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Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq S, Tambe S, Mohzari Y, Alrashed A, Najib Alajami H, Othman Aljohani A, Ali Al Mushtawi A, Sultan Alenazy M, Fahad Alamer R, Khalid Alanazi A, Imam Rabbani S. Anti-obesity potential of almond (Prunus dulcis) in experimental animals under cafeteria and atherogenic diets. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4062-4068. [PMID: 34220264 PMCID: PMC8241617 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Natural dietary supplements are progressively getting famous to supplant synthetic substances particularly in chronic morbidities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-obesity potential of almond on the normal, Cafeteria, and Atherogenic diets. Materials and methods Parameters such as change in body weight, body temperature, lipid profile, organ weights, and fat pad weights were assessed. Central Nervous System related studies (Despair Swim test and Elevated Plus maze test) were also performed to comprehend the effect of the diets, and almond on the brain. All of the experimental animals were randomly assigned to one of three diet categoriesregular, cafeteria, or atherogenic, and fed those diets for 40 days. Each diet had the control group, standard drug group and three almond groups (low dose: 50; medium dose: 100 and high dose: 200 mg/kg body weight). Body weight was recorded every alternate day. On 40th day, body temperature was measured. On day 41, lipid parameters, organ weights, fat pad weights and the CNS parameters were evaluated. ANOVA followed by Duncans Multiple Range Test were used for statistical analysis. Results Treatment of animals with either a low or high dose of almond as well as a standard herb prevented a rise in body weight significantly (p = 0.01) in all three diet groups. When a regular diet was replaced with a cafeteria and atherogenic diet, the serum levels of triglycerides and LDL increased significantly, while HDL levels decreased significantly. Overall, almond preparation reduced lipid parameters, organ weights, fat-pad weights, and stabilized CNS parameters substantially. Interpretation & conclusion The almond high dose was the most effective of all the almond preparations. Our study suggests that chronic administration of almond independently reduces the body weight in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shrey Tambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Yahya Mohzari
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alrashed
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, Inpatient Department, Main Hospital, KFMC, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan Najib Alajami
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad Othman Aljohani
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Ali Al Mushtawi
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Sultan Alenazy
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan Fahad Alamer
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajead Khalid Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Imam Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Binesh A, Devaraj SN, Devaraj H. Expression of chemokines in macrophage polarization and downregulation of NFκB in aorta allow macrophage polarization by diosgenin in atherosclerosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 34:e22422. [PMID: 31729780 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
M1 macrophages serve one edge as proinflammatory and M2 macrophages serve the other edge as an anti-inflammatory macrophage. It appears that a related "switch" in macrophage morphology may also happen in the course of atherosclerosis, which has not yet been elucidated. An atherogenic diet (AD) was given to rats, and induction of macrophage differentiation and the nuclear localization of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) were investigated by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Chemokines were analyzed using an antibody array with 32 target proteins. M2 macrophage transformation was confirmed in diosgenin-treated aorta by immunofluorescence and was validated in vitro using THP-1 cells. MAC387 (macrophage marker) and NFκBp65 (inflammatory hub) were upregulated in oxidatively-modified low-density lipoprotein (OxyLDL) and AD-induced condition. Macrophage differentiation, which induced the formation of inflammatory mediators, was not significantly suppressed by the inhibition of NFκB using dexamethasone. M1 macrophage polarization was identified in OxyLDL-induced monocytes, which are proinflammatory in nature, whereas M2 macrophage polarization was noticed in diosgenin-treated monocytes, which exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. M1-and M2-specific chemokines were analyzed using chemokine antibody array. Furthermore, the expression of proinflammatory macrophage (M1) was noticed in AD-induced aorta and anti-inflammatory macrophage (M2) was observed in diosgenin-treated aorta. This is the first report where, unifying the mechanism of diosgenin as aan nti-atherosclerotic and the expression of M1 and M2 specific chemokines is shown by downregulating NFκB and not by preventing the differentiation of monocyte into a macrophage, but by allowing macrophage to differentiate into M2, which aids in preventing the atherosclerotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Binesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Halagowder Devaraj
- School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fang Y, Wang S, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Lian X. Atherogenic high cholesterol/high fat diet induces TLRs-associated pulmonary inflammation in C57BL/6J mice. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:39-47. [PMID: 27653962 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of high cholesterol/high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on pulmonary homeostasis of wild-type C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six- to eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups and treated with either high cholesterol/high fat diet (HCD, containing 20 % fat, 1.25 % cholesterol and 0.5 % sodium cholate) or a matching regular diet (RD, containing 4 % fat with no cholesterol and cholate added) for 12-16 weeks. RESULTS Twelve to sixteen weeks after HCD diet feeding, hypercholesterolemia and pulmonary lipid accumulation were progressively exacerbated in C57BL/6J mice. Meanwhile, the HCD-fed mice showed distinctive signs of inflammation in the lung, which includes macrophage accumulation in alveolar lumen and lymphocyte infiltration around perivascular area. Simultaneously, the mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were significantly up-regulated, and the translocation of NFκB into nucleus was activated in HCD-fed mice lung. In vitro, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) could directly up-regulate the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in both A549 and MLE-12 lung epithelial cell lines. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that high cholesterol/high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia could result in TLRs/NFκB pathway-associated low-grade pulmonary inflammation in C57BL/6J mice, which might alter the lung's immune responsiveness to a variety of environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Center for Lipid Research, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Lian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Center for Lipid Research, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Venkadeswaran K, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. An experimental evaluation of the anti-atherogenic potential of the plant, Piper betle, and its active constitutent, eugenol, in rats fed an atherogenic diet. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:276-88. [PMID: 27133067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for systemic atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease. Lipoperoxidation-mediated oxidative damage is believed to contribute strongly to the progression of atherogenesis. In the current investigation, putative anti-atherogenic and antioxidative properties of an ethanolic extract of Piper betle and of its active constituent, eugenol, were sought in an experimental animal model of chronic hypercholesterolemia. Atherogenic diet-fed rats that received either Piper betle extract orally (500mg/kg b.wt) or eugenol orally (5mg/kg b.wt) for 15days (commencing 30days after the atherogenic diet had been started) exhibited the following variations in different parameters, when compared to atherogenic diet-fed rats that received only saline: (1) significantly lower mean levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in both serum and hepatic tissue samples; (2) lower mean serum levels of aspartate amino-transferase, alanine amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid-metabolizing enzymes (lipoprotein lipase, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase; (3) significantly lower mean levels of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E) and significantly higher mean levels of malondialdehyde in haemolysate and hepatic tissue samples. Histopathological findings suggested a protective effect of the Piper betle extract and a more pronounced protective effect of eugenol on the hepatic and aortic tissues of atherogenic diet-fed (presumed atherosclerotic) rats. These results strongly suggest that the Piper betle extract and its active constituent, eugenol, exhibit anti-atherogenic effects which may be due to their anti-oxidative properties.
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Janić M, Lunder M, Zupan J, Černe D, Marc J, Drevenšek G, Šabovič M. The low-dose atorvastatin and valsartan combination effectively protects the arterial wall from atherogenic diet-induced impairment in the guinea pig. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 743:31-6. [PMID: 25261034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
New preventive strategies for atherosclerosis are needed. In this study, we tested whether a new therapeutic approach consisting of low-dose treatment with a statin and sartan combination could prevent atherogenic diet-induced impairment of the arterial wall in guinea pigs. Twenty-five Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were randomly assigned to five experimental groups: 1) normal diet; 2) atherogenic diet (AD); 3) AD + a low-dose atorvastatin and valsartan combination (5mg/kg/day and 2.4mg/kg/day, respectively); 4) AD + low-dose atorvastatin (5mg/kg/day); 5) AD + low-dose valsartan (2.4mg/kg/day). After 8 weeks of treatment, the animals were killed, blood samples collected and thoracic and abdominal aortas isolated. The atherogenic diet significantly impaired maximal thoracic aorta endothelium-dependent relaxation by 40.1% relative to the normal diet. The low-dose combination, compared to the separate drugs, completely preserved thoracic aorta endothelium-dependent relaxation at the level of the group receiving normal diet. This substantial effect was associated with a significant change in the expression of NOS3 (R=0.93; P=0.0002) and IL1b (R=-0.79; P=0.003) genes. In addition, treatment with the low-dose combination or the separate drugs also prevented atherosclerotic plaque formation. We found that treatment with the low-dose atorvastatin and valsartan combination has the capability to completely protect the arterial wall from atherogenic diet-induced damage in the guinea pig model. Further studies evaluating this new therapeutic approach are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Janić
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University of Ljubljana Medical Centre, Zaloška cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mojca Lunder
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University of Ljubljana Medical Centre, Zaloška cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Zupan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Darko Černe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gorazd Drevenšek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mišo Šabovič
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University of Ljubljana Medical Centre, Zaloška cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Wang S, Miller B, Matthan NR, Goktas Z, Wu D, Reed DB, Yin X, Grammas P, Moustaid-Moussa N, Shen CL, Lichtenstein AH. Aortic cholesterol accumulation correlates with systemic inflammation but not hepatic and gonadal adipose tissue inflammation in low-density lipoprotein receptor null mice. Nutr Res 2014; 33:1072-82. [PMID: 24267047 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major contributor to the development of atherosclerotic plaque, yet the involvement of liver and visceral adipose tissue inflammatory status in atherosclerotic lesion development has yet to be fully elucidated. We hypothesized that an atherogenic diet would increase inflammatory response and lipid accumulation in the liver and gonadal adipose tissue (GAT) and would correlate with systemic inflammation and aortic lesion formation in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor null (LDLr-/-) mice. For 32 weeks, LDLr-/- mice (n = 10/group) were fed either an atherogenic (high saturated fat and cholesterol) or control (low fat and cholesterol) diet. Hepatic and GAT lipid content and expression of inflammatory factors were measured using standard procedures. Compared with the control diet, the atherogenic diet significantly increased hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC), primarily esterified cholesterol, and GAT triglyceride content. These changes were accompanied by increased expression of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5, CD36, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1 and scavenger receptor B class 1, and they decreased the expression of cytochrome P450, family 7 and subfamily a, polypeptide 1 in GAT. Aortic TC content was positively associated with hepatic TC, triglyceride, and GAT triglyceride contents as well as plasma interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations. Although when compared with the control diet, the atherogenic diet increased hepatic tumor necrosis factor α production, they were not associated with aortic TC content. These data suggest that the LDLr-/- mice responded to the atherogenic diet by increasing lipid accumulation in the liver and GAT, which may have increased inflammatory response. Aortic TC content was positively associated with systemic inflammation but not hepatic and GAT inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Nutritional Sciences Program, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Rajendran R, Krishnakumar E. Hypolipidemic Activity of Chloroform Extract of Mimosa pudica Leaves. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2010; 2:215-21. [PMID: 23408779 PMCID: PMC3558166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimosa pudica Lin., known as chue Mue, is a stout straggling prostrate shrubby plant, with spinous stipules and globose pinkish flower heads, and grows as weed in almost all parts of the country. It is traditionally used for its various properties and hence in the present study, chloroform extract of Mimosapudica leaves has been screened for its hypolipidemic activity. Hypolipidemic activity is screened by inducing hyperlipidemia with the help of atherogenic diet in wistar albino rats and serum levels of various biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and HDL cholesterol were determined. Atherogenic index shows the measure of the athero-genic potential of the drugs. Chloroform extract showed significant (p < 0.05) hypolipidemic effect by lowering the serum levels of biochemical parameters such as significant reduction in the level of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and increase in HDL level which was similar to the standard drug Atorvastatin. Chloroform extract exhibited significant atherogenic index and percentage protection against hyperlipidemia. These biochemical observations were in turn confirmed by histopathological examinations of aorta, liver and kidney sections and are comparable with the standard hypolipidemic drug Atorvastatin. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents such as steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic compounds which is further confirmed by the thin layer chromatography, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The overall experimental results suggests that the biologically active phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, glycosides alkaloids present in the chloroform extract of Mimosa pudica, may be responsible for the significant hypolipidemic activity and the results justify the use of Mimosa pudica as a significant hypolipidemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Rajendran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, SRM Univeristy, SRM College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu, India,Corresponding author: Rekha Rajendran, M. Pharm., DCA, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, SRM Univeristy, SRM College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
| | - Ekambaram Krishnakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Mohamed Sathak A. J. College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu, India
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