The effects of loving-kindness meditation on doctors' communication anxiety, trust, calling and defensive medicine practice

OBJECTIVE

The study investigated the effects of loving-kindness meditation (LKM) on doctors' communication anxiety, trust, calling, and defensive medicine practice.

METHODS

This study recruited 94 doctors from a hospital in China, randomized them to an LKM group (n = 47), and waited for the control group (n = 47). The experimental group accepted an 8-week LKM interference while the waiting for the control group underwent no interference. Researchers measured four major variable factors (communication anxiety, trust, calling, and defensive medicine practice) before and after the LKM intervention.

RESULTS

In the experimental group, trust, and calling were significantly higher, and communication anxiety, and defensive medicine practice were significantly lower than in the control group. In the control group, there were no noticeable differences in any of the four variables between the pre-test and post-test.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study demonstrate that LKM may help to improve trust, and calling, and reduce communication anxiety and defensive medicine practice. The finding of LKM's effect extends the understanding of the integrative effects of positive psychology on the decrease of defensive medicine practice.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ChiCTR2300074568. Registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), 9 August, 2023.

Physics and the quest for transcendence: A Durkheimian approach

This essay aims to shed some light on the still common sense of a vocation among scientists. Taking its cue from Paul Forman's analysis of twentieth-century disciplinary science and Emile Durkheim's social view of religions, it suggests that modern scientific communities resemble religious communities in their penchant for transcendence. The essay aims to illustrate this perspective by looking at some developments within the physics discipline since its emergence in the late nineteenth century. One indication for this penchant is the tendency to distance oneself from the material conditions which allowed the discipline to flourish. These utilitarian conditions, industrial as well as material, were seen to pose a threat to the disinterested pursuit of truth. Another is the persistent tendency among theoretical physicists to search for otherworldly, immaterial and unifying foundations.

How calling emerges and develops during COVID-19: a qualitative study of medical students

INTRODUCTION

The presence of calling in medicine has been shown to be related to a preponderance of positive outcomes among medical students. However, only a few studies examined the antecedents of calling. Of this group, little is known about how a calling emerges and develops in a crisis situation. This study examines the processes underlying the emergence and development of calling when confronted with COVID-19.

METHODS

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with medical students (N = 28) from China from February to March 2020. Medical students reported their experiences about the emergence of calling, its antecedents, and its outcomes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach.

RESULTS

Four main themes were identified: (1) the definition of calling, (2) the trajectories of calling development, (3) the factors leading to the emergence of calling, and (4) the outcomes of the emergence of calling. Medical students conceptualized calling as both self- and other-oriented regarding serving the common good. Three calling paths were revealed: significantly enhanced, growing out of nothing, and remaining unchanged. Work sense-making and identity formation interact to facilitate the emergence of calling. The emergence of a calling affects career and study-related outcomes.

DISCUSSION

Our findings advance the concept of how the calling of medical students emerges and develops in response to life events through work sense-making and identity formation. Academic institutions and medical educators could leverage these events to facilitate calling discernment among medical students.

The effects of precarious employment and calling on the psychosocial health and work well-being of young and older workers in the care sector: a longitudinal study

OBJECTIVE

Employment conditions in the care sector are changing, and precarious employment (PE) is becoming more widespread, manifesting as undervaluation, adverse leadership, work overload, and inadequate control over work. This study aimed to examine changes in psychosocial health, work well-being, PE, and calling over time and explore the effects of PE and calling on psychosocial health and work well-being.

METHODS

The longitudinal study collected follow-up panel data in the three time points (2020, 2022, and 2023) from care workers (n = 1502), linear mixed effects models.

RESULTS

PE decreased (β =  - 0.02), and perceived work well-being increased (β = 0.04), but there were no change in psychosocial health (β =  - 0.01) and calling (β = 0.01) during the three-year period. Younger (< 39) care workers perceived higher levels of PE and had poorer psychological health. Moreover, PE had a negative effect on psychosocial health (β =  - 0.63) and work well-being (β =  - 0.68) and calling had a positive effect on psychosocial health (β = 0.41) and work well-being (β = 0.49) in multivariate models.

CONCLUSION

PE conditions affect work performance and employee well-being and may threaten patient care; therefore, it should be further investigated in the care sector. It is noteworthy that calling still seems to be central in care work. The results deepen the understanding of the current shortage crisis in health and social care workplaces but can also provide keys to resolving the crisis.

Effects of grit, calling, and resilience on the retention intention of general hospital nurses

AIM

This study aimed to determine the influence of personal factors such as grit, calling, and resilience on nurses' retention intention in South Korean general hospitals.

BACKGROUND

The global shortage and high turnover rate of nurses have become significant concerns with no clear solutions for increasing retention.

INTRODUCTION

Determining the factors related to the f general hospital nurses and retention intention is important for solving the problem of inadequate nursing personnel and improving the quality of nursing services.

METHODS

This study was a descriptive survey of 221 nurses working at a general hospital in South Korea from July 2021 to February 2022. Data were collected using self-reported online questionnaires, with measurement tools focusing on grit, calling, resilience, and retention intention. The STROBE checklist was used for reporting this study.

RESULTS

The average retention intention score was 5.35 ± 1.52 out of 8 points. Significant correlations were found between retention intention and grit, calling, and resilience. The factors influencing retention intention were job satisfaction, calling, marital status, and total career length, explaining 31.9% of the variance.

CONCLUSIONS

To enhance nurses' intention to remain at general hospitals, their job satisfaction and sense of a calling should be improved. Further research should be conducted to identify factors that influence retention intention, particularly among groups with low job retention, with consideration of individual characteristics that might affect retention intention.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY

Increasing nurses' retention intention would alleviate the nursing shortage, help hospitals retain competent nurses, reduce turnover-related costs, and improve organizational efficiency. Resolving the nursing shortage is critical for improving patient safety and nursing service quality at general hospitals.

Professional calling among nursing students: a latent profile analysis

BACKGROUND

One factor that influences nursing students' decision to pursue a nursing career is professional calling. It is important to comprehend nursing students' professional calling, which may have an impact on their career choice and career development.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate possible calling types and contributing variables among nursing students.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional descriptive study.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 10,583 nursing students were enrolled in this survey.

METHODS

From November 16th, 2022, to January 17th, 2023, a cross-sectional study was carried out among nursing students using a convenient sampling. The subjects were given the Chinese Calling Scale and the General Demographic Information Questionnaire. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to separate nursing students' professional calling into a variety of subgroups. To find the variables connected to the prospective calling categories, we used ordinal and multinomial Logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Respondents were divided into three calling groups, low (N = 3204), moderate (N = 4492), and high calling group (N = 2887), which accounted for 30.3%, 42.4%, and 27.3% of the total respondents, respectively, in accordance with the findings of the latent profile analysis. Across scale scores and dimensions for the three separate categories, three groups demonstrated statistically significant differences (both p < 0.001). Profile membership was predicted by 8 factors such as age, gender, location of origin, first volunteer experience, highest degree earned, marital status, student leadership experience, and political appearance.

CONCLUSION

Three latent calling patterns were found, and there was calling variability across nursing students. Special care should be given to students with low calling. Nursing students must use professional education tools to help them develop their career calling and stabilize the nursing team.

A longitudinal cohort study observed increasing perfectionism and declining resilience, ambiguity tolerance and calling during medical school which is not explained by student personality

BACKGROUND

The medical degree is a long and challenging program, not just academically, but regarding the expectations engrained in the culture of medical education. The recent proliferation of literature on the poor mental well-being among students suggests a dilemma that often lays the onus on students to improve their health. The link between personality and vulnerability to psychological distress is acknowledged. This longitudinal study looked at personality in 1^st-year and changes in levels of certain psychological traits, as proxy indicators of well-being, in 4^th-year. We aimed to determine to what extent changes in psychological traits over time may be attributed to personality.

METHODS

Medical students completed surveys at the start (1^st-year: baseline) and finish (4^th-year: follow-up) of their medical degree (N = 154). Temperament and character personality, Perfectionism-Concern over mistakes (CoM), Ambiguity Tolerance, Resilience, Calling to medicine, and demographic variables were measured. Paired t-tests compared changes in psychological traits from baseline to follow-up. Linear regression examined whether personality at baseline would predict levels of psychological traits at follow-up.

RESULTS

The temperament and character profile of the sample was as expected, and congruent with previous studies, which describe a mature personality. Over four years, levels of Perfectionism-CoM significantly increased, while Resilience, Ambiguity Tolerance and Calling to medicine decreased. Harm Avoidance, Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness at baseline significantly predicted levels of these traits at follow-up, but effect sizes were weak. Correlations were in the expected direction and weak.

CONCLUSIONS

Most commencing medical students, including this cohort, have mature personalities with an industrious temperament and an adaptable character. Yet over four years of medicine, Ambiguity Tolerance, Resilience and Calling declined while Perfectionism-CoM, already elevated at baseline, continued to increase to the final year. Of concern is the increased perfectionism that is strongly associated with poor mental health and psychological distress. The findings suggest a closer look at the entirety of the education environment and how its culture, including secondary school and the medical school admissions processes may influence these trends in students. As medical educators we should question why the pathway to medicine places such unhealthy pressure on students who aspire to be doctors.

Calling situated: a survey among medical students supplemented by a qualitative study and a comparison with a surveyed sample of physicians

BACKGROUND

Calling within the medical context receives growing academic attention and empirical research has started to demonstrate its beneficial effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate what motivates students to enter medical school and what role calling may play (i), to evaluate if calling influences the way in which they experience their studies (ii), and to compare medical students' experience of calling with those of physicians.

METHODS

A questionnaire survey was distributed among medical students (N = 1048; response rate above 60%) of the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. It was supplemented by a group discussion between bachelor medical students (N = 8) and senior physicians (N = 4), focusing on different facets of calling. An existing data set of a survey among physicians, addressing calling with the same questionnaire, was used to compare students' and physicians' attitudes towards calling. Survey data were analyzed with the habitual statistical procedures for categorical and continuous variables. The group discussion was analyzed with thematic analysis.

RESULTS

The survey showed that experiencing calling is a motivational factor for study choice and influences positively choice consistency. Students experiencing calling differed from those who did not: they attributed different definitions to calling, indicated more often prosocial motivational factors for entering medical school and perceived the learning context as less burdensome. The analysis of the group discussion revealed that the concept of calling has a fluid definition. It was conceived as having the characteristics of a double-edged sword and as originating from within or outside or from a dialectic interplay between the inner and outer world. Finally, calling is experienced less often by physicians than by medical students, with a decreasing prevalence as the immersion in the clinical years of the study of medicine progresses.

CONCLUSIONS

Calling plays an important role in study choice and consistency of medical students. Given its relevance for medical students and its ramifications with the learning context, calling should become a topic of the reflexive parts of the medical curriculum. We critically discuss the role played by calling for medical students and provide some perspectives on how calling could be integrated in the reflection and teaching on physicianhood.

Circadian rhythms of insect pheromone titer, calling, emission, and response: a review

Many insect species have circadian rhythms of pheromone production/titer, calling, emission, and response that are involved in intraspecific communication and impact pest management practices. Rhythms of pheromone biosynthesis, most studied in moths affecting forestry and agriculture, contribute to a periodicity of pheromone concentration or titer within glands or hemolymph. Calling rhythms by the pheromone-emitting sex are physical movements (pumping, vibrating wings) that aid in release and dispersion of the volatile pheromone components attractive to the opposite conspecific sex or both sexes. Circadian rhythms of emission of pheromone also occur as a result of an interaction between calling and the titer of pheromone available for release. Responding individuals usually show a coincidental rhythm of dispersal flight while seeking pheromone plumes in which, by orienting upwind, the insects find mates or food resources. However, some species begin searching an hour or more before the emitting sex initiates calling and emission, which benefits mass trapping control programs because the baited traps do not compete initially with natural pheromone sources. In our review, data of daily rhythms of moths and other insects were extracted from the literature by screen capture software to calculate mean time of activity and standard deviation and fit to normal curves. These methods are illustrated for various insects and as a basis for discussion of interactions of pheromonal circadian rhythms of the well-studied gypsy moth Lymantria dispar, spruce budworm moth Choristoneura fumiferana, turnip moth Agrotis segetum, and cabbage looper moth Trichoplusia ni. The various circadian rhythms are discussed in relation to application of species-specific sex and aggregation pheromones for benign biological control and management of pest insects.

Pediatric Nurses' Turnover Intention and Its Association with Calling in China's Tertiary Hospitals

PURPOSE

To examine the turnover intention of Chinese pediatric nurses, its influential socio-demographic factors, and the association with calling and job satisfaction.

DESIGN AND METHODS

We randomly surveyed 10% of the nurses from 50% of the children's tertiary hospitals nationwide in China. Data were collected on nurses' turnover intention and associated factors such as age, income, skill level, working years, job satisfaction, and calling in 2017.

RESULTS

In total, 547 nurses were surveyed, and the response rate was 98.6%. More than a third of pediatric nurses had the intention to quit their current jobs. Influential factors associated with turnover intention included position, skill level, calling, and job satisfaction. Low job satisfaction of administration, workload, relationships with colleagues, work itself, and remuneration and benefits were negatively associated with turnover intention, with the odds ratio of high turnover intention in the lowest level of satisfaction ranging from 2.0-7.8 when compared with the medium level. However, calling was the strongest factor influencing turnover intention, and a weak calling may increase the risk of high turnover intention more than ten times, after adjusting for job satisfaction. Job satisfaction may partially mediate the relationship between calling and turnover intention.

CONCLUSION

The turnover intention of nurses was high in Chinese pediatric tertiary hospital. Calling may be the strongest influential factor of turnover intention.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

To alleviate pediatric nurses' turnover rate, it may be helpful to develop interventions to increase job satisfaction and calling.

The mediating role of organizational commitment between calling and work engagement of nurses: A cross-sectional study

Objective

Nurse shortage is a critical problem for global healthcare services. It impacts the quality of clinical care. Work engagement is the core competence of hospitals, which indicates employee's positive attitude toward organization and work. This study aimed to explore the relationships among calling, organizational commitment, and work engagement.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was designed, and 320 nurses from tertiary hospitals in China completed the questionnaires that included demographic information, calling scale, employee engagement scale, and organizational commitment scale. Pearson correlation was performed to test the correlations among calling, organizational commitment, and work engagement. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to explore the mediating role of organizational commitment. The bootstrap method was employed to confirm the mediating effect.

Results

Nurses’ work engagement score was at the medium degree, whereas calling and organizational commitment were in the medium to high level. The results revealed that calling, organizational commitment, work engagement, and each dimension were positively correlated with one another (r = 0.145–0.922, P < 0.01). The organizational commitment plays a partially mediating effect between calling and work engagement (β = 0.603 to 0.333, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The mediation effect of organizational commitment was verified, which provided a comprehensive understanding of how calling impacted work engagement. Moreover, administrators should not only promote interventions to increase work engagement but also pay attention to calling and organizational commitment so as to improve their work engagement. Taken together, increased level of work engagement is required in the current nursing field.

•

Calling and organizational commitment have positive effects on work engagement.

•

Organizational commitment partially mediates the relationship between work engagement and calling.

•

Future career development programs for Chinese nurses should emphasize not only on work engagement but also on calling and organizational commitment.

SNP genotype calling and quality control for multi-batch-based studies

BACKGROUND

In genetic analyses, the term 'batch effect' refers to systematic differences caused by batch heterogeneity. Controlling this unintended effect is the most important step in quality control (QC) processes that precede analyses. Currently, batch effects are not appropriately controlled by statistics, and newer approaches are required.

METHODS

In this report, we propose a new method to detect the heterogeneity of probe intensities among different batches and a procedure for calling genotypes and QC in the presence of a batch effect. First, we conducted a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to test the differences in probe intensities among batches. If heterogeneity is detected, subjects should be clustered using a K-medoid algorithm using the averages of the probe intensity measurements for each batch and the genotypes of subjects in different clusters should be called separately.

RESULTS

The proposed method was used to assess genotyping data of 3619 subjects consisting of 1074 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 296 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 1153 controls. The proposed method improves the accuracy of called genotypes without the need to filter a lot of subjects and SNPs, and therefore is a reasonable approach for controlling batch effects.

CONCLUSIONS

We proposed a new strategy that detects batch effects with probe intensity measurement and calls genotypes in the presence of batch effects. The application of the proposed method to real data shows that it produces a balanced approach. Furthermore, the proposed method can be extended to various scenarios with a simple modification.

Driving behaviour while self-regulating mobile phone interactions: A human-machine system approach

Mobile phone distracted driving is a recurrent issue in road safety worldwide. Recent research on driving behaviour of distracted drivers suggests that in certain circumstances drivers seem to assume safer behaviours while using a mobile phone. Despite a high volume of research on this topic, self-regulation by mobile phone distracted drivers is not well understood as many driving simulator experiments are designed to impose an equal level of distraction to participants being tested for their driving performance. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between self-regulatory secondary task performance and driving. By a driving simulator experiment in which participants were allowed to perform their secondary tasks whenever they feel appropriate, the driving performance of 35 drivers aged 18-29 years was observed under three phone conditions including non-distraction (no phone use), hands-free interactions and visual-manual interactions in the CARRS-Q advanced driving simulator. Drivers' longitudinal and lateral vehicle control observed across various road traffic conditions were then modelled by Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) with exchangeable correlation structure accounting for heterogeneity resulting from multiple observations from the same driver. Results show that the extent of engagement in the secondary task influence both longitudinal and lateral control of vehicles. Drivers who engaged in a large number of hands-free interactions are found to select lower driving speed. In contrast, longer visual-manual interactions are found to result in higher driving speed among drivers self-regulating their secondary task. Among the road traffic conditions, drivers distracted by their self-regulated secondary tasks are found to select lower speeds along the s-curve compared to straight and motorway segments. In summary, the applied human-machine system approach suggests that road traffic demands play a vital role in both secondary task management and driving performance.

Should We All be Scientists? Re-thinking Laboratory Research as a Calling

In recent years there have been major shifts in how the role of science-and scientists-are understood. The critical examination of scientific expertise within the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) are increasingly eroding notions of the "otherness" of scientists. It would seem to suggest that anyone can be a scientist-when provided with the appropriate training and access to data. In contrast, however, ethnographic evidence from the scientific community tells a different story. Scientists are quick to recognize that not everyone can-or should-be a scientist. Appealing to notions such as "good hands" or "gut feelings", scientists narrate a distinction between good and bad scientists that cannot be reduced to education, access, or opportunity. The key to good science requires scientists to express an intuitive feeling for their discipline, but also that individuals derive considerable personal satisfaction from their work. Discussing this personal joy in-and "fittingness" of-scientific occupations using the fields of STS, ethics and science policy is highly problematic. In this paper we turn to theology discourse to analyze the notion of "callings" as a means of understanding this issue. Callings highlight the identification and examination of individual talents to determine fit occupations for specific persons. Framing science as a calling represents a novel view of research that places the talents and dispositions of individuals and their relationship to the community at the center of flourishing practices.

"It's Kind of a Dichotomy": Thoughts Related to Calling and Purpose from Pastors Working and Counseling in Urban Resource-Poor Communities

Pastors serving low-income urban areas are first-responders to emotional issues by default, since fewer mental health resources are available. Thus, it is important to understand how pastors serving urban resource-poor areas reflect on their counseling role. Forty-eight Black, Hispanic, and White pastors with urban congregations in Los Angeles or Chicago reflect on their pastoral calling and its relation to their counseling role. Through phenomenology, the pastors' lived experiences as they counseled in an urban context were explored. Analysis revealed complex feelings about their counseling role in light of their resource-poor environments. Recommendations are provided based on the findings.

The Association Between a Sense of Calling and Physician Well-Being: A National Study of Primary Care Physicians and Psychiatrists

OBJECTIVE

This study assesses the association between calling and physician well-being, clinical commitment, and burnout.

METHODS

In 2009-2010, a survey was mailed to 1504 primary care physicians (PCPs) and 512 psychiatrists drawn from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile. The primary independent variable was a single-item measure that assessed physicians' level of calling. Main outcomes were markers of physician well-being (career satisfaction and morale), clinical commitment (intentions to reduce time spent in direct patient care, leave practice in a few years), and experiences of burnout.

RESULTS

Adjusted response rates were 63 % (896/1427) for PCPs and 64 % (312/487) for psychiatrists. Forty-two percent of US PCPs and psychiatrists agree strongly that their practice of medicine is a calling. Physicians with a high sense of calling were less likely than those with low to report regret in choosing medicine as a career (18 vs. 38 %; odds ratio 0.3; 95 % confidence interval, 0.2-0.5), wanting to go into a different clinical specialty (28 vs. 49 %; OR 0.4; 95 % CI, 0.2-0.6), or wanting to leave the practice of medicine in the next few years (14 vs. 25 %, OR 0.4; 95 % CI 0.2-0.7). Physicians with a high sense of calling were less likely to report burnout (17 vs. 31 % low calling, OR 0.4; 95 % CI 0.3 to 0.7).

CONCLUSIONS

Physicians who reported that medicine was a calling may be experiencing higher levels of career satisfaction, more durable clinical commitments, and resilience from burnout. Though physicians may differ on their understanding of the concept of calling in medicine, this study highlights an important factor that should be investigated further when assessing long-term workforce retention in the fields of primary care and psychiatry.

Seasonality in anuran activity and calling season in a Brazilian subtemperate wetland

BACKGROUND

Most tropical regions have a climate characterized by marked seasonal rainfall patterns, and these seasonal patterns of rainfall directly affect anuran activity. However, in regions with temperate climates, the main aspect of climate related to anuran activity is the thermal regime. Thus, transitional climate regions represent good opportunities to study the effect of abiotic factors on anuran activity. In this study, we present new data on the activity pattern and calling season of Neotropical anurans in a subtemperate climate. Anuran activity was assessed based on the rate of capture of specimens in pitfall traps and calling surveys. The field study was conducted between May 2010 and April 2011 in wetlands in southernmost Brazil.

RESULTS

An analysis based on directional (circular) statistics showed that general activity in the studied anurans was significantly seasonal. In addition, the general activity pattern of most species was regulated by temperature, not by rainfall, and approached that observed in regions with a temperate climate. However, we did not record a well-defined peak in the number of species displaying calling activity. This parameter did not exhibit any influence of temperature variations or rainfall.

CONCLUSIONS

The observed general activity pattern is different from that expected for the majority of anurans inhabiting eastern South America. The present study showed that the general activity patterns of most anurans in the wetland region in southernmost Brazil are regulated by temperature and not rainfall, similar to the pattern of anuran assemblies from temperate climates. However, the nonexistence of a significant relationship between calling activity and any of the environmental variables tested suggests the presence of a different environmental factor (e.g., photoperiod or the length of the hydroperiod of the relevant water bodies) as a trigger for the levels of general calling activity.

Environmental factors influencing calling in sympatric anurans

Anuran reproduction is influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors, of which temperature and rainfall are the best studied. Here we examine the relationship between multiple abiotic environmental variables - specifically, air and water temperature, rainfall, barometric pressure, relative humidity and wind velocity - and the calling activity of five species (Rana sylvatica, Pseudacris crucifer, Bufo americanus, Rana clamitans, and Rana catesbeiana) in an anuran community in New Brunswick, Canada. Acoustical and environmental data were sampled hourly for 4 months during the breeding season in 1997. Logistic regression analyses indicated that each species responded to a unique combination of meteorological variables, even when calling concurrently. Calling in the spring breeding species, R. sylvatica, P. crucifer, and B. americanus, was most associated with the time of day (i.e., they called primarily at night), while calling in the summer breeding species, R. clamitans and R. catesbeiana, was associated primarily with high water temperature. Species with short breeding periods (i.e., explosive breeders; R. sylvatica, B. americanus) responded to fewer environmental variables than did species with prolonged breeding periods (P. crucifer, R. clamitans, R. catesbeiana). Prolonged breeding species responded differently to climatic variables throughout the breeding season: during the latter half of their calling periods, the time of day and a variable that predicts rain, i.e., barometric pressure, became more important, and water temperature became less important.