Investigating the influence of family-oriented counselling on breastfeeding continuity in mothers experiencing distractions: A randomized controlled trial

The prevalence of distraction among breastfeeding mothers is on the rise, primarily attributed to the escalating use of media technologies. This study aimed to assess the influence of family-oriented counselling on the continuity of breastfeeding in mothers experiencing distractions. This randomized controlled trial included 120 eligible lactating mothers who accessed postpartum services at comprehensive health centers in Zanjan, a city in northwest Iran from August 21, 2022 to May 10, 2023. Participants were assigned to two groups through block randomization with a block size of four. The intervention group received Family-Oriented Counselling in three sessions at weekly intervals, and the control group received standard postpartum care. The study measured outcomes using the Maternal Distraction Questionnaire and breastfeeding patterns before, monthly, and up to 4 months after counselling. Data analysis employed statistical methods, including the Chi-square test, independent t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and the Kaplan-Meier method, with a significance level set at P < 0.05. The results showed that the continuation of exclusive breastfeeding was 33 (55 %) in the intervention group and 21 (35 %) in the control group. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). The reduction in distraction scores over time was more pronounced in the intervention group compared to the control group. The between-group effect was found to be statistically significant with an eta effect size of 0.73 (p = 0.001). In conclusion, the study suggests that the implementation of a family-centered intervention was effective in promoting the continuation of breastfeeding and reducing maternal distractions both during breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding activities. This approach proves to be a valuable step in enhancing the health of both mother and child. The findings underscore the importance of considering such interventions in health policymaking.

Subjective Experiences of Pregnancy, Delivery, and Nursing in Transgender Men and Non-Binary Individuals: A Qualitative Analysis of Gender and Mental Health Concerns

Studies of how gender-diverse individuals experience pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing remain few, mainly focus on the US and contain scarce information about mental health concerns peri-partum. This hinders informed reproductive health decisions and counseling. We used in-depth interviews to examine how gestational gender-diverse individuals in Sweden experience the process of planning and undergoing pregnancy, delivery, and nursing. In total, 12 participants, identifying on the masculine side of the gender spectrum or as non-binary, who had attended Swedish antenatal care and delivered a live birth, were included in the study. Data were analyzed using qualitative thematic content analysis. The analysis resulted in one overarching theme: sustaining gender congruence during pregnancy and three main categories: (1) considering pregnancy; (2) undergoing pregnancy and childbirth; and (3) postnatal reflections. The association between childbearing and being regarded as female permeated narratives. Participants renegotiated the feminine connotations of pregnancy, accessed gender-affirming treatment, and concealed their pregnancy to safeguard their gender congruence. Mis-gendering and breast enlargement triggered gender dysphoria. Social judgment, loneliness, information shortages, hormonal influence and cessation of testosterone increased gender dysphoria and strained their mental health. Depression exacerbated gender dysphoria and made it harder to claim one's gender identity. Dissociation was used to handle a feminized body, vaginal delivery, and nursing. Pregnancy was easier to envision and handle after masculinizing gender-affirming treatments. The results deepen the understanding of gender dysphoria and may be used to inform reproductive counseling and healthcare development. Research outcomes on mental health concerns provide a basis for further research.

Fertility and reproductive concerns related to the new generation of cancer drugs and the clinical implication for young individuals undergoing treatments for solid tumors

The treatment landscape of solid tumors has changed markedly in the last years. Molecularly targeted treatments and immunotherapies have been implemented and have, in many cancers, lowered the risk of relapse and prolonged survival. Patients with tumors harboring specific targetable molecular alterations or mutations are often of a younger age, and hence future fertility and family building can be important concerns in this group. However, there are great uncertainties regarding the effect of the new drugs on reproductive functions, including fertility, pregnancy and lactation and how young patients with cancers, both women and men should be advised. The goal with this review is to gather the current knowledge regarding oncofertility and the different novel therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, small molecules and monoclonal antibody targeted therapies. The specific circumstances and reproductive concerns in different patient groups where novel treatments have been broadly introduced are also discussed, including those with melanoma, lung, breast, colorectal and gynecological cancers. It is clear, that more awareness is needed regarding potential drug toxicity on reproductive tissues, and it is of essence that individuals are informed based on current expertise and on available fertility preservation methods.

Fathers' breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and involvement in the Asian context: A mixed-studies review

BACKGROUND

Despite numerous initiatives attempting to enhance BF across Asia, recent studies show that exclusive BF rates remain alarmingly low. With globalization, society has shifted from traditional family roles towards more egalitarian marriages, where Asian fathers are now more involved in parenting. As fathers' involvement in breastfeeding is highly complex and context-sensitive, evaluation of a wide range of concepts and evidence within the Asian context is necessary.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to consolidate and appraise empirical studies exploring fathers' breastfeeding knowledge, attitude, and involvement within the Asian context.

DESIGN

A systematic mixed-studies review was conducted. Six electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global) were searched from each database's inception date until June 2022. Studies were appraised using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool and data was synthesised using the results-based convergent integration method.

FINDINGS

Twenty-two studies were included in this review. The synthesis of findings identified two main themes and six sub-themes.

KEY CONCLUSIONS

Asian fathers have a varied understanding of breastfeeding and their involvement in breastfeeding is influenced by personal, cultural, religious, social, and environmental factors.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Perinatal care professionals play a crucial role in engaging and enhancing fathers' involvement in breastfeeding education programmes. The findings also urge policymakers to introduce more 'father-friendly' breastfeeding guidelines and educate perinatal care professionals to be more aware and sensitive to the needs of fathers. There is also a need to introduce more flexible and economically sensitive paternal leave policies to improve fathers' breastfeeding involvement.

Safety profile of the most ordered medications for breastfeeding patients in the emergency department

BACKGROUND

Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians routinely treat breastfeeding patients. Physicians frequently recommend pumping and dumping milk for perceived safety risks. We hypothesized that the majority of the most commonly ordered medications in the emergency department (ED) are safe for breastfeeding patients. Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive safety analysis of the commonly ordered medications and provided an algorithm for EM physicians to utilize when treating breastfeeding patient in the ED.

METHODS

We investigated the 90 most administered medications to female patients between the ages of 15 to 50 for common ED chief complaints at a tertiary care academic medical center from January 2018 to December 2022. A total of 145,960 doses were analyzed. We subsequently searched LactMed®, InfantRisk Application, and Pubmed® for all safety information on these medications and divided them by categories. Ultimately, we proposed a treatment algorithm for breastfeeding patients in the ED.

RESULTS

Analgesics were the most commonly ordered medications in the ED, and importantly analgesics ranging from ibuprofen to morphine are safe in limited doses in the ED setting. Antibiotics and antifungals pose limited restrictions. All systems-based medications have a variety of safe options available. Lastly, supplements and electrolytes are safe.

CONCLUSION

The majority of medications utilized in the acute setting are compatible with breastfeeding. There should be limited circumstances to advise pumping and dumping in the ED.

Examination of risk factors for high Edinburgh postnatal depression scale scores: a retrospective study at a single university hospital in Japan

BACKGROUND

Perinatal mental health, such as postpartum depression, is an important issue that can threaten the lives of women and children. It is essential to understand the risk factors in advance and intervene before they can lead to postnatal depression. The risk factors of postpartum depression are reported to vary considerably in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for women with high Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores and to find women who may need our intervention to prevent postpartum depression.

METHODS

This was a retrospective observational study conducted at a single center. At the one-month check-up after birth, the EPDS test was performed in 1625 women who gave birth at our hospital from 2008 to 2016. We evaluated maternal, birth, neonatal and social factors and the breastfeeding status from medical records. Thereafter, we examined the factors that contributed to a high EPDS score.

RESULTS

There were 284 women in the high-score group with an EPDS of ≥ 9, and 1341 women in the low-score group with an EPDS score ≤ of 8. Maternal mental disorders and neonatal transport were significantly associated with high EPDS scores. Conversely, exclusive breastfeeding was significantly associated with the low-score EPDS group.

CONCLUSIONS

The principal factor for high EPDS scores was a mental disease. Based on this result, we suggest that early intervention in women at high risk for postpartum depression could prevent serious consequences such as abuse and suicide.

Assessing conflict of interest reporting and quality of clinical trials on infant formula: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to assess the quality, risk of bias, and conflicts of interest (COIs) of clinical trials conducted on the effects of fortified infant formula.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTTING

Systematic review including all randomized clinical trials targeting healthy children and using three arms: fortified infant formula; standard formula; and breastfeeding. We performed a descriptive analysis of the studies reviewed, assessed their quality using the "Risk of Bias 2- RoB 2" tool, and identified COIs.

RESULTS

A total of 40 studies were included. All showed a high overall risk of bias, with this being especially noteworthy in the "deviations from intention to treat" and "missing outcome data" domains. Of the total included studies, 29 reported conclusions in favor of the fortified formula; 15 studies reported multiple conclusions that were either contradictory or not in line with the results. COIs with industry were identified in 33 studies, and in 17 studies, these conflicts were not declared in the appropriate section.

CONCLUSION

From a methodological perspective, studies on fortified infant formula display low quality, made evident by the high risk of bias. Additionally, there are frequent COIs. These aspects must be considered by health professionals and the population when drawing up recommendations for the use of this product.

The effectiveness of online breastfeeding education and support program on mothers of preterm infants: A quasi-experimental study

OBJECTIVE

To develop a WeChat-mini-program-based Online breastfeeding education and support program and explore its impacts on promoting mothers of preterm infants' breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and rates.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This was a quasi-experimentation with two-group comparisons. The eligible preterm mother-infant pairs were recruited from the NICU within seven days postpartum. The first 25 mothers admitted to the NICU during the study period were included in the control group, and the following 25 mothers were in the intervention group according to the admission order of their preterm infants. A generalized linear mixed model was used to detect the effects of the online intervention program and the interaction effects of group and time.

INTERVENTIONS

The participants received a 3-month online breastfeeding intervention from a WeChat mini program for the intervention group.

MEASUREMENTS

Mothers of preterm infants' breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and breastfeeding rates of different patterns were respectively evaluated by the Breastfeeding Knowledge Questionnaire (BKQ), Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS), and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) at three different points of times including before intervention (T0), at one month postpartum (T1) and three months postpartum (T2).

FINDINGS

The breastfeeding knowledge significantly differed between the two groups but without differences between different time points and in the grouping*time interaction. Within the intervention group, significant improvements were observed from T0 to T2 and T1 to T2. No significant differences in breastfeeding attitudes, self-efficacy, and breastfeeding rates were found between and within groups.

KEY CONCLUSIONS

The WeChat-mini-program-based online breastfeeding intervention may improve the breastfeeding knowledge level of mothers of preterm infants but has no significant impact on mothers' breastfeeding attitudes, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and breastfeeding rates.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

The WeChat mini program can be used to improve the breastfeeding knowledge level of mothers of preterm infants. Future interventions need to target both mothers of preterm infants and their family members by combing online and offline approaches.

Factors mediating the association between recurring floods and child chronic undernutrition in northern Bangladesh

OBJECTIVES

Although there is some evidence that flood exposure in Bangladesh and other developing countries increases the risk of chronic undernutrition in children, the underlying mechanisms are, to our knowledge, unknown. The objectives of this research are to examine the association between recurrent flood exposure and the likelihood of chronic undernutrition in children and to investigate the mediators of this association.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Naogaon District in northern Bangladesh. Purposive sampling was used to choose 800 children between the ages of 12 and 59 mo in equal numbers in the specified flood-affected and flood-unaffected areas: 400 children from the flood-affected area and 400 from the flood-unaffected area. The nutrition indicator height for age, expressed as z scores, was used to define child chronic undernutrition. Our study focused on children who have been exposed to multiple floods in the past 5 y.

RESULTS

In our sample data, children who had experienced flooding had a 1.74-times higher chance of having chronic undernutrition (95% CI, 1.53-2.28) than children who had not experienced flooding. The mediation analyses found inadequate minimum dietary diversity, history of diarrhea, not being fully vaccinated, not using clean cooking fuel, and not having a separate kitchen contributed 19.5%, 10%, 9.8%, 14.8%, and 10%, respectively, to the flood exposure-child undernutrition association.

CONCLUSIONS

Flood exposure was found associated with the likelihood of child chronic undernutrition, and this relationship was mediated through lack of having a separate kitchen, history of diarrhea, insufficient vaccination, use of unclean cooking fuel, and poor minimum dietary diversity. Interventions to reduce the prevalence of these risk factors could contribute to reducing the disparities in child undernourishment brought on by exposure to flooding.

Carbohydrate restriction during lactation: A systematic review

The quality of a mother's diet is important to ensure child growth and development and keep women healthy. This systematic review aimed to identify the outcomes of a carbohydrate-restricted diet during lactation. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS were searched for studies published between 2012 and 2023; 16 studies were selected, all of them case reports or care series. The carbohydrate restriction described in the papers mainly was ketogenic, low-carb, low-carbohydrate and high-fat, and modified ketogenic diets. The main goal of women undertaking these diets was weight loss, with therapeutic purposes (monitored and supervised by health professionals) in only 2 cases: (1) ketogenic diet therapy for treatment of seizures in the infant and (2) to reduce symptoms of mother's gastroesophageal reflux. Most articles reported that lactating women were hospitalized, experiencing symptoms such as vomiting, muscle weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, general malaise, and fatigue. However, articles did not mention poor outcomes for the infants. Most of the studies in this review were published in the past 3 years, indicating a possible increase in cases of women practicing carbohydrate restriction during lactation for weight loss caused by body dissatisfaction. In conclusion, carbohydrate restriction during lactation may be harmful to the lactating woman and contribute to the state of lactational ketoacidosis, but infant outcomes are mainly a change in feeding patterns. Thus, education on food and nutrition is necessary for this population.

Mediating role of birth at a baby-friendly hospital in the association between parental socioeconomic status and infant exclusive breastfeeding at six months old

BACKGROUND

Current evidence suggests that the exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate at six months postpartum in China falls considerably below the targets recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Socioeconomic disparities in EBF have been observed in developing countries, with significant heterogeneity across studies. Despite the implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in China since the 1990s to promote breastfeeding, there has been a lack of assessment concerning infants from different socioeconomic backgrounds. This study sought to investigate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and EBF and explore the potential impact of giving birth at a Baby-Friendly Hospital (BFH) on this association.

METHODS

We analyzed data from 98,469 mother-child dyads selected from the Maternal and Child Health Management Information System. We used log-binomial models to examine the relationships between SES and EBF, SES and giving birth at a BFH, as well as BFH births and EBF. Additionally, we explored a counterfactual mediation approach to assess the mediating role of BFH births in the SES-EBF association.

FINDINGS

We identified a significant association between SES and EBF (RRMedium vs. Low = 1.47, 95% CI 1.39-1.55; RRHigh vs. Low = 1.40, 95% CI 1.32-1.49). Mothers with higher SES were more likely to give birth at BFHs (RRMedium vs. Low = 1.85, 95% CI 1.81-1.88; RRHigh vs. Low=2.29, 95% CI 2.25-2.33). The significance of the SES-EBF association was attenuated when the type of hospital for childbirth was considered, revealing the significant mediating effect of BFH births in the SES-EBF association.

CONCLUSION

Socioeconomic disparities are linked to infant EBF rates, with giving birth at a BFH mediating this association, especially for cases with low SES in rural areas.

The impact of the baby friendly hospital initiative on healthcare utilization among newborns insured by Medicaid in Delaware

BACKGROUND

The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative was created to enhance breastfeeding, although its impact on infant healthcare utilization is unclear. Breast feeding infants are vulnerable to readmission soon after birth secondary to dehydration and hyperbilirubinemia. Breastfeeding can also protect infants from unnecessary health care utilization later in life by preventing infection. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative on readmissions and emergency department utilization among Medicaid births in Delaware.

METHODS

The study was a quasi-experimental design. Medicaid claims files were used to study births at five hospitals in Delaware born between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2018, and covered under Medicaid at time of birth. Three hospitals were designated Baby Friendly, two were not and served as controls. Outcomes included Emergency Department (ED) utilization and readmissions within 30 days and one-year of birth hospitalization. Exposure to the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative was determined by year and hospital of birth. Logistic regression and interrupted time series segmented regression analysis with controls were used to assess the effect of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative on healthcare utilization.

RESULTS

In total, 19,695 infants were born at five hospitals with 80% (15,939) born at hospitals that were designated Baby Friendly. ED utilization and readmissions over the 1st year of life for breastfeeding related diagnosis at the Baby Friendly hospitals occurred in 240 (1.5%) and 226 (1.4%) of infants, respectively. Exposure to the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative was associated with increased odds of all cause 30-day readmission (AOR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.03-1.28) but not readmissions over the 1st year of life. While 30-day ED visits did not change after BFHI, one-year ED visits were reduced (0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.97). A significant negative trend was seen over time for ED utilization post BFHI compared to controls (B: -5.90, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

There was a small observed increase in the odds of all cause 30-day readmissions with no change in one-year readmissions after BFHI in Delaware. Although there were no observed changes in 30-day ED utilization, there was a reduction in one-year ED utilization following the implementation of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative in Delaware birth hospitals. Our data help to inform policy and decision making for statewide systems of care that may be used to support breast feeding.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding in mental health policy: a narrative review

OBJECTIVES

Mental health difficulties are often exacerbated during the perinatal period. Policy and guidelines are increasingly being used to enhance the quality of healthcare. We conducted a literature review of published research relating to pregnancy and breastfeeding in mental health policy.

METHODS

Relevant terms were searched in Medline, CINAHL, APA PsycINFO and EMBASE for articles published in English from 1970 until 2020. Only papers that referenced policy, guidance, legislation or standards were included. While a systematic approach was used, the nature of the results necessitated a narrative review.

RESULTS

Initially, 262 papers were identified, 44 met the inclusion criteria. Reproductive health is given sparse consideration in research relating to mental health policy. Despite this, some key areas emerged. These included: the need for proactive preconception psychoeducation, proactive screening of mothers of infants and young children for perinatal mental health issues, enhanced prescribing practice for women of child-bearing age, enhanced monitoring during pregnancy, development of safe modification of coercive practices should they need to be employed in emergency circumstances and targeted measures to reduce substance misuse. Themes that arose relating to breastfeeding and bonding are also described.

CONCLUSIONS

Female reproductive health is often ignored in research relating to mental health policy, guidelines and standards. These tools need to be harnessed to promote good healthcare. Reproductive health should be included in the care plan of all mental health patients. These topics need to be integrated into existing relevant policies and not isolated to a separate policy.

Variability of vaccine responsiveness in early life

Vaccinations in early life elicit variable antibody and cellular immune responses, sometimes leaving fully vaccinated children unprotected against life-threatening infectious diseases. Specific immune cell populations and immune networks may have a critical period of development and calibration in a window of opportunity occurring during the first 100 days of early life. Among the early life determinants of vaccine responses, this review will focus on modifiable factors involving development of the infant microbiota and metabolome: antibiotic exposure, breast versus formula feeding, and Caesarian section versus vaginal delivery of newborns. How microbiota may serve as natural adjuvants for vaccine responses and how microbiota-derived metabolites influence vaccine responses are also reviewed. Early life poor vaccine responsiveness can be linked to increased infection susceptibility because both phenotypes share similar immunity dysregulation profiles. An early life pre-vaccination endotype, when interventions have the highest potential for success, should be sought that predicts vaccine response trajectories.

Latin American and the Caribbean Code Against Cancer 1st edition: Weight, physical activity, diet, breastfeeding, and cancer

In Latin America and the Caribbean a considerable proportion of the population have excess body weight, do not meet the recommendations of physical activity and healthy diet, and have suboptimal rates of breastfeeding. Excess body weight is associated with at least 15 cancer sites, physical activity protects against three cancers, with some evidence suggesting a protective effect for eight more cancer sites, and sedentary behavior probably increases the risk of five cancer sites. Fiber and wholegrains protect against colorectal cancer, high intake of fruits and vegetables could reduce the risk of aerodigestive cancers; processed and red meat increase the risk of colorectal cancer; and very hot beverages are associated with esophageal cancer. Moreover, sugar-sweetened beverages and ultra-processed foods are a convincing cause for excess body weight, increasing cancer risk through this pathway, with some emerging evidence suggesting also direct pathways. Breastfeeding protects against breast cancer, and could protect against ovarian cancer. Taking this evidence into account, the Latin America and the Caribbean Code Against Cancer recommends the general public to maintain a healthy body weight, be physically active and limit sedentary behavior, eat a healthy diet (eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, wholegrains and legumes; avoid sugar-sweetened beverages and processed meat; and limit ultra-processed foods, red meat and very hot beverages), and breastfeed. Moreover, the Latin America and the Caribbean Code Against Cancer also includes a set of public policy recommendations for cancer prevention to inform policy makers and civil society about the need of policies to shape healthy environments and create opportunities to facilitate the adoption of the recommendations directed to the public.

The effect of midwife-oriented breastfeeding counseling on self-efficacy and performance of adolescent mothers: a clinical trial study

BACKGROUND

Breastfeeding behaviors are strongly influenced by self-efficacy. This research aimed to determine the effect of breastfeeding counseling based on the Ready Set Baby (RSB) education program on self-efficacy and breastfeeding performance in adolescent mothers.

METHODS

In 2022, a parallel randomized clinical trial was carried out in Hamadan city's comprehensive health centers, involving 64 pregnant teenagers. The block randomization method was employed to divide the participants into two groups. The data collection instruments were a demographic characteristics questionnaire, a breastfeeding self-efficacy questionnaire, and the Bristol breastfeeding checklist. Three individual counseling sessions during pregnancy were conducted based on the "RSB" program. The ANCOVA was used for comparing groups. The statistical analyst was blinded to the group assignment.

RESULTS

The study included 64 participants with a mean age of 16.97(1.30) years, data from 60 participants were analyzed. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups were relatively similar (P > 0.05). Following the intervention, self-efficacy and breastfeeding performance scores were measured and adjusted for confounding factors. The mean scores for self-efficacy were 116.03(20.64) and 100.02(20.64) (P < 0.005), with effect size 0.77 [MD = 16.01 (95% CI: 5.34,26.67)], and the mean scores for breastfeeding performance were 6.30(2.07) and 4.12(2.07) (P < 0.002), with effect size 1.05 [MD = 2.18 (95% CI: 1.11,3.24)] in the intervention and control groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The Ready Set Baby education program's breastfeeding counseling for primiparous adolescent pregnant women significantly boosted their self-efficacy and performance in breastfeeding. Given the crucial role of breastfeeding in ensuring the well-being of both mother and child, further research is imperative to identify suitable and impactful interventions that can encourage breastfeeding practices among adolescents.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The trial protocol of this study has been registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials at 08/09/2021. The registration reference is IRCT20200530047596N3.

Unforeseen complications: a case of dengue shock syndrome presenting with multi-organ dysfunction in a subtropical region

OVERVIEW

Dengue fever, a viral illness transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, is capable of causing a range of serious complications, including fulminant hepatic failure, renal dysfunction, encephalitis, encephalopathy, neuromuscular and ophthalmic disorders, seizures, and cardiomyopathy.

CASE DESCRIPTION

This report details the case of a 30-year-old lactating woman with no notable medical history who presented to the emergency department with symptoms of high-grade fever, altered mental status, and seizures. Upon imaging, bilateral infarcts in the thalami and cerebellar hemispheres were observed, consistent with cerebellitis and dengue encephalitis.

PATIENT TREATMENT AND OUTCOME

The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit and received appropriate treatment. Following a critical phase and successful patient stabilization, she was transferred to a high dependency unit for a week before being discharged with recommendations for follow-up care.

CONCLUSION

This case illustrates the broad spectrum of complications that can arise as a result of dengue infection and the importance of timely diagnosis and management in improving patient outcomes. Further investigation is required to better understand the mechanisms underlying these complications and to formulate specific guidelines for the prevention and treatment of dengue shock syndrome.

Perceptions regarding child care and perinatal depression during COVID-19 pandemic - A cross-sectional community-based survey from Uttar Pradesh

Background

High levels of stress among pregnant women have been reported during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic because of various infection-related and lockdown measures. Concerns about safe delivery, breastfeeding, and child care may increase the risk of depression in vulnerable women during the perinatal period.

Aim

To study the perceptions regarding child care and prevalence of perinatal depression during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted among 750 lactating mothers post delivery between September 2020 and February 2021 in 51 districts of Uttar Pradesh. A convenient purposive sampling technique was used. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic details and perceptions regarding child care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Assessment of depression symptoms was performed with the help of patient health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9).

Results

A total of 440 participants were suffering from some form of depression symptoms; the majority had mild depression. Depression was found to be higher among homemakers and young mothers (age <25 years). Depression was found in more than 40% of the respondents who felt fear of COVID infection during breast feeding and hospital stay. Similarly, more than 50% of the respondents who feared unavailability of timely health services and social ignorance had depression. More than 60% of the mothers who did not have any knowledge about safe breast-feeding and child care practices had some form of depression, and the results were statistically significant.

Conclusions

Perinatal depression is highly prevalent during the ongoing pandemic. Hence, regular screening, psychoeducation, awareness regarding safe breast feeding, and child care practices are recommended.

Exploring implementation processes of a parent-targeted educational video for improving newborn pain treatment: A sequential exploratory mixed-methods study

Despite known analgesic effects of breastfeeding (BF), skin-to-skin care (SSC), and sweet solutions (sucrose) for newborns, these interventions remain underutilized. Our team produced a five-minute parent-targeted video (BSweet2Babies) demonstrating BF, SSC, and sucrose during newborn blood sampling. We conducted a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study with eight maternal-newborn units across Ontario, Canada to identify barriers and facilitators to implementing the video and the three pain management strategies.Over a 6-month period, data collection included 15 telephone interviews, two email communications, and three community of practice teleconferences with the participating sites (n = 8). We used the Theoretical Domains Framework as the coding matrix. Participants discussed integrating the video in prenatal education and the importance of involving leadership when planning for practice change. Key barriers included lack of comfort with parental presence, perception of high complexity of the strategies, short postpartum stays, competing priorities, and interprofessional challenges. Key facilitators included alignment with the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, modeling by Lactation Consultants, and frequent reminders.

Early initiation of breastfeeding up to six months among mothers after cesarean section or vaginal birth: A scoping review

Background

Early initiation of breastfeeding is important for establishing continued breastfeeding. However, previous research report that cesarean section (C-section) may hinder early initiation of breastfeeding. Despite this, there is currently a lack of literature that examines the rates of breastfeeding after both cesarean section and vaginal birth globally.

Research aims

The objective of this scoping review was to systematically assess the available literature on the rate of early initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour and exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months after C-section and vaginal birth, as well as any other factors associated with initiation and exclusive breastfeeding.

Methods

We adhered to the PRISMA extension guidelines for scoping reviews in conducting our review. In August 2022, we carried out an electronic database search on CINALH, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, and also manually searched the reference list.

Results

A total of 55 articles were included in the scoping review. The majority of these studies found that mothers who delivered vaginally had higher rates of breastfeeding compared to those who underwent a C-section, at various time points such as breastfeeding initiation, hospital discharge, one month, three months, and six months postpartum. Notably, there was a significant difference in the rate of early initiation of breastfeeding between the two groups. However, at 3 and 6 months after delivery the gap of exclusive breastfeeding rate between C-section and vaginal delivery is narrow. Breastfeeding education, health care providers support, and mother and baby bonding are other factors associate with initiation and exclusive breastfeeding.

Conclusions

The rate of breastfeeding initiation after C-section has remained low to date. This is due in part to insufficient knowledge about and support for breastfeeding from healthcare providers.

Attitudes and counselling of healthcare professionals on increasing breast milk: cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

To determine the breast milk-increasing practices healthcare professionals used with their children and their recommendations to mothers.

METHOD

A descriptive cross-sectional study in a Mediterranean region of Turkey. It was carried out with 301 healthcare professionals working in 64 Family Health Centers between January and June 2018. The data were collected by the researchers with a questionnaire including 28 questions.

RESULTS

The mean age of healthcare professionals was 36.89 ± 8.5. All the healthcare professionals encountered mothers with the perception of insufficient breast milk. 73.7% of those with children had breast milk-increasing practices. Increased age negatively affected these practices (OR: 0.923), and increased education positively affected the practices (OR: 3.489). Having received training on breastfeeding and breast milk-increasing measures positively affected the use of practices (OR: 2.118). The use of breast milk-increasing practices by healthcare professionals positively affected their recommendations to mothers (OR: 2.506).

CONCLUSIONS

Health professionals had their own breast milk boosting practices that they recommended to women as well. This result is especially significant in terms of guiding mothers who wish to increase breast milk supply and seek reliable information and contributes to the protection of maternal and newborn health.

Associations of breastfeeding duration and the total number of children breastfed with self-reported osteoarthritis in women 50 years and older: a cross-sectional study

Objectives

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease, with a higher prevalence among women than men. The present study aimed to examine the associations of breastfeeding duration and the total number of children breastfed with osteoarthritis in Korean women aged 50 years and older.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, we used representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, phases 5 through 7 (2010-2018). Our analysis included 10,102 women aged ≥50 years. Osteoarthritis experience was defined as whether a physician had ever diagnosed osteoarthritis. Breastfeeding duration was categorized as 1-6 months, 7-24 months, and ≥25 months. The total number of children breastfed was categorized as 1-2, 3-4, and≥5. The covariates were health behavior characteristics and risks of diseases (smoking, drinking, physical activity, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, oral contraceptive use, and menopause) as well as socioeconomic characteristics (income, educational level, and occupation). A multiple logistic regression model was used to investigate associations between osteoarthritis and aspects of breastfeeding experience.

Results

Compared to the non-breastfeeding group, the breastfeeding group had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-2.03) for osteoarthritis. Those who reported breastfeeding for >25 months had an OR of 1.56 (95% CI, 1.19-2.06).

Conclusion

The advantages of breastfeeding are already well known, but the present study suggests that women who breastfeed children for a longer time may have a higher risk of osteoarthritis after middle age.

Prescribing for pregnancy: chronic skin diseases

Chronic skin disease is common in women of reproductive age. Although skin can improve or remain stable during pregnancy, it is also common for existing conditions to flare and for new conditions to develop. A small number of medications used to control chronic skin disease can potentially have adverse effects on the outcome of the pregnancy. This article forms part of a series on prescribing for pregnancy and highlights the importance of achieving good control of the skin disease prior to conception and during pregnancy. It emphasises the need for patient-centred, open and informed discussions around medication options to achieve good control. During pregnancy and breastfeeding each patient should be treated as an individual in accordance with the medications that are appropriate for them, their preferences, and the severity of their skin disease. This should be done through collaborative working across primary care, dermatology and obstetric services.

Understanding Breastfeeding Barriers at an Urban Pediatric Practice

Breastfeeding is the optimal nutrition for infants given the numerous health benefits that are conferred on mothers, infants, and society in a dose-dependent manner. However, low breastfeeding rates and racial breastfeeding inequities persist for the African American (AA) community due to historic structural racism. The issue is especially salient at the Rainbow Center for Women and Children, an urban health center in Cleveland, Ohio where approximately 90% of their mothers are AA, WIC-eligible, and publicly insured. Our study aims to elucidate factors contributing to breastfeeding practices and identify supports that could be added for women served at RCWC. The study was conducted within 2 cohorts both of exclusively AA  women. Wave 1 of the study included AA mothers who exclusively breastfed, did mixed feeding, or exclusively formula fed. Wave 2 included expectant women at least considering breastfeeding. Breastfeeding attitudes of those who had exclusively breastfed or practiced mixed feeding were not significantly different than those of expectant participants planning to breastfeed; mean attitude scores, however, were in the "neutral" range. Participants endorsed many sources of support for their feeding choices, including the infant's father, their own parents, and family. However, the data show that even when women feel personally supported in their feeding choices by their partner and family, if additional breastfeeding help is needed, they will benefit from help accessing available resources. Thus, lactation support that helps women achieve their own breastfeeding goals is optimal; customized care ultimately can move the needle on racial inequities in breastfeeding for our society.

Effectiveness of a community-based support programme to reduce social inequality in exclusive breastfeeding: study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial

BACKGROUND

Breastmilk is the ideal nutrition for infants, and breastfeeding protects infants and mothers from a range of adverse health outcomes. In Denmark, most mothers initiate breastfeeding but many cease within the first months resulting in just 14% reaching the World Health Organization recommendation of six months of exclusive breastfeeding. Furthermore, the low breastfeeding proportion at six months is characterised by a marked social inequality. A previous intervention tested in a hospital setting succeeded in increasing the proportion of mothers breastfeeding exclusively at six months. However, most breastfeeding support is provided within the Danish municipality-based health visiting programme. Therefore, the intervention was adapted to fit the health visiting programme and implemented in 21 Danish municipalities. This article reports the study protocol, which will be used to evaluate the adapted intervention.

METHODS

The intervention is tested in a cluster-randomised trial at the municipal level. A comprehensive evaluation approach is taken. The effectiveness of the intervention will be evaluated using survey and register data. Primary outcomes are the proportion of women who breastfeed exclusively at four months postpartum and duration of exclusive breastfeeding measured as a continuous outcome. A process evaluation will be completed to evaluate the implementation of the intervention; a realist evaluation will provide an understanding of the mechanisms of change characterising the intervention. Finally, a health economic evaluation will assess the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of this complex intervention.

DISCUSSION

This study protocol reports on the design and evaluation of the Breastfeeding Trial - a cluster-randomised trial implemented within the Danish Municipal Health Visiting Programme from April 2022 to October 2023. The purpose of the programme is to streamline breastfeeding support provided across healthcare sectors. The evaluation approach is comprehensive using a multitude of data to analyse the effect of the intervention and inform future efforts to improve breastfeeding for all.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Prospectively registered with Clinical Trials NCT05311631 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05311631.

Association of reproductive factors with cardiovascular disease risk in pre-menopausal women: nationwide population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

Although the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are rising in young women, the risk factors of CVD among Korean pre-menopausal women have not been intensively investigated.

AIMS

To determine how age at menarche and other female reproductive factors are associated with the risk of CVD in pre-menopausal women.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 1 088 992 pre-menopausal women who participated in health screening in 2009 were included. The study outcomes were myocardial infarction (MI) and ischaemic stroke. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted with adjustment of traditional CVD risk factors and reproductive factors.

RESULTS

Mean age was 43.8 ± 5.3 years (98.9%, < 55 years), 3.5% were current smokers, and 1.2% were heavy drinkers. During a mean follow-up of 8.3years [9 032 685.9 person-years (PY)], there were 10 876 CVD events (1.0 per 1000 PY).With later menarche, the risk of CVD increased; ≤12 years [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval 0.93-1.16], 13 years (reference), 14 years (1.06, 0.98-1.14), 15 years (1.15, 1.07-1.24), 16 years (1.23, 1.14-1.34), and ≥17 years (1.33, 1.24-1.44). Compared with non-users, oral contraceptives (OC) users (≥1 year) had an increased risk of CVD (1.11, 1.01-1.22) (P for trend = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

Later menarche than the mean age at menarche (13 years old) and the use of OC (≥1 year) were associated with a higher risk of CVD, after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. This study suggests that female reproductive factors could be unique risk factors for CVD in pre-menopausal women.

Breastfeeding difficulties in the first 6 weeks postpartum among mothers with chronic conditions: a latent class analysis

BACKGROUND

Breastfeeding difficulties frequently exacerbate one another and are common reasons for curtailed breastfeeding. Women with chronic conditions are at high risk of early breastfeeding cessation, yet limited evidence exists on the breastfeeding difficulties that co-occur in these mothers. The objective of this study was to explore clusters of breastfeeding difficulties experienced up to 6 weeks postpartum among mothers with chronic conditions and to examine associations between chronic condition types and breastfeeding difficulty clusters.

METHODS

We analyzed 348 mothers with chronic conditions enrolled in a prospective, community-based pregnancy cohort study from Alberta, Canada. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires. We used latent class analysis to identify clusters of early breastfeeding difficulties and multinomial logistic regression to examine whether types of chronic conditions were associated with these clusters, adjusting for maternal and obstetric factors.

RESULTS

We identified three clusters of breastfeeding difficulties. The "physiologically expected" cluster (51.1% of women) was characterized by leaking breasts and engorgement (reference outcome group); the "low milk production" cluster (15.4%) was discerned by low milk supply and infant weight concerns; and the "ineffective latch" cluster (33.5%) involved latch problems, sore nipples, and difficulty with positioning. Endocrine (adjusted relative risk ratio [RRR] 2.34, 95% CI 1.10-5.00), cardiovascular (adjusted RRR 2.75, 95% CI 1.01-7.81), and gastrointestinal (adjusted RRR 2.51, 95% CI 1.11-5.69) conditions were associated with the low milk production cluster, and gastrointestinal (adjusted RRR 2.44, 95% CI 1.25-4.77) conditions were additionally associated with the ineffective latch cluster.

CONCLUSION

Half of women with chronic conditions experienced clusters of breastfeeding difficulties corresponding either to low milk production or to ineffective latch in the first 6 weeks postpartum. Associations with chronic condition types suggest that connections between lactation physiology and disease pathophysiology should be considered when providing breastfeeding support.

Prescribing for pregnancy: inflammatory rheumatic disease

Inflammatory rheumatic disease during pregnancy requires careful management. Key factors for successful pregnancy outcome are disease remission at the time of conception and optimal disease control during pregnancy. This article forms part of a series on prescribing for pregnancy and discusses the impact of inflammatory arthritis on pregnancy and the influence pregnancy may have on inflammatory arthritis. It highlights the importance of prepregnancy care and collaborative working between obstetric and rheumatology specialties as well as focusing on prescribing before, during and after pregnancy.

Passive transfer of COVID-19 immunoglobulin via breast milk post COVID-19 vaccination of lactating mother: case report and review of the literature

Infant response against infections depends largely on active and passive transfer of immunity through breast milk. There is plenty of data showing transplacental transfer of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies to the foetus and the presence of neutralising Ig-A and Ig-G anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the breast milk of mothers post COVID-19 vaccination. There is a paucity of research regarding the impact of COVID-19 vaccination of lactating mothers on the immune response in infant blood. The index case was delivered at 35 weeks of gestation with features of hydrops fetalis. The COVID-19 rapid antigen test and COVID-19 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test were negative for the mother and neonate. The baby was investigated for sepsis, underwent double volume exchange transfusion, and was discharged on exclusive breastfeeding. SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres were tested in blood and breast milk samples 4 weeks after first and second dose of the COVID-19 vaccination of the mother. Growth, neurodevelopment and haematological parameters were monitored over time. A robust immune response was reported in the blood of infants post COVID-19 vaccination of the mother with the potential to confer passive immunity to the baby and without any serious side effects in the mother-infant dyad.

Traditional Newborn Care Practices in a Tribal Community of Tamilnadu, South India: A Mixed Methods Study

Background and Objectives

Traditional newborn rearing practices play a vital role in neonatal morbidity and mortality. In this context, a concurrent mixed method study was conducted to identify the traditional practices in newborn care in tribal villages of Sittilingi Panchayat of Tamil Nadu, South India.

Methods

The quantitative data were collected by a community-based cross-sectional study among 59 mothers of infants. Qualitative component included two focus group discussions (FGD) each with seven mothers and one traditional dai.

Results

About 38.9% of newborns received colostrum, and 61.1% had prelacteal feeds. Majority (84.7%) of newborns had received appropriate thermal care. More than two-thirds (71.2%) of newborns were given bath before umbilical cord dropped off. During bathing, 83.1% were massaged and 67.8% had their vernix removed. Practice of blowing into nostrils (45.7%), substance application on the cord (94.9%), tepid sponging during fever (28.8%), sweet flag application over umbilicus for colic (8.5%), herbal medications during diarrhea (40.6%) and cold (25.4%), exposure to sunlight (67.8%) during jaundice, oil instillation in nostrils (76.3%), and ears (32.2%) to protect against infection were reported. Majority reported approaching traditional health practitioners during illness. Similar practices were reported in the FGDs. The beliefs related to these practices were explored.

Conclusion

Both beneficial and harmful practices in newborn care were identified. Primary health care workers like ASHAs could be trained to recognize traditional newborn practices in their field areas to deliver appropriate behavior change communication to preserve safe practices and avoid harmful practices to improve newborn health.

Effectiveness of distance education program on mothers' empowerment in exclusive breastfeeding: A randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Mothers need the necessary skills to be empowered in successful breastfeeding. This study aimed to investigate effectiveness of the distance education program on the mothers' empowerment in exclusive breastfeeding.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A randomized clinical trial study was done on 72 nulliparous pregnant women 28-32 weeks with normal pregnancy. The qualified women were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups based on the random-number table. The breastfeeding training packages were sent to women in the intervention group via Telegram every week from 32 until 37 weeks of gestation. The mothers' empowerment in breastfeeding (primary outcome) and the exclusive breastfeeding rate (secondary outcome) were assessed by questionnaires.

RESULTS

Based on the repeated measured tests, although scores for all domains and also the total score of the mothers' empowerment in breastfeeding between two groups had increased during the study period, there was a significant difference between the increasing trends of the maternal empowerment domains in two groups (interaction P value <0.001). Also, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (secondary outcome) at 6 months was significantly higher in the intervention group (81.8% and 57.1% in the intervention and control groups, respectively) (P = 0.028).

CONCLUSION

Distance education could increase all domains of the mothers' empowerment in breastfeeding after delivery. Also, exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months after delivery was significantly higher in mothers who were receiving the distance education packages.

Women's views on moderate and low alcohol consumption: stages of the subjective transition from pregnancy to postpartum

BACKGROUND

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and breastfeeding is associated with a risk for the child's healthy development. Nevertheless, about 16 to 25% of all women in the European region, including Switzerland, consume alcohol during pregnancy and probably even more during breastfeeding. Little is known about how women perceive this risk and how risk perception changes during the transition to motherhood. The present study aims to explore the subjective transition from the woman's perspective, focusing on perceptions of alcohol as a risk, changes in alcohol consumption in daily life and experienced support from health professionals in this period.

METHODS

The longitudinal qualitative, semi-structured interview study was jointly designed and conducted by health sociologists and midwifery researchers. Using the theoretical framework of sociocultural risk and life course transition, we interviewed 46 women from the French and German speaking part of Switzerland during pregnancy and until six months after birth.

RESULTS

In our study, we found that pregnant and breastfeeding women perceive alcohol consumption as a risk to the health of the child. Abstinence is sought especially during pregnancy, but this does not preclude occasional and low-level consumption according to some women. Alcohol consumption and risk perception change during the transition to motherhood. We identified five stages that characterise this transition in terms of alcohol consumption and risk perception. From the women's perspective, there was a lack of counselling from health professionals, and the women expressed a desire for respectful and more individualised counselling.

CONCLUSION

Many women express a need for guidance and counselling by health care professionals at some stages of the transition to motherhood. The stages identified can be used as pointers to address the subject of alcohol consumption in professional practice. The stage around conception and early pregnancy should be taken more into account, as women experience themselves as particularly vulnerable during this time. Low-threshold counselling services should be therefore offered to women before or in the stage around conception and be continued until the end of the breastfeeding period.

Prevalence and presentation of neonatal sepsis at a paediatric emergency department in Johannesburg, South Africa

Background

Despite a significant reduction in the prevalence of neonatal sepsis over the past three decades, the prevalence still remains high, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and presenting features of neonatal sepsis at a paediatric emergency centre (PEC).

Methods

Medical records of all neonates presenting to an academic hospital PEC over a six-month period were analysed. Data was compared between neonates with and without sepsis. The odds ratio was calculated to determine factors associated with neonatal sepsis.

Results

Of the 210 neonates who were included, 43 (20.5%) were diagnosed with neonatal sepsis. Of these, 19 (44.2%) presented within the first 72 hours of life (early-onset neonatal sepsis) and 4 (9.3%) died prior to hospital discharge. A history of maternal employment (odds ratio (OR) 2.38, p=0.021), preterm birth (OR 3.24, p=0.019), low birth weight (<2.5kg) (OR 2.67, p=0.026), perinatal human immunodeficiency virus exposure (OR 3.35, p=0.002), not being breast fed (OR 4.36, p=0.001), and signs of lethargy (OR 14.01, p<0.001), dehydration (or 11.14, p<0.001), poor feeding (OR 7.20, p<0.001), irritability (OR 6.93, p<0.001), fever (OR 5.50, p<0.001), vomiting (OR 4.14, p<0.001) and respiratory distress (OR 4.12, p<0.001) were significantly associated with neonatal sepsis.

Conclusion

Among neonates presenting to the PEC, various clinical features on history and examination may be useful in predicting the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Clinicians working in the PEC must adopt a high index of suspicion when attending to neonates presenting with these features.

Congenital bilateral cataracts in newborns exposed to elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor in utero and while breast feeding

Elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (ETI) is known to pass through the placenta and into breast milk in mothers who continue on this therapy while pregnant and breast feeding. Toxicity studies of ivacaftor in rats demonstrated infant cataracts, but cataracts were not reported in human infants exposed to ivacaftor. We describe 3 cases of infants exposed to elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (ETI) in utero and while breast feeding who were found to have bilateral congenital cataracts within six months of birth. None of the infants had significant visual impairment from the cataracts nor any report of elevated liver function testing. These data highlight the need to counsel females who continue ETI throughout pregnancy and while breast feeding to consider cataract screen for their infants.

Considerations for treatment of lipid disorders during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Adequate management of lipid disorders during pregnancy is essential given the association of dyslipidemia with adverse pregnancy outcomes. While there are physiologic changes in lipid levels that occur with normal pregnancy, abnormal alterations in lipids can lead to increased future risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. There are inherent challenges in the treatment of dyslipidemias during pregnancy and the postpartum period given the lack of adequate data in this population and the contraindication of traditional therapeutic agents. However, it remains of utmost importance to optimize screening and identification of patients at high-risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease so that proper counseling can be provided and the risk for pregnancy complications and downstream cardiovascular complications can be addressed. In this review, we summarize the literature on the association of dyslipidemia in pregnancy with adverse outcomes and discuss considerations for the management of lipid disorders during both pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Relationship of delayed lactogenesis II to maternal perception of insufficient milk: A longitudinal study

AIM

To analyze the relationship of delayed lactogenesis II with maternal perception of insufficient milk.

METHODS

A prospective, multicenter, longitudinal observational study was conducted. Data were obtained at discharge and between 1 and 5 months postpartum on the perception of insufficient milk and related variables, by means of a self-administered questionnaire, and subsequent postal and online follow-up. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop the explanatory model.

RESULTS

A total of 260 puerperal mothers participated. Of these, 31.9% had insufficient milk and 23.6% had delayed lactogenesis II. During postpartum admission, delayed lactogenesis II (OR = 2.26; 95%CI = 1.07-4.79), difficulty in breastfeeding (OR = 1.02; 95%CI = 1.00-1.03), and professional help in breastfeeding (OR = 0.70; 95%CI = 0.50-0.97) were associated with maternal perception of insufficient milk.

CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence of breastfeeding difficulties during postpartum admission and at discharge, especially when there is delayed lactogenesis II, should be considered risk indicators, suggesting the need for additional support to standardized care. The PIM is a suitable indicator to assess the quality of professional breastfeeding support in improvement interventions.

Successful management of a breastfeeding mother with severe eczema of the nipple beginning from puberty: A case report

BACKGROUND

Nipple eczema is the most common presentation of atopic dermatitis of the breast, which seriously influences breastfeeding of mothers. We here present a case of severe nipple eczema that started in puberty and received continuous care and interventions during pregnancy. The patient succeeded in breastfeeding after the interventions.

CASE SUMMARY

A 36-year-old woman at 16 wk of gestation (gestation 1 parturition 0), visited the breastfeeding consultation clinic, complaining of excessive nipple secretion, severe itching, and concerns about breastfeeding. She was diagnosed with severe nipple eczema. Health education, consultation with dermatologists, topical medication, psychological support, and postpartum care were carried out. Through continuous interventions, her nipple eczema significantly improved, lactating confidence enhanced, anxiety symptoms were reduced, and exclusive breastfeeding was achieved.

CONCLUSION

For lactating women with nipple eczema, breastfeeding consultants should play an important role in patient education and provide whole-process and individual guidance.

Effect of lullaby on volume, fat, total protein and albumin concentration of breast milk in premature infants' mothers admitted to NICU: a randomized controlled trial

Background

Listening to music can reduce or manage stress, fatigue, and accompanying symptoms in mothers. Music increases oxytocin secretion which affects breast milk. This study aimed to examine the effect of lullaby on volume, fat, total protein and albumin concentration of breast milk in mothers of premature infants admitted to the NICU.

Methods

This clinical trial was performed on 100 primiparous mothers whose premature infants were hospitalized in the NICU of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital from January 2020 to December 2020. Using block randomization method, the participants were divided into three groups: control (A), playing lullaby for mother (B) and playing lullaby for a mother while holding a photo of her own baby (C). The mothers of the intervention groups listened to lullabies through headphones for 30 minutes every morning for 6 days. On the first and the sixth day of birth, the volume of breast milk (ml) and two milliliters of breast milk samples of all three groups were measured and compared in terms of fat, albumin concentration and total protein (mg/DL). ANOVA, Paired T-Test and ANCOVA model (the included variables were: basic value of dependent variable, group type, Maternal age, Birth weight, Gestational age and Maternal weight) was used for analytical statistics.

Results

The difference between the mean compositions of breast milk before and after the intervention in three groups of A, B and C: in terms of the breast milk volume were 66.33 ± 4.80, 71.30 ± 4.18 and 75.91 ± 6.80 ml; in terms of triglyceride level was 177.84 ± 50.57, 210.72 ± 34.55 and 224.17 ± 12.97 mg/DL, cholesterol level was 14.57 ± 3.70, 21.96 ± 3.82 and 26.26 ± 5.16 mg/DL, albumin concentration was 0.90 ± 0.30, 1.22 ± 0.19 and 1.46 ± 0.28 mg/DL and total protein level was 1.61 ± 0.61, 2.20 ± 0.57 and 2.72 ± 0.30 mg/DL. Finally, the results of ANCOVA analysis for the effects of the intervention, taking into account the baseline values, showed that the intervention was effective and had the greatest effect on cholesterol levels.

Conclusion

In this small trial, there was a statistically significant association between trial arm and biochemical composition of breastmilk though further studies are needed to see if these changes result in meaningful clinical outcomes to the infant.

Trial registration

IRCT, IRCT20191114045439N1. Registered 14 January 2020- prospective, https://en.irct.ir/trial/43671

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13006-022-00511-7.

Predictors and impact of women's breastfeeding self-efficacy and postnatal care in the context of a pandemic in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand

OBJECTIVE

To investigate predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy, postnatal care experiences, and there subsequent impact on breastfeeding outcomes in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional online survey collected data between August and October 2020 with recruitment via social media. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive analyses, and linear and logistic regression analysis related to the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form findings. Open text responses were analyzed using content analysis.

FINDINGS

There were 1001 complete responses. Visitor restrictions impacted the woman's early parenting experience in both positive and negative ways. One third of participants stated their postnatal needs were not met with 82 stating that they had no postnatal care at all. During the first six weeks postnatal, 48.1% felt not very or not at all confident caring for their baby. Despite 94.3% of participants initiating breastfeeding, only 70% were exclusively breastfeeding at six weeks. The mean self-efficacy score was 49.98 suggesting the need for additional help, with first time mothers having a statistically significant lower score.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION

Sub-optimal postnatal care and support negatively influence breastfeeding self-efficacy. Women desired additional help during the COVID-19 pandemic inclusive of support and education to meet their postnatal needs and exclusively breastfeed.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Women require appropriate and timely postnatal care and support to promote confidence in caring for baby and achieve their breastfeeding goals. Preferably this care should be provided face-to-face.

Post Frenotomy Massage for Ankyloglossia in Infants-Does It Improve Breastfeeding and Reduce Recurrence?

OBJECTIVES

Frenotomy is performed in breast fed infants who experience difficulty in latching after failed conservative management for ankyloglossia or tongue-tie. Though parents sometimes enquire about massage after frenotomy, neither published evidence nor clinical consensus supports this. The aim of our study was to assess if there was significant difference in breast feeding or recurrence rate between those infants who had post frenotomy massage and those who did not.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary Children's hospital from January 2018 to December 2018. The tongue-tie service consisted of five pediatric surgical consultants, three of whom routinely advice post frenotomy massage. As a result, we had two groups to compare -massage and non-massage group. Total sample size (n = 599) consisted of those who were advised massage (n = 282) and those who were not advised massage (n = 317).

RESULTS

Overall recurrence rate was 4/599 (0.66%) and this did not achieve statistical significance between the two groups. Breast feeding rates were also similar in both the groups. However, it is interesting to note that only 43.5% of those advised massage adhered to the massage regimen.

CONCLUSIONS

Improvement in breast feeding and recurrence after frenotomy were similar between massage and non-massage groups. This confirms the lack of any additional benefit of post frenotomy massage. This study assists clinicians with decision making not to advise massage as it is unlikely to benefit infants with tongue-tie.

The effect of a planned lactation education program on the mother's breastfeeding practice and weight gain in low birth weight infants: a randomized clinical trial study

Background

Low birth weight (LBW) infants are more prone to possible growth disorders, and their mothers need more specific education sessions regarding breastfeeding practice. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a planned lactation education program on the mother’s breastfeeding practice and weight gain in LBW infants.

Methods

A randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 80 mother-LBW infant dyads admitted to a gynecology and obstetrics hospital. The participants were selected randomly and divided into an experimental group and a control group, each with 40 mothers. Information on LBW infants’ weight and the mothers’ breastfeeding practice was collected using a questionnaire at birth. Then, a planned lactation education program was implemented in the experimental group in two sessions in the hospital and three 20-minute sessions in comprehensive health centers. Finally, the weight of 14–15 day-old and two-month-old LBW infants and the mothers’ breastfeeding practice for 14–15 day-old LBW infants in the two groups were recollected and analyzed using SPSS software version 16.

Results

Comparing the LBW infants’ weights and mothers’ breastfeeding practice revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups pre-intervention. However, significant differences were observed between the two groups post-intervention in terms of weight gain in the LBW infants over 14–15 days and two months of age (F = 4720.6, p < 0.001) and the mothers’ breastfeeding practice for 14-15-day-old infants (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Given the positive impact of lactation education on the mother’s breastfeeding practice and LBW infants’ weight, planned lactation education courses should be applied for LBW infants’ mothers.

Trial registration

This study was retrospectively registered in the Clinical Trial Registration Center of Iran, with the code: IRCT20120215009014N421 on 14/04/2022.

Breastfeeding education in Chinese hospitals: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Breastfeeding education plays a crucial role in improving breastfeeding outcomes and has been employed in many medical institutions across China.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the current situation of breastfeeding education provided by hospitals to women in China, and to identify relevant factors associated with the exclusive breastfeeding rate at hospital discharge and the early breastfeeding initiation rate.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study design.

SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS

We used an online survey platform called WenjuanXing to collect data from 2985 hospitals in China.

METHODS

We designed a questionnaire to collect data. The Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson's chi-square test were used to identify the differences between the different types and levels of hospitals. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors associated with the exclusive breastfeeding rate at hospital discharge and the early breastfeeding initiation rate.

RESULTS

A total of 2941 hospitals were included in the data analysis. In 86% of hospitals midwives were providing breastfeeding education on weekdays during the daytime. Information on how to deal with mastitis (80.8%) and weaning methods (71.5%) was less commonly provided to women. The hospitals often conducted breastfeeding education through antenatal education sessions and bedside health education, while 34.2% of hospitals used smartphone applications. The obstacles to conducting breastfeeding education in hospitals were a lack of full-time staff dedicated to breastfeeding education (43.3%) and limited funds invested in breastfeeding education (42.5%). A lack of full-time staff dedicated to breastfeeding education (OR, 0.689; 95% CI, 0.498-0.953) and a lack of space (OR, 0.697; 95% CI, 0.487-0.997) were associated with the exclusive breastfeeding rate at hospital discharge. Furthermore, a lack of full-time staff dedicated to breastfeeding education (OR, 0.372; 95% CI, 0.235-0.589) was associated with the early breastfeeding initiation rate.

CONCLUSIONS

To improve breastfeeding outcomes, hospital managers and policymakers should increase the number of midwives and full-time staff who are dedicated to breastfeeding education, resolve the obstacles of limited funds and space for breastfeeding education, and explore more approaches to providing knowledge on breastfeeding to women and their families.

Breastfeeding practices in neonatal wards in Spain. Neo-BFHI international survey

INTRODUCTION

In 2017, a worldwide survey was conducted on compliance with the practices promoted by Neo-BFHI (Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative expansion to neonatal wards).

OBJECTIVE

To present the results of the Spanish wards that participated in the global survey and compare them with those obtained internationally.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Cross-sectional study through a survey on compliance with the Neo-BFHI ("Three basic principles", "Ten steps adapted to neonatal wards" and "the compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes" and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions). Compliance was calculated as the mean in each indicator and a final mean score for each neonatal unit. For the partial and final scores for each country and at the international level, the median was used. All scores ranged between 0 and 100.

RESULTS

The response rate in Spain was 90%. The range of the national mean for neonatal wards were from 37 to 99, with no differences in the final score according to the level of care. The global score for Spain (72) is below the international median (77) and this also occurs in 8 of 14 items. The neonatal wards from BFHI designated hospitals, obtained a significantly higher mean global score, and in 9 of 14 items than the non-accredited ones.

CONCLUSIONS

Both international and national results indicate an improvement in breast feeding practices in neonatal units. The benefits of the BFHI accreditation of maternity reach neonatal wards. Spain has several key points below the international score.

Breastfeeding in infants seen in private pediatric practices and its relation with type of delivery and history of prematurity

OBJECTIVE

To describe the type of milk used to feed infants seen in private pediatric practices in Brazil. To evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding, type of delivery, and history of prematurity.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional and observational study that included 4929 infants in the first year of life seen in private pediatric practices in the five geographic regions of Brazil. Mothers provided information about the type of milk used by their infant, the type of delivery (vaginal or cesarean), and whether the birth was premature.

RESULTS

Breastfeeding was the only source of milk for 56.1% (1546/2755) of infants in the first six months of life and 32.9% (716/2174) in the second. Of the infants who received other types of milk besides breastfeeding, there was a predominance of infant formula in 98.6% and 93.8% of the infants, respectively, in the first and in the second six months of life. Whole cow's milk was used by 0.7% (20/2755) of infants in the first six months and by 4.1% (90/2174) of infants in the second (p < 0.001). In the first six months of life, breastfeeding as the only type of milk was associated with vaginal delivery (OR = 1.79; p < 0.001) and not having a history of prematurity (OR = 2.48; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Breastfeeding was the only milk source for more than half of infants before 180 days of life. Birth by cesarean section and history of prematurity were negatively associated with breastfeeding as the only source of milk used in infant feeding.

Explaining variance in breastfeeding intentions and behaviors among a cohort of Midwest mothers using a theory of planned behavior-based structural model

Background

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has guided the investigation of breastfeeding since the 1980’s, incorporating the major constructs of attitudes, subjective norms/normative beliefs, perceived behavioral control, and intentions. The purpose of this research study was to define a TPB-based structural latent variable model so as to explain variance in breastfeeding intentions and behaviors among a cohort of Midwest breastfeeding mothers.

Methods

The longitudinal descriptive study utilized questionnaire data collected from a convenience sample of 100 women with low-risk pregnancies with the intention to breastfeed at three separate time points (> 30 weeks antepartum, 10 and 60 days postpartum). Data were coded and analyzed using IBM SPSS, SAS and the lavaan package in R.

Results

Participants were predominantly White (94%, n = 94), married (95%, n = 95), college-educated (96%, n = 96), and had previous breastfeeding experience (75%, n = 75). The majority gave birth vaginally (79%, n = 75). Varimax analysis revealed a plurality of factors within each domain. Attempts to fit a structural model, including both hierarchical and bi-factor latent variables, failed, revealing a lack of statistical significance and poor fit statistics.

Conclusion(s)

These findings illustrate the importance of using methods that fit the phenomena explained. Contributors to poor model fit may include outdated tools lacking cultural relevance, a change in social norms, or a failure to capture the possible influence of social media and formula marketing on breastfeeding behaviors. The null finding is a significant finding, indicating the need to revisit and refine the operationalization and conceptual underpinnings of the TPB through qualitative methods such as exploring the lived experiences of breastfeeding women in the Midwest region.

The impact of parity in primary breast augmentation: A clinical and cost-effective case control study

INTRODUCTION

Breast augmentation is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic procedures in women. Despite the structural changes which occur during pregnancy and lactation have been extensively studied, there is no clarity in terms of the time required for the parenchymal angiogenic changes to regress or if these neovessels are preserved even years after the last lactating period. This study investigated whether these post-pregnancy structural changes on the breasts may influence the surgical efficiency, affect the rates of complications and have an impact on cost-effectiveness in primary breast augmentation.

METHODS

This study encompasses a retrospective review of all patients who underwent implant-based bilateral primary breast augmentation, through inframammary fold (IMF) incision under general anaesthetic, by a single surgeon. The age, height, weight and parity (nulliparous or multiparous status), characteristics of implants used and clinical outcomes after a minimum of 6-month post-operative follow-up were recorded. A further prospective comparative trial investigated the effects of parity in the surgical efficiency and cost-effectiveness in primary breast augmentation. The surgical efficiency (total operative time) and the immediate complications of 85 consecutive cohort of patients were recorded by an independent observer. Statistical correlation investigated the relevance of parity as predictors of surgical efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

RESULTS

A total of 894 patients were included with a minimum of 6-month follow-up following implants-based primary breast augmentation. There were 445 (49.8%) nulliparous and 449 (50.2%) patients had at least one child at the time of surgery. The average parity index was calculated to be 1.05. The average body mass index (BMI) was 20.8 kg/m² (15.9-30.8). The mean implant volume used was 314 ml. Fifteen percent (n = 134) presented with post-operative complications, with an average follow-up period of 12.8 (6-116) months. The differences between parity and incidence of complications were not statistically significant (p = 0.82). Surgical efficiency parameters from 85 women (54 multiparous and 31 nulliparous) demonstrated total operative time difference; 35 ± 6.3 min for multiparous and 30.2 ± 5 min for nulliparous. There was a clinical average difference of 4.8 min, with a maximum difference of 16.1 min. These statistically significant difference account for an average increase of 13.7% in the operating time in multiparous versus nulliparous (p-value=0.0004, 95% CI = 2.2-7.4 min).

CONCLUSION

Primary breast augmentation in parous women faces parenchymal and vascular histological breast tissue transformations which may not fully revert to the pre-pregnant state. These changes encountered during pocket dissection seem to have an impact on the operating time, cost-effectiveness and can therefore affect negatively surgical efficiency. Nevertheless, when surgical technique is based on sharp, precise dissection and proactive haemostasis, parity does not show to have an impact on the rates of complications, despite longer operation times.

Unseen, unheard: a qualitative analysis of women's experiences of exclusively expressing breast milk

BACKGROUND

Breast milk feeding has numerous benefits for women and infants. Positive maternal experiences with breast milk feeding impacts exclusivity, duration, and maternal mental health. Most research focuses on women feeding directly at the breast. Some women elect to feed exclusively expressed milk to their healthy, term infants rather than feed directly at the breast. Little is known about what constitutes a positive experience among this population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore women's experiences of exclusive expression (EE).

METHODS

Interviews were conducted via Microsoft Teams to collect qualitative data from a purposive sample of 21 women practicing EE. Interviews were analyzed for themes.

RESULTS

Three themes: Unseen and Unheard, Doing it My Way, and Getting into the Groove, and 8 subthemes: Breast is Best, Missed Opportunities for Healthcare Provider Support, Fighting for it, What Works for Us, A Sense of Control, Preparation, Tricks of the Trade, and Making it Manageable were identified. Despite challenges, including a lack of support from healthcare providers and a lack of acknowledgement as breastfeeding mothers, exclusive expression offered participants a method to continue breast milk feeding in a way that they found to be satisfying.

CONCLUSION

This study provides insight into experiences of exclusive expression that clinicians can use to improve their support of breast milk feeding during perinatal encounters. Societal pressure to feed from the breast may have negative emotional consequences for women electing to exclusively express. There is a need for more information and support for breast milk expression from healthcare providers along with a reframing of how breast milk feeding is discussed and promoted.

"It Makes My Skin Crawl": Women's experience of breastfeeding aversion response (BAR)

PROBLEM

Some women who intend to breastfeed experience a breastfeeding aversion response (BAR) while breastfeeding.

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the experience of those who have feelings of aversion while breastfeeding.

AIM

This study aimed to investigate the experiences of women who have an aversion response to breastfeeding while their infant is latched at the breast. This is the first study that aims to understand this breastfeeding aversion response (BAR) as described by women who experience this phenomenon.

METHODS

Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to conduct and analyse ten semi-structured in-depth interviews with women who self-identified as experiencing BAR.

FINDINGS

Four overarching themes were identified: (1) Involuntary, strong sensations of aversion in response to the act of breastfeeding, (2) Internal conflict and effects on maternal identity, (3) The connection between BAR and relationships with others, and (4) Reflections on coping with BAR and building resilience.

DISCUSSION

Some women who intend to breastfeed can experience BAR, and this negative sensation conflicts with their desire to breastfeed. BAR can impact on maternal wellbeing. Those who experience BAR may benefit from person-centred support that directly addresses the challenges associated with BAR to achieve their personal breastfeeding goals.

CONCLUSION

The experience of BAR is unexpected and difficult for mothers. If support is not available, BAR can have detrimental effects on maternal identity, mother-child bonds, and intimate family relationships.

Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) through infant feeding and early care practices: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Perinatal practices such as breast-feeding, kangaroo mother care, rooming-in, and delayed cord clamping have varied by institution during the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this systematic review was to examine the success of different practices in preventing viral transmission between SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers and their infants.

METHODS

Electronic searches were performed in the Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Studies involving pregnant or breastfeeding patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR were included. Infants tested within 48 hours of birth who had two tests before hospital discharge were included. Infants older than one week with a single test were also included.

RESULTS

Twenty eight studies were included. In the aggregated data, among 190 breastfeeding infants, 22 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (11.5%), while 4 of 152 (2.63%) among bottle-fed (Fisher's exact test p = 0.0006). The positivity rates for roomed in infants (20/103, 19.4%) were significantly higher than those isolated (5/300, 1.67%) (P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in positivity rate among infants who received kangaroo care (25%vs 9%, p = 0.2170), or delayed cord clamping (3.62%vs 0.9%, p = 0.1116).

CONCLUSIONS

Lack of robust studies involving large patient population does not allow meaningful conclusions from this systematic review. Aggregated data showed increased positivity rates of SARS-CoV-2 among infants who were breast fed and roomed-in. There were no differences in SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates in infants received skin to skin care or delayed cord clamping.

Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Nutritional Status, Feeding Practices, and Access to Food Among Infants and Children in Lower and Middle-Income Countries: a Narrative Review

Purpose of Review

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected children across the planet and the consequences on their health, nutritional status, and social structure have been more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review will focus on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant growth and feeding practices and access to food and obesity prevalence among children in LMICs. An electronic search was performed on MEDLINE and Embase to identify relevant articles in the English language.

Recent Findings

A higher prevalence of infections by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and a lower mortality rate were found in children in LMICs compared to western countries. In 2020, 22% and 52% of the wasting and deaths in children under 5 years of age in LMICS came from the sub-Saharan Africa region, respectively. Despite the decrease in stunting from 40% in 1990 to 24.2% in 2019, the prevalence remains above 30% in LMICs. Regarding breastfeeding practices in LMICs, many organizations recommend breastfeeding for infants and children born to infected mothers with SARS-CoV-2. This pandemic has resulted in higher food insecurity and disruption to access to health care and nutrition-related programs from schools; this situation has been more detrimental for younger children from LMICs.

Summary

Given the devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the nutritional status, higher food insecurity, and lack of access to health care for infants and children in LMICs, efforts from government, world organizations, and non-for-profit institutions should be implemented to ameliorate the effects of this pandemic.