1
|
Ren H, Chen K, Xu X, Li R, Kang X, Chang F, Zhou Y, Peng D, Zhou Y, Jiang S, Cui JK. Identification and biological characterization of a new cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines sbsp.n. tabacum, parasitizing tobacco in China. Plant Dis 2024. [PMID: 38422438 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-23-2202-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In an investigation of diseases from plant-parasitizing nematodes in Henan Province, a cyst nematode was found on tobacco roots and in rhizosphere soil. We identified this strain as a new cyst nematode subspecies, Heterodera glycines sbsp.n. tabacum. The cysts and second-stage juveniles (J2) parasitizing Henan tobacco were larger than those of Heterodera glycines. A single 345-bp fragment was amplified from H. glycines sbsp.n. tabacum, whereas the 345-bp and 181-bp fragments were amplified from the soybean cyst nematode. Thus, H. glycines sbsp.n. tabacum was different from that of H. glycines. There were base transversions at 504 sites and base transitions at 560, 858, 920 and 921 sites in the rDNA-ITS sequences of H. glycines sbsp.n. tabacum compared with H. glycines, and there were base transitions at 41, 275, 278, and 380 sites in the mtDNA-COI sequences. In the phylogenetic tree based on the rDNA-ITS and mtDNA-COI regions, H. glycines sbsp.n. tabacum plants were clustered on a single branch. Based on the RAPD technique, SCAR-PCR primers were designed. A single 1113-bp fragment was amplified by specific primers (HtF1/HtR1) from H. glycines sbsp.n. tabacum, while no fragments were obtained from H. glycines. The Heterodera glycines sbsp.n. tabacum can infect soybean plants but cannot complete its life cycle. Eleven tested tobacco cultivars were infected, with an average Rf of 9.74 and a maximum of 64.2 in K326. The cumulative egg hatching rate of H. glycines sbsp.n. tabacum plants in the presence of tobacco root exudates was 42.6% at 32 days posthatching, which was significantly greater than that in the presence of soybean root exudates (30.3%) and sterile water (33.1%). In summary, the cyst nematode population parasitizing Henan tobacco was identified as a new subspecies, H. glycines sbsp.n. tabacum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Ren
- Henan Agricultural University, 70573, College of Plant Protection, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Kunyuan Chen
- Henan Agricultural University, 70573, College of Plant Protection, Zhengzhou, China;
| | | | - Rongchao Li
- Henan Agricultural University, 70573, College of Plant Protection, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Xiaobo Kang
- Henan Agricultural University, 70573, College of Plant Protection, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Fujie Chang
- Henan Agricultural University, 70573, College of Plant Protection, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Yang Zhou
- Henan Agricultural University, 70573, College of Plant Protection, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Deliang Peng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road No.2,, Beijing, China, 100193;
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China;
| | - Shijun Jiang
- Henan Agricultural University, 70573, College of Plant Protection, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Jiang-Kuan Cui
- Henan Agricultural University, 70573, College of Plant Protection, No. 95, Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China, 450002;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yates P, Janiol J, Li C, Song BH. Nematocidal Potential of Phenolic Acids: A Phytochemical Seed-Coating Approach to Soybean Cyst Nematode Management. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:319. [PMID: 38276776 PMCID: PMC10819391 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Soybeans, one of the most valuable crops worldwide, are annually decimated by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, resulting in massive losses in soybean yields and economic revenue. Conventional agricultural pesticides are generally effective in the short term; however, they pose growing threats to human and environmental health; therefore, alternative SCN management strategies are urgently needed. Preliminary findings show that phenolic acids are significantly induced during SCN infection and exhibit effective nematocidal activities in vitro. However, it is unclear whether these effects occur in planta or elicit any negative effects on plant growth traits. Here, we employed a phytochemical-based seed coating application on soybean seeds using phenolic acid derivatives (4HBD; 2,3DHBA) at variable concentrations and examined SCN inhibition against two SCN types. Moreover, we also examined plant growth traits under non-infected or SCN infected conditions. Notably, 2,3DHBA significantly inhibited SCN abundance in Race 2-infected plants with increasingly higher chemical doses. Interestingly, neither compound negatively affected soybean growth traits in control or SCN-infected plants. Our findings suggest that a phytochemical-based approach could offer an effective, more environmentally friendly solution to facilitate current SCN management strategies and fast-track the development of biopesticides to sustainably manage devastating pests such as SCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (P.Y.)
| | - Juddy Janiol
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (P.Y.)
| | - Changbao Li
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, 9 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Bao-Hua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (P.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tran DT, Mitchum MG, Zhang S, Wallace JG, Li Z. Soybean microbiome composition and the impact of host plant resistance. Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1326882. [PMID: 38288404 PMCID: PMC10822979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1326882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Microbial communities play an important role in the growth and development of plants, including plant immunity and the decomposition of complex substances into absorbable nutrients. Hence, utilizing beneficial microbes becomes a promising strategy for the optimization of plant growth. The objective of this research was to explore the root bacterial profile across different soybean genotypes and the change in the microbial community under soybean cyst nematode (SCN) infection in greenhouse conditions using 16S rRNA sequencing. Soybean genotypes with soybean cyst nematode (SCN) susceptible and resistant phenotypes were grown under field and greenhouse conditions. Bulked soil, rhizosphere, and root samples were collected from each replicate. Sequencing of the bacterial 16S gene indicated that the bacterial profile of soybean root and soil samples partially overlapped but also contained different communities. The bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominate the soybean root-enriched microbiota. The structure of bacteria was significantly affected by sample year (field) or time point (greenhouse). In addition, the host genotype had a small but significant effect on the diversity of the root microbiome under SCN pressure in the greenhouse test. These differences may potentially represent beneficial bacteria or secondary effects related to SCN resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dung T. Tran
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Melissa G. Mitchum
- Department of Plant Pathology, and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jason G. Wallace
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Zenglu Li
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Field trials were conducted to assess the benefit of combining a transgenic soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance trait, Cry14Ab-1 expressed by the event GMB151, with the native resistance allele rhg1b from PI 88788. The GMB151 event and rhg1b were crossed into common genetic backgrounds and segregated out to create four genetically related lines within each background. The lines created contained both native and transgenic resistance (rhg1b + GMB151), only native resistance (rhg1b alone), only transgenic resistance (GMB151 alone), or neither resistance type (susceptible). The benefit of GMB151 and rhg1b for SCN management was evaluated by measuring SCN control and yield protection. Soybean cyst nematode control was assessed by counting the number of females and cysts on roots early in the season and measuring the change in SCN egg population density over the entire season. The GMB151 transgenic event and the native resistance allele rhg1b both reduced early season SCN reproduction and contributed to significantly higher soybean yield. Compared to susceptible lines, the rhg1b allele improved yield by 33%, while GMB151 improved yield by 13%. Combining the GMB151 event and rhg1b allele resulted in greater SCN control and yield improvement than either provided alone. The combination of GMB151 and rhg1b reduced season-long SCN reproduction by 50% and resulted in 44% greater yield than the susceptible lines. Soybean cyst nematode virulence to rhg1b continues to increase due to the continuous planting of PI 88788-derived resistant cultivars. Pyramiding GMB151 with rhg1b provides a new management option to improve SCN control and soybean yield.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ste-Croix DT, Bélanger RR, Mimee B. Single Nematode Transcriptomic Analysis, Using Long-Read Technology, Reveals Two Novel Virulence Gene Candidates in the Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119440. [PMID: 37298400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, SCN), is the most damaging disease of soybean in North America. While management of this pest using resistant soybean is generally still effective, prolonged exposure to cultivars derived from the same source of resistance (PI 88788) has led to the emergence of virulence. Currently, the underlying mechanisms responsible for resistance breakdown remain unknown. In this study, we combined a single nematode transcriptomic profiling approach with long-read sequencing to reannotate the SCN genome. This resulted in the annotation of 1932 novel transcripts and 281 novel gene features. Using a transcript-level quantification approach, we identified eight novel effector candidates overexpressed in PI 88788 virulent nematodes in the late infection stage. Among these were the novel gene Hg-CPZ-1 and a pioneer effector transcript generated through the alternative splicing of the non-effector gene Hetgly21698. While our results demonstrate that alternative splicing in effectors does occur, we found limited evidence of direct involvement in the breakdown of resistance. However, our analysis highlighted a distinct pattern of effector upregulation in response to PI 88788 resistance indicative of a possible adaptation process by SCN to host resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dave T Ste-Croix
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lian Y, Yuan M, Wei H, Li J, Ding B, Wang J, Lu W, Koch G. Identification of resistant sources from Glycine max against soybean cyst nematode. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1143676. [PMID: 36959928 PMCID: PMC10028208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines, HG) is one of the severe pests in plant-parasitic nematodes, which impairs root development and causes severe losses in soybean production worldwide. Breeding SCN-resistant cultivars is an important measure for securing harvests without affecting the environment, as can be done with pesticides. The majority of genetic resources for plant pest resistances are found in wild or closely related species which are often difficult to use in breeding due to crossing barriers or close linkage with unfavorable agronomic traits. In this study, 12 soybean cultivars were evaluated for their marker haplotype at the rhg1 and Rhg4 SCN resistance loci and their SCN resistance tested against multiple races in environmentally controlled bioassays. The results showed that all 12 cultivars displayed Peking-type resistance marker haplotypes and all of them proved to be resistant to multiple SCN races. These cultivars provide potential for improving H. glycines resistance of soybean as donor parent in breeding and can contribute to reduce SCN field populations as part of a sustainable agriculture management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lian
- Henan Academy of Crop Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Qiqihar Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Wei
- Henan Academy of Crop Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinying Li
- Henan Academy of Crop Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Binke Ding
- College of Agricultural, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinshe Wang
- Henan Academy of Crop Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Henan Academy of Crop Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Georg Koch
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
MacGuidwin AE, Smith DL, Conley SP, Saikai KA. Prevalence of pest nematodes associated with soybean ( Glycine max) in Wisconsin from 1998 to 2021. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230053. [PMID: 38558769 PMCID: PMC10981769 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Heterodera glycines and other cyst and vermiform genera was determined from 8,009 soil samples over two decades. Prevalence of cyst nematodes for farms increased from 16% in 1998 to 1999, reaching a peak of 40%, with marked differences among Wisconsin's nine agricultural districts in how much the odds of a positive test increased. Estimates at the sample scale also increased over time but peaked at 29%. Assay of all nematodes beginning in 2012 showed Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, and Xiphinema to be more prevalent in Wisconsin soybean fields than cyst nematodes. Prevalence estimates for Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus for soybean and rotation crops ranged from 76 to 89% and 58 to 83%, respectively. Species identification of Pratylenchus from a subset of the samples revealed six species. The majority of cyst-positive samples were infested with Pratylenchus, and count data showed that the number of cyst eggs and juveniles per 100 cm3 soil was 60% lower in samples positive for Pratylenchus. The influence was reciprocal, as Pratylenchus population densities were 41% lower in samples positive for cyst nematodes, suggesting a competitive interaction. The Wisconsin soybean nematode testing program provides a useful model for estimating nematode prevalence using citizen-based surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. MacGuidwin
- Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - D. L. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - S. P. Conley
- Department of Agronomy, 1575 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - K. A. Saikai
- Agro-Systems Research, Wageningen University and Research, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rocha LF, Kinsel ME, Bond JP, Fakhoury AM. Chemical Profiles of Heterodera glycines Suppressive Soils in Double Cropping Soybean Production. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230030. [PMID: 37818528 PMCID: PMC10561077 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported soybean fields double-cropped with winter wheat having reduced soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines) counts compared to fallow. A follow-up metagenomics study identified several fungal and bacterial taxa enriched in wheat fields, and some were reported to parasitize SCN. Knowing that phytocompounds with potential nematicidal activity are released via wheat roots and stubble, we implemented a dichloromethane-based extraction method and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) system to investigate soil chemical profiles of samples collected from these fields and review the potential nematicidal activity of compounds with higher concentration in double cropping fields. 51 compounds were detected during the GCMS analysis, eight with unknown identification. Several compounds, including multiple fatty acids, had larger relative peak areas when double-cropped, compared to fallow samples. This study, along with our previously published one, provided a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern the effect of wheat on SCN populations. Rather than driven by a single mechanism, the suppression of SCN in soybean fields double-cropped with winter wheat was potentially linked to enriched microbial communities, increased populations of beneficial organisms, and higher concentrations of chemicals with potential nematicidal activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study using GCMS to characterize soil chemical profiles in soybean fields double-cropped with winter wheat regarding the suppression of SCN populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F. Rocha
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Mary E. Kinsel
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Jason P. Bond
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Ahmad. M. Fakhoury
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kessler AC, Koehler AM. Seed Treatments for Management of Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines, in Mid-Atlantic Soybean Production. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230026. [PMID: 37533966 PMCID: PMC10390846 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is the most important pathogen of soybean in the Mid-Atlantic region. In recent decades, a decline in the effectiveness of genetic resistance has been observed and additional management approaches are needed. Seed treatments are of rising interest, but no local data on product response exists for the region. In 2020-2021, two experiments were conducted to observe the effects of chemical and biological seed treatment options. In one experiment, chemical seed treatments pydiflumetofen (Saltro®) and fluopyram (ILEVO®) were screened against nontreated plain seed for SCN suppression. In a second experiment, pydiflumetofen, fluopyram and four biological nematode-protectant seed treatments with a standard base insecticide and fungicide treatment were compared to nontreated plain seed and seed with only the standard base treatment to test product efficacy against SCN. Seed treatments increased the percent emergence over plain seed. Nematode reproductive factors and female counts from roots were collected, but did not statistically differ between seed treatments or plain seed. Yield differences were observed in one of the five trials, where pydiflumetofen + base seed treatment yielded the highest (p < 0.001) at 3813.1 kg/ha. Response from seed treatments varied, with no specific seed treatment consistently reducing SCN populations or increasing yield across trials. Seed treatments may have potential as an element of an integrated management approach for SCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa M. Koehler
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen J, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Zhao D, Zhou C, Shi R, Sun M, Zhang L, Chen G, Li H, Chen L, Xiao G. Evaluation Soybean Cultivars for Reaction to Heterodera glycines Populations HG Types 7 and 1.3.4.7 in Northeast China. Life (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36676196 DOI: 10.3390/life13010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines (SCN) is a major threat to global soybean production. Effective management of this disease is dependent on the development of resistant cultivars. Two SCN HG Types, 7 and 1.3.4.7. were previously identified as prevalent H. glycines populations in Northeast China. In order to evaluate soybean cultivars resistant to local SCN populations, 110 domestic commercial soybeans from different regions of Northeast China were assessed in the greenhouse to determine their potential as novel sources of resistance. The results suggested that cultivars responded differently to the two HG types. Of the 110 soybean cultivars evaluated, 24 accessions were classified as resistant or moderately resistant to HG Type 7, and five cultivars were classified as resistant or moderately resistant to HG Type 1.3.4.7. Among the tested cultivars, Kangxian 12 and Qingdou 13 had resistance response to both HG types 7 and 1.3.4.7. Thus, these broad-based SCN cultivars will be the valuable materials in the SCN resistance breeding program.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ste-Croix DT, Bélanger RR, Mimee B. Characterization of microRNAs in the cyst nematode Heterodera glycines identifies possible candidates involved in cross-kingdom interactions with its host Glycine max. RNA Biol 2023; 20:614-628. [PMID: 37599428 PMCID: PMC10443972 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2244790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN - Heterodera glycines) is one of the most damaging pests to the cultivated soybean worldwide. Using a wide array of stylet-secreted effector proteins, this nematode can restructure its host cells into a complex and highly active feeding structure called the syncytium. Tight regulation of these proteins is thought to be essential to the successful formation of this syncytium. To date, multiple mechanisms have been proposed to regulate the expression of these proteins including through post-transcriptional regulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, roughly 22-nucleotide-long, non-coding RNA shown to regulate gene expression through its interaction with the 3' untranslated region of genes. These same small RNAs have also been hypothesized to be able to cross over kingdom barriers and regulate genes in other species in a process called cross-kingdom interactions. In this study, we characterized the miRNome of the SCN via sequencing of small-RNAs isolated from whole nematodes and exosomes representing all developmental stages. We identified 121 miRNA loci encoding 96 distinct miRNA families including multiple lineage- and species-specific candidates. Using a combination of plant- and animal-specific miRNA target predictors, we generated a unique repertoire of miRNA:mRNA interacting partners in the nematode and its host plant leading to the identification of a set of nine probable cross-kingdom miRNA candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dave T. Ste-Croix
- Saint-Jean-Sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-Sur-Richelieu, Canada
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard R. Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Saint-Jean-Sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-Sur-Richelieu, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arjoune Y, Sugunaraj N, Peri S, Nair SV, Skurdal A, Ranganathan P, Johnson B. Soybean cyst nematode detection and management: a review. Plant Methods 2022; 18:110. [PMID: 36071455 PMCID: PMC9450454 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybeans play a key role in global food security. U.S. soybean yields, which comprise [Formula: see text] of the total soybeans planted in the world, continue to experience unprecedented grain loss due to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) plant pathogen. SCN remains one of the primary disruptive pests despite the existence of advanced management techniques such as crop rotation and SCN-resistant varieties. SCN detection is a key step in managing this disease; however, early detection is challenging because soybeans do not show any above ground symptoms unless they are significantly damaged. Direct soil sampling remains the most common method for SCN detection, however, this method has several problems. For example, the threshold damage methods-adopted by most of the laboratories to make recommendations-is not reliable as it does not consider soil pH, N, P, and K values and relies solely on the egg count instead of assessment of the root infection. To overcome the challenges of manual soil sampling methods, deep learning and hyperspectral imaging are important current topics in precision agriculture for plant disease detection and have been proposed as cost-effective and efficient detection methods that can work at scale. We have reviewed more than 150 research papers focusing on soybean cyst nematodes with an emphasis on deep learning techniques for detection and management. First: we describe soybean vegetation and reproduction stages, SCN life cycles, and factors influencing this disease. Second: we highlight the impact of SCN on soybean yield loss and the challenges associated with its detection. Third: we describe direct sampling methods in which the soil samples are procured and analyzed to evaluate SCN egg counts. Fourth: we highlight the advantages and limitations of these direct methods, then review computer vision- and remote sensing-based detection methods: data collection using ground, aerial, and satellite approaches followed by a review of machine learning methods for image analysis-based soybean cyst nematode detection. We highlight the evaluation approaches and the advantages of overall detection workflow in high-performance and big data environments. Lastly, we discuss various management approaches, such as crop rotation, fertilization, SCN resistant varieties such as PI 88788, and SCN's increasing resistance to these strategies. We review machine learning approaches for soybean crop yield forecasting as well as the influence of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers on SCN infestation reduction. We provide recommendations for soybean research using deep learning and hyperspectral imaging to accommodate the lack of the ground truth data and training and testing methodologies, such as data augmentation and transfer learning, to achieve a high level of detection accuracy while keeping costs as low as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youness Arjoune
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Niroop Sugunaraj
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Sai Peri
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Sreejith V. Nair
- Department of Aviation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Anton Skurdal
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Prakash Ranganathan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Burton Johnson
- Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Niraula PM, McNeece BT, Sharma K, Alkharouf NW, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. The central circadian regulator CCA1 functions in Glycine max during defense to a root pathogen, regulating the expression of genes acting in effector triggered immunity (ETI) and cell wall metabolism. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 185:198-220. [PMID: 35704989 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the central circadian oscillator components CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1), TIMING OF CAB1 (TOC1), GIGANTEA (GI), and CONSTANS (CO) occurs in Glycine max root cells (syncytia) parasitized by the nematode Heterodera glycines while undergoing resistance, indicating a defense role. GmCCA1-1 relative transcript abundance (RTA) in roots experiencing overexpression (OE) or RNA interference (RNAi) is characterized by rhythmic oscillations, compared to a ribosomal protein gene (GmRPS21) control. A GmCCA1-1 RTA change, advancing by 12 h, exists in H. glycines-infected as compared to uninfected controls in wild-type, H. glycines-resistant, G. max[Peking/PI 548402]. The G. max[Peking/PI 548402] transgenic controls exhibit the RTA change by 4 h post infection (hpi), not consistently occurring in the H. glycines-susceptible G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] until 56 hpi. GmCCA1-1 expression is observed to be reduced in H. glycines-infected GmCCA1-1-OE roots as compared to non-infected transgenic roots with no significant change observed among RNAi roots. The GmCCA1-1 expression in transgenic GmCCA1-1-OE roots remains higher than control and RNAi roots. Decreased GmCCA1-1 mRNA among infected roots shows the altered expression is targeted by H. glycines. Gene expression of proven defense genes including 9 different mitogen activated protein kinases (GmMAPKs), NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (GmNDR1-1), RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN 4 (GmRIN4-4), and the secreted xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase 43 (GmXTH43) in GmCCA1-1-OE and GmCCA1-1-RNAi roots, compared to controls, reveal a significant role of GmCCA1-1 expression in roots undergoing defense to H. glycines parasitism. The observation that GmCCA1-1 regulates GmXTH43 expression links the central circadian oscillator to the functionality of the secretion system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Brant T McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Nadim W Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA.
| | - Katherine S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Vincent P Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA; USDA-ARS-NEA-BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory Building 004, Room 122, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA; Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang M, Jiang Y, Qin R, Jiang D, Chang D, Tian Z, Li C, Wang C. Full-Length Transcriptional Analysis of the Same Soybean Genotype With Compatible and Incompatible Reactions to Heterodera glycines Reveals Nematode Infection Activating Plant Defense Response. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:866322. [PMID: 35665156 PMCID: PMC9158574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.866322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Full-length transcriptome sequencing with long reads is a powerful tool to analyze transcriptional and post-transcriptional events; however, it has not been applied on soybean (Glycine max). Here, a comparative full-length transcriptome analysis was performed on soybean genotype 09-138 infected with soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) race 4 (SCN4, incompatible reaction) and race 5 (SCN5, compatible reaction) using Oxford Nanopore Technology. Each of 9 full-length samples collected 8 days post inoculation with/without nematodes generated an average of 6.1 GB of clean data and a total of 65,038 transcript sequences. After redundant transcripts were removed, 1,117 novel genes and 41,096 novel transcripts were identified. By analyzing the sequence structure of the novel transcripts, a total of 28,759 complete open reading frame (ORF) sequences, 5,337 transcription factors, 288 long non-coding RNAs, and 40,090 novel transcripts with function annotation were predicted. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that growth hormone, auxin-activated signaling pathway and multidimensional cell growth, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were enriched by infection with both nematode races. More DEGs associated with stress response elements, plant-hormone signaling transduction pathway, and plant-pathogen interaction pathway with more upregulation were found in the incompatible reaction with SCN4 infection, and more DEGs with more upregulation involved in cell wall modification and carbohydrate bioprocess were detected in the compatible reaction with SCN5 infection when compared with each other. Among them, overlapping DEGs with a quantitative difference was triggered. The combination of protein-protein interaction with DEGs for the first time indicated that nematode infection activated the interactions between transcription factor WRKY and VQ (valine-glutamine motif) to contribute to soybean defense. The knowledge of the SCN-soybean interaction mechanism as a model will present more understanding of other plant-nematode interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Ruifeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Doudou Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Zhongyan Tian
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if cover crops directly decrease population densities of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, and/or have residual effects on reproduction of the nematode on soybean (Glycine max). Population densities of SCN were not significantly decreased by nine cover crop plants or three cover crop mixes compared with a non-planted soil control in a repeated 60-day-long greenhouse experiment. When susceptible soybeans were grown in the soils after cover crop growth, fewer SCN females formed after three annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars (Bounty, King, and RootMax), the Daikon radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) cultivar CCS779, Kodiak mustard (Brassica juncea), and a mix containing cereal rye, crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), plus Daikon radish (cultivars not stated) compared with following the non-planted control. In another repeated experiment, cover crops were grown for 56 days in SCN-infested soil in the greenhouse then exposed to Iowa winter conditions for 28 days to simulate winter termination of the plants. One treatment, a cover crop mix containing 'Bounty' annual ryegrass plus 'Enricher' Daikon radish, had a decrease in SCN population density greater than the non-planted control at the end of the experiment. Significantly fewer SCN females formed on soybeans grown after several cover crops, including the three annual ryegrass cultivars that had the suppressive residual effects in the first experiment. In summary, there were no cover crop treatments that consistently decreased SCN population densities across experiments, and only one cover crop treatment in one experiment significantly reduced SCN population densities more than a non-planted soil control. However, there was a somewhat consistent, adverse, residual effect of cover crops on reproduction of SCN on susceptible soybeans after growth of multiple cover crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J Harbach
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Gregory L Tylka
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Niu L, Yang J, Liu X, Xing G, Zhong X, Yang X. Enhanced resistance to soybean cyst nematode in transgenic soybean via host-induced silencing of vital Heterodera glycines genes. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:239-248. [PMID: 35133563 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is the most economically damaging pathogen affecting soybean production worldwide. Host-induced gene silencing provides a promising approach to confer resistance to plant parasitic nematodes. In the present study, we produced stable transgenic soybean plants individually harboring the inverted repeats of three essential H. glycines genes, Hg-rps23, Hg-snb1, and Hg-cpn1, and evaluated their resistance to SCN infection. Molecular characterization confirmed the stable integration of the hairpin double stranded (ds) RNA in host plants. Inoculation assays with SCN race 3 showed significant reduction of female index (FI, 11.84 ~ 17.47%) on the roots of T4 transgenic plants, with 73.29 ~ 81.90% reduction for the three RNA interference (RNAi) constructs, compared to non-transformed plants (NT, 65.43%). Enhanced resistance to SCN race 3 was further confirmed in subsequent generations (T5) of transgenic soybean. Moreover, when inoculated with SCN race 4 which was considered highly virulent to most of soybean germplasms and varieties, transgenic soybean plants also exhibited reduced FIs (9.96 ~ 23.67%) and increased resistance, relative to the NT plants (46.46%). Consistently, significant down-regulation in transcript levels of the Hg-rps23, Hg-snb1, Hg-cpn1 genes were observed in the nematodes feeding on the transgenic roots, suggesting a broad-spectrum resistance mediated by the host-mediated silencing of vital H. glycines genes. There were no significant differences in morphological traits between transgenic and NT soybean plants under conditions with negligible SCN infection. In summary, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of host-induced silencing of essential H. glycines genes to enhance broad-spectrum SCN resistance in stable transgenic soybean plants, without negative consequences on the agronomic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Lu Niu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Guojie Xing
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lei P, Qi N, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhu X, Xuan Y, Liu X, Fan H, Chen L, Duan Y. Soybean miR159 -GmMYB33 Regulatory Network Involved in Gibberellin-Modulated Resistance to Heterodera glycines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13172. [PMID: 34884977 PMCID: PMC8658632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is an obligate sedentary biotroph that poses major threats to soybean production globally. Recently, multiple miRNAome studies revealed that miRNAs participate in complicated soybean-SCN interactions by regulating their target genes. However, the functional roles of miRNA and target genes regulatory network are still poorly understood. In present study, we firstly investigated the expression patterns of miR159 and targeted GmMYB33 genes. The results showed miR159-3p downregulation during SCN infection; conversely, GmMYB33 genes upregulated. Furthermore, miR159 overexpressing and silencing soybean hairy roots exhibited strong resistance and susceptibility to H. glycines, respectively. In particular, miR159-GAMYB genes are reported to be involve in GA signaling and metabolism. Therefore, we then investigated the effects of GA application on the expression of miR159-GAMYB module and the development of H. glycines. We found that GA directly controls the miR159-GAMYB module, and exogenous GA application enhanced endogenous biologically active GA1 and GA3, the abundance of miR159, lowered the expression of GmMYB33 genes and delayed the development of H. glycines. Moreover, SCN infection also results in endogenous GA content decreased in soybean roots. In summary, the soybean miR159-GmMYB33 module was directly involved in the GA-modulated soybean resistance to H. glycines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piao Lei
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Nawei Qi
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (N.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.L.); (H.F.); (L.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chowdhury IA, Yan G, Plaisance A, Markell S. Characterization of Virulence Phenotypes of Soybean Cyst Nematode ( Heterodera glycines) Populations in North Dakota. Phytopathology 2021; 111:2100-2109. [PMID: 33851860 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0031-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) continues to be the greatest threat to soybean production in the United States. Because host resistance is the primary strategy used to control SCN, knowledge of SCN virulence phenotypes (HG types) is necessary for choosing sources of resistance for SCN management. To characterize SCN virulence phenotypes in North Dakota, a total of 419 soybean fields across 22 counties were sampled during 2015, 2016, and 2017. SCN was detected in 42% of the fields sampled, and population densities in these samples ranged from 30 to 92,800 eggs and juveniles per 100 cm3 of soil. The SCN populations from some of the infested fields were virulence-phenotyped with seven soybean indicator lines and a susceptible check ('Barnes') using the HG type tests. Overall, 73 SCN field populations were successfully virulence-phenotyped. The HG types detected in North Dakota were HG types 0 (frequency rate: 36%), 7 (27%), 2.5.7 (19%), 5.7 (11%), 1.2.5.7 (4%), and 2.7 (2%). However, before this study only HG type 0 was detected in North Dakota. The designation of each of these HG types detected was also validated by repeating the HG type tests for 33 arbitrarily selected samples. This research for the first time reports several new HG types detected in North Dakota and confirms that the virulence of SCN populations is shifting and overcoming resistance, highlighting the necessity of using different resistance sources, rotating resistance sources, and identifying novel resistance sources for SCN management in North Dakota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guiping Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Addison Plaisance
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Samuel Markell
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yan J, Xing Z, Lei P, Sikandar A, Yang R, Wang Y, Zhu X, Liu X, Fan H, Xuan Y, Chen L, Duan Y. Evaluation of Scopoletin from Penicillium janthinellum Snef1650 for the Control of Heterodera glycines in Soybean. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1143. [PMID: 34833019 DOI: 10.3390/life11111143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is responsible for causing a major soybean disease globally. The fungal strain Penicillium janthinellum Snef1650 was evaluated against H. glycines. However, the effective determinants of the P. janthinellum strain are unknown. By performing pot experiments, a functioning compound was isolated from P. janthinellum Snef1650 through organic solvent extraction, semi-preparative HPLC, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and silica gel column chromatography, and the isolated compound was identified to be scopoletin through 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HPLC–MS. The pot experiments indicated that the treatment of soybean seeds with scopoletin drastically reduced the SCN population. The field experiments performed in 2017 and 2018 revealed that scopoletin decreased over 43.7% juveniles in the roots and over 61.55% cysts in the soil. Scopoletin treatment also promoted soybean growth and improved its yield, with an increase in plot yield by >5.33%. Scopoletin obtained from P. janthinellum Snef1650 could be used as an anti-H. glycines biocontrol agent.
Collapse
|
20
|
Meinhardt C, Howland A, Ellersieck M, Scaboo A, Diers B, Mitchum MG. Resistance Gene Pyramiding and Rotation to Combat Widespread Soybean Cyst Nematode Virulence. Plant Dis 2021; 105:3238-3243. [PMID: 33449807 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2556-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is an important pathogen of soybean causing >$1 billion in yield losses annually in the United States. Planting SCN-resistant soybean cultivars is the primary management strategy. Resistance genes derived from the plant introduction (PI) 88788 (rhg1-b) and PI 548402 (Peking; rhg1-a and Rhg4) are the main types of resistance available in commercial cultivars. The PI 88788 rhg1-b resistance allele is found in the majority of SCN-resistant cultivars in the north central United States. The widespread use of PI 88788 rhg1-b has led to limited options for farmers to rotate resistance sources to manage SCN. Consequently, overreliance on a single type of resistance has resulted in the selection of SCN populations that have adapted to reproduce on these resistant cultivars. Here we evaluated the effectiveness of rotating soybean lines with different combinations of resistance genes to determine the best strategy for combating the widespread increase in virulent SCN and limit future nematode adaptation to resistant cultivars. Eight SCN populations were developed by continuous selection of a virulent SCN field population (Heterodera glycines [HG] type 1.2.5.7) on a single resistance source or in rotation with soybean pyramiding different resistance gene alleles derived from PI 88788 (rhg1-b), PI 437654 (rhg1-a and Rhg4), PI 468916 (cqSCN-006 and cqSCN-007), and PI 567516C (Chr10). SCN population densities were determined for eight generations. HG type tests were conducted after the eighth generation to evaluate population shifts. The continued use of rhg1-b or 006/007 had limited effectiveness for reducing SCN type 1.2.5.7 population density, whereas rotation to the use of rhg1-a/Rhg4 resistance significantly reduced SCN population density but selected for broader SCN virulence (HG type 1.2.3.5.6.7). A rotation of rhg1-a/Rhg4 with a pyramid of rhg1-b/006/007/Chr10 was the most effective combination at both reducing population density and minimizing selection pressure. Our results provide guidance for implementation of a strategic SCN resistance rotation plan to manage the widespread virulence on PI 88788 and sustain the future durability of SCN resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Meinhardt
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Amanda Howland
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Mark Ellersieck
- Agriculture Experiment Station Statistician, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Andrew Scaboo
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Brian Diers
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Fan H, Liu X, Wang D, Zhao D, Duan Y, Zhu X, Chen L. Characterization of Virulence Phenotypes of Heterodera glycines in Heilongjiang, Northeast China. Plant Dis 2021; 105:2056-2060. [PMID: 33591830 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0820-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about virulent phenotypes of Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, 1952 (soybean cyst nematode, SCN) is essential for breeding resistant cultivars and managing this nematode. Heilongjiang Province is the major soybean-producing region in China. SCN has been reported in 63 regions in Heilongjiang Province. To determine the prevalence and virulence of phenotypes of SCN, 112 soil samples were collected from soybean fields throughout the province in 2015. SCN was detected in 62 (55.4%) of these samples, with population densities ranging from 150 to 41,750 eggs and juveniles per 100 cm3 of soil. Eleven HG types, namely HG 0, 1.2.3.5.7, 1.2.3.7, 1.3.4.7, 1.3.7, 2, 2.5.7, 2.7, 6, 6.7, and 7, were detected. The percentages of SCN populations with female indices greater than 10 ranged from 4.8% for PI 437654 to 64.5% for PI 548316. This is the first report of seven of the HG types from Heilongjiang. These results provide guidance for breeding efforts and control strategies to combat SCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shi A, Gepts P, Song Q, Xiong H, Michaels TE, Chen S. Genome-Wide Association Study and Genomic Prediction for Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance in USDA Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris) Core Collection. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:624156. [PMID: 34163495 PMCID: PMC8215670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.624156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) has become the major yield-limiting biological factor in soybean production. Common bean is also a good host of SCN, and its production is challenged by this emerging pest in many regions such as the upper Midwest USA. The use of host genetic resistance has been the most effective and environmentally friendly method to manage SCN. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the SCN resistance in the USDA common bean core collection and conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with SCN resistance. A total of 315 accessions of the USDA common bean core collection were evaluated for resistance to SCN HG Type 0 (race 6). The common bean core set was genotyped with the BARCBean6K_3 Infinium BeadChips, consisting of 4,654 SNPs. Results showed that 15 accessions were resistant to SCN with a Female Index (FI) at 4.8 to 9.4, and 62 accessions were moderately resistant (10 < FI < 30) to HG Type 0. The association study showed that 11 SNP markers, located on chromosomes Pv04, 07, 09, and 11, were strongly associated with resistance to HG Type 0. GWAS was also conducted for resistance to HG Type 2.5.7 and HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 based on the public dataset (N = 276), consisting of a diverse set of common bean accessions genotyped with the BARCBean6K_3 chip. Six SNPs associated with HG Type 2.5.7 resistance on Pv 01, 02, 03, and 07, and 12 SNPs with HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 resistance on Pv 01, 03, 06, 07, 09, 10, and 11 were detected. The accuracy of genomic prediction (GP) was 0.36 to 0.49 for resistance to the three SCN HG types, indicating that genomic selection (GS) of SCN resistance is feasible. This study provides basic information for developing SCN-resistant common bean cultivars, using the USDA core germ plasm accessions. The SNP markers can be used in molecular breeding in common beans through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and GS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainong Shi
- Department of Horticulture, PTSC316, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Paul Gepts
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Qijian Song
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Haizheng Xiong
- Department of Horticulture, PTSC316, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Thomas E. Michaels
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Senyu Chen
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rocha LF, Pimentel MF, Bailey J, Wyciskalla T, Davidson D, Fakhoury AM, Bond JP. Impact of Wheat on Soybean Cyst Nematode Population Density in Double-Cropping Soybean Production. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:640714. [PMID: 34040619 PMCID: PMC8141799 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Double-cropping is defined as producing more than one crop on the same parcel of land in a single growing season. It is reported to have many benefits when incorporated in cropping systems, including improving soil health. In some double-cropping systems, soybean is planted following winter wheat. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a major soybean pathogen, and several reports suggest suppressive effects of wheat on SCN populations. Field trials were conducted from 2017 to 2018 to investigate the effect of wheat on SCN populations in double-cropping soybean. Nine fields with three levels of initial SCN populations (low, moderate, and high) were selected in Illinois. Wheat was planted in strips alternating with strips-maintained weed-free and under fallow over winter and early spring. Soybean was planted in all strips after wheat harvest. SCN egg densities were acquired at four time points: wheat establishment, post-wheat/pre-soybean, mid-soybean (R1 growth stage or beginning of flowering), and post-soybean harvest. Wheat strips reduced SCN egg densities compared with fallow strips at the R1 stage (-31.8%) and after soybean harvest (-32.7%). Double-cropping soybean with wheat has the potential to suppress SCN field populations and is a system with the potential to provide additional farm income. This study is meant to be a first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern the suppression of SCN by wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F. Rocha
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Mirian F. Pimentel
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - John Bailey
- JCB Ag Research, Effingham, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Ahmad M. Fakhoury
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Jason P. Bond
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Microplot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of cover crops on population reduction of a major soybean pest, soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) in 2016 and 2017. Ten crop species, including annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L. subsp. arvense), carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun), faba bean (Vicia faba Roth), foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauvois), daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L.), turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa L.), and winter rye (Secale cereale L.), were planted along with susceptible soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Barnes') in soil naturally infested with each of two SCN populations (SCN103 and SCN2W) from two North Dakota soybean fields. Crops were grown in large plastic pots for 75 days in an outdoor environment (microplot). Soil samples were collected from each pot for nematode extraction and SCN eggs were counted to determine the final SCN egg density. The population reduction was determined for each crop and nonplanted natural soil (fallow). All of the tested crops and nonplanted natural soil had significantly (P < 0.0001) lower final population densities compared with susceptible soybean (Barnes). Also, a significant difference (P < 0.0001) was observed between the SCN population suppressions caused by cover crops versus the fallow treatment. All cover crops except Austrian winter pea, carinata, faba bean, and foxtail millet had consistently lower SCN egg numbers than in fallow in both years of the experiments. The average population reductions of SCN by the cover crops ranged from 44 to 67% in comparison with the initial population density, while the fallow had natural reductions from 4 to 24%. Annual ryegrass and daikon radish reduced SCN egg numbers to a greater extent than the other cover crops, with an average of 65 and 67% reduction of initial population density, respectively, from 2 years. The results suggested that cover crops reduced the SCN populations in external microplot conditions, and their use has great potential for improving SCN management in infested fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Acharya
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Guiping Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Addison Plaisance
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kang H, Ko H, Kim D, Choi I. Occurrence of the White Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera sojae, and the Soybean Cyst Nematode, H. glycines, in Korea. Plant Dis 2021; 105:31-33. [PMID: 32748725 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-1932-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, SCN) is the most harmful pathogen of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) worldwide. In 2016, a new soybean-parasitic cyst nematode, Heterodera sojae (the white soybean cyst nematode) was found parasitizing the roots of soybean plants in Korea. To investigate the distribution and population density of H. sojae, 943 soil samples were collected from soybean fields in all nine provinces in Korea in 2017 to 2018. Cyst nematodes were detected in 343 samples (36.4%) from eight of the nine provinces, except the island of Jeju province. Among the 343 samples, H. glycines was found in 227 samples (66.2%), H. sojae in 95 samples (27.7%), and 21 samples (6.1%) were infested with both H. sojae and H. glycines. Wide distribution of H. sojae in soybean fields indicates that H. sojae is an important cyst nematode species parasitizing soybean together with H. glycines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heonil Kang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Hyoungrai Ko
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Donggeun Kim
- Nematode Research Center, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Insoo Choi
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
- Nematode Research Center, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
You J, Pan F, Wang S, Wang Y, Hu Y. FMRFamide-Like Peptide 22 Influences the Head Movement, Host Finding, and Infection of Heterodera glycines. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:673354. [PMID: 34239524 PMCID: PMC8258376 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.673354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) represent the largest family of nematode neuropeptides and are involved in multiple parasitic activities. The immunoreactivity to FMRFamide within the nervous system of Heterodera glycines, the most economically damaging parasite of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr)], has been reported in previous research. However, the family of genes encoding FLPs of H. glycines were not identified and functionally characterized. In this study, an FLP encoding gene Hg-flp-22 was cloned from H. glycines, and its functional characterization was uncovered by using in vitro RNA interference and application of synthetic peptides. Bioinformatics analysis showed that flp-22 is widely expressed in multiple nematode species, where they encode the highly conserved KWMRFamide motifs. Quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR results revealed that Hg-flp-22 was highly expressed in the infective second-stage juveniles (J2s) and adult males. Silencing of Hg-flp-22 resulted in the reduced movement of J2s to the host root and reduced penetration ability, as well as a reduction in their subsequent number of females. Behavior and infection assays demonstrated that application of synthetic peptides Hg-FLP-22b (TPQGKWMRFa) and Hg-FLP-22c (KMAIEGGKWVRFa) significantly increased the head movement frequency and host invasion abilities in H. glycines but not in Meloidogyne incognita. In addition, the number of H. glycines females on the host roots was found to be significantly higher in Hg-FLP-22b treated nematodes than the ddH2O-treated control J2s. These results presented in this study elucidated that Hg-flp-22 plays a role in regulating locomotion and infection of H. glycines. This suggests the potential of FLP signaling as putative control targets for H. glycines in soybean production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Institute of Pratacultural Science, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin, China
| | - Fengjuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yanfeng Hu,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ste-Croix DT, St-Marseille AFG, Lord E, Bélanger RR, Brodeur J, Mimee B. Genomic Profiling of Virulence in the Soybean Cyst Nematode Using Single-Nematode Sequencing. Phytopathology 2021; 111:137-148. [PMID: 33100145 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0348-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is one of the most important diseases in soybean. Currently, the main management strategy relies on planting resistant cultivars. However, the overuse of a single resistance source has led to the selection of virulent SCN populations, although the mechanisms by which the nematode overcomes the resistance genes remain unknown. In this study, we used a nematode-adapted single-cell RNA-seq approach to identify SCN genes potentially involved in resistance breakdown in Peking and PI 88788 parental soybean lines. We established for the first time the full transcriptome of single SCN individuals allowing us to identify a list of putative virulence genes against both major SCN resistance sources. Our analysis identified 48 differentially expressed putative effectors (secreted proteins required for infection) alongside 40 effectors showing evidence of novel structural variants, and 11 effector genes containing phenotype-specific sequence polymorphisms. Additionally, a differential expression analysis revealed an interesting phenomenon of coexpressed gene regions with some containing putative effectors. The selection of virulent SCN individuals on Peking resulted in a profoundly altered transcriptome, especially for genes known to be involved in parasitism. Several sequence polymorphisms were also specific to these virulent nematodes and could potentially play a role in the acquisition of nematode virulence. On the other hand, the transcriptome of virulent individuals on PI 88788 was very similar to avirulent ones with the exception of a few genes, which suggest a distinct virulence strategy to Peking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dave T Ste-Croix
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
- Département de phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Anne-Frédérique Gendron St-Marseille
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Etienne Lord
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou Y, Chen J, Zhu X, Wang Y, Liu X, Fan H, Duan Y, Chen L. Efficacy of Bacillus megaterium strain Sneb207 against soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycines) in soybean. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:568-576. [PMID: 32815305 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is the most devastating and yield-limiting pest in soybean worldwide. With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, biological control becomes more and more urgent. The Bacillus megaterium Sneb207 has previously shown the ability to inhibit the movement of SCN, but little is known about its effect on nematode control in agricultural settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Sneb207 against SCN and investigate the ability of Sneb207 to induce systemic resistance to H. glycines in soybean. RESULTS The stability and efficiency of SCN control by Sneb207 was assessed in two field experiments. Compared to non-treated control, Sneb207 significantly reduced the number of cysts, SCN juveniles, and eggs, while it promoted soybean growth. Furthermore, results of two pot experiments showed that the number of initial infections of second-stage juveniles were 231.75 and 131.3 after Sneb207 treatment, respectively, lower than control (274.75 and 215.33). Sneb207 reduced the total number of juveniles and females, and lengthened SCN development time. Moreover, through the split-root system and real-time quantitative PCR experiments, we found that Sneb207 induced systemic resistance and enhanced the gene expression of GmACS9b, GmEDS1, GmPAD4, GmSAMT1, and GmNPR1-1 involved in the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways at different levels. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that B. megaterium Sneb207 inhibits the invasion, the development, and reproduction of SCN by inducing systemic resistance. The overall outcomes of the present study support B. megaterium Sneb207 as a potential biocontrol agent for H. glycines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Daqing Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Haarith D, Kim DG, Strom NB, Chen S, Bushley KE. In Vitro Screening of a Culturable Soybean Cyst Nematode Cyst Mycobiome for Potential Biological Control Agents and Biopesticides. Phytopathology 2020; 110:1388-1397. [PMID: 32286919 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-20-0015-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungal biological control of soybean cyst nematodes (SCN) is an important component of integrated pest management for soybean. However, very few fungal biological control agents are available in the market. In this study, we have screened fungi previously isolated from SCN cysts over 3 years from a long-term crop rotation field experiment for their ability to antagonize SCN using (i) parasitism, (ii) egg hatch inhibition, and (iii) J2 mortality. We evaluated egg parasitism using an in-vitro egg parasitism bioassays and scored parasitism using the egg parasitic index (EPI) and fluorescent microscopy. The ability of these fungi to produce metabolites causing egg hatch inhibition and J2 mortality was assessed in bioassays using filter-sterilized culture filtrates. We identified 10 high-performing isolates each for egg parasitism and toxicity toward SCN eggs and J2s and repeated the tests after storage for 1 year of cryopreservation at -80°C to validate the durability of biocontrol potential of the chosen 20 isolates. Although the parasitic ability changed slightly for the majority of strains after cryopreservation, they still scored 5/10 on EPI scales. There were no differences in the ability of fungi to produce antinemic metabolites after cryopreservation.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Noah B Strom
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Senyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen S. Dynamics of Population Density and Virulence Phenotype of the Soybean Cyst Nematode as Influenced by Resistance Source Sequence and Tillage. Plant Dis 2020; 104:2111-2122. [PMID: 32539592 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-1916-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the most damaging pathogen of soybean. Use of resistant cultivars is an effective strategy to manage SCN, but it also selects for virulent populations over time. A 12-year field experiment was initiated in 2003 to study how tillage and 11 different sequences of four cultivars impact SCN population dynamics and virulence. An SCN-susceptible cultivar and three resistant cultivars (R1, R2, and R3 derived from cultivars PI 88788, Peking, and PI 437654, respectively) were used. Tillage had minimal effect on SCN population density. Compared with no till, conventional tillage resulted in a faster increase of SCN virulence to Peking when the SCN was selected by R2 and virulence to PI 88788 by R3. Among the three SCN-resistant cultivars, R1 supported the greatest population density, R2 supported intermediate population density, and R3 supported the least SCN population density. The SCN populations selected by R1 overcame the resistance in PI 88788 but not in Peking and PI 437654. R2 selected SCN populations that overcame the resistance in Peking but not in PI 88788 and PI 437654. In contrast, R3 selected SCN populations that overcame both PI 88788 and Peking sources of resistance. There was no increase of virulence to PI 437654 in any cultivar sequence. R1 in rotation with R2 or R3 had a negative effect on female index on Peking. Susceptible soybean reduced SCN virulence to Peking, indicating that there was fitness cost of the Peking virulent SCN type. These results suggest that rotation of Peking with PI 88788 is a good strategy for managing the SCN, and susceptible cultivar and no till may reduce SCN virulence selection pressure in some rotations.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senyu Chen
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN 56093
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hu Y, You J, Li C, Pan F, Wang C. The Heterodera glycines effector Hg16B09 is required for nematode parasitism and suppresses plant defense response. Plant Sci 2019; 289:110271. [PMID: 31623793 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a sedentary root endoparasite that causes serious yield losses on soybean (Glycine max) worldwide. H. glycines secrets effector proteins into host cells to facilitate the success of parasitism. Nowadays, a large number of candidate effectors were identified from the genome sequence of H. glycines. However, the precise functions of these effectors in the nematode-host plant interaction are unknown. Here, an effector gene of dorsal gland protein Hg16B09 from H. glycines was cloned and functionally characterized through generating the transgenic soybean hairy roots. In situ hybridization assay and qRT-PCR analysis indicated Hg16B09 is exclusively expressed in the dorsal esophageal cells and up-regulated in the parasitic-stage juveniles. The constitutive expression of Hg16B09 in soybean hairy roots caused an enhanced susceptibility to H. glycines. In contrast, in planta silencing of Hg16B09 exhibited that nematode reproduction in hairy roots was decreased compared to the empty vector control. In addition, Hg16B09 also suppressed the expression of soybean defense-related genes induced by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flg22. These data indicate that the effector Hg16B09 might aid H. glycines parasitism through suppressing plant basal defenses in the early parasitic stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Jia You
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Fengjuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao J, Liu D, Wang Y, Zhu X, Xuan Y, Liu X, Fan H, Chen L, Duan Y. Biocontrol potential of Microbacterium maritypicum Sneb159 against Heterodera glycines. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:3381-3391. [PMID: 31282045 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines (Ichinohe) is the most devastating pathogen affecting soybean production worldwide. Biocontrol agents have become eco-friendly candidates to control pathogens. The aim of this study was to discover novel biocontrol agents against H. glycines. RESULTS Microbacterium maritypicum Sneb159, screened from 804 strains, effectively reduced the number of females in field experiments conducted in 2014 and 2015. The stability and efficiency of H. glycines control by Sneb159 was further assessed in growth chamber and field experiments. Sneb159 decreased H. glycines population densities, especially the number of females by 43.9%-67.7%. To confirm Sneb159 induced plant resistance, a split-root assay was conducted. Sneb159 induced local and systemic resistance to suppress the penetration and development of H. glycines, and enhanced the gene expression of PR2, PR3b, and JAZ1, involved in the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways. CONCLUSION This is the first report of M. maritypicum Sneb159 suppressing H. glycines infection. This effect may be the result of Sneb159-induced resistance. Our study indicates that M. maritypicum Sneb159 is a promising biocontrol agent against H. glycines. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hu W, Strom NB, Haarith D, Chen S, Bushley KE. Seasonal Variation and Crop Sequences Shape the Structure of Bacterial Communities in Cysts of Soybean Cyst Nematode. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2671. [PMID: 31824456 PMCID: PMC6882411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is the number 1 pathogen of the important economic crop soybean. Bacteria represent potential biocontrol agents of the SCN, but few studies have characterized the dynamics of bacterial communities associated with cysts under different crop rotation sequences. The bacterial communities in SCN cysts in a long-term soybean–corn crop rotation experiment were investigated over 2 years. The crop sequences included long-term soybean monoculture (Ss), years 1–5 of soybean following 5 years corn (S1–S5), years 1 and 2 of corn following 5 years soybean (C1 and C2), and soybean–corn annual rotation (Sa and Ca). The bacterial 16S rRNA V4 region was amplified from DNA isolated from SCN cysts collected in spring at planting, midseason (2 months later), and fall at harvest and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The SCN cyst microbiome was dominated by Proteobacteria followed by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia. The bacterial community composition was influenced by both crop sequence and season. Although differences by crop sequence were not significant in the spring of each year, bacterial communities in cysts from annual rotation (Sa and Ca) or crop sequences of early years of monoculture following a 5-year rotation of the alternate crop (S1 and C1) became rapidly differentiated by crop over a single growing season. In the fall, genera of cyst bacteria associated with soybean crop sequences included Rhizobacter, Leptothrix, Cytophaga, Chitinophaga, Niastella, Streptomyces, and Halangium. The discovery of diverse bacterial taxa in SCN cysts and their dynamics across crop rotation sequences provides invaluable information for future development of biological control of the SCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Hu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Noah Bernard Strom
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Senyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States.,Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN, United States
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), is a plant-parasitic nematode capable of manipulating host plant biochemistry and development. Many studies have suggested that the nematode has acquired genes from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer events (HGTs) that have the potential to enhance nematode parasitism. A recent allelic imbalance analysis identified two candidate virulence genes, which also appear to have entered the SCN genome through HGTs. One of the candidate genes, H. glycines biotin synthase (HgBioB), contained sequence polymorphisms between avirulent and virulent inbred SCN strains. To test the function of these HgBioB alleles, a complementation experiment using biotin synthase-deficient Escherichia coli was conducted. Here, we report that avirulent nematodes produce an active biotin synthase while virulent ones contain an inactive form of the enzyme. Moreover, sequencing analysis of HgBioB genes from SCN field populations indicates the presence of diverse mixture of HgBioB alleles with the virulent form being the most prevalent. We hypothesize that the mutations in the inactive HgBioB allele within the virulent SCN could result in a change in protein function that in some unknown way bolster its parasitic lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khee Man Kwon
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Department of Plant Pathology and Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Sadia Bekal
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Leslie L Domier
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL
| | - Kris N Lambert
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu W, Jones AL, Gosse HN, Lawrence KS, Park SW. Validation of the Chemotaxis of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Toward Host Root Exudates. J Nematol 2019; 51:e2019-63. [PMID: 34179810 PMCID: PMC6909389 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are microscopic soil herbivores that cause damage to many economic crops. For the last century, it has been proposed that chemotaxis is the primary means by which PPN locate host plant roots. The identities and modes of action of chemoattractants that deliver host-specific messages to PPN, however, are still elusive. In this study, a unique multidimensional agar-based motility assay was developed to assess the impacts of root exudates on the short-range motility and orientation of PPN. Three PPN (Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera glycines) and root exudates from their respective host and non-host plants (cotton, soybean, and peanut) were used to validate the assay. As predicted, R. reniformis and M. incognita were attracted to root exudates of cotton and soybean (hosts), but not to the exudates of peanut (non-host). Likewise, H. glycines was attracted to soybean (host) root exudates. These results underpinned the intrinsic roles of root exudates in conveying the host specificity of PPN. In particular, PPN selectively identified and targeted to hydrophilic, but not hydrophobic, fractions of root exudates, indicating that groundwater should be an effective matrix for chemotaxis associated with PPN and their host plant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Alexis L Jones
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Heather N Gosse
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Sang-Wook Park
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hu W, Kidane E, Neher DA, Chen S. Field and greenhouse evaluations of soil suppressiveness to Heterodera glycines in the Midwest corn-soybean production systems. J Nematol 2019; 51:e2019-32. [PMID: 34179818 PMCID: PMC6929644 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil suppressive to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), a major yield-limiting pathogen of soybean, plays an important role in biological control. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage, crop sequence, and biocide application on SCN suppression in corn-soybean cropping systems in Minnesota. The experiment was a split-plot design with no-tillage and conventional tillage as main plots, and six crop-biocide treatments (CRCS, CSCS, SSSS, SSSS + streptomycin, SSSS + captan, and SSSS + formaldehyde - the four letters represent crops in 2009 to 2012, respectively; C is corn, R is SCN-resistant soybean, and S is SCN-susceptible soybean) as subplots with four replicates. Soil samples were taken from each plot at planting, midseason, and harvest each year for SCN egg counts, and soybean yield was determined. In addition, soil samples collected from each plot at midseason were assayed for suppressiveness to SCN. Tillage had minimal effect on SCN population density and soybean yield. Annual rotation with corn reduced SCN population density, but also reduced soil suppressiveness as SCN egg population density increased in the following SCN-susceptible soybean compared with soybean monoculture. Rotation with SCN-resistant soybean and corn was the most effective in reducing SCN population density. The bactericide streptomycin did not affect SCN populations but the fungicide captan increased SCN population density. The biocide formaldehyde was the most effective in reducing the level of suppressiveness to SCN. The greenhouse study confirmed that the soil was suppressive to SCN, but failed to detect effects of tillage, crop sequence, and biocide field treatments. This study demonstrated that the soil in the fields was suppressive to the SCN, and biological agents, especially fungal antagonists, were involved in nematode suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Hu
- University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center, 35838, 120th Street, Waseca, MN, 56093
| | - Eyob Kidane
- University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center, 35838, 120th Street, Waseca, MN, 56093
| | - Deborah A Neher
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405
| | - Senyu Chen
- University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center, 35838, 120th Street, Waseca, MN, 56093
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Masonbrink R, Maier TR, Muppirala U, Seetharam AS, Lord E, Juvale PS, Schmutz J, Johnson NT, Korkin D, Mitchum MG, Mimee B, den Akker SEV, Hudson M, Severin AJ, Baum TJ. The genome of the soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycines) reveals complex patterns of duplications involved in the evolution of parasitism genes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:119. [PMID: 30732586 PMCID: PMC6367775 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterodera glycines, commonly referred to as the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), is an obligatory and sedentary plant parasite that causes over a billion-dollar yield loss to soybean production annually. Although there are genetic determinants that render soybean plants resistant to certain nematode genotypes, resistant soybean cultivars are increasingly ineffective because their multi-year usage has selected for virulent H. glycines populations. The parasitic success of H. glycines relies on the comprehensive re-engineering of an infection site into a syncytium, as well as the long-term suppression of host defense to ensure syncytial viability. At the forefront of these complex molecular interactions are effectors, the proteins secreted by H. glycines into host root tissues. The mechanisms of effector acquisition, diversification, and selection need to be understood before effective control strategies can be developed, but the lack of an annotated genome has been a major roadblock. RESULTS Here, we use PacBio long-read technology to assemble a H. glycines genome of 738 contigs into 123 Mb with annotations for 29,769 genes. The genome contains significant numbers of repeats (34%), tandem duplicates (18.7 Mb), and horizontal gene transfer events (151 genes). A large number of putative effectors (431 genes) were identified in the genome, many of which were found in transposons. CONCLUSIONS This advance provides a glimpse into the host and parasite interplay by revealing a diversity of mechanisms that give rise to virulence genes in the soybean cyst nematode, including: tandem duplications containing over a fifth of the total gene count, virulence genes hitchhiking in transposons, and 107 horizontal gene transfers not reported in other plant parasitic nematodes thus far. Through extensive characterization of the H. glycines genome, we provide new insights into H. glycines biology and shed light onto the mystery underlying complex host-parasite interactions. This genome sequence is an important prerequisite to enable work towards generating new resistance or control measures against H. glycines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Masonbrink
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Tom R. Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Usha Muppirala
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Arun S. Seetharam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Etienne Lord
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC Canada
| | | | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nathan T. Johnson
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Dmitry Korkin
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA USA
- Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA USA
| | | | - Benjamin Mimee
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC Canada
| | | | - Matthew Hudson
- Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Anderson S, Soman C, Bekal S, Domier L, Lambert K, Bhalerao K. An Agent-Based Metapopulation Model Simulating Virus-Based Biocontrol of Heterodera Glycines. J Nematol 2018; 50:79-90. [PMID: 30451429 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2018-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With recently discovered soybean cyst nematode (SCN) viruses, biological control of the nematodes is a theoretical possibility. This study explores the question of what kinds of viruses would make useful biocontrol agents, taking into account evolutionary and population dynamics. An agent-based model, Soybean Cyst Nematode Simulation (SCNSim), was developed to simulate within-host virulence evolution in a virus-nematode-soybean ecosystem. SCNSim was used to predict nematode suppression under a range of viral mutation rates, initial virulences, and release strategies. The simulation model suggested that virus-based biocontrol worked best when the nematodes were inundated with the viruses. Under lower infection prevalence, the viral burden thinned out rapidly due to the limited mobility and high reproductive rate of the SCN. In accordance with the generally accepted trade-off theory, SCNSim predicted the optimal initial virulence for the maximum nematode suppression. Higher initial virulence resulted in shorter lifetime transmission, whereas viruses with lower initial virulence values evolved toward avirulence. SCNSim also indicated that a greater viral mutation rate reinforced the virulence pathotype, suggesting the presence of a virulence threshold necessary to achieve biocontrol against SCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safyre Anderson
- School of Information, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Chinmay Soman
- Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sadia Bekal
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Leslie Domier
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD ; Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Kris Lambert
- Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Kaustubh Bhalerao
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lawaju BR, Lawrence KS, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. Harpin-inducible defense signaling components impair infection by the ascomycete Macrophomina phaseolina. Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 129:331-348. [PMID: 29936240 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) infection by the charcoal rot (CR) ascomycete Macrophomina phaseolina is enhanced by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines. We hypothesized that G. max genetic lines impairing infection by M. phaseolina would also limit H. glycines parasitism, leading to resistance. As a part of this M. phaseolina resistance process, the genetic line would express defense genes already proven to impair nematode parasitism. Using G. max[DT97-4290/PI 642055], exhibiting partial resistance to M. phaseolina, experiments show the genetic line also impairs H. glycines parasitism. Furthermore, comparative studies show G. max[DT97-4290/PI 642055] exhibits induced expression of the effector triggered immunity (ETI) gene NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1/HARPIN INDUCED1 (NDR1/HIN1) that functions in defense to H. glycines as compared to the H. glycines and M. phaseolina susceptible line G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671]. Other defense genes that are induced in G. max[DT97-4290/PI 642055] include the pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) genes ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1), NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1) and TGA2. These observations link G. max defense processes that impede H. glycines parasitism to also potentially function toward impairing M. phaseolina pathogenicity. Testing this hypothesis, G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] genetically engineered to experimentally induce GmNDR1-1, EDS1-2, NPR1-2 and TGA2-1 expression leads to impaired M. phaseolina pathogenicity. In contrast, G. max[DT97-4290/PI 642055] engineered to experimentally suppress the expression of GmNDR1-1, EDS1-2, NPR1-2 and TGA2-1 by RNA interference (RNAi) enhances M. phaseolina pathogenicity. The results show components of PTI and ETI impair both nematode and M. phaseolina pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bisho R Lawaju
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Gary W Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Vincent P Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gendron St-Marseille AF, Lord E, Véronneau PY, Brodeur J, Mimee B. Genome Scans Reveal Homogenization and Local Adaptations in Populations of the Soybean Cyst Nematode. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:987. [PMID: 30065735 PMCID: PMC6056837 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Determining the adaptive potential of alien invasive species in a new environment is a key concern for risk assessment. As climate change is affecting local climatic conditions, widespread modifications in species distribution are expected. Therefore, the genetic mechanisms underlying local adaptations must be understood in order to predict future species distribution. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is a major pathogen of soybean that was accidentally introduced in most soybean-producing countries. In this study, we explored patterns of genetic exchange between North American populations of SCN and the effect of isolation by geographical distance. Genotyping-by-sequencing was used to sequence and compare 64 SCN populations from the United States and Canada. At large scale, only a weak correlation was found between genetic distance (Wright's fixation index, FST) and geographic distance, but local effects were strong in recently infested states. Our results also showed a high level of genetic differentiation within some populations, allowing them to adapt to new environments and become established in new soybean-producing areas. Bayesian genome scan methods identified 15 loci under selection for climatic or geographic co-variables. Among these loci, two non-synonymous mutations were detected in SMAD-4 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4) and DOP-3 (dopamine receptor 3). High-impact variants linked to these loci by genetic hitchhiking were also highlighted as putatively involved in local adaptation of SCN populations to new environments. Overall, it appears that strong selective pressure by resistant cultivars is causing a large scale homogenization with virulent populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Frédérique Gendron St-Marseille
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Etienne Lord
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves Véronneau
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu D, Chen L, Zhu X, Wang Y, Xuan Y, Liu X, Chen L, Duan Y. Klebsiella pneumoniae SnebYK Mediates Resistance Against Heterodera glycines and Promotes Soybean Growth. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1134. [PMID: 29910782 PMCID: PMC5992472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean is an important economic crop that is often adversely affected by infection in the field with the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Biological control is an eco-friendly method used to protect the crop against disease. The bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae has been reported to protect rice from sheath blight and seedling blight, but its role in the control of nematode is unclear. In this study, the effect of K. pneumoniae SnebYK on the control of H. glycines was assessed. Potting experiment results showed that coating soybean seeds with K. pneumoniae SnebYK not only reduced the infection rate of H. glycines but also decreased the proportion of adult female nematodes. Field experiment results showed that K. pneumoniae SnebYK reduced both the number of H. glycines in soybean roots and the number of adult females. However, K. pneumoniae SnebYK caused low juvenile mortality in an in vitro assay. To further analyze the role of K. pneumoniae SnebYK in the inhibition of H. glycines infection, split root experiments were conducted. The results indicated that K. pneumoniae SnebYK controls H. glycines via induced systemic resistance, which reduces H. glycines penetration. Klebsiella pneumoniae SnebYK treatment also significantly increased the proportion of second-stage juveniles and decreased the proportions of third- and fourth-stage juveniles in the H. glycines population. Moreover, 48 h after inoculation with H. glycines, the expression levels of PR1, PR2, PR5, and PDF1.2 were significantly higher in soybeans pretreated with K. pneumoniae SnebYK than in control soybeans. Interestingly, besides providing protection against nematodes, K. pneumoniae SnebYK fixed nitrogen, produced ammonia, solubilized phosphate, and produced siderophores, leading to well-developed root system and an increase in soybean seedling fresh weight. These results demonstrate for the first time that K. pneumoniae SnebYK not only promotes soybean growth but also inhibits the invasion and development of H. glycines by inducing systemic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Le Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hua C, Li C, Hu Y, Mao Y, You J, Wang M, Chen J, Tian Z, Wang C. Identification of HG Types of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines and Resistance Screening on Soybean Genotypes in Northeast China. J Nematol 2018; 50:41-50. [PMID: 30335911 PMCID: PMC6909372 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2018-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a serious soybean pathogen worldwide. HG Type 0 had been a predominant SCN in Heilongjiang province, the largest soybean (Glycine max L.) producing region in China. Recently, increased virulence on resistant cultivars originally developed for resistance to HG Type 0 was observed in fields. In order to identify new cultivars resistant to local SCN populations, two soil samples were collected from two counties (Anda and Wuchang) in which increased virulence on resistant cultivars occurred, and single-cyst cultures from each soil sample were maintained for more than five generations. Two single-cyst cultures from the Anda sample were identified as HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 and HG Type 1.3, and one single-cyst culture from Wuchang was identified as HG Type 2.5.7. Then 18 soybean genotypes, including 11 local cultivars originally developed for resistance to HG Type 0, were used to evaluate resistance response to the three identified SCN populations. Various levels of resistance or susceptibility to the three SCN populations were observed among 18 genotypes. Two tests produced similar results for the three SCN populations. Both 'Kangxian12' and 'Kangxian13' showed resistance or moderate resistance to HG Type 2.5.7, HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 and HG Type 1.3. The germplasm '09-138' was resistant to HG Type 1.3 and HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7. Cultivars with 'Peking'-resistance were resistant or moderately resistant to HG Type 2.5.7 in both tests except for 'Kangxian8' in test 1. The identified resistant varieties would be valuable sources of breeding materials for resistance against multiple SCN populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hua
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanzhi Mao
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jia You
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mingze Wang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (DBHAAS), Daqing, China
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (DBHAAS), Daqing, China
| | - Zhongyan Tian
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (DBHAAS), Daqing, China
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee MW, Huffaker A, Crippen D, Robbins RT, Goggin FL. Plant elicitor peptides promote plant defences against nematodes in soybean. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:858-869. [PMID: 28600875 PMCID: PMC6638146 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are widely distributed among angiosperms, and have been shown to amplify immune responses in multiple plant families. Here, we characterize three Peps from soybean (Glycine max) and describe their effects on plant defences against two damaging agricultural pests, the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Seed treatments with exogenous GmPep1, GmPep2 or GmPep3 significantly reduced the reproduction of both nematodes. Pep treatment also protected plants from the inhibitory effects of root-knot nematodes on above-ground growth, and up-regulated basal expression levels of nematode-responsive defence genes. GmPep1 induced the expression of its propeptide precursor (GmPROPEP1), a nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat protein (NBS-LRR), a pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI), Respiratory Burst Oxidase Protein D (RBOHD) and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves. In addition, GmPep2 and GmPep3 seed treatments up-regulated RBOHD expression and ROS accumulation in roots and leaves. These results suggest that GmPeps activate plant defences through systemic transcriptional reprogramming and ROS signalling, and that Pep seed treatments represent a potential strategy for nematode management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Lee
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92903USA
| | - Devany Crippen
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Robert T. Robbins
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Fiona L. Goggin
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hu W, Strom N, Haarith D, Chen S, Bushley KE. Mycobiome of Cysts of the Soybean Cyst Nematode Under Long Term Crop Rotation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:386. [PMID: 29615984 PMCID: PMC5865410 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe (Phylum Nematoda), is a major pathogen of soybean. It causes substantial yield losses worldwide and is difficult to control because the cyst protects the eggs which can remain viable for nearly a decade. Crop rotation with non-host crops and use of biocontrol organisms such as fungi and bacteria offer promising approaches, but remain hampered by lack of knowledge of the biology of nematode parasitic organisms. We used a high-throughput metabarcoding approach to characterize fungal communities associated with the SCN cyst, a microenvironment in soil that may harbor both nematode parasites and plant pathogens. SCN cysts were collected from a long-term crop rotation experiment in Southeastern Minnesota at three time points over two growing seasons to characterize diversity of fungi inhabiting cysts and to examine how crop rotation and seasonal variation affects fungal communities. A majority of fungi in cysts belonged to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, but the presence of several early diverging fungal subphyla thought to be primarily plant and litter associated, including Mortierellomycotina and Glomeromycotina (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), suggests a possible role as nematode egg parasites. Species richness varied by both crop rotation and season and was higher in early years of crop rotation and in fall at the end of the growing season. Crop rotation and season also impacted fungal community composition and identified several classes of fungi, including Eurotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Orbiliomycetes (e.g., nematode trapping fungi), with higher relative abundance in early soybean rotations. The relative abundance of several genera was correlated with increasing years of soybean. Fungal communities also varied by season and were most divergent at midseason. The percentage of OTUs assigned to Mortierellomycotina_cls_Incertae_sedis and Sordariomycetes increased at midseason, while Orbiliomycetes decreased at midseason, and Glomeromycetes increased in fall. Ecological guilds of fungi containing an animal-pathogen lifestyle, as well as potential egg-parasitic taxa previously isolated from parasitized SCN eggs, increased at midseason. The animal pathogen guilds included known (e.g., Pochonia chlamydosporia) and new candidate biocontrol organisms. This research advances knowledge of the ecology of nematophagous fungi in agroecosystems and their use as biocontrol agents of the SCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Hu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Noah Strom
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Senyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States.,Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN, United States
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lian Y, Guo J, Li H, Wu Y, Wei H, Wang J, Li J, Lu W. A New Race (X12) of Soybean Cyst Nematode in China. J Nematol 2017; 49:321-326. [PMID: 29062156 PMCID: PMC5644926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is a serious economic threat to soybean-producing regions worldwide. A new SCN population (called race X12) was detected in Shanxi province, China. Race X12 could reproduce on all the indicator lines of both race and Heterodera glycines (HG) type tests. The average number of females on Lee68 (susceptible control) was 171.40 with the lowest Female Index (FI) 61.31 on PI88788 and the highest FI 117.32 on Pickett in the race test. The average number of females on Lee68 was 323.17 with the lowest FI 44.18 on PI88788 and the highest FI 97.83 on PI548316 in the HG type test. ZDD2315 and ZDD24656 are elite resistant germplasms in China. ZDD2315 is highly resistant to race 4, the strongest infection race in the 16 races with FI 1.51 while being highly sensitive to race X12 with FI 64.32. ZDD24656, a variety derived from PI437654 and ZDD2315, is highly resistant to race 1 and race 2. ZDD24656 is highly sensitive to race X12 with FI 99.12. Morphological and molecular studies of J2 and cysts confirmed the population as the SCN H. glycines. This is a new SCN race with stronger virulence than that of race 4 and is a potential threat to soybean production in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lian
- Zhengzhou Subcenter of National Soybean Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai Valleys of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jianqiu Guo
- Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Haichao Li
- Zhengzhou Subcenter of National Soybean Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai Valleys of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongkang Wu
- Zhengzhou Subcenter of National Soybean Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai Valleys of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - He Wei
- Zhengzhou Subcenter of National Soybean Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai Valleys of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jinshe Wang
- Zhengzhou Subcenter of National Soybean Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai Valleys of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jinying Li
- Zhengzhou Subcenter of National Soybean Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai Valleys of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Zhengzhou Subcenter of National Soybean Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai Valleys of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gardner M, Heinz R, Wang J, Mitchum MG. Genetics and Adaptation of Soybean Cyst Nematode to Broad Spectrum Soybean Resistance. G3 (Bethesda) 2017; 7:835-841. [PMID: 28064187 PMCID: PMC5345713 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.035964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines is a major threat to soybean production, made more challenging by the current limitations of natural resistance for managing this pathogen. The use of resistant host cultivars is effective, but, over time, results in the generation of virulent nematode populations able to robustly parasitize the resistant host. In order to understand how virulence develops in SCN, we utilized a single backcross BC1F2 strategy to mate a highly virulent inbred population (TN20), capable of reproducing on all current sources of resistance, with an avirulent one (PA3), unable to reproduce on any of the resistant soybean lines. The offspring were then investigated to determine how virulence is inherited on the main sources of SCN resistance, derived from soybean lines Peking, PI 88788, PI 90763, and the broad spectrum resistance source PI 437654. Significantly, our results suggest virulence on PI 437654 is a multigenic recessive trait that allows the nematode to reproduce on all current sources of resistance. In addition, we examined how virulence on different sources of resistance interact by placing virulent SCN populations under secondary selection, and identified a strong counter-selection between virulence on PI 88788- and PI 90763-derived resistances, while no such counter-selection existed between virulence on Peking and PI 88788 resistance sources. Our results suggest that the genes responsible for virulence on PI 88788 and PI 90763 may be different alleles at a common locus. If so, rotation of cultivars with resistance from these two sources may be an effective management protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gardner
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Robert Heinz
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jianying Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Woo MO, Beard H, MacDonald MH, Brewer EP, Youssef RM, Kim H, Matthews BF. Manipulation of two α-endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes, AtCel6 and GmCel7, reduces susceptibility to Heterodera glycines in soybean roots. Mol Plant Pathol 2014; 15:927-39. [PMID: 24844661 PMCID: PMC6638630 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant endo-β-1,4-glucanases (EGases) include cell wall-modifying enzymes that are involved in nematode-induced growth of syncytia (feeding structures) in nematode-infected roots. EGases in the α- and β-subfamilies contain signal peptides and are secreted, whereas those in the γ-subfamily have a membrane-anchoring domain and are not secreted. The Arabidopsis α-EGase At1g48930, designated as AtCel6, is known to be down-regulated by beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) in Arabidopsis roots, whereas another α-EGase, AtCel2, is up-regulated. Here, we report that the ectopic expression of AtCel6 in soybean roots reduces susceptibility to both soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Suppression of GmCel7, the soybean homologue of AtCel2, in soybean roots also reduces the susceptibility to SCN. In contrast, in studies on two γ-EGases, both ectopic expression of AtKOR2 in soybean roots and suppression of the soybean homologue of AtKOR3 had no significant effect on SCN parasitism. Our results suggest that secreted α-EGases are likely to be more useful than membrane-bound γ-EGases in the development of an SCN-resistant soybean through gene manipulation. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that Arabidopsis shares molecular events of cyst nematode parasitism with soybean, and confirms the suitability of the Arabidopsis-H. schachtii interaction as a model for the soybean-H. glycines pathosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ok Woo
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Grabau ZJ, Chen S. Efficacy of Organic Soil Amendments for Management of Heterodera glycines in Greenhouse Experiments. J Nematol 2014; 46:267-74. [PMID: 25276000 PMCID: PMC4176409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In a repeated greenhouse experiment, organic soil amendments were screened for effects on population density of soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, and soybean growth. Ten amendments at various rates were tested: fresh plant material of field pennycress, marigold, spring camelina, and Cuphea; condensed distiller's solubles (CDS), ash of combusted CDS, ash of combusted turkey manure (TMA), marigold powder, canola meal, and pennycress seed powder. Soybeans were grown for 70 d in field soil with amendments and SCN eggs incorporated at planting. At 40 d after planting (DAP), many amendments reduced SCN egg population density, but some also reduced plant height. Cuphea plant at application rate of 2.9% (amendment:soil, w:w, same below), marigold plant at 2.9%, pennycress seed powder at 0.5%, canola meal at 1%, and CDS at 4.3% were effective against SCN with population reductions of 35.2%, 46.6%, 46.7%, 73.2%, and 73.3% compared with control, respectively. For Experiment 1 at 70 DAP, canola meal at 1% and pennycress seed powder at 0.5% reduced SCN population density 70% and 54%, respectively. CDS at 4.3%, ash of CDS at 0.2%, and TMA at 1% increased dry plant mass whereas CDS at 4.3% and pennycress seed powder at 0.1% reduced plant height. For Experiment 2 at 70 DAP, amendments did not affect SCN population nor plant growth. In summary, some amendments were effective for SCN management, but phytoxicity was a concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zane J Grabau
- Department of Plant Pathology/Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota; 35838 120th Street, Waseca, MN 56093
| | - Senyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology/Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota; 35838 120th Street, Waseca, MN 56093
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pérez-Hernández O, Giesler LJ. Quantitative Relationship of Soil Texture with the Observed Population Density Reduction of Heterodera glycines after Annual Corn Rotation in Nebraska. J Nematol 2014; 46:90-100. [PMID: 24987160 PMCID: PMC4077176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil texture has been commonly associated with the population density of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode: SCN), but such an association has been mainly described in terms of textural classes. In this study, multivariate analysis and a generalized linear modeling approach were used to elucidate the quantitative relationship of soil texture with the observed SCN population density reduction after annual corn rotation in Nebraska. Forty-five commercial production fields were sampled in 2009, 2010, and 2011 and SCN population density (eggs/100 cm(3) of soil) for each field was determined before (Pi) and after (Pf) annual corn rotation from ten 3 × 3-m sampling grids. Principal components analysis revealed that, compared with silt and clay, sand had a stronger association with SCN Pi and Pf. Cluster analysis using the average linkage method and confirmed through 1,000 bootstrap simulations identified two groups: one corresponding to predominant silt-and-clay fields and other to sand-predominant fields. This grouping suggested that SCN relative percent population decline was higher in the sandy than in the silt-and-clay predominant group. However, when groups were compared for their SCN population density reduction using Pf as the response, Pi as a covariate, and incorporating the year and field variability, a negative binomial generalized linear model indicated that the SCN population density reduction was not statistically different between the sand-predominant field group and the silt-and-clay predominant group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Loren J Giesler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lin J, Mazarei M, Zhao N, Zhu JJ, Zhuang X, Liu W, Pantalone VR, Arelli PR, Stewart CN, Chen F. Overexpression of a soybean salicylic acid methyltransferase gene confers resistance to soybean cyst nematode. Plant Biotechnol J 2013; 11:1135-45. [PMID: 24034273 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid plays a critical role in activating plant defence responses after pathogen attack. Salicylic acid methyltransferase (SAMT) modulates the level of salicylic acid by converting salicylic acid to methyl salicylate. Here, we report that a SAMT gene from soybean (GmSAMT1) plays a role in soybean defence against soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, SCN). GmSAMT1 was identified as a candidate SCN defence-related gene in our previous analysis of soybean defence against SCN using GeneChip microarray experiments. The current study started with the isolation of the full-length cDNAs of GmSAMT1 from a SCN-resistant soybean line and from a SCN-susceptible soybean line. The two cDNAs encode proteins of identical sequences. The GmSAMT1 cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli. Using in vitro enzyme assays, E. coli-expressed GmSAMT1 was confirmed to function as salicylic acid methyltransferase. The apparent Km value of GmSAMT1 for salicylic acid was approximately 46 μM. To determine the role of GmSAMT1 in soybean defence against SCN, transgenic hairy roots overexpressing GmSAMT1 were produced and tested for SCN resistance. Overexpression of GmSAMT1 in SCN-susceptible backgrounds significantly reduced the development of SCN, indicating that overexpression of GmSAMT1 in the transgenic hairy root system could confer resistance to SCN. Overexpression of GmSAMT1 in transgenic hairy roots was also found to affect the expression of selected genes involved in salicylic acid biosynthesis and salicylic acid signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Lin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|