of methyl group metabolism within the molecular etiology of urothelial carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3477. [PMID: 29472622 PMCID: PMC5823913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common cancer of the urinary bladder causes severe morbidity and mortality, e.g. about 40.000 deaths in the EU annually, and incurs considerable costs for the health system due to the need for prolonged treatments and long-term monitoring. Extensive aberrant DNA methylation is described to prevail in urothelial carcinoma and is thought to contribute to genetic instability, altered gene expression and tumor progression. However, it is unknown how this epigenetic alteration arises during carcinogenesis. Intact methyl group metabolism is required to ensure maintenance of cell-type specific methylomes and thereby genetic integrity and proper cellular function. Here, using two independent techniques for detecting DNA methylation, we observed DNA hypermethylation of the 5'-regulatory regions of the key methyl group metabolism genes ODC1, AHCY and MTHFR in early urothelial carcinoma. These hypermethylation events are associated with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation which is commonly associated with genetic instability. We therefore infer that hypermethylation of methyl group metabolism genes acts in a feed-forward cycle to promote additional DNA methylation changes and suggest a new hypothesis on the molecular etiology of urothelial carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Erichsen
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Foued Ghanjati
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnes Beermann
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Cedric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter J Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Buser
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kröning
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Braunstein
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Anlauf
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Silvia Jankowiak
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherché Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marcelo L Bendhack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Positivo University, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Skowron MA, Melnikova M, van Roermund JGH, Romano A, Albers P, Thomale J, Schulz WA, Niegisch G, Hoffmann MJ. Multifaceted Mechanisms of Cisplatin Resistance in Long-Term Treated Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020590. [PMID: 29462944 PMCID: PMC5855812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin-based treatment of late stage urothelial carcinoma (UC) is limited by chemoresistance. To elucidate underlying mechanisms and to develop new approaches for overcoming resistance, we generated long-term cisplatin treated (LTT) UC cell lines, characterised their cisplatin response, and determined the expression of molecules involved in cisplatin transport and detoxification, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Inhibitors of metallothioneins and Survivin were applied to investigate their ability to sensitise towards cisplatin. Cell growth, proliferation, and clonogenicity were examined after cisplatin treatment by MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, EdU (5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine) incorporation assay, and Giemsa staining, respectively. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were quantified by flow cytometry. mRNA and protein expressions were measured by real-time quantitative (qRT)-PCR, western blot, or immunofluorescence staining. LTTs recovered rapidly from cisplatin stress compared to parental cells. In LTTs, to various extents, cisplatin exporters and metallothioneins were induced, cisplatin adduct levels and DNA damage were decreased, whereas expression of DNA repair factors and specific anti-apoptotic factors was elevated. Pharmacological inhibition of Survivin, but not of metallothioneins, sensitised LTTs to cisplatin, in an additive manner. LTTs minimise cisplatin-induced DNA damage and evade apoptosis by increased expression of anti-apoptotic factors. The observed diversity among the four LTTs highlights the complexity of cisplatin resistance mechanisms even within one tumour entity, explaining heterogeneity in patient responses to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Margarita Melnikova
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Joep G H van Roermund
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Juergen Thomale
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Höhn A, Krüger K, Skowron MA, Bormann S, Schumacher L, Schulz WA, Hoffmann MJ, Niegisch G, Fritz G. Distinct mechanisms contribute to acquired cisplatin resistance of urothelial carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41320-41335. [PMID: 27191498 PMCID: PMC5173062 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CisPt) is frequently used in the therapy of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Its therapeutic efficacy is limited by inherent or acquired drug resistance. Here, we comparatively investigated the CisPt-induced response of two different parental urothelial carcinoma cell lines (RT-112, J-82) with that of respective drug resistant variants (RT-112R, J-82R) obtained upon month-long CisPt selection. Parental RT-112 cells were ~2.5 fold more resistant to CisPt than J-82 cells and showed a different expression pattern of CisPt-related resistance factors. CisPt resistant RT-112R and J-82R variants revealed a 2–3-fold increased CisPt resistance as compared to their corresponding parental counterparts. Acquired CisPt resistance was accompanied by morphological alterations resembling epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). RT-112R cells revealed lower apoptotic frequency and more pronounced G2/M arrest following CisPt exposure than RT-112 cells, whereas no differences in death induction were observed between J-82 and J-82R cells. CisPt resistant J-82R cells however were characterized by a reduced formation of CisPt-induced DNA damage and related DNA damage response (DDR) as compared to J-82 cells. Such difference was not observed between RT-112R and RT-112 cells. J-82R cells showed an enhanced sensitivity to pharmacological inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and, moreover, could be re-sensitized to CisPt upon Chk1 inhibition. Based on the data we suggest that mechanisms of acquired CisPt resistance of individual UC cells are substantially different, with apoptosis- and DDR-related mechanisms being of particular relevance. Moreover, the findings indicate that targeting of Chk1 might be useful to overcome acquired CisPt resistance of certain subtypes of UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Höhn
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Krüger
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bormann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Schumacher
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hölscher AS, Schulz WA, Pinkerneil M, Niegisch G, Hoffmann MJ. Combined inhibition of BET proteins and class I HDACs synergistically induces apoptosis in urothelial carcinoma cell lines. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:1. [PMID: 29312470 PMCID: PMC5755363 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New efficient therapies for urothelial carcinoma (UC) are urgently required. Small-molecule drugs targeting chromatin regulators are reasonable candidates because these regulators are frequently mutated or deregulated in UC. Indeed, in previous work, Romidepsin, which targets class I histone deacetylases (HDAC), efficiently killed UC cells, but did not elicit canonical apoptosis and affected benign urothelial cells indiscriminately. Combinations of HDAC inhibitors with JQ1, an inhibitor of bromodomain-containing acetylation reader proteins like BRD4, which promote especially the transcription of pro-tumorigenic genes, have shown efficacy in several tumor types. We therefore investigated the effects of combined Romidepsin and JQ1 treatment on UC and benign urothelial control cells. Results JQ1 alone induced cell cycle arrest, but only limited apoptosis in eight UC cell lines with strongly varying IC50 values between 0.18 and 10 μM. Comparable effects were achieved by siRNA-mediated knockdown of BRD4. Romidepsin and JQ1 acted in a synergistic manner across all UC cell lines, efficiently inhibiting cell cycle progression, suppressing clonogenic growth, and inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis. Benign control cells were growth-arrested without apoptosis induction, but retained long-term proliferation capacity. In UC cells, anti-apoptotic and oncogenic factors Survivin, BCL-2, BCL-XL, c-MYC, EZH2 and SKP2 were consistently downregulated by the drug combination and AKT phosphorylation was diminished. Around the transcriptional start sites of these genes, the drug combination enhanced H3K27 acetylation, but decreased H3K4 trimethylation. The cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1C/p57KIP2 was dramatically induced at mRNA and protein levels. However, Cas9-mediated CDKN1C/p57KIP2 knockout did not rescue UC cells from apoptosis. Conclusion Our results demonstrate significant synergistic effects on induction of apoptosis in UC cells by the combination treatment with JQ1 and Romidepsin, but only minor effects in benign cells. Thus, this study established a promising new small-molecule combination therapy approach for UC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-017-0434-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Hölscher
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pinkerneil M, Hoffmann MJ, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. HDACs and HDAC Inhibitors in Urothelial Carcinoma - Perspectives for an Antineoplastic Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:4151-4165. [PMID: 28078999 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170207142740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) influence diverse cellular processes and may contribute to tumor development and progression by multiple mechanisms. Class I HDACs are often overexpressed in cancers contributing to a genome-wide epigenetic state permitting increased proliferation, and diminished apoptosis and cell differentiation. Class IIA and IIB isoenzymes may likewise contribute to tumorigenesis as components of specific intranuclear repressor complexes or regulators of posttranslational protein modifications. As HDAC inhibitors may counteract these tumorigenic effects several of these compounds are currently tested in clinical trials. HDAC inhibitors are also considered for urothelial carcinoma, where novel therapeutic drugs are urgently required. However, only modest antineoplastic activity has been observed with isoenzyme-unspecific pan-HDAC inhibitors. Therefore, inhibition of specific HDAC isoenzymes might be more efficacious and tumor-specific. Here, we systematically review knowledge on the expression, function and suitability as therapeutic targets of the 11 classical HDACs in UC. Overall, the class I HDACs HDAC1 and HDAC2 are the most promising targets for antineoplastic treatment. In contrast, targeting HDAC8 and HDAC6 is likely to be of minor relevance in urothelial carcinoma. Class IIA HDACs like HDAC4 require further study, since their downregulation rather than upregulation could be involved in urothelial carcinoma pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Michele J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Gunter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pinkerneil M, Hoffmann MJ, Kohlhof H, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of the Novel Isotype Specific HDAC Inhibitor 4SC-202 in Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Lines. Target Oncol 2017; 11:783-798. [PMID: 27250763 PMCID: PMC5153417 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Targeting of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) exerts antineoplastic actions in various cancer types by modulation of transcription, upregulation of tumor suppressors, induction of cell cycle arrest, replication stress and promotion of apoptosis. Class I HDACs are often deregulated in urothelial cancer. 4SC-202, a novel oral benzamide type HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) specific for class I HDACs HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 and the histone demethylase LSD1, shows substantial anti-tumor activity in a broad range of cancer cell lines and xenograft tumor models. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of 4SC-202 in urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines. Methods We determined dose response curves of 4SC-202 by MTT assay in seven UC cell lines with distinct HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 expression profiles. Cellular effects were further analyzed in VM-CUB1 and UM-UC-3 cells by colony forming assay, caspase-3/7 assay, flow cytometry, senescence assay, LDH release assay, and immunofluorescence staining. Response markers were followed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Treatment with the class I HDAC specific inhibitor SAHA (vorinostat) served as a general control. Results 4SC-202 significantly reduced proliferation of all epithelial and mesenchymal UC cell lines (IC50 0.15–0.51 μM), inhibited clonogenic growth and induced caspase activity. Flow cytometry revealed increased G2/M and subG1 fractions in VM-CUB1 and UM-UC-3 cells. Both effects were stronger than with SAHA treatment. Conclusion Specific pharmacological inhibition of class I HDACs by 4SC-202 impairs UC cell viability, inducing cell cycle disturbances and cell death. Combined inhibition of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 seems to be a promising treatment strategy for UC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11523-016-0444-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A Schulz
- a Department of Urology, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koutsogiannouli EA, Wagner N, Hader C, Pinkerneil M, Hoffmann MJ, Schulz WA. Differential Effects of Histone Acetyltransferase GCN5 or PCAF Knockdown on Urothelial Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071449. [PMID: 28678170 PMCID: PMC5535940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are common in cancers. In urothelial carcinoma (UC), p300 and CBP are often mutated, whereas the GNAT family HATs GCN5 and PCAF (General Control Nonderepressible 5, p300/CBP-Associated Factor) are often upregulated. Here, we explored the effects of specific siRNA-mediated knockdown of GCN5, PCAF or both in four UC cell lines (UCCs). Expression of various HATs and marker proteins was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. Cellular effects of knockdowns were analyzed by flow cytometry and ATP-, caspase-, and colony forming-assays. GCN5 was regularly upregulated in UCCs, whereas PCAF was variable. Knockdown of GCN5 or both GNATs, but not of PCAF alone, diminished viability and inhibited clonogenic growth in 2/4 UCCs, inducing cell cycle changes and caspase-3/7 activity. PCAF knockdown elicited GCN5 mRNA upregulation. Double knockdown increased c-MYC and MDM2 (Mouse Double Minute 2) in most cell lines. In conclusion, GCN5 upregulation is especially common in UCCs. GCN5 knockdown impeded growth of specific UCCs, whereas PCAF knockdown elicited minor effects. The limited sensitivity towards GNAT knockdown and its variation between the cell lines might be due to compensatory effects including HAT, c-MYC and MDM2 upregulation. Our results predict that developing drugs targeting individual HATs for UC treatment may be challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Wagner
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christiane Hader
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Skowron MA, Sathe A, Romano A, Hoffmann MJ, Schulz WA, van Koeveringe GA, Albers P, Nawroth R, Niegisch G. Applying the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay to study treatment approaches in urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:544.e11-544.e23. [PMID: 28551413 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid development of novel treatment options demands valid preclinical screening models for urothelial carcinoma (UC). The translational value of high-throughput drug testing using 2-dimensional (2D) cultures is limited while for xenograft models handling efforts and costs often become prohibitive for larger-scale drug testing. Therefore, we investigated to which extent the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay might provide an alternative model to study antineoplastic treatment approaches for UC. METHODS The ability of 8 human UC cell lines (UCCs) to form tumors after implantation on CAMs was investigated. Epithelial-like RT-112 and mesenchymal-like T-24 UCCs in cell culture or as CAM tumors were treated with cisplatin alone or combined with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) romidepsin and suberanilohydroxamic acid. Tumor weight, size, and bioluminescence activity were monitored; tumor specimens were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction were used to measure protein and mRNA expression. RESULTS UCCs were reliably implantable on the CAM, but tumor development varied among cell lines. Expression of differentiation markers (E-cadherin, vimentin, CK5, CK18, and CK20) was similar in CAM tumors and 2D cultures. Cellular phenotypes also remained stable after recultivation of CAM tumors in 2D cultures. Bioluminescence images correlated with tumor weight. Cisplatin and HDACi decreased weight and growth of CAM tumors in a dose-dependent manner, but HDACi treatment acted less efficiently as in 2D cultures, especially on its typically associated molecular markers. Synergistic effects of HDACi and subsequent cisplatin treatment on UCCs were neither detected in 2D cultures nor detected in CAM tumors. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the CAM assay is a useful tool for studying tumor growth and response to conventional anticancer drugs under 3D conditions, especially cytotoxic drugs as cisplatin. With some limitations, it might serve as a cost- and time-effective preclinical screening assay for novel therapeutic approaches before further assessment in expensive and cumbersome animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schmid SC, Sathe A, Guerth F, Seitz AK, Heck MM, Maurer T, Schwarzenböck SM, Krause BJ, Schulz WA, Stoehr R, Gschwend JE, Retz M, Nawroth R. Wntless promotes bladder cancer growth and acts synergistically as a molecular target in combination with cisplatin. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:544.e1-544.e10. [PMID: 28501564 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the contribution of Wnt signaling pathway to bladder cancer growth in order to identify suitable target molecules for therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression of Wnt 2/4/7, LRP5/6, TCF1/2/4, LEF-1, and β-actin was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in a panel of 9 and for Wntless (WLS) in 17 bladder cancer cell lines. Protein expression of WLS was detected in 6 cell lines. Wnt/β-catenin activity was analyzed using the TOPflash/FOPflash luciferase reporter assay. Expression level of β-catenin, WIF1, Dickkopf proteins (DKK), HSulf-2, sFRP4, and WLS was modulated by transfecting or infecting cells transiently or stably with respective shRNAs, siRNAs, or cDNAs. For protein detection, whole cell lysates were applied to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblots. Effects on cell growth were determined by cell viability assays and BrdU/APC incorporation/staining. For 3-dimensional tumor growth, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model was used. Tumor growth was characterized by weight. RESULTS Expression of molecular components and activation of the Wnt signaling pathway could be detected in all cell lines. Expression level of β-catenin, WIF1, DKK, WLS, and HSulf-2 influenced Wnt activity. Expression of WLS was confirmed in 17 cell lines by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in 6 cell lines by immunoblotting. WLS positively regulates Wnt signaling, cell proliferation, and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. These effects could be reversed by the expression of the Wnt antagonist WIF1 and DKK. Synergistic activity of cisplatin and WLS inactivation by genetic silencing could be observed on cell viability. CONCLUSION The Wnt signaling pathway is ubiquitously activated in bladder cancer and regulates tumor growth. WLS might be a target protein for novel therapies in combination with established chemotherapy regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C Schmid
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Guerth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Seitz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias M Heck
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Maurer
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bernd J Krause
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Du¨sseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Margitta Retz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Droop J, Szarvas T, Schulz WA, Niedworok C, Niegisch G, Scheckenbach K, Hoffmann MJ. Diagnostic and prognostic value of long noncoding RNAs as biomarkers in urothelial carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176287. [PMID: 28430799 PMCID: PMC5400278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are deregulated in cancer and contribute to oncogenesis. In urothelial carcinoma (UC), several lncRNAs have been reported to be overexpressed and proposed as biomarkers. As most reports have not been confirmed independently in large tissue sets, we aimed to validate the diagnostic and prognostic value of lncRNA upregulation in independent cohorts of UC patients. Thus, expression of seven lncRNA candidates (GAS5, H19, linc-UBC1, MALAT1, ncRAN, TUG1, UCA1) was measured by RT-qPCR in cell lines and tissues and correlated to clinicopathological parameters including follow-up data (set 1: N n = 10; T n = 106). Additionally, publicly available TCGA data was investigated for differential expression in UC tissues (set 2: N n = 19; T n = 252,) and correlation to overall survival (OS). All proposed candidates tended to be upregulated in tumour tissues, with the exception of MALAT1, which was rather diminished in cancer tissues of both data sets. However, strong overexpression was generally limited to individual tumour tissues and statistically significant overexpression was only observed for UCA1, TUG1, ncRAN and linc-UBC1 in tissue set 2, but for no candidate in set 1. Altered expression of individual lncRNAs was associated with overall survival, but not consistently between both patient cohorts. Interestingly, lower expression of TUG1 in a subset of UC patients with muscle-invasive tumours was significantly correlated with worse OS in both cohorts. Further analysis revealed that tumours with low TUG1 expression are characterized by a basal-squamous-like subtype signature accounting for the association with poor outcome. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that overexpression of the candidate lncRNAs is found in many UC cases, but does not occur consistently and strongly enough to provide reliable diagnostic or prognostic value as an individual biomarker. Subtype-dependent expression patterns of lncRNAs like TUG1 could become useful to stratify patients by molecular subtype, thus aiding personalized treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Droop
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wolfgang A. Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Niedworok
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J. Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Isono M, Hoffmann MJ, Pinkerneil M, Sato A, Michaelis M, Cinatl J, Niegisch G, Schulz WA. Checkpoint kinase inhibitor AZD7762 strongly sensitises urothelial carcinoma cells to gemcitabine. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2017; 36:1. [PMID: 28049532 PMCID: PMC5209915 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background More effective chemotherapies are urgently needed for bladder cancer, a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We therefore explored the efficacy of the combination of gemcitabine and AZD7762, a checkpoint kinase 1/2 (CHK1/2) inhibitor, for bladder cancer. Methods Viability, clonogenicity, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were assessed in urothelial cancer cell lines and various non-malignant urothelial cells treated with gemcitabine and AZD7762. DNA damage was assessed by γH2A.X and 53-BP1 staining and checkpoint activation was followed by Western blotting. Pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 and CHK2 was compared to downregulation of either CHK1 or CHK2 using siRNAs. Results Combined use of gemcitabine and AZD7762 synergistically reduced urothelial carcinoma cell viability and colony formation relative to either single treatment. Non-malignant urothelial cells were substantially less sensitive to this drug combination. Gemcitabine plus AZD7762 inhibited cell cycle progression causing cell accumulation in S-phase. Moreover, the combination induced pronounced levels of apoptosis as indicated by an increase in the fraction of sub-G1 cells, in the levels of cleaved PARP, and in caspase 3/7 activity. Mechanistic investigations showed that AZD7762 treatment inhibited the repair of gemcitabine-induced double strand breaks by interference with CHK1, since siRNA-mediated depletion of CHK1 but not of CHK2 mimicked the effects of AZD7762. Conclusions AZD7762 enhanced sensitivity of urothelial carcinoma cells to gemcitabine by inhibiting DNA repair and disturbing checkpoints. Combining gemcitabine with CHK1 inhibition holds promise for urothelial cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0473-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Isono
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Akinori Sato
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, 359-8513, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Centre for Molecular Processing and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Paul-Ehrlich‑Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hoffmann MJ, Koutsogiannouli E, Skowron MA, Pinkerneil M, Niegisch G, Brandt A, Stepanow S, Rieder H, Schulz WA. The New Immortalized Uroepithelial Cell Line HBLAK Contains Defined Genetic Aberrations Typical of Early Stage Urothelial Tumors. Bladder Cancer 2016; 2:449-463. [PMID: 28035326 PMCID: PMC5181672 DOI: 10.3233/blc-160065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cell culture models of normal urothelial cells are important for studying differentiation, disease mechanisms and anticancer drug development. Beyond primary cultures with their limitations in lifespan, interindividual heterogeneity and supply, few conditionally immortalized cell lines with limited applicability due to partial transformation or impaired differentiation capacity are available. We describe characteristics of the new spontaneously immortalized cell line HBLAK derived from a primary culture of uroepithelial cells. Objective: To characterize utility and limitations of HBLAK cells as an urothelial cell culture model. Methods: Differentiation markers were investigated by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR, genetic changes by standard karyotyping, array-CGH, PCR, RT-PCR and exome sequencing; expression of p53 and p21 by Western blotting. Results: HBLAK cells proliferated for >50 passages without senescing. They expressed cytokeratins of basal urothelial cells. Terminal differentiation markers appeared only after induction of differentiation by specific protocols. The karyotype was stable, with few chromosomal changes, especially gains of chromosomes 5 and 20 and a chromosome 9p21 deletion resulting in p16INK4A loss. A C228T TERT promoter mutation was present, but no other mutation typical of urothelial carcinoma. TP53 was wild-type and the cell cycle was arrested in response to genomic stress. Conclusions: HBLAK cells retain some differentiation potential and respond to cytotoxic agents similar to normal urothelial cells, but contain genetic changes contributing to immortalization in urothelial tumors. HBLAK may be valuable for evaluating the tumor specificity of novel cancer drugs, but may also be applied as an urothelial in vitro carcinogenesis model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Artur Brandt
- Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stepanow
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Rieder
- Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Earl J, Rico D, Carrillo-de-Santa-Pau E, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Méndez-Pertuz M, Auer H, Gómez G, Grossman HB, Pisano DG, Schulz WA, Pérez-Jurado LA, Carrato A, Theodorescu D, Chanock S, Valencia A, Real FX. Erratum to: The UBC-40 Urothelial Bladder Cancer cell line index: a genomic resource for functional studies. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:829. [PMID: 27782819 PMCID: PMC5080754 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Earl
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, F BBVA Cancer Cell Biology Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rico
- Structural Computational Biology Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Carrillo-de-Santa-Pau
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, F BBVA Cancer Cell Biology Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Santiago
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratory, qGenomics, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinela Méndez-Pertuz
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, F BBVA Cancer Cell Biology Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain
| | - Herbert Auer
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Gómez
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David G Pisano
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Structural Computational Biology Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, F BBVA Cancer Cell Biology Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain. .,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
DNA methylation alterations are common in urothelial carcinoma, a prevalent cancer worldwide caused predominantly by chemical carcinogens. Recent studies have proposed sets of hypermethylated genes as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers from urine or tissue samples, which require validation. Other studies have revealed intriguing links between specific carcinogens and DNA methylation alterations in cancer tissues or blood that might clarify carcinogenesis mechanisms and aid prevention. Like DNA methylation alterations, mutations in chromatin regulators are frequent, underlining the importance of epigenetic changes. However, the relations between the two changes and their functions in urothelial carcinogenesis remain unclear. Transcription factor genes with altered methylation deserve particular interest. Elucidating the functional impact of methylation changes is a prerequisite for their therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Haldrup C, Lynnerup AS, Storebjerg TM, Vang S, Wild P, Visakorpi T, Arsov C, Schulz WA, Lindberg J, Grönberg H, Egevad L, Borre M, Ørntoft TF, Høyer S, Sørensen KD. Abstract 451: Large-scale evaluation of SLC18A2 in prostate cancer reveals diagnostic and prognostic biomarker potential at three molecular levels. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Limitations of current diagnostic and prognostic tools for prostate cancer (PC) contribute to over-diagnosis and over-treatment. Here, we investigate the biomarker potential of the SLC18A2 (VMAT2) gene for PC at three molecular levels. Thus, SLC18A2 promoter methylation was analyzed in 767 malignant and 78 benign radical prostatectomy (RP) samples using methylation-specific qPCR and Illumina 450K methylation microarray data. SLC18A2 transcript levels were assessed in 412 malignant and 45 benign RP samples using RNAseq data. SLC18A2 protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 502 malignant and 305 benign RP samples. Cancer-specificity of molecular changes was tested using Mann-Whitney U tests and/or receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Log rank, uni- and multivariate Cox regression tests were used for survival analyses. We found that SLC18A2 promoter hypermethylation was highly cancer-specific (area under the curve (AUC): 0.923-0.976) and associated with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after RP in univariate analyses. SLC18A2 transcript levels were reduced in PC and had independent prognostic value for BCR after RP (multivariate HR 0.13, P<0.05). Likewise, SLC18A2 protein was down-regulated in PC (AUC 0.898) and had independent prognostic value for BCR (multivariate HR 0.51, P<0.05). Reduced SLC18A2 protein expression was also associated with poor overall survival in univariate analysis (HR 0.29, P<0.05).
Our results highlight SLC18A2 methylation as a new promising biomarker candidate for PC diagnosis. Furthermore, both SLC18A2 RNA and protein expression showed promising prognostic potential beyond routine clinicopathological variables. Thus, novel SLC18A2-based molecular tests could have useful future applications for PC detection and identification of high-risk patients.
Citation Format: Christa Haldrup, Anne-Sofie Lynnerup, Tine M. Storebjerg, Søren Vang, Peter Wild, Tapio Visakorpi, Christian Arsov, Wolfgang A. Schulz, Johan Lindberg, Henrik Grönberg, Lars Egevad, Michael Borre, Torben F. Ørntoft, Søren Høyer, Karina D. Sørensen. Large-scale evaluation of SLC18A2 in prostate cancer reveals diagnostic and prognostic biomarker potential at three molecular levels. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 451.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Søren Vang
- 1Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Wild
- 2University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Borre
- 6Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Høyer
- 7Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Füssel S, Kramer MW, Stöhr R, Olbert P, Nawroth R, Schulz WA. [Report on the 5th symposium of the German research network bladder carcinoma]. Urologe A 2016; 55:663-4. [PMID: 27138635 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-016-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Füssel
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - M W Kramer
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - R Stöhr
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - P Olbert
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - R Nawroth
- Klinik für Urologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - W A Schulz
- Klinik für Urologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Niegisch G, Hoffmann MJ, Koutsogiannouli EA, Schulz WA. [Epigenetics in urothelial cancer: Pathogenesis, improving diagnostics and developing novel treatment options]. Urologe A 2016; 54:526-32. [PMID: 25784269 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-014-3756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is a common tumor for which improvements in diagnostic markers and new therapy approaches, in addition to or combined with standard chemotherapy, are urgently required. Epigenetic alterations could provide both novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets as they are emerging as crucial factors in the development and progression of this tumor type, likely contributing to altered differentiation and metastatic potential. These alterations affect DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, long noncoding RNAs, and microRNAs. Factors involved in histone modifications and chromatin remodeling appear to be particularly frequently inactivated by mutations. Thus, histone-modifying enzymes may represent good targets for rational new therapeutic approaches, although thorough investigation of their complex functions is a prerequisite. DNA methylation changes and altered miRNA expression provide promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis that need further validation in comprehensive and well-standardized studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Niegisch
- Medizinische Fakultät, Urologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nakhaei-Rad S, Nakhaeizadeh H, Götze S, Kordes C, Sawitza I, Hoffmann MJ, Franke M, Schulz WA, Scheller J, Piekorz RP, Häussinger D, Ahmadian MR. The Role of Embryonic Stem Cell-expressed RAS (ERAS) in the Maintenance of Quiescent Hepatic Stellate Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8399-413. [PMID: 26884329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were recently identified as liver-resident mesenchymal stem cells. HSCs are activated after liver injury and involved in pivotal processes, such as liver development, immunoregulation, regeneration, and also fibrogenesis. To date, several studies have reported candidate pathways that regulate the plasticity of HSCs during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here we analyzed the expression changes and activity of the RAS family GTPases and thereby investigated the signaling networks of quiescent HSCs versus activated HSCs. For the first time, we report that embryonic stem cell-expressed RAS (ERAS) is specifically expressed in quiescent HSCs and down-regulated during HSC activation via promoter DNA methylation. Notably, in quiescent HSCs, the high level of ERAS protein correlates with the activation of AKT, STAT3, mTORC2, and HIPPO signaling pathways and inactivation of FOXO1 and YAP. Our data strongly indicate that in quiescent HSCs, ERAS targets AKT via two distinct pathways driven by PI3Kα/δ and mTORC2, whereas in activated HSCs, RAS signaling shifts to RAF-MEK-ERK. Thus, in contrast to the reported role of ERAS in tumor cells associated with cell proliferation, our findings indicate that ERAS is important to maintain quiescence in HSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | | | - Silke Götze
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Claus Kordes
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Iris Sawitza
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- the Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Franke
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- the Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | - Roland P Piekorz
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty,
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Haldrup C, Lynnerup AS, Storebjerg TM, Vang S, Wild P, Visakorpi T, Arsov C, Schulz WA, Lindberg J, Grönberg H, Egevad L, Borre M, Ørntoft TF, Høyer S, Sørensen KD. Large-scale evaluation of SLC18A2 in prostate cancer reveals diagnostic and prognostic biomarker potential at three molecular levels. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:825-37. [PMID: 26905753 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Limitations of current diagnostic and prognostic tools for prostate cancer (PC) have led to over-diagnosis and over-treatment. Here, we investigate the biomarker potential of the SLC18A2 (VMAT2) gene for PC at three molecular levels. Thus, SLC18A2 promoter methylation was analyzed in 767 malignant and 78 benign radical prostatectomy (RP) samples using methylation-specific qPCR and Illumina 450K methylation microarray data. SLC18A2 transcript levels were assessed in 412 malignant and 45 benign RP samples using RNAseq data. SLC18A2 protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 502 malignant and 305 benign RP samples. Cancer-specificity of molecular changes was tested using Mann-Whitney U tests and/or receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Log rank, uni- and multivariate Cox regression tests were used for survival analyses. We found that SLC18A2 promoter hypermethylation was highly cancer-specific (area under the curve (AUC): 0.923-0.976) and associated with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after RP in univariate analyses. SLC18A2 transcript levels were reduced in PC and had independent prognostic value for BCR after RP (multivariate HR 0.13, P < 0.05). Likewise, SLC18A2 protein was down-regulated in PC (AUC 0.898) and had independent prognostic value for BCR (multivariate HR 0.51, P < 0.05). Reduced SLC18A2 protein expression was also associated with poor overall survival in univariate analysis (HR 0.29, P < 0.05). Our results highlight SLC18A2 as a new promising methylation marker candidate for PC diagnosis. Furthermore, SLC18A2 expression (RNA and protein) showed promising prognostic potential beyond routine clinicopathological variables. Thus, novel SLC18A2-based molecular tests could have useful future applications for PC detection and identification of high-risk patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Haldrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sofie Lynnerup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine Maj Storebjerg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Vang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology (BioMediTech), University of Tampere, and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christian Arsov
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johan Lindberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Oncolocy and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Høyer
- Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pinkerneil M, Hoffmann MJ, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Arent T, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. Inhibition of Class I Histone Deacetylases 1 and 2 Promotes Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Death by Various Mechanisms. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:299-312. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
43
|
Goering W, Schmitt K, Dostert M, Schaal H, Deenen R, Mayer J, Schulz WA. Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) activity in prostate cancer is dominated by a few loci. Prostate 2015; 75:1958-71. [PMID: 26384005 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of human endogenous retroviruses, especially HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses, has recently been associated with prostate carcinoma progression. In particular, a HML-2 locus in chromosome 22q11.23 (H22q) is upregulated in many cases. We therefore aimed at delineating the extent and repertoire of HML-2 transcription in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines and to define the transcription pattern and biological effects of H22q. METHODS Sanger and high throughput amplicon sequencing was used to define the repertoire of expressed HML-2 in a selected set of samples. qRT-PCR was used to quantify expression of selected proviruses in an extended set of prostate cancer tissues. Transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) were compared bioinformatically using the Transfac database. Expression of H22q was further characterized by siRNA-mediated knockdown, 5' RACE mapping of transcriptional start sites (TSS) and identification of splice sites. Functional effects of H22q knockdown were investigated by viability and apoptosis assays. RESULTS In addition to H22q, a limited number of other proviruses were found expressed by sequencing. Of these, provirus ERVK-5 and to a lesser degree ERVK-15 were frequently upregulated in prostate cancer. In contrast, expression of ERVK-24, predominant in germ cell tumors, was not detectable in prostatic tissues. While HML-2 LTRs contain binding sites for the androgen receptor and cofactors, no consistent differences in transcription factor binding sites were found between expressed and non-expressed proviruses. The H22q locus contains two 5'-LTRs of which the upstream LTR is predominantly used in prostatic cells, with an imprecise TSS. Splicing of H22q transcripts is complex, generating, among others, a transcript with an Np9-like ORF. Knockdown of H22q did not significantly affect proliferation or apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings further underline that HML-2 expression is commonly highly tissue-specific. In prostate cancer, a limited number of loci become activated, especially H22q and ERVK-5. As expressed and non-expressed proviruses do not differ significantly in TFBS, tissue- and tumor-specific expression may be governed primarily by chromatin context. Overexpression of HML-2 H22q is more likely consequence than cause of prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Schmitt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Dostert
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- GTL, Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Mayer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Skowron MA, Niegisch G, Fritz G, Arent T, van Roermund JGH, Romano A, Albers P, Schulz WA, Hoffmann MJ. Phenotype plasticity rather than repopulation from CD90/CK14+ cancer stem cells leads to cisplatin resistance of urothelial carcinoma cell lines. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:144. [PMID: 26606927 PMCID: PMC4660687 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour heterogeneity and resistance to systemic treatment in urothelial carcinoma (UC) may arise from cancer stem cells (CSC). A recent model describes cellular differentiation states within UC based on corresponding expression of surface markers (CD) and cytokeratins (CK) with CD90 and CK14 positive cells representing the least differentiated and most tumourigenic population. Based on the fact that this population is postulated to constitute CSCs and the origin of cisplatin resistance, we enriched urothelial carcinoma cell lines (UCCs) for CD90 and studied the tumour-initiating potential of these separated cells in vitro. METHODS Magnetic- and fluorescence-activated- cell sorting were used for separation of CD90(+) and CD90(-) UCCs. Distribution of cell surface markers CD90, CD44, and CD49f and cytokeratins CK14, CK5, and CK20 as well as the effects of short- and long-term treatment with cisplatin were assessed in vitro and measured by qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, reporter assay and flow cytometry in 11 UCCs. RESULTS We observed cell populations with surface markers according to those reported in tumour xenografts. However, expression of cytokeratins did not concord regularly with that of the surface markers. In particular, expression of CD90 and CK14 diverged during enrichment of CD90(+) cells by immunomagnetic sorting or following cisplatin treatment. Enriched CD90(+) cells did not exhibit CSC-like characteristics like enhanced clonogenicity and cisplatin resistance. Moreover, selection of cisplatin-resistant sublines by long-term drug treatment did not result in enrichment of CD90(+) cells. Rather, these sublines displayed significant phenotypic plasticity expressing EMT markers, an altered pattern of CKs, and WNT-pathway target genes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the correspondence between CD surface markers and cytokeratins reported in xenografts is not maintained in commonly used UCCs and that CD90 may not be a stable marker of CSC in UC. Moreover, UCCs cells are capable of substantial phenotypic plasticity that may significantly contribute to the emergence of cisplatin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Tanja Arent
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Joep G H van Roermund
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pixberg CF, Schulz WA, Stoecklein NH, Neves RPL. Characterization of DNA Methylation in Circulating Tumor Cells. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:1053-75. [PMID: 26506390 PMCID: PMC4690028 DOI: 10.3390/genes6041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics contributes to molecular mechanisms leading to tumor cell transformation and systemic progression of cancer. However, the dynamics of epigenetic remodeling during metastasis remains unexplored. In this context, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) might enable a direct insight into epigenetic mechanisms relevant for metastasis by providing direct access to systemic cancer. CTCs can be used as prognostic markers in cancer patients and are regarded as potential metastatic precursor cells. However, despite substantial technical progress, the detection and molecular characterization of CTCs remain challenging, in particular the analysis of DNA methylation. As recent studies have started to address the epigenetic state of CTCs, we discuss here the potential of such investigations to elucidate mechanisms of metastasis and to develop tumor biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin F Pixberg
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Rui P L Neves
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Earl J, Rico D, Carrillo-de-Santa-Pau E, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Méndez-Pertuz M, Auer H, Gómez G, Grossman HB, Pisano DG, Schulz WA, Pérez-Jurado LA, Carrato A, Theodorescu D, Chanock S, Valencia A, Real FX. The UBC-40 Urothelial Bladder Cancer cell line index: a genomic resource for functional studies. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:403. [PMID: 25997541 PMCID: PMC4470036 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urothelial bladder cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Cancer cell lines are useful tools for its study. This is a comprehensive genomic characterization of 40 urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) cell lines including information on origin, mutation status of genes implicated in bladder cancer (FGFR3, PIK3CA, TP53, and RAS), copy number alterations assessed using high density SNP arrays, uniparental disomy (UPD) events, and gene expression. RESULTS Based on gene mutation patterns and genomic changes we identify lines representative of the FGFR3-driven tumor pathway and of the TP53/RB tumor suppressor-driven pathway. High-density array copy number analysis identified significant focal gains (1q32, 5p13.1-12, 7q11, and 7q33) and losses (i.e. 6p22.1) in regions altered in tumors but not previously described as affected in bladder cell lines. We also identify new evidence for frequent regions of UPD, often coinciding with regions reported to be lost in tumors. Previously undescribed chromosome X losses found in UBC lines also point to potential tumor suppressor genes. Cell lines representative of the FGFR3-driven pathway showed a lower number of UPD events. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there is a predominance of more aggressive tumor subtypes among the cell lines. We provide a cell line classification that establishes their relatedness to the major molecularly-defined bladder tumor subtypes. The compiled information should serve as a useful reference to the bladder cancer research community and should help to select cell lines appropriate for the functional analysis of bladder cancer genes, for example those being identified through massive parallel sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Earl
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, F BBVA Cancer Cell Biology Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain. .,Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Rico
- Structural Computational Biology Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Carrillo-de-Santa-Pau
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, F BBVA Cancer Cell Biology Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Santiago
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratory, qGenomics, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marinela Méndez-Pertuz
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, F BBVA Cancer Cell Biology Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Herbert Auer
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Gómez
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - David G Pisano
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA.
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Structural Computational Biology Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, F BBVA Cancer Cell Biology Programme, CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain. .,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The Notch pathway, which controls stem cell maintenance and cell differentiation, is activated in certain cancers and therefore constitutes a therapeutic target. Especially in invasive urothelial carcinoma, the pathway is inactivated instead, and drugs inhibiting Notch signaling are likely contra-indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Greife
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nüsgen N, Goering W, Dauksa A, Biswas A, Jamil MA, Dimitriou I, Sharma A, Singer H, Fimmers R, Fröhlich H, Oldenburg J, Gulbinas A, Schulz WA, El-Maarri O. Inter-locus as well as intra-locus heterogeneity in LINE-1 promoter methylation in common human cancers suggests selective demethylation pressure at specific CpGs. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:17. [PMID: 25798207 PMCID: PMC4367886 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypomethylation of long interspersed element (LINE)-1 has been observed in tumorigenesis when using degenerate assays, which provide an average across all repeats. However, it is unknown whether individual LINE-1 loci or different CpGs within one specific LINE-1 promoter are equally affected by methylation changes. Conceivably, studying methylation changes at specific LINE-1 may be more informative than global assays for cancer diagnostics. Therefore, with the aim of mapping methylation at individual LINE-1 loci at single-CpG resolution and exploring the diagnostic potential of individual LINE-1 locus methylation, we analyzed methylation at 11 loci by pyrosequencing, next-generation bisulfite sequencing as well as global LINE-1 methylation in bladder, colon, pancreas, prostate, and stomach cancers compared to paired normal tissues and in blood samples from some of the patients compared to healthy donors. Results Most (72/80) tumor samples harbored significant methylation changes at at least one locus. Notably, our data revealed not only the expected hypomethylation but also hypermethylation at some loci. Specific CpGs within the LINE-1 consensus sequence appeared preferentially hypomethylated suggesting that these could act as seeds for hypomethylation. In silico analysis revealed that these CpG sites more likely faced the histones in the nucleosome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis did not reveal a significant clinical advantage of locus-specific methylation markers over global methylation markers in distinguishing tumors from normal tissues. Conclusions Methylation changes at individual LINE-1 loci are heterogeneous, whereas specific CpGs within the consensus sequence appear to be more prone to hypomethylation. With a broader selection of loci, locus-specific LINE-1 methylation could become a tool for tumor detection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0051-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nüsgen
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albertas Dauksa
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu g. 2, Kaunas, 50009 Lithuania
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad Ahmer Jamil
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany ; Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT (B-IT) Algorithmic Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Dahlmannstr. 2, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ioanna Dimitriou
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Amit Sharma
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Singer
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Fröhlich
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT (B-IT) Algorithmic Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Dahlmannstr. 2, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Antanas Gulbinas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu g. 2, Kaunas, 50009 Lithuania
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Osman El-Maarri
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Greife A, Tukova J, Steinhoff C, Scott SD, Schulz WA, Hatina J. Establishment and characterization of a bladder cancer cell line with enhanced doxorubicin resistance by mevalonate pathway activation. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3293-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
50
|
Greife A, Knievel J, Ribarska T, Niegisch G, Schulz WA. Concomitant downregulation of the imprinted genes DLK1 and MEG3 at 14q32.2 by epigenetic mechanisms in urothelial carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2014; 6:29. [PMID: 25741387 PMCID: PMC4348104 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The two oppositely imprinted and expressed genes, DLK1 and MEG3, are located in the same gene cluster at 14q32. Previous studies in bladder cancer have suggested that tumor suppressor genes are located in this region, but these have not been identified. Results We observed that both DLK1 and MEG3 are frequently silenced in urothelial cancer tissues and cell lines. The concomitant downregulation of the two genes is difficult to explain by known mechanisms for inactivating imprinted genes, namely deletion of active alleles or epitype switching. Indeed, quantitative PCR revealed more frequent copy number gains than losses in the gene cluster that were, moreover, consistent within each sample, excluding gene losses as the cause of downregulation. Instead, we observed distinctive epigenetic alterations at the three regions controlling DLK1 and MEG3 expression, namely the DLK1 promoter; the intergenic (IG) and MEG3 differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing revealed novel patterns of DNA methylation in tumor cells, which were distinct from that of either paternal allele. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated loss of active and gain of repressive histone modifications at all regulatory sequences. Conclusions Our data support the idea that the main cause of the prevalent downregulation of DLK1 and MEG3 in urothelial carcinoma is epigenetic silencing across the 14q32 imprinted gene cluster, resulting in the unusual concomitant inactivation of oppositely expressed and imprinted genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1868-7083-6-29) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Greife
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225 Germany
| | - Judith Knievel
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225 Germany
| | - Teodora Ribarska
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225 Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225 Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225 Germany
| |
Collapse
|