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Poplawski T, Galita G, Sarnik J, Macieja A, Bielski R, Mencer DE, Witczak ZJ. New N-Adducts of Thiadiazole and Thiazoline with Levoglucosenone and Evaluation of Their Significant Cytotoxic (Anti-Cancer) Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:216. [PMID: 38201645 PMCID: PMC10777969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The conjugate N-adducts of thio-1,3,4-diazole and 2-thiazoline with levoglucosenone were synthesized via a stereoselective, base-catalyzed conjugate N-Michael addition to levoglucosenone at C-4. Structural assignments were established using 1H and 13C NMR analysis, and X-ray single-crystal analysis for one of the compounds. The biological properties of the novel compounds were tested on a cell model. Cytotoxicity was analyzed via colorimetric assay. Two distinct types of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, were analyzed by determining the phosphatidylserine levels from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, caspase activation, and lactate dehydrogenase release. We also evaluated DNA damage using an alkaline comet assay. The level of oxidative stress was measured with a modified comet assay and an H2DCFDA probe. The thio-1,3,4-diazole adduct (FCP23) and the 2-thiazoline adduct (FCP26) exhibit similar cytotoxicity values for cancer cells (ovarian (A2780), breast (MCF-7), cervix (HeLa), colon (LoVo), and brain (MO59J and MO59K)), but their mechanism of action is drastically different. While FCP23 induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and necrosis, FCP26 induces apoptosis through caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Grzegorz Galita
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sarnik
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University, 90-050 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Macieja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Roman Bielski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA;
| | - Donald E. Mencer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilkes University, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA;
| | - Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA;
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Mlostoń G, Urbaniak K, Palusiak M, Witczak ZJ, Würthwein EU. (3+2)-Cycloadditions of Levoglucosenone (LGO) with Fluorinated Nitrile Imines Derived from Trifluoroacetonitrile: An Experimental and Computational Study. Molecules 2023; 28:7348. [PMID: 37959767 PMCID: PMC10647924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The in situ-generated N-aryl nitrile imines derived from trifluoroacetonitrile smoothly undergo (3+2)-cycloadditions onto the enone fragment of the levoglucosenone molecule, yielding the corresponding, five-membered cycloadducts. In contrast to the 'classic' C(Ph),N(Ph) nitrile imine, reactions with fluorinated C(CF3),N(Ar) analogues lead to stable pyrazolines in a chemo- and stereoselective manner. Based on the result of X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis, their structures were established as exo-cycloadducts with the location of the N-Ar terminus of the 1,3-dipole at the α-position of the enone moiety. The DFT computation demonstrated that the observed reaction pathway results from the strong dominance of kinetic control over thermodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic & Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, PL-91-403 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Urbaniak
- Department of Organic & Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, PL-91-403 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Marcin Palusiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA;
| | - Ernst-Ulrich Würthwein
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Witczak ZJ, Mauger A, Bielski R, Mencer DE. Thio-glycomimetics with enhanced lipophilicity and their biological activity. ARKIVOC 2021. [DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Bielski R, Witczak ZJ, Newport JFL. Carbohydrate-Based Micro/Nanocapsules With Controlled External Surface for Medical Applications. Front Chem 2020; 8:545. [PMID: 32676496 PMCID: PMC7333594 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro/nanocapsules would have many more applications if we were able to controllably populate their surface with various chemical moieties. The present review introduces a novel variant of interfacial polymerization (IP) as a very robust method of manufacturing reservoir micro/nanocapsules equipped with several different functionalities on the capsules' surface. We call the method—IPCESCO (Interfacial Polymerization for Capsules' External Surface Control). As always in IP, the capsules' forming reaction is between monomers dissolved in opposite phases (oil or water) and takes place at the interface. Each monomer carries two or more functionalities reacting with functional groups of the monomer dissolved in the other phase. IPCESCO requires that one or both monomers are additionally equipped with (protected) functional groups interfering neither with the payload nor with the polymer formation. These additional groups end up everywhere in the polymeric shell but most importantly they are present on the external surface of capsules. These “handles” allow for the introduction of various moieties onto the capsules' surface. Since carbohydrate chemists developed a plurality of protecting and deprotecting methods for various functional groups such as aldehyde and hydroxyl, modified mono, and oligosaccharides are particularly well-suited to act as monomers in IPCESCO. The article discusses possible monomers and their synthesis, the transformation of protected reactive groups on the external capsules' surface into the desired functionalities, the control of the number of moieties on the surface and the capsules surface's architecture. The most important application of the novel encapsulation technology is in drug delivery. Possible surface units facilitating capsules' transport in the body, delivery to specific locations and mechanisms of capsules rupture are also addressed. Other applications of novel capsules include an ultra-sensitive quantitation and removal of pathogens, transport of nutrients in plants, detection of various antigens and other parameters in single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bielski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, PA, United States
| | - Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, PA, United States
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Sarnik J, Gajek A, Toma M, Pawelczyk J, Rykowski S, Olejniczak A, Sliwinski T, Bielski R, Witczak ZJ, Poplawski T. (1-4)-Thiodisaccharides as anticancer agents. Part 5. Evaluation of anticancer activity and investigation of mechanism of action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126904. [PMID: 31882294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
(1-4)-Thiodisaccharides, thiosugars with the 1-4-thio bridge, were recently shown to induce oxidative stress, as well as, apoptosis in cancer cells in the low micromolar range; however, the detailed mechanism of their anticancer action still remains unknown. In order to clarify the mechanism of (1-4)- thiodisaccharides action, we performed a series of tests including cytotoxic, clonogenic and apoptosis assays using an in vitro glioma cancer model with one ATCC cell line U87 and two novel glioma cell lines derived from cancer patients - H6PX and H7PX. We also evaluated the ability of (1-4)-thiodisaccharides to interfere with protein folding and synthesis processes, as well as, the thioredoxin system. (1-4)-thiodisaccharides induced glioma cell death, which were found to be accompanied with endoplasmic reticulum stress, inhibition of global protein synthesis, reduced overall cellular thiol level and thioredoxin reductase activity. We also performed a RT-PCR and Elisa analysis of (1-4)-thiodisaccharides-treated glioma cells to identify any changes within the pathway affected by (1-4)-thiodisaccharides. We observed a significant increase of expression in key markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and pro-apoptotic protein, FASLG. We proposed that (1-4)-thiodisaccharides react with cellular thiols and disturb any cellular thiol-depended processes like thioredoxin system or protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sarnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-115 Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Pawelczyk
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sebastian Rykowski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Roman Bielski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA
| | - Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University 84 W. South Street, Wilkes- Barre, PA 18766, United States
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Kopa P, Macieja A, Galita G, Witczak ZJ, Poplawski T. DNA Double Strand Breaks Repair Inhibitors: Relevance as Potential New Anticancer Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1483-1493. [PMID: 29446719 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180214113154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are considered one of the most lethal forms of DNA damage. Many effective anticancer therapeutic approaches used chemical and physical methods to generate DNA double-strand breaks in the cancer cells. They include: IR and drugs which mimetic its action, topoisomerase poisons, some alkylating agents or drugs which affected DNA replication process. On the other hand, cancer cells are mostly characterized by highly effective systems of DNA damage repair. There are two main DNA repair pathways used to fix double-strand breaks: NHEJ and HRR. Their activity leads to a decreased effect of chemotherapy. Targeting directly or indirectly the DNA double-strand breaks response by inhibitors seems to be an exciting option for anticancer therapy and is a part of novel trends that arise after the clinical success of PARP inhibitors. These trends will provide great opportunities for the development of DNA repair inhibitors as new potential anticancer drugs. The main objective of this article is to address these new promising advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kopa
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-752, Poland
| | - Anna Macieja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Galita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, United States
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University 84 W. South Street, Wilkes- Barre, PA 18766, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University 84 W. South Street, Wilkes- Barre, PA 18766, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University 84 W. South Street, Wilkes- Barre, PA 18766, United States
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18701, United States
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University 84 W. South Street, Wilkes- Barre, PA 18766, United States
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Sarnik J, Czubatka-Bienkowska A, Macieja A, Bielski R, Witczak ZJ, Poplawski T. The induction of oxidative stress in cervix carcinoma cells by levoglucosenone derived 4-S-salicyl derivative and (1–4)-S-thio-disaccharides. Part 4. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1215-1219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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J. Witczak Z. Meet Our Editorial Board Member. Curr Org Synth 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/157017941305161014183642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sarnik J, Czubatka-Bieńkowska A, Dziadek J, Witczak ZJ, Popławski T. [Thiosugars used as drugs]. Postepy Biochem 2016; 62:526-534. [PMID: 28132455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiosugars are carbohydrate analogs in which one or few of the oxygen atoms were replaced by sulfur. The sulfur atom which is present in the furan and pyran structures, changes biological properties of carbohydrates, as compared to their oxygen analogs. Among others, thiosugars are effective inhibitors of various cellular and enzymatic pathways and also have great therapeutic potential. They are used as a drugs in diabetes and infectious diseases treatment. Recent evidence suggests that these compounds may have therapeutic properties and be also used in the treatment of some pathological conditions, including cancer diseases. This research are aimed towards the development and improvement of the current methods of synthesis of new thiosugars through stabilization of sulfur bonds and in vitro and in vivo analysis of their potential therapeutic properties. In this work the summary of the latest reports about thiosugars and their application in the medicine is presented for the first time in the Polish language literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sarnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Czubatka-Bieńkowska
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- Mycobacterium Genetics and Physiology Unit, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 West South St., Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA
| | - Tomasz Popławski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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J. Witczak Z. Meet Our Editorial Board Member:. Curr Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.2174/092986732230151019101534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Czubatka A, Sarnik J, Lucent D, Blasiak J, Witczak ZJ, Poplawski T. A novel carbohydrate derived compound FCP5 causes DNA strand breaks and oxidative modifications of DNA bases in cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 227:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Witczak ZJ, Sarnik J, Czubatka A, Forma E, Poplawski T. Thio-sugar motif of functional CARB-pharmacophore for antineoplastic activity. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5606-5611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Witczak ZJ, Poplawski T, Czubatka A, Sarnik J, Tokarz P, VanWert AL, Bielski R. A potential CARB-pharmacophore for antineoplastic activity: Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1752-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Witczak ZJ, Rampulla RM, Bommareddy A. Mycalamides, pederin and psymberin as natural carbohydrates and potential antitumor agents: past and future perspectives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013; 12:1520-32. [PMID: 22827176 DOI: 10.2174/138955712803832744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mycalamide class of potent antiviral and antitumor natural compounds originally isolated from marine sponges in 1988 is a new interdisciplinary approach to molecular recognition. We review new synthetic approaches to this new family of natural products with remarkable biological activity. Some biological evaluation data are compiled and compared to other structurally similar molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy , Wilkes University , Wilkes-Barre , PA , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nesbitt School of Pharmacy , Wilkes University , Wilkes-Barre, PA, 18766, U.S.A
| | - Peter Kaplon
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Connecticut , 372 Fairfield Rd. U-92, Storrs, CT, 06269-2092, U.S.A
| | - Mark Kolodziej
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Connecticut , 372 Fairfield Rd. U-92, Storrs, CT, 06269-2092, U.S.A
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University Wilkes-Barre, 84 W. South Street 18766 Pennsylvania U.S.A
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Witczak ZJ, Lorchak D, Nguyen N. A click chemistry approach to glycomimetics: Michael addition of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranose to 4-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-l-glycero-pent-4-enopyranos-3-ulose – a convenient route to novel 4-deoxy-(1→5)-5-C-thiodisaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1929-33. [PMID: 17588551 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The base catalyzed conjugate Michael addition of the 1-thiosugar, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose, 1, to a new highly reactive enone 4-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-L-glycero-pent-4-enopyranos-3-ulose, 2, proceeds steroselectively with formation of adduct 3 in 94% yield. Convenient stereoselective reduction of the C-3 keto function of 3 with L-Selectride followed by in situ acetylation produces thiodisaccharide 4 in good 82% yield. Cleavage of the 1,2-O-isopropylidene protecting group with p-toluenesulfonic acid in methanol, followed by de-O-acetylation, produced an inseparable anomeric mixture of methyl 4-deoxy-5-C-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-thio-alpha/beta-L-ribo-pyranoside 5 in 72% overall yield. This approach constitutes a new general two-step click chemistry route to the previously unknown class of 4-deoxy-(1-->5)-5-C-thiodisaccharides as stable and biologically important glycomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 137 S. Franklin Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766
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Witczak ZJ, Culhane JM. Thiosugars: new perspectives regarding availability and potential biochemical and medicinal applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:237-44. [PMID: 16240117 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thiosugars, containing a sulfur atom as heteroatom or a disaccharide linked via a sulfur bridge, possess unique physicochemical properties such as water solubility, which differs from conventional functionalized monosaccharides. The differences in biological activities between thiosugars and their oxygen analogs depend on geometric, conformational, and flexibility differences. They depend also on their electronic differences, the sulfide function being less electronegative and more polarizable than the ethereal moiety. Many functionalized thiosugars occur naturally and are potential targets for the development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics. Among the few new examples of the potential new targets are salacinol and kotalanol, tagetitoxin, thiolactomycin and analogues, mycothiol and analogues, and S-nitrosothiols. These new developments and representative examples of functionalized thiosugar prototypes as potential new targets are presented in this mini review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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Abstract
Adhesive interactions between molecules expressed on vascular endothelium and circulating tumor cells are key early events in cancer metastasis. Best characterized to date is the selectin family of cell adhesion molecules, which can bind to and stabilize blood-borne cells on organ vasculature, facilitating the cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions leading to tumor seeding and proliferation. Major ligands of E-selectin, the selectin family member expressed on vascular endothelial cells, include sialylated, fucosylated glycans such as Sialyl Lewis type carbohydrate complexes (SLe(x) and SLe(a)). These carbohydrate antigens are ubiquitously expressed on tumor cells with high metastatic potential, including colon and pancreatic carcinomas, and have been found to selectively and avidly bind E-selectin. Compounds that prevent E-selectin-SLe(x/a)binding represent an attractive tool in the prevention of cancer dissemination. Review of preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that SLe(x/a) 'mimetics' may serve as a potent class of anti-metastatic compounds. These agents are designed to outcompete SLe(x/a) antigens expressed on tumor cell surfaces to prevent initial vascular adhesion. Critical in generating exogenous oligosaccharides as SLe(x/a) mimetics is the stereoselective joining of specific mono- and di- saccharides that express functional groups integral in E-selectin-SLe(x/a) binding. Employing sulfur linkages to couple saccharide units enhances the biological stability of these complex carbohydrates. The synthesis of novel S-thiodisaccharides and C-disaccharides as SLe(x/a) precursors using the chiral sugars levoglucosenone, isomeric isolevoglucosenone and their functionalized analogs is described. The highly stereoselective functionalization of both enones at the C-4, C-3 and C-2 positions by the set of Michael addition reactions of reactive 1-thiosugars is reviewed. These functionalized S-thio di- and S-oligosaccharide precursors have direct application for use as templates in the synthesis of novel SLe(x/a)mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Markus Dey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Witczak ZJ, Kaplon P, Dey PM. Thio-sugars VII. Effect of 3-deoxy-4-S-(beta-D-gluco- and beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-4-thiodisaccharides and their sulfoxides and sulfones on the viability and growth of selected murine and human tumor cell lines. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:11-8. [PMID: 12504376 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first conversion of (1-->4)-thiodisaccharides into corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones by conventional oxidation with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) is reported. The effects of alpha-(1-->4)-3'-deoxythiodisaccharides (8-9) and their sulfoxide (14-15) and sulfone (16-17) derivatives on murine leukemia and human colon and pancreatic carcinoma cell viability were studied. Concentrations of thio-sugars that decreased tumor cell line viability by 50% (IC(50)), measured via the MTT assay, ranged from 6.4 to 38.3 microg/mL. The effect of alpha-(1-->4)-3'-deoxythiodisaccharide derivatives were most profound on human pancreatic epithelial carcinoma (PANC-1) cells with compounds 8 and 9 having IC(50) values of 6.4 microg/mL and 8.2 microg/mL, respectively. Sulfone derivatives 16 and 17 also had pronounced effects on PANC-1 cell viability (IC(50)=10.2 microg/mL and 9.6 microg/mL, respectively). These results indicate that deoxythio-disaccharide analogs generated by functionalization of the universal chiral precursor levoglucosenone may have cytotoxic properties and therapeutic potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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Witczak ZJ. Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry--Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase: Perspectives on a Major Therapeutic Target. IDrugs 2000; 3:1283-4. [PMID: 16047237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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Witczak ZJ. Oligonucleotide and carbohydrate therapeutics. IDrugs 2000; 3:591-2. [PMID: 16096914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z J Witczak
- Wilkes University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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Witczak ZJ, Chhabra R, Boryczewski D. Thiosugars Iii. Stereoselective Approach to β-(1→2)-2,3-Dideoxy-2-C-Acetamidomethyl-2-S-Thiodisaccharides From Levoglucosenone. J Carbohydr Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300008544098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Witczak ZJ. Carbohydrate vaccines and nucleoside/oligonucleotides. IDrugs 1999; 2:1109-10. [PMID: 16113974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z J Witczak
- Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269-2092, USA.
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Witczak ZJ. An interview with Dr Zbigniew J Witczak, chair of the division of Carbohydrate Chemistry. Interview by P. Agathangelou. IDrugs 1999; 2:528-9. [PMID: 16127609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Carbohydrates in Drug Design, Witczak, Z.J. Nieforth, K.A. Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997 USA
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Witczak ZJ. Thio sugars: biological relevance as potential new therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 1999; 6:165-78. [PMID: 10189230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The biological relevance of sulfur containing carbohydrates is gaining substantial attention. Thus the new developments, especially in the synthetic and medicinal chemistry of thio-sugars are critically important for carbohydrate drug design. New studies of biological processes including biosynthetic reactions and enzyme control mechanisms, discovered during the last few years clearly contributed to an understanding of their biological roles. These roles of carbohydrates and thio-sugars in particular through biological processes and diseases are becoming better understood now. These new trends will provide tremendous opportunities for the development of carbohydrates as new potential drugs. The main objective of this article is to address these new promising advances
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-2092, USA
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Abstract
Abstract:
The biological relevance of sulfur containing carbohydrates is gaining substantial attention. Thus the new developments, especially in the synthetic and medicinal chemistry of thio-sugars are critically important for carbohydrate drug design. New studies of biological processes including bio
synthetic reactions and enzyme control mechanisms, discovered during the last few years clearly contributed to an understanding of their biological roles. These roles of carbohydrates and thio sugars in particular through biological processes and diseases are becoming better understood now.
These new trends will provide tremendous opportunities for the development of carbohydrates as new potential drugs. The main objective of this article is to address these new promising advances and stimulate continuous development of carbohydrate pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J. Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 372 Fairfield Road, U-92, CT 06269-2092. USA
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Abstract
alpha-1-Thio-L-fucose derivative 4 and 5 as new alpha-fucosidase inhibitors (K1 = 4.6, and 5.9 microM) have been synthesized in three steps by base catalyzed coupling with bromonitromethane followed by reduction of the nitro group with sodium borohydride/cobalt chloride complex and acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Witczak
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-2092, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs 62690, USA
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Witczak ZJ, Chhabra R, Chen H, Xie XQ. Thiosugars II. A novel approach to thiodisaccharides The synthesis of 3-deoxy-4-thiocellobiose from levoglucosenone. Carbohydr Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Witczak ZJ. Modern Methods in Carbohydrate Synthesis. by Shaheer H. Khan, Roger A. O'Neill Eds., Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1996, 558 pp +index. $65.00. Paperback ISBN 3-7186-5921-2. J Carbohydr Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309708007351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Witczak ZJ. Polysaccharides in Medicinal Applications. Edited by Severian Dumitriu, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, ISBN 0-8247-9540-7. 1996, 794 pp. $195.00. J Carbohydr Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309708006525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Witczak ZJ. Enediyne Antibiotics as Antitumor Agents. J Carbohydr Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309608005681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Witczak ZJ. C-Glycoside Synthesis. By Maarten H. D. Postema, (Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California), CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton. 1995, 379pp. $ 99.50 in USA/Outside U.S. $119.00. ISBN 0-8413-9150-4. J Carbohydr Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309608005432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Witczak ZJ, Sun J, Mielguj R. Synthesis of L-fucopyranosyl-4-thiodisaccharides from levoglucosenone and their inhibitory activity on α-L-fucosidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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