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Ghamry HI. Impending Chemotherapeutic Impact of Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles and/or Sorafenib against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Modulation of Antioxidant Status, Tumor Marker Genes, and Anti-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways. Toxics 2023; 11:107. [PMID: 36850982 PMCID: PMC9964820 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated Arthrospira platensis nanoparticles (NSP) to overcome sorafenib resistance in diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. This study used sixty Wistar male rats randomly grouped into two main groups, the normal control group, and the HCC model. For the normal control group (n = 12), animals were injected i.p. with PBS two times/week for 16 weeks. The remaining 48 rats were injected i.p. with using a single dose of diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) (200 mg/kg, ip), followed by phenobarbital sodium (0.05%) in drinking water for 16 weeks. At the end of the 16th week, rats were allocated into four groups (11 rats/each), one group was left without treatment (DENA group), and the other three groups were treated with either sorafenib (30 mg/kg; p.o.) or Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) (0.5 mg/kg body weight) once daily orally with the aid of gastric gavage or their combination for another four weeks. Blood and tissue samples were collected for further biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and gene expression analysis. Our result revealed that DENA-treated rats showed a marked elevation of hepatic enzyme markers with an increase in the total protein and globulin and decreases in the hepatic SOD. Catalase and GSH, with significantly increased MDA levels, subsequently increased the tumor biomarkers (AFP and CEA). On the molecular level, the DENA-treated rats showed significant up-regulation of Cyp19 mRNA and the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, iNOS, and TGF-1β) as well as the Ki-67 gene expression (p < 0.05) with down-regulation of the PPAR-γ and FOXO-1. In addition, the HCC group showed a loss of hepatic architecture, as well as atypia, swelling, macrosteatosis of hepatocytes, and fibrosis, besides increased vascularization. The immunohistochemical findings show increased expression of both GPC-3 and Hep Par 1 in the HCC group. SOR, NSP, or a combination of NSP and SOR.NSP treatment significantly overturned the DENA's harmful effect near the normal levels and restored all cancer biomarkers and antioxidant activities, indicating the chemotherapeutic impact of NSP. The present study provides evidence that NSP exerts a major anticancer effect on DENA-induced HCC. SOR/NSP is a promising combination for tumor suppression and overcoming sorafenib resistance in HCC by modulating antioxidants, anti-inflammatory signals, and tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba I Ghamry
- Department of Home Economics, College of Home Economics, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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Qin H, Ou L, Gao J, Chen L, Wang JW, Hao P, Li X. DENA: training an authentic neural network model using Nanopore sequencing data of Arabidopsis transcripts for detection and quantification of N 6-methyladenosine on RNA. Genome Biol 2022; 23:25. [PMID: 35039061 PMCID: PMC8762864 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Models developed using Nanopore direct RNA sequencing data from in vitro synthetic RNA with all adenosine replaced by N6-methyladenosine (m6A) are likely distorted due to superimposed signals from saturated m6A residues. Here, we develop a neural network, DENA, for m6A quantification using the sequencing data of in vivo transcripts from Arabidopsis. DENA identifies 90% of miCLIP-detected m6A sites in Arabidopsis and obtains modification rates in human consistent to those found by SCARLET, demonstrating its robustness across species. We sequence the transcriptome of two additional m6A-deficient Arabidopsis, mtb and fip37-4, using Nanopore and evaluate their single-nucleotide m6A profiles using DENA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Ou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Longxian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei Hao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Ali GF, Omar HA, Hersi F, Abo-Youssef AM, Ahmed OM, Mohamed WR. The protective role of etoricoxib against diethylnitrosamine/2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats: The impact of NF-κB/COX-2/PGE2 signaling. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:252-262. [PMID: 34238176 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210708103752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer ranks as the 7th and 5th leading cause of cancer morbidity worldwide in men and women, respectively. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and is associated with an increasing global burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the possible chemopreventive effect of etoricoxib on diethylnitrosamine (DENA) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF)-induced HCC in male Wistar rats. METHODS HCC was induced by DENA (150 mg/kg/week; i.p) for 2 weeks, then 2AAF (20 mg/kg; p.o) every other day for three successive weeks. Etoricoxib (0.6 mg/kg, p.o.) was given to DENA/2AAF-administered rats for 20 weeks. RESULTS Etoricoxib significantly suppressed alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19.9) as liver tumor biomarkers. It also decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin levels while increasing serum albumin levels. Besides, it alleviated DENA/2AAF-induced histopathological abrasions and inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, etoricoxib showed a potent antioxidant effect, supported by a significant lipid peroxide reduction and elevation in superoxide dismutase and GSH content activity. In addition, Etoricoxib significantly down-regulated the protein expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphorylated nuclear Factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the current results proved that etoricoxib possesses an anticarcinogenic effect via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and modulation of NF-κB/COX-2/PGE2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber F Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Hany A Omar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Fatema Hersi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 . United Arab Emirates
| | - Amira M Abo-Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Wafaa R Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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Elsayed MMA, Mostafa ME, Alaaeldin E, Sarhan HAA, Shaykoon MS, Allam S, Ahmed ARH, Elsadek BEM. Design And Characterisation Of Novel Sorafenib-Loaded Carbon Nanotubes With Distinct Tumour-Suppressive Activity In Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8445-8467. [PMID: 31754301 PMCID: PMC6825507 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s223920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Over the past 30 years, no consistent survival benefits have been recorded for anticancer agents of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), except for the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib (Nexavar®), which clinically achieves only ~3 months overall survival benefit. This modest benefit is attributed to limited aqueous solubility, slow dissolution rate and, consequently, limited absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, novel formulation modalities are in demand to improve the bioavailability of the drug to attack HCC in a more efficient manner. In the current study, we aimed to design a novel sorafenib-loaded carbon nanotubes (CNTs) formula that is able to improve the therapeutic efficacy of carried cargo against HCC and subsequently investigate the antitumour activity of this formula. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sorafenib was loaded on functionalized CNTs through physical adsorption, and an alginate-based method was subsequently applied to microcapsulate the drug-loaded CNTs (CNTs-SFN). The therapeutic efficacy of the new formula was estimated and compared to that of conventional sorafenib, both in vitro (against HepG2 cells) and in vivo (in a DENA-induced HCC rat model). RESULTS The in vitro MTT anti-proliferative assay revealed that the drug-loaded CNTs formula was at least two-fold more cytotoxic towards HepG2 cells than was sorafenib itself. Moreover, the in vivo animal experiments proved that our innovative formula was superior to conventional sorafenib at all assessed end points. Circulating AFP-L3% was significantly decreased in the CNTs-SFN-MCs-treated group (14.0%) in comparison to that of the DENA (40.3%) and sorafenib (38.8%) groups. This superiority was further confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assessment of some HCC-relevant biomarkers. CONCLUSION Our results firmly suggest the distinctive cancer-suppressive nature of CNTs-SFN-MCs, both against HepG2 cells in vitro and in a DENA-induced HCC rat model in vivo, with a preferential superiority over conventional sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud MA Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Eman Alaaeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Hatem AA Sarhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Montaser ShA Shaykoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shady Allam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed RH Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Bakheet EM Elsadek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
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Anwar F, Khan R, Sachan R, Kazmi I, Rawat A, Sabih A, Singh R, Afzal M, Ahmad A, Al-Orab AS, Al-Abbasi FA, Bhatt PC, Kumar V. Therapeutic role of calcium and vitamin K3 in chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis - new tools for cancer treatment. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:270-275. [PMID: 29663832 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1455708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
HCC has been reported to be immensely occurring carcinoma worldwide. Recent days the mortality occurred due to liver cancer has also been found to be increased at an alarming speed affecting mostly the young patients. The aim of the current study was to decipher the role of calcium and vitamin K3 in the treatment of chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the male Wistar rats. Liver cancer was induced via a subnecrogenic dose of 160 mg/kg body weight, diethylnitrosamine (DENA) when associated with fasting/refeeding in male Wistar rats. It elevated the serum glutamate oxaloacetate (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, total cholesterol (CH), triglycerides (TG), alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed marked carcinogenicity of the chemical carcinogen. Food, water intake and animal weights were also assessed, respectively. The animals exposed to DENA showed a significant decrease in the body weight. The elevated levels of serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP, AFP, TC and TG were restored by administration of calcium and Vit K (ad libitum) combination at higher dose than the normal dietary requirement (3 mg/kg) daily for 12 weeks p.o. Physiological and biochemical analysis showed the beneficial effects of calcium and vitamin K3 combination in the animals exposed to DENA. The results deciphered the beneficial effects of calcium and vitamin K3 in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Anwar
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyah Khan
- b Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy , Dehradun , India
| | - Richa Sachan
- c School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Republic of Korea
| | - Imran Kazmi
- d Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University , Saharanpur , Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alisha Rawat
- b Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy , Dehradun , India
| | | | - Rajbala Singh
- b Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy , Dehradun , India
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- e Department of Pharmacology , Jouf University , Sakaka , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz S Al-Orab
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - F A Al-Abbasi
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Prakash Chandra Bhatt
- f Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy , JamiaHamdard , New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- g Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences , Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHUATS) , Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh, India
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Khan R, Ashraf MS, Afzal M, Kazmi I, Jahangir MA, Singh R, Chandra R, Anwar F. Formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablet of rabeprazole using wet granulation technique. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6:180-4. [PMID: 25035637 PMCID: PMC4097931 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.130961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rabeprazole, a member of substituted benzimidazoles, inhibits the final step in gastric acid secretions. This drug claims to cause fastest acid separation (due to higher pKa), and more rapidly converts to the active species to aid gastric mucin synthesis. The most significant pharmacological action of Rabeprazole is dose dependent suppression of gastric acid secretion; without anticholinergic or H2-blocking action. It completely abolishes the hydrochloric acid secretion as it is powerful inhibitor of gastric acid. Rabeprazole is acid labile and hence commonly formulated as an enteric coated tablet. The absorption of rabeprazole occurs rapidly as soon as tablet leaves the stomach. Aim: In the present study an attempt was made to formulate and evaluate Rabeprazole sustained release matrix tablet using wet granulation technique incorporating various polymers like HPMC-E15, Carbopol934, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Materials and Methods: The Formulated tablets were evaluated for different physicochemical properties like rheological properties, weight variation, thickness, hardness, % friability, in vitro release studies and drug content. Results: Studies revealed that all the physicochemical parameters comply with the official standards. The in vitro release studies exhibits the release up to 90%, over a prolonged period of time which confirms the extended release profile of formulation, having better bioavailability as well as decreased dosing frequency with reduced doses. Conclusion: The sustained release matrix tablets of rabiprazole shown better bioavailability, efficacy and potency, when compared with official standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyah Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Md Shamim Ashraf
- Ibne Seena Pharmacy College, Azmi Vidya Nagri, Shahabad Dist. Hardoi, UP, India
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Rajbala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dehradun Institute of Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Zhang HX, Liu DD, Jin BJ, Wang YW, Liu Q, Duan RB, Zhao P, Ma MX. Changes of Serum Trace Elements, AFP, CEA, SF, T3, T4 and IGF-II in Different Periods of Rat Liver Cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 23:301-5. [PMID: 23357927 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-011-0301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on liver cancer model built in SD rats, the contents of trace elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca and Mg), AFP, CEA, SF, TH and IGF-II in serum were measured at different stages to explore the molecular changes during the rat liver cancer development. METHODS The SD rat liver cancer model was built by using diethylnitrosamine (DENA) as the mutagen. During 16 weeks of DENA gavage, blood samples were taken in the 14th, 28th, 56th, 77th, 105th and 112th days respectively after the first day of gavage with DENA, then the contents of five trace elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca and Mg), T3, T4, IGF-II, AFP, CEA and SF in serum were determined. RESULTS During the development of the rat liver cancer, in the test group, the Cu content significantly increased in serum, while the contents of Fe, Zn and Ca significantly decreased. The content of Mg showed no significant change. AFP and CEA of the test group showed same expression level with the control group; while the content of SF was lower than that of the control group when cancerization appeared. T3 and T4 increased at the first stage and then went down, and the content of IGF-II was always high. CONCLUSION Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca, T3, T4, SF and IGF-II are closely related to the development of liver cancer. The changes of their contents in the development of cancer could enlighten the researches on cancer pathogenesis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Afzal M, Kazmi I, Gupta G, Rahman M, Kimothi V, Anwar F. Preventive effect of Metformin against N-nitrosodiethylamine-initiated hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Saudi Pharm J 2012; 20:365-70. [PMID: 23960811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of Metformin in chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis was assessed in Wistar rats. Intraperitoneal administration of chemical carcinogen diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) (200 mg/kg) in single dose elevated the levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and reduced high density lipoproteins (HDL), total proteins (TPR) and blood glucose level in tested animals. Histopathological examinations of the liver tissue showed marked carcinogenicity of the chemical carcinogen. Food and water intake, animal weights and serum albumin (ALB) were also assessed. The animals exposed to DENA showed a significant decrease in the body weights and, there were no significant alterations found in the total bilirubin (TBR) levels and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP), whereas the decreased levels of serum ALB were maintained by Metformin treatment. The elevated levels of serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP, AFP, TC and TG were restored by administration of Metformin in reduced dose (125 mg/kg) daily for 16 weeks p.o. Physiological and biochemical analysis showed the beneficial effects of Metformin in the animals exposed to DENA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal
- Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, India
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