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Rehschuh R, Ruehr NK. What is the role of soil nutrients in drought responses of trees? Tree Physiol 2024; 44:tpad152. [PMID: 38113532 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romy Rehschuh
- TU Dresden, Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Chair of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Pienner Straße 7, Tharandt 01737, Germany
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, KIT-Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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Giesemann P, Gebauer G. Distinguishing carbon gains from photosynthesis and heterotrophy in C3-hemiparasite-C3-host pairs. Ann Bot 2022; 129:647-656. [PMID: 34928345 PMCID: PMC9113100 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous carbon stable isotope (13C) analyses have shown for very few C3-hemiparasites utilizing C4- or CAM-hosts the use of two carbon sources, autotrophy and heterotrophy. This 13C approach, however, failed for the frequently occurring C3-C3 parasite-host pairs. Thus, we used hydrogen stable isotope (2H) natural abundances as a substitute for 13C within a C3-Orobanchaceae sequence graded by haustoria complexity and C3-Santalaceae. METHODS Parasitic plants and their real or potential host plants as references were collected in Central European lowland and alpine mountain meadows and forests. Parasitic plants included the xylem-feeding holoparasite Lathraea squamaria parasitizing on the same carbon nutrient source (xylem-transported organic carbon compounds) as potentially Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Bartsia, Melampyrum and Euphrasia hemiparasites. Reference plants were used for an autotrophy-only isotope baseline. A multi-element stable isotope natural abundance approach was applied. KEY RESULTS Species-specific heterotrophic carbon gain ranging from 0 to 51 % was estimated by a 2H mixing-model. The sequence in heterotrophic carbon gain mostly met the morphological grading by haustoria complexity: Melampyrum- < Rhinanthus- < Pedicularis-type. CONCLUSION Due to higher transpiration and lower water-use efficiency, depletion in 13C, 18O and 2H compared to C3-host plants should be expected for tissues of C3-hemiparasites. However, 2H is counterbalanced by transpiration (2H-depletion) and heterotrophy (2H-enrichment). Progressive 2H-enrichment can be used as a proxy to evaluate carbon gains from hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Giesemann
- University of Bayreuth, Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- University of Bayreuth, Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Schönbeck L, Li MH, Lehmann MM, Rigling A, Schaub M, Hoch G, Kahmen A, Gessler A. Soil nutrient availability alters tree carbon allocation dynamics during drought. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:697-707. [PMID: 33079190 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drought alters allocation patterns of carbon (C) and nutrients in trees and eventually impairs tree functioning. Elevated soil nutrient availability might alter the response of trees to drought. We hypothesize that increased soil nutrient availability stimulates root metabolism and C allocation to belowground tissues under drought stress. To test this hypothesis, we subjected 3-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. saplings in open-top chambers during two subsequent years to drought using three different water treatments (100, 20 and 0% plant available water in the soil) and two soil nutrient regimes (ambient and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (N-P-K) fertilization corresponding to 5 g N m-2 year-1) and released drought thereafter. We conducted a 15N and 13C labeling experiment during the peak of the first-year drought by injecting 15N labeled fertilizer in the soil and exposing the tree canopies to 13C labeled CO2. The abundance of the N and C isotopes in the roots, stem and needles was assessed during the following year. Carbon uptake was slightly lower in drought-stressed trees, and extreme drought inhibited largely the N uptake and transport. Carbon allocation to belowground tissues was decreased under drought, but not in combination with fertilization. Our results indicate a potential positive feedback loop, where fertilization improved the metabolism and functioning of the roots, stimulating C allocation to belowground tissues. This way, soil nutrients compensated for drought-induced loss of root functioning, mitigating drought stress of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Schönbeck
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mai-He Li
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems - ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems - ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Giesemann P, Rasmussen HN, Gebauer G. Partial mycoheterotrophy is common among chlorophyllous plants with Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza. Ann Bot 2021; 127:645-653. [PMID: 33547798 PMCID: PMC8052919 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis with plants as carbon providers for fungi. However, achlorophyllous arbuscular mycorrhizal species are known to obtain carbon from fungi, i.e. they are mycoheterotrophic. These species all have the Paris type of arbuscular mycorrhiza. Recently, two chlorophyllous Paris-type species proved to be partially mycoheterotrophic. In this study, we explore the frequency of this condition and its association with Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza. METHODS We searched for evidence of mycoheterotrophy in all currently published 13C, 2H and 15N stable isotope abundance patterns suited for calculations of enrichment factors, i.e. isotopic differences between neighbouring Paris- and Arum-type species. We found suitable data for 135 plant species classified into the two arbuscular mycorrhizal morphotypes. KEY RESULTS About half of the chlorophyllous Paris-type species tested were significantly enriched in 13C and often also enriched in 2H and 15N, compared with co-occurring Arum-type species. Based on a two-source linear mixing model, the carbon gain from the fungal source ranged between 7 and 93 % with ferns > horsetails > seed plants. The seed plants represented 13 families, many without a previous record of mycoheterotrophy. The 13C-enriched chlorophyllous Paris-type species were exclusively herbaceous perennials, with a majority of them thriving on shady forest ground. CONCLUSIONS Significant carbon acquisition from fungi appears quite common and widespread among Paris-type species, this arbuscular mycorrhizal morphotype probably being a pre-condition for developing varying degrees of mycoheterotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Giesemann
- University of Bayreuth, Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hanne N Rasmussen
- University of Copenhagen, Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources, Rolighedsvej, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- University of Bayreuth, Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany
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Tarvainen L, Wallin G, Linder S, Näsholm T, Oren R, Ottosson Löfvenius M, Räntfors M, Tor-Ngern P, Marshall JD. Limited vertical CO2 transport in stems of mature boreal Pinus sylvestris trees. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:63-75. [PMID: 32864696 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that CO2 transport in the transpiration stream can considerably bias estimates of root and stem respiration in ring-porous and diffuse-porous tree species. Whether this also happens in species with tracheid xylem anatomy and lower sap flow rates, such as conifers, is currently unclear. We infused 13C-labelled solution into the xylem near the base of two 90-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. trees. A custom-built gas exchange system and an online isotopic analyser were used to sample the CO2 efflux and its isotopic composition continuously from four positions along the bole and one upper canopy shoot in each tree. Phloem and needle tissue 13C enrichment was also evaluated at these positions. Most of the 13C label was lost by diffusion within a few metres of the infusion point indicating rapid CO2 loss during vertical xylem transport. No 13C enrichment was detected in the upper bole needle tissues. Furthermore, mass balance calculations showed that c. 97% of the locally respired CO2 diffused radially to the atmosphere. Our results support the notion that xylem CO2 transport is of limited magnitude in conifers. This implies that the concerns that stem transport of CO2 derived from root respiration biases chamber-based estimates of forest carbon cycling may be unwarranted for mature conifer stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Tarvainen
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogmarksgränd, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Wallin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, SLU, PO Box 49, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogmarksgränd, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ram Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Grainger Hall, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 305 Teer Building, Box 90271, Durham, NC 27708-0271, USA
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikaell Ottosson Löfvenius
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogmarksgränd, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Räntfors
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pantana Tor-Ngern
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Rd, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan District, 10330 Bangkok, Thailand
- Environment, Health and Social Data Analytics Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Rd, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan District, 10330 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogmarksgränd, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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