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Menthol alleviates post-race elevations in muscle soreness and metabolic and respiratory stress during running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05463-w. [PMID: 38565706 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated (1) whether participating in middle- and long-distance running races augments muscle soreness, oxygen cost, respiration, and exercise exertion during subsequent running, and (2) if post-race menthol application alleviates these responses in long-distance runners. METHODS Eleven long-distance runners completed a 1500-m race on day 1 and a 3000-m race on day 2. On day 3 (post-race day), either a 4% menthol solution (Post-race menthol) or a placebo solution (Post-race placebo) serving as a vehicle control, was applied to their lower leg skin, and their perceptual and physiological responses were evaluated. The identical assessment with the placebo solution was also conducted without race participation (No-race placebo). RESULTS The integrated muscle soreness index increased in the Post-race placebo compared to the No-race placebo (P < 0.001), but this response was absent in the Post-race menthol (P = 0.058). Oxygen uptake during treadmill running tended to be higher (4.3%) in the Post-race placebo vs. No-race placebo (P = 0.074). Oxygen uptake was 5.4% lower in the Post-race menthol compared to the Post-race placebo (P = 0.018). Minute ventilation during treadmill running was 6.7-7.6% higher in the Post-race placebo compared to No-race placebo, whereas it was 6.6-9.0% lower in the Post-race menthol vs. Post-race placebo (all P ≤ 0.001). The rate of perceived exertion was 7.0% lower in the Post-race menthol vs. Post-race placebo (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Middle- and long-distance races can subsequently elevate muscle soreness and induce respiratory and metabolic stress, but post-race menthol application to the lower legs can mitigate these responses and reduce exercise exertion in long-distance runners.
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Validation of the AC[La]+EPOCfast Method in Sprinters and Middle-distance Runners. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:231-237. [PMID: 37837967 DOI: 10.1055/a-2191-8508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic capacity (AC[La]+EPOCfast) method is of interest as it can differentiate between the contributions of phosphocreatine (PCr) and glycolytic energy, assess the anaerobic metabolism during a single effort, and evaluate various exercise modalities. However, no previous studies have investigated whether the superiority of the PCr and glycolytic systems can be assessed in athletes with high anaerobic capacity. This study aimed to compare the AC[La]+EPOCfast method in seven sprinters (SP) and seven middle-distance runners (MD). The participants underwent a graded exercise test and constant-load exercise at 115% ˙VO2max until exhaustion using a bicycle ergometer. AC[La]+EPOCfast was calculated as the sum of oxygen equivalents from the phosphagen (EPCr) and glycolytic (ELa) pathways. This study reveals that there was no significant difference in AC[La]+EPOCfast or maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) between the two groups. Although EPCr was not significantly different between groups, ELa was significantly higher in the SP group than in the MD group. In conclusion, the AC[La]+EPOCfast method can be used to evaluate high and low anaerobic capacities. However, further studies on athletes with high aerobic capacity are required.
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A Study of Race Pacing in the Running Leg of the Japan University Triathlon Championship. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:871727. [PMID: 35837247 PMCID: PMC9273992 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.871727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Choosing an appropriate pacing strategy is important for good triathlon performance. In the Japan Student Triathlon Championship held in 2020, the men's category was divided into two groups, which was a different racing style from the previous races that all athletes start at the same time. It is highly likely that the performance level will vary as grouping was performed according to the competence of each player. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship of the total time and time of each leg between the superior performance group and the inferior performance group, as well as the difference in pacing during running in participants of the 2020 Japan University Triathlon Championship Watarase Competition, which was held under unconventional conditions. We analyzed 153 male athletes (Group A: 77; Group B: 76) who completed the race. The total race time, leg time, and average speed in each leg and its variation coefficient were evaluated based on the official results of the competition and footage recorded during the race. The results showed that the total time and leg time for each leg were significantly shorter in Group A compared to those in Group B (p < 0.05). In both groups, the Lap 4 run was significantly slower than those of Laps 1–3 (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the running speed to average speed ratio across all laps between the groups (p < 0.05). Thus, there was a difference in running speed between the groups, but no significant difference in pacing. The results of this study serve as basic data for examining superior pacing strategies, although further studies on a wide range of competition levels are necessary.
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Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity in Marathon Runners: Potential Implications for Marathon-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1-10. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00669.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess activation of circulating xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) may contribute to the pathogenesis of widespread remote organ injury, including kidney injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute impact of marathon running on plasma XOR activity and to examine whether plasma XOR activity is associated with marathon-induced elevations in biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI). Twenty-three young men (aged 20-25 years) who participated in the 38th Tsukuba Marathon were included. Blood and urine samples were collected before, immediately, 2 h (only blood sample), and 24 h after a full marathon run. Plasma XOR activity was evaluated using a highly sensitive assay utilizing a combination of [13C2,15N2] xanthine and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The levels of several AKI biomarkers, such as serum creatinine and urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) were measured in each participant. Marathon running caused a transient elevation in plasma XOR activity and levels of purine degradation products (hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid) as well as serum creatinine, urinary albumin, and urinary L-FABP levels. Immediately after the marathon, individual relative changes in plasma XOR activity were independently correlated with corresponding changes in serum creatinine and urinary L-FABP levels. In addition, the magnitude of marathon-induced elevation in plasma XOR activity and levels of purine degradation products were higher in individuals who developed AKI. These findings collectively suggest that marathon running substantially influences the purine metabolism pathway including XOR activity. Moreover, activated circulating XOR can be partly associated with elevated biomarkers of AKI after marathon running.
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The effect of a decrease in stretch-shortening cycle function after cycling on subsequent running. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:261-265. [PMID: 34620558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased cardiorespiratory responses and changes in muscle activity and running kinematics occur in running after cycling compared with isolated running. Nevertheless, little is known about the causes of these changes. Cycling exercise decreases the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function, which can influence subsequent running. This study aimed to clarify whether the decrease in SSC function after cycling causes cardiorespiratory and biomechanical changes in subsequent running. DESIGN Cross-sectional laboratory study. Participants were divided into two groups based on SSC function: an SSC dec group (those with decreased SSC function after cycling) and an SSC non-dec group (those without decreased SSC function after cycling). METHODS Eighteen participants (10 triathletes and 8 runners) completed maximal aerobic tests for running and cycling. After these sessions, a submaximal run-cycle-run test was performed to compare between control run (no preceding cycle) and transition run (preceded by cycling). A jump test was administered before and after the submaximal cycling. SSC function was calculated as the ratio of the jump height to the time spent in contact with the ground (reactive strength index). Gas exchange measures, heart rate, and gait parameters were collected throughout the test. RESULTS Oxygen uptake and ventilation were increased by cycling in the SSC dec group but not in the SSC non-dec group. In both groups, there were no significant differences in the gait parameters between control and transition runs. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in SSC function after cycling would increase cardiorespiratory responses in subsequent running.
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Effect of a single bout of morning or afternoon exercise on glucose fluctuation in young healthy men. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14784. [PMID: 33904659 PMCID: PMC8077162 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of exercise plays an important role in the effect of the exercise on physiological functions, such as substrate oxidation and circadian rhythm. Exercise exerts different effects on the glycemic response to exercise and meal intake depending on when the exercise performed. Here, we comprehensively investigated the effects of the timing (morning or afternoon) of exercise on glucose fluctuation on the basis of several indices: glycemic variability over 24 h (24-h SD), J-index, mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE), continuous overall net glycemic action (CONGA), and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Eleven young men participated in 3 trials in a repeated measures design in which they performed a single bout of exercise at 60% of their maximal oxygen uptake for 1 h beginning either at 7:00 (morning exercise), 16:00 (afternoon exercise), or no exercise (control). Glucose levels were measured using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMs). Glucose fluctuation was slightly less stable when exercise was performed in the afternoon than in the morning, indicated by higher CONGA at 2 h and α2 in DFA in the afternoon exercise trial than in the control trial. Additionally, decreased stability in glucose fluctuation in the afternoon exercise trial was supported by the descending values of the other glucose fluctuation indices in order from the afternoon exercise, morning exercise, and control trials. Meal tolerance following exercise was decreased after both exercise trials. Glucose levels during exercise were decreased only in the afternoon exercise trial, resulting in less stable glucose fluctuations over 24 h.
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Plasma free metanephrine and normethanephrine levels correlated to plasma catecholamine after acute running in amateur runner. J Exerc Sci Fit 2021; 19:178-181. [PMID: 33936218 PMCID: PMC8055611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Catecholamine is a typical index of exercise intensity, but it is difficult to detect. Plasma metanephrine (MN) and normethanephrine (NMN) levels are more stable than those of catecholamines. This study aimed to investigate plasma MN and NMN levels during acute exercise running in amateur runners. Methods Samples were collected from eight healthy male participants. They were either sedentary or running at low or high intensity for 30 min. Blood samples were collected under these conditions. Measurements taken included plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline, MN, and NMN. Results Plasma adrenaline levels increased after high-intensity exercise compared with sedentary subjects. Plasma noradrenaline, MN, and NMN levels increased after both low- and high-intensity exercise compared with sedentary subjects. In addition, these levels were also significantly higher at high intensity than at low intensity. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were positively correlated with plasma free MN and NMN levels after acute running, respectively. Conclusion This study revealed that plasma MN and NMN levels transiently increased depending on exercise intensity in amateur runners. In addition, plasma NMN levels are better markers than plasma MN levels because of their stronger correlation with plasma catecholamine levels.
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Effects of exercise before breakfast on plasma free fatty acid profile and 24-h fat oxidation. Metabol Open 2020; 8:100067. [PMID: 33294835 PMCID: PMC7695873 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Free fatty acids (FFAs) are an important source of energy, and also serve as signaling molecules to regulate gene expression. Exercise performed in a post-absorptive state, in contrast to that performed in a postprandial state, increases 24-h fat oxidation under an energy-balanced condition. The primary aim of the present study was to clarify whether the effects of exercise on the concentration and composition of plasma FFAs, which may underlie distinct effects of exercise on 24-h fat oxidation, depend on the nutritional state of the individual when performing the exercise. Methods Ten healthy young men underwent 3 trials of indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber. The subjects performed exercise at 60% of VO2max for 60 min in either a post-absorptive or postprandial state, or remained sedentary without an exercise session (control). All trials were designed to be energy balanced over 24 h. Blood samples were collected immediately before and after exercise. Results Fat oxidation over 24 h was increased only when exercise was performed in a post-absorptive state (control, 531 ± 60; post-absorptive, 779 ± 70; postprandial, 569 ± 37 kcal/24 h). The increase in the 24-h fat oxidation was related to the magnitude of the transient carbohydrate deficit after exercise. The plasma FFA concentration after exercise was higher in the post-absorptive trial (0.38 ± 0.04) than in the control (0.13 ± 0.01) and postprandial (0.15 ± 0.02 mM) trials. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated (U/S) fatty acids after exercise was higher in the post-absorptive trial (1.76 ± 0.06) than in the control (1.56 ± 0.07) and postprandial (1.53 ± 0.08) trials. On the other hand, the plasma FFA concentration after exercise in a postprandial state did not differ significantly from that in the control trial. Conclusion Exercise performed in a post-absorptive state effectively increased the plasma FFA concentration and U/S ratio to a greater degree than exercise performed in a postprandial state, underlying the increase in the 24-h fat oxidation. The increase in the plasma FFA concentration was related to the transient carbohydrate deficit after exercise. Exercise performed in post-absorptive state increases 24-h fat oxidation. Exercise performed in a post-absorptive state increased the ratio of U/S ratio. The plasma FFA concentration was related to the transient carbohydrate deficit.
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Abstract
Takahashi, K, Shirai, Y, and Nabekura, Y. Stretch-shortening cycle function of lower limbs after cycling in triathletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Impaired cardiorespiratory response and changes in biomechanical variables occur when running after cycling relative to isolated running. Nevertheless, little is known about the causes of these changes or the training to prevent them. This study aimed (a) to determine whether stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function decreases after cycling exercise and (b) to determine whether the decreases in SSC function are related to brick training. Eleven male university triathletes performed hopping tests to measure SSC function before and after cycling (30 minutes of cycling at 110% ventilatory threshold). Stretch-shortening cycle function was calculated as the ratio of the jump height to the time spent in contact with the ground (reactive strength index [RSI]). Brick training was evaluated by the total experience of brick training. The RSI significantly decreased after the cycling exercise (-10.7%; p < 0.01), but changes in RSI after cycling did not significantly correlate with the total experience of brick training, despite a large effect size (p < 0.10; r = 0.62). These results suggest that SSC function decreases after cycling and that brick training is potentially useful for inhibiting decreases in SSC function after cycling.
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LDH isoenzyme 5 is an index of early onset muscle soreness during prolonged running. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1020-1026. [PMID: 32253893 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle soreness is also induced during prolonged running such as a full marathon, and muscle soreness and increased damage markers are detected immediately after such a running. We named this muscle soreness, early onset muscle soreness (EOMS). Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level which has some isoenzyme is increased immediately after prolonged exercise. However, it is unclear that EOMS is related to muscle damage markers on prolonged running. This study aimed to determine at which point EOMS, and muscle damage markers are related to EOMS during prolonged running. METHODS We studied 11 male subjects who habitually perform aerobic exercise. They ran 30 km at 90% of ventilatory threshold intensity. Every 10 km, we estimated perceived muscle soreness, and sampled blood to measure muscle and liver damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress (d-ROM and BAP) markers. RESULTS Muscle soreness score lower limbs were significantly appeared at 20 km compared to that at 0 km. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level increased at 30 km compared to that at 0 km. LDH isoenzymes 3, 4, and 5, and neutrophils significantly increased at 30 km compared to those at 0 km. Serum LDH isoenzyme 5 and change in aspartate aminotransferase significantly increased at 20 km. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the thigh NRS and amount of serum LDH isoenzyme 5 from 0 km to 20 km. d-ROM and BAP increased at 10 km compared to those at 0 km. CONCLUSIONS EOMS started to occur at 20 km during a 30 km running task. Our data suggest that LDH isoenzyme 5 is a marker of occurrence in EOMS during prolonged running.
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Abstract
Mammals have circadian clocks, which consist of the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the peripheral clocks in the peripheral tissues. The effect of exercise on phase of peripheral clocks have been reported in rodents but not in humans. Continuous sampling is necessary to assess the phase of the circadian rhythm of peripheral clock gene expressions. It has been assumed that the expression of the genes in leukocyte may be "an accessible window to the multiorgan transcriptome." The present study aimed to examine whether exercise affects the level and phase of clock gene expression in human leukocytes. Eleven young men participated in three trials, in which they performed a single bout of exercise at 60% V̇o2max for 1 h beginning either at 0700 (morning exercise) or 1600 (afternoon exercise) or no exercise (control). Blood samples were collected at 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2300 and at 0600 the next morning, to assess diurnal changes of clock gene expression in leukocytes. Brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (Bmal1) expression level increased after morning and afternoon exercise, and Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) expression level increased after morning exercise. Compared with control trial, acrophase of Bmal1 expression tended to be earlier in morning exercise trial and later in afternoon exercise trial. Acrophase of Cry1 expression was earlier in morning exercise trial but not affected by afternoon exercise. Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock), Period 1-3 (Per1-3), and Cry2 expression levels and those acrophases were not affected by exercise. The present results suggest a potential role of a single bout of exercise to modify peripheral clocks in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study showed that a single bout of exercise affected peripheral clock gene expression in human leukocytes and the effect of exercise depended on when it was performed. Brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (Bmal1) expression was increased after exercises performed in the morning and afternoon. Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) expression was also increased after the morning exercise. The effect of exercise on acrophase of Bmal1 depended on the time of the exercise: advanced after morning exercise and delayed after afternoon exercise.
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Oxygen uptake and respiratory exchange ratio relative to the lactate threshold running in well-trained distance runners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:895-901. [PMID: 30893995 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) between well-trained distance runners (DRs) and recreational runners (RRs) below, at, and above the lactate threshold (LT) during a four-minute run and clarified whether these variables reached steady state in DRs. METHODS Ten male well-trained DRs (maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max], 66.8±5.9 mL/kg/min; LT, 80.0±4.4% V̇O2max) and nine male RRs (V̇O2max, 53.9±3.7 mL/kg/min; LT, 76.6±8.0% V̇O2max) participated in this study. They performed four-minute runs at 70%, 80%, and 90% V̇O2max on a treadmill. RESULTS The results illustrated that V̇O2 was higher in the fourth minute than in the third minute in RRs at 80% and 90% V̇O2max (Cohen's d=0.25 and 0.26, respectively), whereas, V̇O2 did not differ between the third and fourth minute in DRs at any intensity (Cohen's d=0.08, 0.03, and 0.04, respectively). The RER at each intensity differed between the third and fourth minutes in RRs (Cohen's d=0.25, 0.21, and 0.41, respectively); similarly, RER was only different between the third and fourth minutes at 90%V̇O2max (Cohen's d=0.39) in DRs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the slow component of V̇O2 is not observed in runners with good aerobic capacity even at running intensity exceeding the LT, whereas the RER does not reach steady state at this intensity.
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Relationship between oxygen cost and C-reactive protein response to marathon running in college recreational runners. Open Access J Sports Med 2018; 9:261-268. [PMID: 30568518 PMCID: PMC6267712 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s183274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Individual variations in response of C-reactive protein (CRP) to acute strenuous exercise are less well known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between running economy and systemic inflammation following a marathon. Materials and methods Sixteen college recreational runners participated in this study. To measure maximal oxygen uptake and running economy, the treadmill running test was performed 1-2 weeks before the marathon race. Running economy was defined as oxygen cost (mL/kg/km) at submaximal running. CRP and muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) were measured before and 1, 2, and 3 days after the race. Results All subjects completed the race in 4 hours 7 minutes 43 seconds±44 minute 29 seconds [mean±SD]. The marathon running significantly increased CRP and muscle damage markers. The levels of inflammation and muscle damage peaked after 1 day and remained high throughout the 3-day recovery period compared to that before the race. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the change in CRP level was significantly positively correlated with oxygen cost (r=0.619, P=0.011) but not maximal oxygen uptake. There was no significant relationship in responses between muscle damage markers and CRP. Conclusion These findings suggest that running economy is related to postmarathon race CRP response. Further study to clarify the cause of the relationship and clinical significance of transient increase in CRP is necessary.
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Recovery of physiological characteristics and muscle soreness after a marathon running in a well-trained runner: a case study. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2017. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.17.03492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Exercise before breakfast increases 24-h fat oxidation in female subjects. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180472. [PMID: 28692687 PMCID: PMC5503250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise performed in a postprandial state does not increase 24-h fat oxidation of male and female subjects. Conversely, it has been shown in male subjects that exercise performed in a postabsorptive state increases 24-h fat oxidation compared with that in sedentary control and that with exercise trials performed after breakfast, lunch, or dinner. There is a paucity of study evaluating the effect of exercise performed in a postabsorptive state in female subjects. Method Nine young female subjects participated in indirect calorimetry measurement over 24-h using a room-size metabolic chamber in which subjects remained sedentary or performed 60 min exercise before breakfast at 50% of V˙O2max. Exercise was accompanied by an increase in energy intake to ensure that subjects were in a similar state of energy balance over 24 h for the two trials. Findings Compared with the sedentary condition, exercise performed before breakfast increased 24-h fat oxidation (519 ± 37 vs. 400 ± 41 kcal/day). Time courses of relative energy balance differed between trials with transient negative energy balance observed before breakfast. The lowest values of relative energy balance observed during the 24-h calorimetry, i.e., transient energy deficit, were greater in exercise trials than in sedentary trials. The transient deficit in carbohydrate balance was also observed before breakfast, and magnitude of the deficit was greater in exercise trial compared to that of sedentary trial. Interpretation Under energy-balanced conditions, exercise performed in a post-absorptive state increases 24-h fat oxidation in female subjects. The effect of exercise performed before breakfast can be attributed to nutritional state: a transient deficit in energy and carbohydrate at the end of exercise.
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Effects of marathon running on muscle damage in lower limb muscle groups and maximal aerobic capacity in novice recreational runners. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2017. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.16.03332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Relationship between 800-m running performance and running economy during high-intensity running in well-trained middle-distance runners. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.6.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Relation between 1,500-m running performance and running economy during high-intensity running in well-trained distance runners. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.6.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Estimation of accumulated oxygen deficit from accumulated blood lactate concentration during supramaximal running in middle-distance runners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.6.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Exercise Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation Only When It Is Performed Before Breakfast. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:2003-9. [PMID: 26844280 PMCID: PMC4703705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As part of the growing lifestyle diversity in modern society, there is wide variation in the time of day individuals choose to exercise. Recent surveys in the US and Japan have reported that on weekdays, more people exercise in the evening, with fewer individuals exercising in the morning or afternoon. Exercise performed in the post-prandial state has little effect on accumulated fat oxidation over 24 h (24-h fat oxidation) when energy intake is matched to energy expenditure (energy-balanced condition). The present study explored the possibility that exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation only when performed in a post-absorptive state, i.e. before breakfast. Methods Indirect calorimetry using a metabolic chamber was performed in 10 young, non-obese men over 24 h. Subjects remained sedentary (control) or performed 60-min exercise before breakfast (morning), after lunch (afternoon), or after dinner (evening) at 50% of VO2max. All trials were designed to be energy balanced over 24 h. Time course of energy and substrate balance relative to the start of calorimetry were estimated from the differences between input (meal consumption) and output (oxidation). Findings Fat oxidation over 24 h was increased only when exercise was performed before breakfast (control, 456 ± 61; morning, 717 ± 64; afternoon, 446 ± 57; and evening, 432 ± 44 kcal/day). Fat oxidation over 24 h was negatively correlated with the magnitude of the transient deficit in energy and carbohydrate. Interpretation Under energy-balanced conditions, 24-h fat oxidation was increased by exercise only when performed before breakfast. Transient carbohydrate deficits, i.e., glycogen depletion, observed after morning exercise may have contributed to increased 24-h fat oxidation. Exercise performed before breakfast increases 24 h fat oxidation. Exercise-induced transient energy deficit cues to increase 24 h fat oxidation. Exercise in fed state doesn't increase 24 h fat oxidation in energy-balanced condition. Urinary N2 excretion was not affected by time of the day when exercise was performed.
Indirect calorimetry using a metabolic chamber was performed in 10 young men over 24 h. Subjects remained sedentary or performed 60-min exercise before breakfast, after lunch or dinner at 50% of VO2max. All trials were designed to be energy balanced, i.e., intake and expenditure of energy over 24-h were matched. When exercise was performed after lunch or dinner, 24-h fat oxidation was similar to that of sedentary day, i.e. exercise didn't increase fat oxidation. Only when exercise was performed before breakfast, 24-h fat oxidation increased, and a significant transient energy deficit after morning exercise seems to stimulate 24-h fat oxidation.
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Transient Energy Deficit After Exercise Performed In A Postabsorptive State Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000478457.06405.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Food restriction causes low bone strength and microarchitectural deterioration in exercised growing male rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 60:35-42. [PMID: 24759258 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of bone disorders in young male athletes has not been well understood. We hypothesized that bone fragility is caused by low energy availability, due to insufficient food intake and excessive exercise energy expenditure in young male athletes. To examine this hypothesis, we investigated the influence of food restriction on bone strength and bone morphology in exercised growing male rats, using three-point bending test, dual-energy X-ray absormetry, and micro-computed tomography. Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into the following groups: the control (Con) group, exercise (Ex) group, food restriction (R) group, and food restriction plus exercise (REx) group after a 1-wk acclimatization period. Thirty-percent food restriction in the R and REx groups was carried out in comparison with that in the Con group. Voluntary running exercise was performed in the Ex and REx groups. The experimental period lasted 13 wk. At the endpoint of this experiment, the bone strength of the femurs and tibial BMD in the REx group were significantly lower than those in the Con group. Moreover, trabecular bone volume and cortical bone volume in the REx group were also significantly lower than those in the Con group. These findings indicate that food restriction causes low bone strength and microarchitectural deterioration in exercised growing male rats.
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Transient energy deficit induced by exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation in young trained men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:80-5. [PMID: 25554797 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00697.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole body fat oxidation increases during exercise. However, 24-h fat oxidation on a day with exercise often remains similar to that of sedentary day, when energy intake is increased to achieve an energy-balanced condition. The present study aimed to examine a possibility that time of the day when exercise is performed makes differences in 24-h fat oxidation. As a potential mechanism of exercise affecting 24-h fat oxidation, its relation to exercise-induced transient energy deficit was examined. Nine young male endurance athletes underwent three trials of indirect calorimetry using a metabolic chamber, in which they performed a session of 100 min of exercise before breakfast (AM), after lunch (PM), or two sessions of 50 min of exercise before breakfast and after lunch (AM/PM) at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake. Experimental meals were designed to achieve individual energy balance. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was similar among the trials, but 24-h fat oxidation was 1,142 ± 97, 809 ± 88, and 608 ± 46 kcal/24 h in descending order of its magnitude for AM, AM/PM, and PM, respectively (P < 0.05). Twenty-four-hour carbohydrate oxidation was 2,558 ± 110, 2,374 ± 114, and 2,062 ± 96 kcal/24 h for PM, AM/PM, and AM, respectively. In spite of energy-balanced condition over 24 h, exercise induced a transient energy deficit, the magnitude of which was negatively correlated with 24-h fat oxidation (r = -0.72, P < 0.01). Similarly, transient carbohydrate deficit after exercise was negatively correlated with 24-h fat oxidation (r = -0.40, P < 0.05). The time of the day when exercise is performed affects 24-h fat oxidation, and the transient energy/carbohydrate deficit after exercise is implied as a factor affecting 24-h fat oxidation.
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Influence of food restriction combined with voluntary running on bone morphology and strength in male rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 93:540-8. [PMID: 24002179 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Athletes, in particular endurance athletes and dancers, are chronically exposed to a state of low energy availability due to insufficient dietary energy intake and massive exercise energy expenditure. Low energy availability sometimes causes bone fragility, thereby increasing the risk of bone disorders. Although the decrease in energy availability shows no sexual dimorphism, epidemiological studies have reported that bone disorders are less frequent in male athletes than in female athletes. We hypothesized that bone tissue was not affected by low energy availability in males. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of food restriction combined with voluntary running training on bone morphology and strength in adult male rats. Fourteen-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four groups: control (C) group, food restriction (R) group, exercise (Ex) group, and food restriction plus exercise (REx) group. For the R and REx groups, 30 % food restriction was carried out in comparison with the C group. Bone strength, bone mineral density (BMD), bone architecture, and bone turnover rate were measured after a 13-week experimental period. Bone strength was not significantly lower in the REx group compared with the C group. BMD and trabecular bone volume showed no difference among groups. These findings indicate that bone morphology and strength were little affected by food restriction combined with exercise training in adult male rats.
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Effects of post-absorptive and postprandial exercise on 24 h fat oxidation. Metabolism 2013; 62:793-800. [PMID: 23313101 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fat oxidation during exercise depends on nutritional state, and exercise performed in the post-absorptive state oxidizes more fat than that performed in the postprandial state. However, the effects of exercise on energy metabolism continue during the post-exercise period, and the difference in fat oxidation during exercise may be compensated for during the post-exercise period. The present study compared the effects of an acute exercise bout in the post-absorptive or postprandial state on 24 h fat oxidation. METHODS Twelve young male athletes stayed twice in a room-size metabolic chamber for 24 h indirect calorimetry in a randomized repeated-measure design. Before or after breakfast, i.e. in the post-absorptive or postprandial state, subjects exercised at 50% VO(2)max for 60 min. RESULTS During the 60 min of exercise, energy expenditure in the two exercise trials were equivalent, but exercise in the post-absorptive state was performed with lower RQ compared with that in the postprandial state (P<0.01). The time of exercise relative to breakfast did not affect 24 h energy expenditure (P>0.5). However, accumulated 24 h fat oxidation was higher (P<0.05) and that of carbohydrate oxidation was lower (P<0.05) when exercise was performed in the post-absorptive state. CONCLUSIONS Compared with exercise performed in the postprandial state, exercise performed in the post-absorptive state oxidized more fat and saved more carbohydrate in the body, without affecting 24 h energy expenditure.
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Abstract
The present study investigated the difference in blood glucose concentration (Glu) response during an incremental swimming test before and after a ten-week training period and verified whether blood glucose threshold (GT) could be determined in competitive swimmers. 7 elite male university swimmers participated in this study. 2 incremental swimming tests were conducted in a swimming flume before and after a ten-week training period. Blood lactate concentration (Bla) and Glu were measured after each swimming step, and the velocities of the lactate threshold (VLT) and glucose threshold (VGT) were analyzed. VLT increased significantly after training (1.21±0.06 m x s(-1) pre-training, 1.31±0.10 m x s(-1) post-training, p<0.05), while Glu did not increase at the higher swimming intensity steps. GT was not determined at each trial. Our results show that lactate threshold (LT) improved significantly after the ten-week training period, while the Glu response during incremental swimming tests did not change. Therefore, GT could not be determined in elite competitive swimmers before and after training.
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Intermittent short-term graded running performance in middle-distance runners in hypobaric hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 94:254-61. [PMID: 15815939 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-1322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether in trained middle-distance runners, intermittent short-term graded running performance is affected by a hypobaric hypoxic environment (simulated 2,500 m) (H). Seven male middle-distance runners performed an aerobic performance test and an intermittent short-term graded anaerobic running-performance test (MART) both in H and in a normobaric normoxic environment (N). VO(2max) and OBLA were markedly lower (by 18.1% and 8.7%, respectively) in H than in N. In MART, neither maximal running velocity (V(max)) nor exhaustion-time was different between N and H (454 (7) m min(-1) vs. 451 (6) m min(-1), respectively, and 208.7 (5.2) s vs. 205.7 (4.2) s, respectively). The blood lactate concentration at sub-maximal running speed (425 m min(-1)) was significantly greater in H than in N (paired t-test: P<0.05). These results suggest that, in trained middle-distance runners, intermittent short-term graded running performance is not affected by H, despite a considerable decrease in aerobic power in H during the aerobic performance test.
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Exercise-induced change in beta-adrenergic receptor number in lymphocytes from trained and untrained men. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 46:389-95. [PMID: 9048217 DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.46.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to clarify whether beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) translocation from intracellular sites to the cell surface contributes to an increase in the number of beta-AR in lymphocytes from trained and untrained men after exercise. Nine trained and 9 untrained subjects performed exercise on a bicycle ergometer until exhaustion. The number of beta-AR in the cell surface (beta-AR(surface)) and intracellular sites (beta-AR(intra)) was determined at rest and after maximal exercise by measuring the binding of the radioligand 125I-iodocyanopindolol in the presence or absence of hydrophilic (CGP-12177A) or lipophilic (propranolol) unlabeled ligands. The number of beta-AR(surface) increased after exercise from 1,524.4 +/- 321.4 to 3,432.6 +/- 503.3 sites/cell (p < 0.01), whereas that of beta-AR(intra) decreased from 356.2 +/- 85.7 to 190.3 +/- 60.2 sites/cell (p < 0.05). The isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP production per 1 x 10(6) lymphocytes after exercise was significantly higher than that at rest. However, the cAMP production per single beta-AR(surface) tended to be lower after exercise. No differences between the trained and untrained subjects were found in beta-AR numbers or intracellular cAMP levels. These findings demonstrate that maximal exercise induces the translocation of beta-AR from intracellular sites to the cell surface in human lymphocytes. However, this translocation accounts for only 10% of the increase in total cellular beta-AR, suggesting that other mechanisms are predominant and contribute substantially to the increase in beta-AR(surface).
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[Response of respiratory exchange ratio (R) to sinusoidal work load in humans]. THE ANNALS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY = SEIRI JINRUIGAKU KENKYUKAI KAISHI 1991; 10:91-100. [PMID: 1905932 DOI: 10.2114/ahs1983.10.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An examination was made of the response of respiratory exchange ratio (R), carbon dioxide output (VCO2) and oxygen uptake (VO2) to sinusoidal work load with periods (T) of 1-16 min in six healthy men to determine whether R response is sinusoidal. The influence of the ratio of the amplitude of VCO2 to that of VO2 and the phase lag between them on R response was also studied by computer simulation. The results and conclusions obtained are as follows: 1) With decrease in the period, the amplitudes of VO2 and VCO2 dropped exponentially, becoming least at T of 1 min (T = 1 min). In contrast, the amplitude of R was largest at T = 4 min and subsequently decreased progressively. 2) The peak amplitude of R at T = 4 min can be explained by the larger phase lag and relatively low of amplitude of VCO2 to VO2. 3) The smallest amplitude of R at T = 1 min was due not to the ratio of amplitude or phase lag, but to remarkably smaller amplitudes of VO2 and VCO2. 4) The phase lag of VO2 to sinusoidal work load was smaller than that of VCO2. Phase lag of R was considerably larger than that of VO2 or VCO2. 5) The response curve of VO2 and VCO2 is a sinusoidal curve with the same period as exercise. However, the response of R is not a real sinusoidal but a deformed biphasic curve with a high crest and low trough. The deformity is determined by the phase lag between VO2 and VCO2 response and also the ratio of amplitude of VCO2 to that of VO2.
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