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Wang B, Arbuckle RK, Davoli KA, Clinger OD, Brown R, Sahel JA, Chen Y, Pi S. Compensation of inner retina to early-stage photoreceptor degeneration in a Rho P23H/+ mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109826. [PMID: 38340947 PMCID: PMC10940204 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disorder characterized by the degeneration of photoreceptors. RhoP23H/+ mice, which carry a Pro23His mutation in the RHODOPSIN (Rho) gene, are one of the most studied animal models for RP. However, except for the photoreceptors, other retinal neural cells have not been fully investigated in this model. Here, we record the temporal changes of the retina by optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the RhoP23H/+ mice, from early to mid-phase of retinal degeneration. Based on thickness analysis, we identified a natural retinal thickness adaption in wild-type mice during early adulthood and observed morphological compensation of the inner retina layer to photoreceptor degeneration in the RhoP23H/+ mice, primarily on the inner nuclear layer (INL). RhoP23H/+ mice findings were further validated via: histology showing the negative correlation of INL and ONL thicknesses; as well as electroretinogram (ERG) showing an increased b-wave to a-wave ratio. These results unravel the sequential morphologic events in this model and suggest a better understanding of retinal degeneration of RP for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Riley K Arbuckle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Katherine A Davoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Owen D Clinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Richard Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Shaohua Pi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Chen K, Wang Y, Huang Y, Liu X, Tian X, Yang Y, Dong A. Cross-species scRNA-seq reveals the cellular landscape of retina and early alterations in type 2 diabetes mice. Genomics 2023:110644. [PMID: 37279838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis have provided an unprecedented resolution for the studies on diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the early changes in the retina in diabetes remain unclear. A total of 8 human and mouse scRNA-seq datasets, containing 276,402 cells were analyzed individually to comprehensively delineate the retinal cell atlas. The neural retinas were isolated from the type 2 diabetes (T2D) and control mice, and scRNA-seq analysis was conducted to evaluate the early effects of diabetes on the retina. Bipolar cell (BC) heterogeneity were identified. We found some stable BCs across multiple datasets, and explored their biological functions. A new RBC subtype (Car8_RBC) in the mouse retina was validated using the multi-color immunohistochemistry. AC149090.1 was significantly upregulated in the rod cells, ON cone BCs (CBCs), OFF CBCs, and RBCs in T2D mice. Additionally, the interneurons, especially BCs, were the most vulnerable cells to diabetes by integrating scRNA-seq and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analyses. In conclusion, this study delineated a cross-species retinal cell atlas and uncovered the early pathological alterations in the retina of T2D mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yinhao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Youyuan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Yinmo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Aimei Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
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3
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Peperstraete K, Baes M, Swinkels D. Unexpected failure of rod bipolar cell targeting using L7Cre-2 mice. Exp Eye Res 2023; 228:109406. [PMID: 36740160 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing cell type-specific knockout mice has been an excellent tool for decades not only to explore the role of a gene in a specific cell, but also to unravel the underlying mechanism in diseases. To investigate the mechanistic association between dysfunction of the peroxisomal protein multifunctional protein 2 (MFP2) and retinopathy, we generated and phenotyped multiple transgenic mouse models with global or cell type-specific MFP2 deletion. These studies pointed to a potential role of MFP2 specifically in rod bipolar cells. To explore this, we aimed to create rod bipolar cell specific knockout mice of Mfp2 by crossing Mfp2L/L mice with L7Cre-2 mice (also known as PCP2Cre), generating L7-Mfp2-/- mice. L7Cre-2 mice express Cre recombinase under the control of the L7 promoter, which is believed to be exclusively expressed in rod bipolar cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells. Unexpectedly, only sporadic Cre activity was observed in the rod bipolar cells of L7-Mfp2-/- mice, despite efficient Cre recombination in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Moreover, a variable fraction of photoreceptors was targeted, which does not correspond with the supposed specificity of L7Cre-2 mice. These observations indicate that L7Cre-2 mice can be exploited to manipulate Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, whereas they cannot be used to generate rod bipolar cell specific knockout mice. For this aim, we suggest utilizing an independently generated mouse line named BAC-L7-IRES-Cre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Peperstraete
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bian F, Daghsni M, Lu F, Liu S, Gross JM, Aldiri I. Functional analysis of the Vsx2 super-enhancer uncovers distinct cis-regulatory circuits controlling Vsx2 expression during retinogenesis. Development 2022; 149:dev200642. [PMID: 35831950 PMCID: PMC9440754 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vsx2 is a transcription factor essential for retinal proliferation and bipolar cell differentiation, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its developmental roles are unclear. Here, we have profiled VSX2 genomic occupancy during mouse retinogenesis, revealing extensive retinal genetic programs associated with VSX2 during development. VSX2 binds and transactivates its enhancer in association with the transcription factor PAX6. Mice harboring deletions in the Vsx2 regulatory landscape exhibit specific abnormalities in retinal proliferation and in bipolar cell differentiation. In one of those deletions, a complete loss of bipolar cells is associated with a bias towards photoreceptor production. VSX2 occupies cis-regulatory elements nearby genes associated with photoreceptor differentiation and homeostasis in the adult mouse and human retina, including a conserved region nearby Prdm1, a factor implicated in the specification of rod photoreceptors and suppression of bipolar cell fate. VSX2 interacts with the transcription factor OTX2 and can act to suppress OTX2-dependent enhancer transactivation of the Prdm1 enhancer. Taken together, our analyses indicate that Vsx2 expression can be temporally and spatially uncoupled at the enhancer level, and they illuminate important mechanistic insights into how VSX2 is engaged with gene regulatory networks that are essential for retinal proliferation and cell fate acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyun Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marwa Daghsni
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Fangfang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Issam Aldiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Hanson JVM, Ng MY, Hayward-Koennecke HK, Schippling S, Reeve KA, Gerth-Kahlert C. A three-year longitudinal study of retinal function and structure in patients with multiple sclerosis. Doc Ophthalmol 2021; 144:3-16. [PMID: 34705132 PMCID: PMC8882570 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-021-09855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Researchers have in recent years begun to investigate ophthalmological manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS) other than optic neuritis (ON), and it is now clear that changes to retinal function (measured using the electroretinogram, ERG) and structure (measured using optical coherence tomography, OCT) are found in MS patients irrespective of prior ON episodes. ERG results are consistent with dysfunctional bipolar cells, as in other autoimmune diseases. To date, studies have presented only cross-sectional data regarding ERG and OCT. We, therefore, studied the longitudinal course of ERG and OCT in patients with MS, as well as the effect of disability changes and non-ON clinical relapses on these functional and structural measures. Methods MS patients (n = 23) participating in an ongoing longitudinal observational study were invited to take part in a 3-year ophthalmological substudy. ERG and OCT were performed, and measures of MS-related disability and relapse history were obtained. Study visits were repeated annually. ERG peak times, rod b-wave amplitude, mixed rod/cone and cone b-/a-wave amplitude ratios, thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer, and volumes of the segmented retinal layers/complexes were analysed. Using generalised estimating equation models adjusted for age, ON, and MS treatment status, we assessed changes to ERG and OCT over the study duration, the effect of changes in disability and recent non-ON MS relapses on ERG and OCT, and the effect of selected OCT parameters on corresponding ERG parameters. Results At the group level, small fluctuations of several ERG peak times were recorded, with OCT values remaining stable. Increased disability between visits was associated with significant prolongation of mixed rod-cone ERG b-wave peak times. No evidence of associations between OCT and ERG parameters was observed. Conclusions Retinal bipolar cell function may be affected by changes in disability in patients with MS; however, recent non-ON MS clinical relapses appear not to affect ERG or OCT results. As ERG changes in MS patients over 3 years are likely to be small and of uncertain clinical relevance, longitudinal studies of retinal function in MS should be planned over an extended period. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10633-021-09855-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V. M. Hanson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mei-Yee Ng
- Masters Program in Biostatistics, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen K. Hayward-Koennecke
- Clinic for Neurology, Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Schippling
- Multimodal Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (MINDS), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kelly A. Reeve
- Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention, Department of Biostatistics, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Gerth-Kahlert
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Bernal-Garro JM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, de la Villa Polo P, Avilés-Trigueros M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Functional and morphological alterations in a glaucoma model of acute ocular hypertension. Prog Brain Res 2020; 256:1-29. [PMID: 32958209 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To study short and long-term effects of acute ocular hypertension (AOHT) on inner and outer retinal layers, in adult Sprague-Dawley rats AOHT (87mmHg) was induced for 90min and the retinas were examined longitudinally in vivo with electroretinogram (ERG) recordings and optical coherent tomography (OCT) from 1 to 90 days (d). Ex vivo, the retinas were analyzed for rod (RBC) and cone (CBC) bipolar cells, with antibodies against protein kinase Cα and recoverin, respectively in cross sections, and for cones, horizontal (HZ) and ganglion (RGC) cells with antibodies against arrestin, calbindin and Brn3a, respectively in wholemounts. The inner retina thinned progressively up to 7d with no further changes, while the external retina had a normal thickness until 30d, with a 20% thinning between 30 and 90d. Functionally, the a-wave showed an initial reduction by 24h and a further reduction from 30 to 90d. All other main ERG waves were significantly reduced by 1d without significant recovery by 90d. Radial sections showed a normal population of RBCs but their terminals were reduced. The CBCs showed a progressive decrease with a loss of 56% by 30d. In wholemount retinas, RGCs diminished to 40% by 3d and to 16% by 30d without further loss. Cones diminished to 58% and 35% by 3 and 7d, respectively and further decreased between 30 and 90d. HZs showed normal values throughout the study. In conclusion, AOHT affects both the inner and outer retina, with a more pronounced degeneration of the cone than the rod pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Bernal-Garro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa Polo
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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Goodson NB, Park KU, Silver JS, Chiodo VA, Hauswirth WW, Brzezinski JA 4th. Prdm1 overexpression causes a photoreceptor fate-shift in nascent, but not mature, bipolar cells. Dev Biol 2020; 464:111-23. [PMID: 32562755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors Prdm1 (Blimp1) and Vsx2 (Chx10) work downstream of Otx2 to regulate photoreceptor and bipolar cell fates in the developing retina. Mice that lack Vsx2 fail to form bipolar cells while Prdm1 mutants form excess bipolars at the direct expense of photoreceptors. Excess bipolars in Prdm1 mutants appear to derive from rods, suggesting that photoreceptor fate remains mutable for some time after cells become specified. Here we tested whether bipolar cell fate is also plastic during development. To do this, we created a system to conditionally misexpress Prdm1 at different stages of bipolar cell development. We found that Prdm1 blocks bipolar cell formation if expressed before the fate choice decision occurred. When we misexpressed Prdm1 just after the decision to become a bipolar cell was made, some cells were reprogrammed into photoreceptors. In contrast, Prdm1 misexpression in mature bipolar cells did not affect cell fate. We also provide evidence that sustained misexpression of Prdm1 was selectively toxic to photoreceptors. Our data show that bipolar fate is malleable, but only for a short temporal window following fate specification. Prdm1 and Vsx2 act by stabilizing photoreceptor and bipolar fates in developing OTX2+ cells of the retina.
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8
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Grünert U, Martin PR. Cell types and cell circuits in human and non-human primate retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 78:100844. [PMID: 32032773 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes our current knowledge of primate including human retina focusing on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells and their connectivity. We have two main motivations in writing. Firstly, recent progress in non-invasive imaging methods to study retinal diseases mean that better understanding of the primate retina is becoming an important goal both for basic and for clinical sciences. Secondly, genetically modified mice are increasingly used as animal models for human retinal diseases. Thus, it is important to understand to which extent the retinas of primates and rodents are comparable. We first compare cell populations in primate and rodent retinas, with emphasis on how the fovea (despite its small size) dominates the neural landscape of primate retina. We next summarise what is known, and what is not known, about the postreceptoral neurone populations in primate retina. The inventories of bipolar and ganglion cells in primates are now nearing completion, comprising ~12 types of bipolar cell and at least 17 types of ganglion cell. Primate ganglion cells show clear differences in dendritic field size across the retina, and their morphology differs clearly from that of mouse retinal ganglion cells. Compared to bipolar and ganglion cells, amacrine cells show even higher morphological diversity: they could comprise over 40 types. Many amacrine types appear conserved between primates and mice, but functions of only a few types are understood in any primate or non-primate retina. Amacrine cells appear as the final frontier for retinal research in monkeys and mice alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grünert
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Paul R Martin
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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9
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Grillo SL, McDevitt DS, Voas MG, Khan AS, Grillo MA, Stella SL Jr. Adenosine receptor expression in the adult zebrafish retina. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:327-42. [PMID: 31273575 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside in the central nervous system that acts on adenosine receptors. These are G protein-coupled receptors that have four known subtypes: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors. In the present study, we aimed to map the location of the adenosine receptor subtypes in adult wild-type zebrafish retina using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. A1R, A2AR, and A2BR mRNA were detected in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner nuclear layer (INL), the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and the outer segment (OS). A3R mRNA was detected in the GCL, ONL, and OS. A1R-immunoreactivity was expressed as puncta in the INL and in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). A1Rs were located within the cone pedicle and contiguous to horizontal cell tips in the OPL. A2AR-immunoreactivity was expressed as puncta in the GCL, inner plexiform layer (IPL), INL, and outer retina. A2AR puncta in the outer retina were situated around the ellipsoids and nuclei of cones, and weakly around the rod nuclei. A1Rs and A2ARs were clustered around ON cone bipolar cell terminals and present in the OFF lamina of the INL but were not expressed on mixed rod/cone response bipolar cell terminals. A2BR-immunoreactivity was mainly localized to the Müller cells, while A3Rs were found to be expressed in retinal ganglion cells of the GCL, INL, ONL, and OS. In summary, all four adenosine receptor subtypes were localized in the zebrafish retina and are in agreement with expression patterns shown in retinas from other species.
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10
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Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as the vector of choice for delivering genes to the retina. Indeed, the first gene therapy to receive FDA approval in the United States is an AAV-based treatment for the inherited retinal disease, Leber congenital amaurosis-2. Voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna™) is delivered to patients via subretinal (SR) injection, an invasive surgical procedure that requires detachment of photoreceptors (PRs) from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It has been reported that subretinal administration of vector under the cone-exclusive fovea leads to a loss of central retinal structure and visual acuity in some patients. Due to its technical difficulty and potential risks, alternatives to SR injection have been explored in primates. Intravitreally (Ivt) delivered AAV transduces inner retina and foveal cones, but with low efficiency. Novel AAV capsid variants identified via rational design or directed evolution have offered only incremental improvements, and have failed to promote pan-inner retinal transduction or significant outer retinal transduction beyond the fovea. Problems with retinal transduction by Ivt-delivered AAV include dilution in the vitreous, potential antibody-mediated neutralization of capsid in this nonimmune privileged space, and the presence of the inner limiting membrane (ILM), a basement membrane separating the vitreous from the neural retina. We have developed an alternative "subILM" injection method that overcomes all three hurdles. Specifically, vector is placed in a surgically induced, hydrodissected space between the ILM and neural retina. We have shown that subILM injection promotes more efficient retinal transduction by AAV than Ivt injection, and results in uniform and extensive transduction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) beneath the subILM bleb. We have also demonstrated transduction of Muller glia, ON bipolar cells, and photoreceptors by subILM injection. Our results confirm that the ILM is a major barrier to transduction by AAV in primate retina and that, when it is circumvented, the efficiency and depth to which AAV2 promotes transduction of multiple retinal cell classes is greatly enhanced. Here we describe in detail methods for vector preparation, vector dilution, and subILM injection as performed in macaque (Macaca sp.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Gamlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - John J Alexander
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Pediatrics and the Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C Douglas Witherspoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shannon E Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Kawamura Y, Yamanaka K, Poh B, Kuribayashi H, Koso H, Watanabe S. The role of Zhx2 transcription factor in bipolar cell differentiation during mouse retinal development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:3023-3030. [PMID: 30146259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We found that the Zhx2 gene (whose product is known to act as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma) is expressed in embryonic retinal progenitors and in developing cone bipolar cells in the postnatal retina, as well as in Müller glia in the mature retina. To examine the functions of Zhx2 protein during retinal development, we performed loss- and gain-of-function analyses using a retinal explant culture system. We introduced a plasmid encoding Zhx2 shRNA into isolated mouse retinas at E17.5, and the retinas were cultured as explants. After 3 days of culture, proliferation was slightly enhanced, leading to retinas thicker than in the control, but this phenomenon was observed only transiently. After 14 days of the culture, the thickness and gross morphology of retinas expressing sh-Zhx2 were indistinguishable from those of the control. The numbers of rod cells, amacrine cells, and Müller glia were the same in both groups. However, although the total number of bipolar cells was the same, the experimental group saw an increased population of ON bipolar cells, and decreased numbers of a subset of OFF bipolar cells. We also examined the effects of overexpression of Zhx2. Although Zhx2 acts as a tumor suppressor, its overexpression in developing retinas did not lead to any discernible difference in retinal thickness, suggesting that proliferation activity was not affected. After 14 days of explant culture, the total number of bipolar cells decreased, and subset composition was altered. Taken together, these results suggest that Zhx2 plays roles in the regulation of bipolar cell subset fate determination during retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kawamura
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yamanaka
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Boonmin Poh
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuribayashi
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Koso
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumiko Watanabe
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Sustar M, Holder GE, Kremers J, Barnes CS, Lei B, Khan NW, Robson AG. ISCEV extended protocol for the photopic On-Off ERG. Doc Ophthalmol 2018; 136:199-206. [PMID: 29934802 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-018-9645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standard for full-field electroretinography (ERG) describes a minimum procedure, but encourages more extensive testing. This ISCEV extended protocol describes an extension to the ERG standard, namely the photopic On-Off ERG, and outlines common clinical applications. A light stimulus duration of 150-200 ms is used in the presence of a rod-suppressing background to elicit cone-driven On- and Off-system ERG components. The On-response occurs after the stimulus onset and has a negative a-wave and positive b-wave. The Off d-wave is a positive component evoked by stimulus offset. Common diagnoses that may benefit from additional photopic On-Off ERG testing include retinal dystrophies and retinal disorders that cause dysfunction at a level that is post-phototransduction or post-receptoral. On-Off ERGs assess the relative involvement of On- and Off-systems and may be of use in the diagnosis of disorders such as complete and incomplete congenital stationary night blindness (complete and incomplete CSNB), melanoma-associated retinopathy, and some forms of autoimmune retinopathy. The photopic On-Off ERGs may also be useful in X-linked retinoschisis, Batten disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinocerebellar degeneration, quinine toxicity, and other retinal disorders.
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13
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Abstract
Recent technological advances have extended the range of analytic tools to very small samples. It is now possible to assay the transcriptome, and in some cases even the proteome, of single cells reliably. This allows addressing novel questions, such as the genotype/phenotype relationships of single neurons, heterogeneity within individual cells of the same type, or the basis of differential vulnerability to injury. An important prerequisite for these kinds of studies is the ability to isolate well-defined individual cells without contamination by adjacent tissue. In the retina and optic nerve, cells of different types and functions are closely intermingled, limiting the use of standard methods such as laser capture microdissection. Here, we describe a simple method to isolate morphologically intact cells from the retina and the optic nerve and discuss considerations in recognizing and isolating different cell types after dissociation.
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14
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Abstract
Cacna1s encodes the α1S subunit (Cav1.1) of voltage-dependent calcium channels, and is required for normal skeletal and cardiac muscle function, where it couples with the ryanodine receptor to regulate muscle contraction. Recently CACNA1S was reported to be expressed on the tips of retinal depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs) and colocalized with metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6), which is critical to DBC signal transduction. Further, in mGluR6 knockout mice, expression at this location is down regulated. We examined RNAseq data from mouse retina and found expression of a novel isoform of Cacna1s. To determine if CACNA1S was a functional component of the DBC signal transduction cascade, we performed immunohistochemistry to visualize its expression in several mouse lines that lack DBC function. Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to CACNA1S show punctate labeling at the tips of DBCs in wild type (WT) retinas that are absent in Gpr179 nob5 mutant retinas and decreased in Grm6 -/- mouse retinas. CACNA1S and transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 1 (TRPM1) staining also colocalized in WT retinas. Western blot analyses for CACNA1S of either retinal lysates or proteins after immunoprecipitation with the CACNA1S antibody failed to show the presence of bands expected for CACNA1S. Mass spectrometric analysis of CACNA1S immunoprecipitated proteins also failed to detect any peptides matching CACNA1S. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting after expression of GPR179 in HEK293T cells indicate that the CACNA1S antibody used here and in the retinal studies published to date, cross-reacts with GPR179. These data suggest caution should be exercised in conferring a role for CACNA1S in DBC signal transduction based solely on immunohistochemical staining.
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15
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Kuehn S, Rodust C, Stute G, Grotegut P, Meißner W, Reinehr S, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Concentration-Dependent Inner Retina Layer Damage and Optic Nerve Degeneration in a NMDA Model. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:283-299. [PMID: 28963708 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), a glutamate analogue, is an established model for fast retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Yet, NMDA does not cause specific RGC damage. Now, the effects on the whole retina were analyzed. Additionally, the related effects for the structure and apoptotic levels of the optic nerve were investigated. Therefore, different NMDA concentrations were intravitreally injected in rats (20, 40, or 80 nmol NMDA or PBS). At days 3 and 14, Brn-3a+ RGCs were degenerated. A damage of calretinin+ amacrine cells was also recognized at day 14. Only a slight damage was observed in regard to PKCα+ bipolar cells, while rhodopsin+ photoreceptors remained intact. A long-lasting retinal microglia response was observed from day 3 up to day 14. Furthermore, a partial degeneration of the optic nerve was noted. At day 3, the SMI-32+ neurofilaments were just slightly affected, whereas the neurofilament structure was further degenerated at day 14. However, the luxol fast blue (LFB)-stained myelin structure remained intact from day 3 up to day 14. Interestingly, apoptotic mechanisms, like FasL and Fas co-localization as well as caspase 3 activation, were restricted to the optic nerve of the highest NMDA group at this late stage of degeneration. The degeneration of the optic nerve is probably only a side effect of neuronal degeneration of the inner retinal layers. The intact myelin structure might form a barrier against the direct influence of NMDA. In conclusion, this model is very suitable to test therapeutic agents, but it is important to analyze all inner retina layers and the optic nerve to determine their efficacy in this model more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cara Rodust
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gesa Stute
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pia Grotegut
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Meißner
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany.
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16
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Amato R, Catalani E, Dal Monte M, Cammalleri M, Di Renzo I, Perrotta C, Cervia D, Casini G. Autophagy-mediated neuroprotection induced by octreotide in an ex vivo model of early diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:167-178. [PMID: 28970178 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal injury plays a major role in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our hypothesis was that the balance between neuronal death and survival may depend on a similar equilibrium between apoptosis and autophagy and that a neuroprotectant may act by influencing this equilibrium. Ex vivo mouse retinal explants were treated with high glucose (HG) for 10days and the somatostatin analog octreotide (OCT) was used as a neuroprotectant. Chloroquine (CQ) was used as an autophagy inhibitor. Apoptotic and autophagic markers were evaluated using western blot and immunohistochemistry. HG-treated explants displayed a significant increase of apoptosis paralleled by a significant decrease of the autophagic flux, which was likely to be due to increased activity of the autophagy regulator mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). Treatment with OCT rescued HG-treated retinal explants from apoptosis and determined an increase of autophagic activity with concomitant mTOR inhibition. Blocking the autophagic flux with CQ completely abolished the anti-apoptotic effect of OCT. Immunohistochemical observations showed that OCT-induced autophagy is localized to populations of bipolar and amacrine cells and to ganglion cells. These observations revealed the antithetic role of apoptosis and autophagy, highlighting their equilibrium from which neuronal survival is likely to depend. These data suggest the crucial role covered by autophagy, which could be considered as a molecular target for DR neuroprotective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Amato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Di Renzo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Casini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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17
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Naderian A, Bussières L, Thomas S, Lesage F, Casanova C. Cellular origin of intrinsic optical signals in the rabbit retina. Vision Res 2017; 137:40-9. [PMID: 28687326 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging of retinal intrinsic signals is a relatively new method that provides spatiotemporal patterns of retinal activity through activity-dependent changes in light reflectance of the retina. The exact physiological mechanisms at the origin of retinal intrinsic signals are poorly understood and there are significant inter-species differences in their characteristics and cellular origins. In this study, we re-examined this issue through pharmacological dissection of retinal intrinsic signals in the rabbit with simultaneous ERG recordings. Retinal intrinsic signals faithfully reflected retinal activity as their amplitude was strongly associated with stimulation intensity (r2=0.85). Further, a strong linear relation was found using linear regression (r2=0.98) between retinal intrinsic signal amplitude and the ERG b wave, which suggests common cellular origins. Intravitreal injections of pharmacological agents were performed to isolate the activity of the retina's major cell types. Retinal intrinsic signals were abolished when the photoreceptors' activity was isolated with aspartate, indicative that they are not at the origin of this signal. A small but significant decrease in intrinsic response (20%) was observed when ganglion and amacrine cells' activity was inhibited by TTX injections. The remaining intrinsic responses were abolished in a dose-dependent manner through the inhibition of ON-bipolar cells by APB. Our results indicate that, in rabbits, retinal intrinsic signals reflect stimulation intensity and originate from the inner retina with a major contribution of bipolar cells and a minor one from ganglion or amacrine cells.
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18
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Kuehn S, Hurst J, Rensinghoff F, Tsai T, Grauthoff S, Satgunarajah Y, Dick HB, Schnichels S, Joachim SC. Degenerative effects of cobalt-chloride treatment on neurons and microglia in a porcine retina organ culture model. Exp Eye Res 2017; 155:107-120. [PMID: 28089775 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the pathological processes of retinal diseases, experimental models are necessary. Cobalt, as part of the vitamin B12 complex, is important for neuronal integrity. However, it is known that high quantities of cobalt induce cytotoxic mechanisms via hypoxia mimicry. Therefore, we tested the degenerative effect of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) on neurons and microglia in a porcine retina organ culture model. Organotypic cultures of porcine retinas were cultured and treated with different concentrations of CoCl2 (0, 100, 300 and 500 μM) for 48 h. After four and eight days, CoCl2 induced a strong degeneration of the porcine retina, starting at 300 μM. A loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs, Brn-3a), amacrine cells (calretinin) and bipolar cells (PKCα) was observed. Additionally, a high expression of hypoxia induced factor-1a (HIF-1a) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was noted at both points in time. Also, the Caspase 3 protein was activated and P21 expression was induced. However, only at day four, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was increased. The effect of CoCl2 was not restricted to neurons. CoCl2 concentrations reduced the microglia amount (Iba1) and activity (Iba1 + Fcγ-Receptor) at both points in time. These damaging effects on microglia were surprising, since CoCl2 causes hypoxia and a pro-inflammatory environment. However, high concentrations of CoCl2 also seem to be toxic to these cells. Similar degenerative mechanisms as in comparison to retinal ischemia animal models were observed. In summary, an effective and reproducible hypoxia-mimicking organotypic model for retinal degeneration was established, which is easy to handle and ready for drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Hurst
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Centre for Ophthalmology, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Rensinghoff
- Experimental Eye Research, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - T Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Grauthoff
- Experimental Eye Research, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Y Satgunarajah
- Experimental Eye Research, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - H B Dick
- Experimental Eye Research, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Centre for Ophthalmology, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - S C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany.
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19
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de Souza CF, Nivison-Smith L, Christie DL, Polkinghorne P, McGhee C, Kalloniatis M, Acosta ML. Macromolecular markers in normal human retina and applications to human retinal disease. Exp Eye Res 2016; 150:135-48. [PMID: 26769220 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular cell markers are essential for the classification and characterization of the highly complex and cellularly diverse vertebrate retina. Although a plethora of markers are described in the current literature, the immunoreactivity of these markers in normal human tissue has not been fully determined. This is problematic as they are quintessential to the characterization of morphological changes associated with human retinal disease. This review provides an overview of the macromolecular markers currently available to assess human retinal cell types. We draw on immunohistochemical studies conducted in our laboratories to describe marker immunoreactivity in human retina alongside comparative descriptions in non-human tissues. Considering the growing number of eye banks services offering healthy and diseased human retinal tissue, this review provides a point of reference for future human retina studies and highlights key species specific disease applications of some macromolecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clairton F de Souza
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - David L Christie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Polkinghorne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Charles McGhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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20
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Szabadfi K, Reglodi D, Szabo A, Szalontai B, Valasek A, Setalo G, Kiss P, Tamas A, Wilhelm M, Gabriel R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide, A Potential Therapeutic Agent for Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats: Focus on the Vertical Information Processing Pathway. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:432-46. [PMID: 26739825 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurotrophic and neuroprotective peptide that has been shown to exert protective effects in different neuronal injuries, such as retinal degenerations. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common complication of diabetes, affects the microvasculature and neuronal architecture of the retina. We have proven earlier that PACAP is also protective in a rat model of DR. In this study, streptozotocin-induced DR was treated with intravitreal PACAP administration in order to further analyze the synaptic structure and proteins of PACAP-treated diabetic retinas, primarily in the vertical information processing pathway. Streptozotocin-treated Wistar rats received intravitreal PACAP injection three times into the right eye 2 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Morphological and molecular biological (qRT-PCR; Western blot) methods were used to analyze retinal synapses (ribbons, conventional) and related structures. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that retinal pigment epithelium, the ribbon synapses and other synaptic profiles suffered alterations in diabetes. However, in PACAP-treated diabetic retinas more bipolar ribbon synapses were found intact in the inner plexiform layer than in DR animals. The ribbon synapse was marked with C-terminal binding protein 2/Bassoon and formed horseshoe-shape ribbons, which were more retained in PACAP-treated diabetic retinas than in DR rats. These results are supported by molecular biological data. The selective degeneration of related structures such as bipolar and ganglion cells could be ameliorated by PACAP treatment. In summary, intravitreal administration of PACAP may have therapeutic potential in streptozotocin-induced DR through maintaining synapse integrity in the vertical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Szabadfi
- Departments of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Lendulet Research Group, University of Pecs, Szigeti u. 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
| | - A Szabo
- Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - B Szalontai
- Departments of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Valasek
- Departments of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gy Setalo
- Medical Biology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Lendulet Research Group, University of Pecs, Szigeti u. 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Lendulet Research Group, University of Pecs, Szigeti u. 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - M Wilhelm
- Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - R Gabriel
- Departments of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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21
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Abstract
We are interested in the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in retinal development. By ChIP-qPCR using whole retinal extracts at various developmental stages, we found that the levels of methylation of histones H3K27 and H3K4 and acetylation of histone H3 at specific loci in various genes, which play critical roles in retinal proliferation and differentiation, changed dramatically during retinal development. We next focused on the roles of H3K27 trimethylation in retinal development. Ezh1 and Ezh2 are methyltransferases that act on H3K27, while Jmjd3 and Utx are demethylases. We found that Ezh2 and Jmjd3 were mainly expressed during retinal development, and a loss-of-function of these genes revealed a role for H3K27me3 in the maturation of subsets of bipolar cells. Furthermore, Ezh2 and Jmjd3 regulate H3K27 trimethylation at specific loci within Bhlhb4 and Vsx1, which play critical roles in the differentiation of subsets of bipolar cells. Utx is expressed weakly in retina, and the down-regulation of Utx by sh-RNA in retinal explants suggested that Utx also participates in the maturation of bipolar cells. Ezh1 is expressed weakly in postnatal retina, and the phenotype of Ezh2-knockout retina suggested that Ezh1 plays a role in the methylation of H3K27 in the late phase of retinal differentiation. Taken together, we found that these four genes, which exhibit temporally and spatially unique expression patterns during retinal development, play critical roles in the differentiation of retinal subsets through the regulation of histone H3K27 methylation at critical genetic loci.
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22
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Abstract
In the vertebrate retina, visual signals are segregated into parallel ON and OFF pathways, which provide information for light increments and decrements. The segregation is first evident at the level of the ON and OFF bipolar cells and it apparently remains as signals propagate to higher brain visual centers. A fundamental question in visual neuroscience is how these two parallel pathways function: are they independent from each other or do they interact somehow? In the latter case, what kinds of mechanisms are involved and what are the consequences from this cross-talk? This review summarizes current knowledge about the types of interactions between the ON and OFF channels in nonmammalian and mammalian retina. Data concerning the ON-OFF interactions in distal retina revealed by recording of single bipolar cell activity and electroretinographic ON (b-wave) and OFF (d-wave) responses are presented. Special emphasis is put on the ON-OFF interactions in proximal retina and their dependence on the state of light adaptation in mammalian retina. The involvement of the GABAergic and glycinergic systems in the ON-OFF crosstalk is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka Popova
- Department of Physiology, Medical Phaculty, Medical University, 1431 Sofia, Country Bulgaria
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23
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Light JG, Fransen JW, Adekunle AN, Adkins A, Pangeni G, Loudin J, Mathieson K, Palanker DV, McCall MA, Pardue MT. Inner retinal preservation in rat models of retinal degeneration implanted with subretinal photovoltaic arrays. Exp Eye Res 2014; 128:34-42. [PMID: 25224340 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Photovoltaic arrays (PVA) implanted into the subretinal space of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are designed to electrically stimulate the remaining inner retinal circuitry in response to incident light, thereby recreating a visual signal when photoreceptor function declines or is lost. Preservation of inner retinal circuitry is critical to the fidelity of this transmitted signal to ganglion cells and beyond to higher visual targets. Post-implantation loss of retinal interneurons or excessive glial scarring could diminish and/or eliminate PVA-evoked signal transmission. As such, assessing the morphology of the inner retina in RP animal models with subretinal PVAs is an important step in defining biocompatibility and predicting success of signal transmission. In this study, we used immunohistochemical methods to qualitatively and quantitatively compare inner retinal morphology after the implantation of a PVA in two RP models: the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) or transgenic S334ter-line 3 (S334ter-3) rhodopsin mutant rat. Two PVA designs were compared. In the RCS rat, we implanted devices in the subretinal space at 4 weeks of age and histologically examined them at 8 weeks of age and found inner retinal morphology preservation with both PVA devices. In the S334ter-3 rat, we implanted devices at 6-12 weeks of age and again, inner retinal morphology was generally preserved with either PVA design 16-26 weeks post-implantation. Specifically, the length of rod bipolar cells and numbers of cholinergic amacrine cells were maintained along with their characteristic inner plexiform lamination patterns. Throughout the implanted retinas we found nonspecific glial reaction, but none showed additional glial scarring at the implant site. Our results indicate that subretinally implanted PVAs are well-tolerated in rodent RP models and that the inner retinal circuitry is preserved, consistent with our published results showing implant-evoked signal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Light
- Ophthalmology, Emory University, USA; Rehab R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, USA
| | - James W Fransen
- Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, USA
| | | | - Alice Adkins
- Rehab R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, USA
| | - Gobinda Pangeni
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, USA
| | - James Loudin
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, USA
| | - Keith Mathieson
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, USA; Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, UK
| | - Daniel V Palanker
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, USA; Ophthalmology, Stanford University, USA
| | - Maureen A McCall
- Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, USA; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Ophthalmology, Emory University, USA; Rehab R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, USA.
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24
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Tse DY, Chung I, Wu SM. Possible roles of glutamate transporter EAAT5 in mouse cone depolarizing bipolar cell light responses. Vision Res 2014; 103:63-74. [PMID: 24972005 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A remarkable feature of neuronal glutamate transporters (EAATs) is their dual functions of classical carriers and ligand-gated chloride (Cl(-)) channels. Cl(-) conductance is rapidly activated by glutamate in subtype EAAT5, which mediates light responses in depolarizing bipolar cells (DBC) in retinae of lower vertebrates. In this study, we examine whether EAAT5 also mediates the DBC light response in mouse. We took advantage of an infrared illuminated micro-injection system, and studied the effects of the EAAT blocker (TBOA) and a glutamate receptor agonist (LAP4) on the mouse electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave responses. Our results showed that TBOA and LAP4 shared similar temporal patterns of inhibition: both inhibited the ERG b-wave shortly after injection and recovered with similar time courses. TBOA inhibited the b-wave completely at mesopic light intensity with an IC50 value about 1 log unit higher than that of LAP4. The inhibitory effects of TBOA and LAP4 were found to be additive in the photopic range. Furthermore, TBOA alone inhibited the b-wave in the cone operative range in knockout mice lacking DBCRs at a low concentration that did not alter synaptic glutamate clearance activity. It also produced a stronger inhibition than that of LAP4 on the cone-driven b-wave measured with a double flash method in wildtype mice. These electrophysiological data suggest a significant role for EAAT5 in mediating cone-driven DBC light responses. Our immunohistochemistry data indicated the presence of postsynaptic EAAT5 on some DBCCs and some DBCRs, providing an anatomical basis for EAAT5's role in DBC light responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Y Tse
- Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Inyoung Chung
- Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Samuel M Wu
- Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Karunakaran DKP, Congdon S, Guerrette T, Banday AR, Lemoine C, Chhaya N, Kanadia R. The expression analysis of Sfrs10 and Celf4 during mouse retinal development. Gene Expr Patterns 2013; 13:425-36. [PMID: 23932931 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Processing of mRNAs including, alternative splicing (AS), mRNA transport and translation regulation are crucial to eukaryotic gene expression. For example, >90% of the genes in the human genome are known to undergo alternative splicing thereby expanding the proteome production capacity of a limited number of genes. Similarly, mRNA export and translation regulation plays a vital role in regulating protein production. Thus, it is important to understand how these RNA binding proteins including alternative splicing factors (ASFs) and mRNA transport and translation factors regulate these processes. Here we report the expression of an ASF, serine-arginine rich splicing factor 10 (Sfrs10) and a mRNA translation regulation factor, CUGBP, elav like family member 4 (Celf4) in the developing mouse retina. Sfrs10 was expressed throughout postnatal (P) retinal development and was observed progressively in newly differentiating neurons. Immunofluorescence (IF) showed Sfrs10 in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at P0, followed by amacrine and bipolar cells, and at P8 it was enriched in red/green cone photoreceptor cells. By P22, Sfrs10 was observed in rod photoreceptors in a peri-nuclear pattern. Like Sfrs10, Celf4 expression was also observed in the developing retina, but with two distinct retinal isoforms. In situ hybridization (ISH) showed progressive expression of Celf4 in differentiating neurons, which was confirmed by IF that showed a dynamic shift in Celf4 localization. Early in development Celf4 expression was restricted to the nuclei of newly differentiating RGCs and later (E16 onwards) it was observed in the initial segments of RGC axons. Later, during postnatal development, Celf4 was observed in amacrine and bipolar cells, but here it was predominantly cytoplasmic and enriched in the two synaptic layers. Specifically, at P14, Celf4 was observed in the synaptic boutons of rod bipolar cells marked by Pkc-α. Thus, Celf4 might be regulating AS early in development besides its known role of regulating mRNA localization/translation. In all, our data suggests an important role for AS and mRNA localization/translation in retinal neuron differentiation.
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