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Mohammad DA, Al-Farga A, Sami M. Experimental study of organic enrichment on meiofaunal diversity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10681. [PMID: 38724542 PMCID: PMC11082245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The organic enrichment effects on the meiofauna and nematofauna were assessed for field sediment and other experimental ones enriched with organic matters conducted in the laboratory for 4 weeks. Also, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were monitored for each one. The abundance and diversity of meiofaunal groups and nematofauna varied. Strong significant correlations were found between DO and the studied items. Nematoda was the most abundant group in the field sediment and other experimental ones; their counts increased with the increase in organic enrichments and were dominated by deposit feeders. Amphipoda, Ostracoda and predator/omnivore nematodes disappeared in highly organic-enriched sediments. Changes in DO and organic enrichments might be the more attributable reasons for the alteration of the meiobenthic assemblages. The generic compositions of Nematoda provide a good indicator for environmental alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyaaedin A Mohammad
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ammar Al-Farga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Sami
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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Palumbo EO, Alcalde L, Bonino M, Lescano J, Montes M, Solari A, Inés Diaz J. Closing the knowledge gap: Helminth parasites of freshwater turtles from the Chaco-Pampa Plain, Southern South America. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e30. [PMID: 38584420 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Six species of freshwater turtles dominate the Chaco-Pampa Plain in southern South America and their parasites have been relatively understudied, with most records concentrated in Brazil. Particularly in Argentina, there are only scattered records of parasites for most of the turtles that inhabit the region, leaving a large knowledge gap. The purpose of the present contribution is to increase the knowledge of the internal parasites of six species of freshwater turtles from Argentina, after 15 years of fieldwork, by providing new hosts and additional geographic records for many host-parasite relationships. Some molecular sequences of the studied parasites were provided as a tool for better species identification. We processed 433 stomach and fecal samples from live individuals and visceral and soft tissue samples from 54 dissected turtles collected from a wide range and different ecoregions. We found 6230 helminths belonging to 18 taxa (one cestode, 11 digeneans and six nematodes). Fourteen new parasite-host associations are reported here, and for the first time parasites are recorded for Phrynops williamsi. This work contributes significantly to the knowledge of the parasitofauna in freshwater turtles in Argentina, providing a detailed list of parasites present in each turtle species and reporting molecular characters for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Oscar Palumbo
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), FCNyM, UNLP, CONICET, Boulevard 120 s/n e/61 y 62 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Alcalde
- Instituto de Limnología Dr. R. A. Ringuelet (ILPLA), FCNyM, UNLP, CONICET, Boulevard 120 s/n e/60 y 64 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Bonino
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Biología Evolutiva y Comportamiento de Herpetozoos (LEBECH) INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo). Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche Quintral 1250 (8400), Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Julián Lescano
- Instituto de diversidad y ecología animal (IDEA), CENTRO CIENTIFICO TECNOLOGICO CONICET - CORDOBA (CCT, CORDOBA) (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Martín Montes
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), FCNyM, UNLP, CONICET, Boulevard 120 s/n e/61 y 62 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Solari
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS) (CONICET/UNAM) Av. 3 Fronteras 183, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Julia Inés Diaz
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), FCNyM, UNLP, CONICET, Boulevard 120 s/n e/61 y 62 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Panti-May JA, Retana-Guiascón O, Moguel-Chin WI, Hernández-Mena DI, García-Prieto L. NEW RECORDS OF HELMINTHS OF THE JAGUAR IN MEXICO, WITH AN UPDATED LIST OF SPECIES IN THE AMERICAS. J Parasitol 2024; 110:114-126. [PMID: 38503317 DOI: 10.1645/23-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
An inventory of parasites infecting the jaguar (Panthera onca) across its distribution range is relevant for the conservation of this threatened big cat. In this study, we report the occurrence of helminths in a jaguar from Mexico using morphological techniques (cleared and stained mounts and scanning electron microscopy) and partial sequences of the 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) gene and the cytochrome c oxidase 1 mitochondrial (COI) gene. We also provide an updated list of helminth species reported in jaguars in the Americas. Three helminth taxa are identified in the jaguar examined from Mexico: Toxocara cati, Physaloptera sp., and Taenia sp. The new 28S rRNA sequences of To. cati, Physaloptera sp., and Taenia sp. and the COI sequence of Taenia sp. corroborate the identity of the helminths isolated from this host. One hundred and twenty-nine records of helminths parasitizing jaguars from 49 studies up to May 2023 were identified in the Americas. In most of these studies (73.6%), helminths were identified using coproparasitological techniques. Sixteen helminths (7 nematodes, 5 cestodes, 3 acanthocephalans, and 1 trematode) were identified at the species level in free-ranging and captive jaguars. The study demonstrates the value of an integrative taxonomy approach to increase the accuracy of parasite identification in wildlife, especially when helminth specimens are scarce or poorly fixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alonso Panti-May
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi," Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Avenida Itzaés 490, Mérida, C. P. 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Oscar Retana-Guiascón
- Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la Vida Silvestre, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Avenida Héroe de Nacozari 480, Campeche, C. P. 24079, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Wilson Isaias Moguel-Chin
- Doctorado en Manejo de Recursos Naturales Tropicales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil km 15.5, Mérida, C. P. 97315, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - David I Hernández-Mena
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Mérida-Tetiz km 4, Ucú, C. P. 97358, Yucatán, Mexico
- Colección Nacional de Helmintos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis García-Prieto
- Colección Nacional de Helmintos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Kashyap D, Baliyan R, Panwar A, Kumar Y, Sharma B, Singh HS, Chaudhary A. Occurrence and First Molecular Characterization of Spinitectus notopteri Karve et Naik, 1951, Infected Bronze Featherback (Notopterus notopterus) in India. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:1067-1072. [PMID: 38438771 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The nematode genus Spinitectus Fourment, 1883, comprises species that are mainly parasitic on freshwater and marine fishes. However, our knowledge of the distribution and molecular identification of Spinitectus spp. in the Indian region is rather limited. This study aims to fill this gap in our knowledge using molecular data as evidence for Spinitectus species characterization. METHODS Bronze featherback were obtained opportunistically from the fish markets of district Muzaffarnagar (29.4727° N, 77.7085° E), Uttar Pradesh, India. Nematode species collected from the gastrointestinal tract were characterized morphologically and molecularly. Partial sequences of the ribosomal 18S rRNA gene were used for molecular characterization of the present specimens. RESULTS The current study represented molecular analysis that determined the presence of the species Spinitectus notopteri Karve et Naik, 1951. The sequences obtained were closely related to representatives of the family Rhabdochonidae. CONCLUSION This first molecular exploration of S. notopteri Karve et Naik, 1951, in the GenBank database and for any species of Spinitectus from India indicates a lack of genetic data for parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Kashyap
- Department of Zoology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 251001, India
| | - Rakhi Baliyan
- Department of Zoology, Dhanauri P.G. College, Dhanauri, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Anju Panwar
- Department of Zoology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 251001, India
| | - Yougesh Kumar
- Department of Zoology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 251001, India
| | - Bindu Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, University Road, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India
| | - Hridaya S Singh
- Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India
- Maa Shakumbhari University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 247120, India
| | - Anshu Chaudhary
- Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India.
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Semprucci F, Catani L, Grassi E, Jakubcsiková M, Čerevková A. Simple, inexpensive, and rapid approach to detect changes in the structure of soil free-living nematodes. Helminthologia 2024; 61:85-98. [PMID: 38659464 PMCID: PMC11038259 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2024-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A general limitation of ecological investigations based on nematodes is related to the difficult and time-consuming taxonomic identification of species. Therefore, nematologists are investing many efforts to develop alternative approaches as proxies applicable in biomonitoring assessment. Recently, an alternative method that combines morpho-functional traits was proposed for detecting assemblage changes of marine nematodes. In view of the promising results, it was tested the same approach to document taxonomic structure changes of soil free-living and plant parasitic nematodes. Specifically, this attempt was carried out using three data sets that include studies from various European regions and different types of ecosystems: forests, grasslands and maize crops. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the simple combination of the four traits (i.e., buccal cavity cuticularization occurrence, amphideal fovea size and shape, morphology of the cuticle and pharynx) in a single code number perfectly mirrors the taxonomic structure trends of the nematode assemblage at genus level. Therefore, we predict that similar results can be also obtained by directly encoding nematode specimens with the selected traits and we point to new important advances if this procedure can be coupled with advanced machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Semprucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DiSB), University of Urbino, 61029Urbino, Italy
| | - L. Catani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DiSB), University of Urbino, 61029Urbino, Italy
| | - E. Grassi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DiSB), University of Urbino, 61029Urbino, Italy
| | - M. Jakubcsiková
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Hlinkova 3, 040 01Košice, Slovakia
| | - A. Čerevková
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Hlinkova 3, 040 01Košice, Slovakia
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Zeng JL, Chen HX, Ni XF, Kang JY, Li L. Molecular phylogeny of the family Rhabdiasidae ( Nematoda: Rhabditida), with morphology, genetic characterization and mitochondrial genomes of Rhabdias kafunata and R. bufonis. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:100. [PMID: 38429838 PMCID: PMC10908064 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family Rhabdiasidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) is a globally distributed group of nematode parasites, with over 110 species parasitic mainly in amphibians and reptiles. However, the systematic position of the family Rhabdiasidae in the order Rhabditida remains unsolved, and the evolutionary relationships among its genera are still unclear. Moreover, the present knowledge of the mitochondrial genomes of rhabdiasids remains limited. METHODS Two rhabdiasid species: Rhabdias kafunata Sata, Takeuchi & Nakano, 2020 and R. bufonis (Schrank, 1788) collected from the Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans Cantor (Amphibia: Anura) in China, were identified based on morphology (light and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular characterization (sequencing of the nuclear 28S and ITS regions and mitochondrial cox1 and 12S genes). The complete mitochondrial genomes of R. kafunata and R. bufonis were also sequenced and annotated for the first time. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the mitochondrial genomes were performed to clarify the systematic position of the family Rhabdiasidae in the order Rhabditida using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). The phylogenetic analyses based on the 28S + ITS sequences, were also inferred to assess the evolutionary relationships among the genera within Rhabdiasidae. RESULTS The detailed morphology of the cephalic structures, vulva and eggs in R. kafunata and R. bufonis was revealed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the first time. The characterization of 28S and ITS regions of R. kafunata was reported for the first time. The mitogenomes of R. kafunata and R. bufonis are 15,437 bp and 15,128 bp long, respectively, and both contain 36 genes, including 12 PCGs (missing atp8). Comparative mitogenomics revealed that the gene arrangement of R. kafunata and R. bufonis is different from all of the currently available mitogenomes of nematodes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS + 28S data showed Neoentomelas and Kurilonema as sister lineages, and supported the monophyly of Entomelas, Pneumonema, Serpentirhabdias and Rhabdias. Mitochondrial phylogenomic results supported Rhabdiasidae as a member of the superfamily Rhabditoidea in the suborder Rhabditina, and its occurrance as sister to the family Rhabditidae. CONCLUSIONS The complete mitochondrial genome of R. kafunata and R. bufonis were reported for the first time, and two new gene arrangements of mitogenomes in Nematoda were revealed. Mitogenomic phylogenetic results indicated that the family Rhabdiasidae is a member of Rhabditoidea in Rhabditina, and is closely related to Rhabditidae. Molecular phylogenies based on the ITS + 28S sequence data supported the validity of Kurilonema, and showed that Kurilonema is sister to Neoentomelas. The present phylogenetic results also indicated that the ancestors of rhabdiasids seem to have initially infected reptiles, then spreading to amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lu Zeng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline Cell Biology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xia Chen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Feng Ni
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yi Kang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline Cell Biology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Guiglielmoni N, Villegas LI, Kirangwa J, Schiffer PH. Revisiting genomes of non-model species with long reads yields new insights into their biology and evolution. Front Genet 2024; 15:1308527. [PMID: 38384712 PMCID: PMC10879605 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1308527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
High-quality genomes obtained using long-read data allow not only for a better understanding of heterozygosity levels, repeat content, and more accurate gene annotation and prediction when compared to those obtained with short-read technologies, but also allow to understand haplotype divergence. Advances in long-read sequencing technologies in the last years have made it possible to produce such high-quality assemblies for non-model organisms. This allows us to revisit genomes, which have been problematic to scaffold to chromosome-scale with previous generations of data and assembly software. Nematoda, one of the most diverse and speciose animal phyla within metazoans, remains poorly studied, and many previously assembled genomes are fragmented. Using long reads obtained with Nanopore R10.4.1 and PacBio HiFi, we generated highly contiguous assemblies of a diploid nematode of the Mermithidae family, for which no closely related genomes are available to date, as well as a collapsed assembly and a phased assembly for a triploid nematode from the Panagrolaimidae family. Both genomes had been analysed before, but the fragmented assemblies had scaffold sizes comparable to the length of long reads prior to assembly. Our new assemblies illustrate how long-read technologies allow for a much better representation of species genomes. We are now able to conduct more accurate downstream assays based on more complete gene and transposable element predictions.
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Nikolaeva OV, Rusin LY, Mikhailov KV, Aleoshin VV, De Ley P. Both-strand gene coding in a plastome-like mitogenome of an enoplid nematode. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2024. [PMID: 38318934 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The phylum Nematoda remains very poorly sampled for mtDNA, with a strong bias toward parasitic, economically important or model species of the Chromadoria lineage. Most chromadorian mitogenomes share a specific order of genes encoded on one mtDNA strand. However, the few sequenced representatives of the Dorylaimia lineage exhibit a variable order of mtDNA genes encoded on both strands. While the ancestral arrangement of nematode mitogenome remains undefined, no evidence has been reported for Enoplia, the phylum's third early divergent major lineage. We describe the first mitogenome of an enoplian nematode, Campydora demonstrans, and contend that the complete 37-gene repertoire and both-strand gene encoding are ancestral states preserved in Enoplia and Dorylaimia versus the derived mitogenome arrangement in some Chromadoria. The C. demonstrans mitogenome is 17,018 bp in size and contains a noncoding perfect inverted repeat with 2013 bp-long arms, subdividing the mitogenome into two coding regions. This mtDNA arrangement is very rare among animals and instead resembles that of chloroplast genomes in land plants. Our report broadens mtDNA taxonomic sampling of the phylum Nematoda and adds support to the applicability of cox1 gene as a phylogenetic marker for establishing nematode relationships within higher taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Nikolaeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Yu Rusin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Mikhailov
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Aleoshin
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paul De Ley
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology & Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
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Presswell B, Bennett J. Gastrointestinal helminths of the Australasian harrier ( Circus approximans Peale, 1848) in New Zealand, and description of a new species of nematode, Procyrnea fraseri n. sp. (Habronematidae). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e6. [PMID: 38213187 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The Australasian harrier Circus approximans, a native of Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific, is an opportunistic hunter of small prey, although a large part of its diet consists of carrion, mainly from roadkill. Besides a record of a single, unnamed species of capillariid nematode there have been no investigations into the parasites of Australasian harriers in New Zealand. In this study, a helminthological survey of sixty-five deceased harriers from southern New Zealand uncovered a gastrointestinal helminth fauna consisting of six parasite species. Porrocaecum circinum (Nematoda) was previously described only from fragmented females, and a redescription is presented here. Procyrnea fraseri n. sp. (Nematoda) is described, and distinguished from its congeners by its slender body shape and shorter spicules. Strigea falconis (Trematoda) is reported for the first time in New Zealand. Cladotaenia anomalis (Cestoda) and Polymorphus circi (Acanthocephala) were previously described as new species elsewhere. An unnamed species of capillariid appears to be mainly confined to North Island and is rare in South Island. Prevalence and intensity metrics are given, and DNA sequences provided to accompany new re/descriptions. Potential intermediate hosts are discussed, and the origins of the helminths and their potential for pathogenicity are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Presswell
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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de Oliveira Simões R, de Andrade Silva BE, Olifiers N, Bueno C, Maldonado Júnior A. New species of Delicata (Molineidae: Anoplostrongylinae) parasite of Cabassous tatouay (Desmarest, 1804) from the Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1325263. [PMID: 38260198 PMCID: PMC10800746 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1325263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A new species of nematode parasite of the genus Delicata (Molineidae: Anoplostrongylinae) is described from the small intestine of a road-killed Greater Naked-tailed Armadillo Cabassous tatouay (Cingulata: Chlamyphoridae) on the BR-040 highway in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The genus Delicata includes 13 species of parasitizing armadillos and anteaters distributed in Brazil, Argentina, and Trinidad and Tobago. The present species is distinguished from almost all species of Delicata by the longest length of the body, except for D. khalili and D. appendiculata. However, these can be distinguished from each other by the length of the spicules. The species that closely resembles, Delicata tatouay n. sp. is D. speciosa, but it can be distinguished by a robust branch from rays 2 and 3, rays 4 larger, and rays 8 longer compared to those of the new species. The new species is the only one with a tail, characterized by a terminal spine with rattlesnake tail-like transversal striations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel de Oliveira Simões
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Natalie Olifiers
- Núcleo de Estudos de Vertebrados Silvestres – NEVS, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecília Bueno
- Núcleo de Estudos de Vertebrados Silvestres – NEVS, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Museu Nacional, Departamento de Vertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado Júnior
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Heneberg P, Sitko J, Yakovleva G, Lebedeva D. Severe decline in abundance of Cyathostoma lari, a parasite of the nasal and orbital sinuses of gulls, at their central European nesting grounds. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e1. [PMID: 38167257 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cyathostoma lari is a parasite of the nasal and orbital sinuses of gulls and other hosts in Europe and Canada. Here, we provide an overview of previously published data on the prevalence and infection intensity of C. lari in gulls. Furthermore, based on our data, we analyze the spatiotemporal trends in the prevalence and intensity of infection by C. lari in Chroicocephalus ridibundus in Czechia (central Europe; data from 1964 to 2014) and compare them with those obtained from five species of gulls in Karelia (Northwest Russia; data from 2012-2020). Based on our preliminary observations, we hypothesized that C. lari is subject to a decline in certain regions, but this decline is not necessarily applicable throughout its distribution range. We found that the C. lari population crashed in specific parts of its distribution range. The reasons are unknown, but the observed population changes correspond with the diet switch of their core host in Czechia, C. ridibundus. We previously observed a diet switch in Czech C. ridibundus from earthworms (intermediate hosts of C. lari) to other types of food. This diet switch affected both young and adult birds. Nevertheless, it may not necessarily affect populations in other regions, where they depend less on earthworms collected from agrocenoses affected by agrochemicals and trampling. Correspondingly, we found that these changes were limited only to regions where the gulls feed (or fed) on arable fields. In Karelia, where arable fields are scarce, gulls likely continue to feed on earthworms and still display high infection rates by C. lari. Therefore, C. lari, a parasite of the nasal and orbital sinuses of gulls, nearly disappeared from their central European nesting grounds but is still present in better-preserved parts of its distribution range.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heneberg
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Ruská 87, CZ - 100 00 Prague, Czechia
| | - J Sitko
- Comenius Museum, Moravian Ornithological Station, Přerov, Czechia
| | - G Yakovleva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - D Lebedeva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
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De Benedetto G, Gaglio G. A case of abnormal swimming patterns in juvenile Oblada melanura naturally infected with Philometra obladae ( Nematoda: Philometridae) in the Tyrrhenian Sea off Sicily, Italy. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2023; 5:100167. [PMID: 38283059 PMCID: PMC10821533 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The saddled seabream, Oblada melanura (L.), is a common seawater species present in the Mediterranean. Between July and August 2023, during diving activities along the Sicilian coast of Italy, we recorded with a digital camera several specimens of O. melanura showing an abnormal pattern of swimming in the water column. The unusual swimming behaviour was characterized by fast, uncoordinated directional changes and isolation from the remaining fishes in the shoal. Four dead fish were found and collected for necropsy and parasitological evaluation/examination. Upon gross examination, all fish showed an evident coelomic distension; the coelomic cavity of two fish was filled with nematodes that dislocated the coelomic organs, and the other two had degraded nematodes and a conspicuous quantity of fluid in the coelomic cavity. All collected parasites were identified as Philometra obladae (Nematoda: Philometridae) according to morphological criteria. Here, we describe the unusual swimming behaviour of O. melanura naturally infected with Ph. obladae and the results of the examination of dead fish infected with this parasite. Future studies are needed to better evaluate and describe the dynamics and the epidemiology of Ph. obladae infection in wild O. melanura.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Macheriotou L, Derycke S, Vanreusel A. Environmental filtering along a bathymetric gradient: A metabarcoding meta-analysis of free-living nematodes. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6177-6189. [PMID: 37971160 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and understanding patterns of biological diversity is crucial at a time when even the most remote and pristine marine ecosystems are threatened by resource exploitation such as deep-seabed mining. Metabarcoding provides the means through which one can perform comprehensive investigations of diversity by examining entire assemblages simultaneously. Nematodes commonly represent the most abundant infaunal metazoan group in marine soft sediments. In this meta-analysis, we compiled all publicly available metabarcoding datasets targeting the 18S rRNA v1-v2 region from sediment samples to conduct a global-scale examination of nematode amplicon sequence variant (ASV) alpha diversity patterns and phylogenetic community structure at different depths and habitats. We found that nematode ASV richness followed a parabolic trend, increasing from the intertidal to the shelf, reaching a maximum in the bathyal and decreasing in the abyssal zone. No depth- or habitat-specific assemblages were identified as a large fraction of genera were shared. Contrastingly, the vast majority of ASVs were unique to each habitat and/or depth zone; genetic diversity was thus highly localized. Overwhelmingly, nematode ASVs in all habitats exhibited phylogenetic clustering, pointing to environmental filtering as the primary force defining community assembly rather than competitive interactions. This finding stresses the importance of habitat preservation for the maintenance of marine nematode diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Macheriotou
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Derycke
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Aquatic Environment and Quality, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Oostende, Belgium
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Brito de Jesus S, Vieira D, Gheller P, Cunha BP, Gallucci F, Fonseca G. Machine learning algorithms accurately identify free-living marine nematode species. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16216. [PMID: 37842061 PMCID: PMC10569207 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying species, particularly small metazoans, remains a daunting challenge and the phylum Nematoda is no exception. Typically, nematode species are differentiated based on morphometry and the presence or absence of certain characters. However, recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning (ML) algorithms, offer promising solutions for automating species identification, mostly in taxonomically complex groups. By training ML models with extensive datasets of accurately identified specimens, the models can learn to recognize patterns in nematodes' morphological and morphometric features. This enables them to make precise identifications of newly encountered individuals. Implementing ML algorithms can improve the speed and accuracy of species identification and allow researchers to efficiently process vast amounts of data. Furthermore, it empowers non-taxonomists to make reliable identifications. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of ML algorithms in identifying species of free-living marine nematodes, focusing on two well-known genera: Acantholaimus Allgén, 1933 and Sabatieria Rouville, 1903. Methods A total of 40 species of Acantholaimus and 60 species of Sabatieria were considered. The measurements and identifications were obtained from the original publications of species for both genera, this compilation included information regarding the presence or absence of specific characters, as well as morphometric data. To assess the performance of the species identification four ML algorithms were employed: Random Forest (RF), Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM) with both linear and radial kernels, and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms. Results For both genera, the random forest (RF) algorithm demonstrated the highest accuracy in correctly classifying specimens into their respective species, achieving an accuracy rate of 93% for Acantholaimus and 100% for Sabatieria, only a single individual from Acantholaimus of the test data was misclassified. Conclusion These results highlight the overall effectiveness of ML algorithms in species identification. Moreover, it demonstrates that the identification of marine nematodes can be automated, optimizing biodiversity and ecological studies, as well as turning species identification more accessible, efficient, and scalable. Ultimately it will contribute to our understanding and conservation of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brito de Jesus
- Marine Science Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo Vieira
- Marine Science Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Gheller
- Institute Oceanographic, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz P. Cunha
- Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Gallucci
- Marine Science Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Fonseca
- Marine Science Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Andrade-Silva BE, Cardoso TDS, Vilela RDV, Pacheco RDC, Rossi RV, Mendonça RFBD, Maldonado Júnior A, Gentile R. Helminth community structure of the white-bellied woolly mouse opossum Marmosa constantiae Thomas, 1904 in Central-West Brazil. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e58. [PMID: 37476963 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x2300038x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Marmosa constantiae is a species of marsupial restricted to the central portion of South America. In Brazil, it occurs in the northwestern region including five states of the Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal biomes. However, there is no study of the helminth fauna or helminth community structure for this marsupial. The aims of this study were to describe the species composition and to analyse the structure of the helminthic community of M. constantiae in an area of the Amazon Arc in Sinop, north of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Parasites were searched in 53 specimens of this marsupial, among which 44 were infected with at least one helminth species. Parasitic helminths were counted and identified. Nine species were collected: seven nematodes, one cestode, and one acanthocephalan. The most abundant species were Gracilioxyuris agilisis, Travassostrongylus scheibelorum, Pterygodermatites sinopiensis, and Subulura eliseae. These species were the only dominant ones in the component community. No significant differences were observed in the abundance and prevalence of helminths between male and female hosts. Host body size significantly influenced helminth abundance in males. The pattern of community structure considering the infracommunities in this locality indicated more species replacement than species loss along the environmental gradient. This is the first study to report the helminth fauna and the helminth community structure of M. constantiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E de Andrade-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - T Dos Santos Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Pós-Doutorado Nota 10 - 2021, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R do Val Vilela
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R de Campos Pacheco
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária e Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - R V Rossi
- Laboratório de Mastozoologia, Instituto de Biociências - IB, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - R F B de Mendonça
- Laboratório de Mastozoologia, Instituto de Biociências - IB, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - A Maldonado Júnior
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - R Gentile
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Chen HX, Zeng JL, Gao YY, Zhang D, Li Y, Li L. Morphology and genetic characterization of Physaloptera sibirica Petrow & Gorbunov, 1931 (Spirurida: Physalopteridae), from the hog-badger Arctonyx collaris Cuvier (Carnivora: Mustelidae), with molecular phylogeny of Physalopteridae. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:227. [PMID: 37420256 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nematodes of the family Physalopteridae (Spirurida: Physalopteroidea) commonly parasitize the alimentary canal of all major vertebrate groups. However, many physalopterid species are not adequately described, especially regarding the detailed morphology of the cephalic end. The current genetic database for Physaloptera species is still very limited, which seriously hampers molecular-based species identification. Additionally, the systematic status of some genera and the evolutionary relationships of the subfamilies in the Physalopteridae remain under debate. METHODS New morphological data for Physaloptera sibirica was gathered using light and scanning electron microscopy based on newly collected specimens from the hog badger Arctonyx collaris Cuvier (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in China. Six different genetic markers, including nuclear small ribosomal DNA (18S), large ribosomal DNA (28S) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and subunit 2 (cox2), and the 12S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of P. sibirica were sequenced and analyzed for the first time to our knowledge. Additionally, to construct a basic molecular phylogenetic framework for the Physalopteridae, phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the cox1 and 18S + cox1 genes using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation displayed the details of the cephalic structures, deirids, excretory pore, caudal papillae, vulva, phasmids and egg of P. sibirica for the first time to our knowledge. Pairwise comparison of the sequences obtained for P. sibirica did not reveal intraspecific divergence regarding the 18S, 28S, cox1 and 12S genetic markers and a low level of divergence in the ITS (0.16%) and cox2 (2.39%) regions. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses showed that the representatives of Physalopteridae formed two major clades (species of Physalopterinae + Thubunaeinae parasitic in terrestrial vertebrates and Proleptinae only occurring in marine or freshwater fishes). Turgida turgida was found nested among representatives of Physaloptera. Physaloptera sibirica clustered together with P. rara. Physalopteroides sp. (Thubunaeinae) formed a sister relationship to the physalopterine Abbreviata caucasica. CONCLUSIONS Physaloptera sibirica was redescribed, which is the fourth nematode parasite reported from the hog badger A. collaris, and A. collaris represents a new host for P. sibirica. The phylogenetic results challenged the validity of the subfamily Thubunaeinae and of the genus Turgida and supported dividing the family Physalopteridae into two subfamilies, Physalopterinae and Proleptinae. However, we do not make any immediate systematic changes in the Physalopteridae, because a more rigorous study with broader representation of the Physalopteridae is required. These present findings contribute to morphologically identifying P. sibirica more accurately and provide new insights into the systematics of the Physalopteridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xia Chen
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline Cell Biology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 050024, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lu Zeng
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Yun Gao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Li
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline Cell Biology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 050024, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
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England JC, Wyrosdick HM, Baker EL, Stiver WH, Williamson RH, Gerhold RW. Parasite Prevalence in Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:515-519. [PMID: 37151148 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are an introduced species to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), US, and serve as carriers of several diseases that are considered a threat to other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. During 2013 and 2015, fecal samples from 67 feral swine from the GSMNP within both Tennessee and North Carolina, US, were opportunistically collected as part of a feral swine removal program and submitted to the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, for parasite screening by centrifugal sugar flotation. Ten taxa from the phyla Acanthocephala, Apicomplexa, and Nematoda were identified: Ascaris spp., Strongylid-type spp., Capillaria spp., Trichuris suis, Metastrongylus spp., Macracanthorhynchus spp., Coccidia, Sarcocystis spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. In 98.5% of samples, at least one parasite was found. No differences in parasite prevalence or species diversity were noted based on state of collection (Tennessee or North Carolina), sex, or age. The high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in these feral swine, some of which are zoonotic, represents a potential public health risk as well as a concern for free-range swine farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Conner England
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Room A233, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Gifford Pinchot National Forest, 987 McClellan Road, Vancouver, Washington 98661, USA
| | - Heidi M Wyrosdick
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Room A233, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Eliza L Baker
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Room A233, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - William H Stiver
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 107 Park Headquarters Road, Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738, USA
| | - Ryan H Williamson
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 107 Park Headquarters Road, Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738, USA
| | - Richard W Gerhold
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Room A233, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Shamsi S, Barton DP. A critical review of anisakidosis cases occurring globally. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07881-9. [PMID: 37233816 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A review was conducted to identify the most common causative agents of anisakidosis, the methods used for identification of the causative agents, and to summarize the sources of infection, and patients' demographics. A total of 762 cases (409 articles, inclusive of all languages) were found between 1965 and 2022. The age range was 7 months to 85 years old. Out of the 34 countries, Japan, Spain, and South Korea stood out with the highest number of published human cases of anisakidosis, respectively. This raises the question: Why are there few to no reports of anisakidosis cases in other countries, such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where seafood consumption is notably high? Other than the gastrointestinal tract, parasites were frequently found in internal organs such as liver, spleen, pancreas, lung, hiatal and epigastric hernia, and tonsils. There are also reports of the worm being excreted through the nose, rectum, and mouth. Symptoms included sore throat, tumor, bleeding, gastric/epigastric/abdominal/substernal/lower back/testicular pain, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, blood in feces, hematochezia, anemia, and respiratory arrest. These appeared either immediately or up to 2 months after consuming raw/undercooked seafood and lasting up to 10 years. Anisakidosis commonly mimicked symptoms of cancer, pancreatitis, type I/II Kounis syndrome, intussusception, Crohn's disease, ovarian cysts, intestinal endometriosis, epigastralgia, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, and appendicitis. In these cases, it was only after surgery that it was found these symptoms/conditions were caused by anisakids. A range of not only mainly marine but also freshwater fish/shellfish were reported as source of infection. There were several reports of infection with >1 nematode (up to >200), more than one species of anisakids in the same patient, and the presence of L4/adult nematodes. The severity of symptoms did not relate to the number of parasites. The number of anisakidosis cases is grossly underestimated globally. Using erroneous taxonomic terms, assumptions, and identifying the parasite as Anisakis (based solely on the Y-shaped lateral cord in crossed section of the parasite) are still common. The Y-shaped lateral cord is not unique to Anisakis spp. Acquiring a history of ingesting raw/undercooked fish/seafood can be a clue to the diagnosis of the condition. This review emphasizes the following key points: insufficient awareness of fish parasites among medical professionals, seafood handlers, and policy makers; limited availability of effective diagnostic methodologies; and inadequate clinical information for optimizing the management of anisakidosis in numerous regions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia.
| | - Diane P Barton
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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Jesus RF, Willkens Y, Nascimento Dos Santos J, Vasconcelos Melo FT. A NEW SPECIES OF PNEUMOATRACTIS (COSMOCERCOIDEA: ATRACTIDAE) FROM TWO SPECIES OF FRESHWATER TURTLES FROM THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON. J Parasitol 2023; 109:181-186. [PMID: 37225665 DOI: 10.1645/22-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The monotypic genus PneumoatractisBursey, Reavill, and Greiner, 2009 was erected to allocate nematodes collected from the lungs of the freshwater turtle Podocnemis unifilis Troschel. During a helminthological survey of parasites from freshwater turtles of Tocantins and Xingu rivers, Pará State, eastern Amazon, Brazil, we found nematodes parasitizing the stomach and large intestine of Po. unifilis and Podocnemis expansa Schweigger. We assigned them to a new species of Pneumoatractis, which is described herein. Pneumoatractis gibbonsae n. sp. resembles Pneumoatractis podocnemis by the morphology of the oral opening, the position of the excretory pore, and the lanceolate shape of the spicules, but differs from it in males by having 10 pairs of caudal papillae plus 1 unpaired anterior to cloacal lip, different length of the right spicule, and short gubernaculum; it differs in females by the distances of vulva and anus from the posterior end respectively. We found the new species in a different infection site from that of the type species. Thus, this is the second species of Pneumoatractis described in Po. unifilis and the first in Po. expansa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ferreira Jesus
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Yuri Willkens
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jeannie Nascimento Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tiago Vasconcelos Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
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Di Cataldo S, Cevidanes A, Sepúlveda-García P, Alvarado-Rybak M, Lia RP, Otranto D, Terio K, Müller A, Millán J. Spirocerca lupi in the stomach of two Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) from Chile. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1261-1269. [PMID: 37014474 PMCID: PMC10172281 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Spirocerca includes nematodes that parasitize the stomach and the oesophagus of carnivores, chiefly canids. Herein, we provide new data about the morphological, histopathological, and molecular characterization of Spirocerca sp. in Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) in Chile. Intact immature worms, identified as Spirocerca sp., were recovered in the lumen of the stomach from two foxes. Histologically, worms morphologically consistent with spirurid nematodes were present within the wall of the stomach and surrounded by nodular areas of inflammation with central necrotic debris. Molecular analysis of the cox1 gene yielded 19 sequences and 5 nucleotide sequence types with 99.95 to 99.98% similarity, being shared between both foxes. Nucleotide similarity ranged from 93.1 (with genotype 2 of S. lupi and S. vulpis) to 95.8% (with genotype 1 of S. lupi), a higher similarity than noted from sequences of S. lupi from an Andean fox from Peru (91.0 to 93.3%). However, the Poisson Tree Processes for species delineation did not support the existence of a new species Spirocerca. Phylogenetic and nucleotide analyses suggest that these specimens belong to a new variant or genotype of S. lupi or to a cryptic species. Whether the presence of the worms in the stomach has to do with genotypic differences in parasites or host or some combination is uncertain. Spirocerca lupi has never been found in Chilean dogs and must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Di Cataldo
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Aitor Cevidanes
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Paulina Sepúlveda-García
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mario Alvarado-Rybak
- Núcleo de Ciencias Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Echaurren, 140, Santiago, Chile
| | - Riccardo Paolo Lia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - Ananda Müller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Javier Millán
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República, 440, Santiago, Chile.
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Fundación ARAID, Avda. de Ranillas, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Guimarães FDR, Barros LA, Saddi TM, Cardoso JR, Vasconcelos VS, Ramos DGDS. Parasitism of Dirofilaria incrassata Molin, 1858 in coatis (Nasua nasua). Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 39:100842. [PMID: 36878627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Populations of the coati, Nasua nasua, like the populations of other wild animals, are regulated by several biotic or abiotic factors. For example, parasites act as a biotic factor affecting the dynamics and density of coati populations. The parasitic nematodes of coatis include Dirofilaria species, such as Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, and Dirofilaria incrassata. Considering that there are few records on parasitism by D. incrassata, including information on the life cycle or location in the host body, this study aimed to investigate the infection of N. nasua by D. incrassata in midwestern Brazil. Thus, two coatis (males and adults) from the Cerrado of Goiás, which died (cause unknown) at the Wild Animal Screening Center/IBAMA in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Midwestern of Brazil, were dissected and all helminths found were collected, identified following specific keys and quantified. A total of 85 specimens of D. incrassata were collected, with a mean parasitic intensity of 42.5 and a parasitic amplitude ranging from 40 to 45, measuring 41-93 mm in length and 0.23-0.45 mm in width. All helminths were adults and were distributed in the superficial and deep fascia (at different levels) from the neck to the hind limb. Most helminths were tangled, with some encased in a connective tissue film. Most reported human heartworm cases refer to subcutaneous or ocular heartworm infection, mainly caused by D. repens, although other species of heartworm may be associated. D. incrassata was not reported as zoonotic agent, diferently of other Dirofilaria species associated with wild animals and with zoonotic potential in the Americas. This study reiterates N. nasua as the definitive host for D. incrassata and the subcutaneous tissue as the site of choice for this helminth in the adult form. In addition, it reports new body regions where the parasite occurs. This study is the first to document the occurrence of D. incrassata infestation in the State of Goiás, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciano Antunes Barros
- Department of Veterinary Collective Health and Public Health, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thelma Michella Saddi
- Pro-Rectorate of Culture, Extension and Experience, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Silva Vasconcelos
- Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos
- Graduate Program of Animal Bioscience, Academic Unit of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí, GO, Brazil.
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Alcantara EP, Müller MI, Úngari LP, Ferreira-Silva C, Emmerich E, Giese EG, Morais DH, Santos ALQ, O'Dwyer LH, Silva RJ. Integrative taxonomy in the genus Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905 from anuran in Brazil, description of two new species and phylogenetic analyses. Parasitol Int 2023; 93:102714. [PMID: 36462634 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
About 20 valid species of the genus Rhabdias are known in the Neotropical region. The present study aimed to describe two new species of Rhabdias parasitizing the lungs of Leptodactylus macrosternum and Leptodactylus podicipinus from Brazil. Distinctive characteristics between these species are numerous and based on body size, size of the buccal capsule, shape and size of the oesophagus, and position of the vulva. Molecular data based on ribosomal genes 28S and ITS region and mitochondrial COI of the two species are presented. Molecular analysis and comparison of the partial mitochondrial COI sequence of Rhabdias matogrossensis n. sp. and Rhabdias guaianensis n. sp. revealed a genetic divergence between these new species and the sequences of Rhabdias spp. previously deposited in GenBank. In the phylogenetic analysis, R. matogrossensis n. sp. was grouped with R. breviensis species complex, and R. guaianensis n. sp. was grouped as a sister group of R. cf. stenochepala. This study contributes to improving the diversity of known species of Rhabdias described in Brazilian anurans.
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Rae R. Avoidance and attraction behaviour of slugs exposed to parasitic nematodes. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107896. [PMID: 36758665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Avoidance of pathogens and parasites is the first line of defense to survive. Several slug species avoid the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita to reduce infection however, there is nothing known about whether slugs avoid other members of the Phasmarhabditis genus. I exposed two slug species (Deroceras invadens and Limax maculatus) to Phasmarhabditis californica and P. neopapillosa. D. invadens avoided P. californica but was strangely attracted to P. neopapillosa. L. maculatus did not avoid P. californica, but on day 1 and 3 significantly more slugs were found with P. neopapillosa. Reasons for host attraction to P. neopapillosa are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Rae
- Liverpool John Moores University, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Byrom Street, Liverpool L33AF, UK.
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Warburton EM, Budischak SA, Jolles AE, Ezenwa VO. Within-host and external environments differentially shape β-diversity across parasite life stages. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:665-676. [PMID: 36567629 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering drivers of community assembly is a key aspect of learning how biological communities function. Drivers of community similarity can be especially useful in this task as they affect assemblage-level changes that lead to differences in species diversity between habitats. Concepts of β-diversity originally developed for use in free-living communities have been widely applied to parasite communities to gain insight into how infection risk changes with local conditions by comparing parasite communities across abiotic and biotic gradients. Factors shaping β-diversity in communities of immature parasites, such as larvae, are largely unknown. This is a key knowledge gap as larvae are frequently the infective life-stage and understanding variation in these larval communities is thus key for disease prevention. Our goal was to uncover links between β-diversity of parasite communities at different life stages; therefore, we used gastrointestinal nematodes infecting African buffalo in Kruger National Park, South Africa, to investigate within-host and extra-host drivers of adult and larval parasite community similarity. We employed a cross-sectional approach using PERMANOVA that examined each worm community at a single time point to assess independent drivers of β-diversity in larvae and adults as well as a longitudinal approach with path analysis where adult and larval communities from the same host were compared to better link drivers of β-diversity between these two life stages. Using the cross-sectional approach, we generally found that intrinsic, within-host traits had significant effects on β-diversity of adult nematode communities, while extrinsic, extra-host variables had significant effects on β-diversity of larval nematode communities. However, the longitudinal approach provided evidence that intrinsic, within-host factors affected the larval community indirectly via the adult community. Our results provide key data for the comparison of community-level processes where adult and immature stages inhabit vastly different habitats (i.e. within-host vs. abiotic environment). In the context of parasitism, this helps elucidate host infection risk via larval stages and the drivers that shape persistence of adult parasite assemblages, both of which are useful for predicting and preventing infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Warburton
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah A Budischak
- W.M. Keck Department of Science, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Anna E Jolles
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Mosqueda-Cabrera MÁ, Desentis-Pérez DL, Padilla-Bejarano TA, García-Prieto L. Possible zoonotic implications of the discovery of the advanced third stage larva of Gnathostoma turgidum (Spirurida: Gnathostomatidae) in a Mexican fish species. Helminthologia 2023; 60:112-116. [PMID: 37305669 PMCID: PMC10251757 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gnathostomiasis in humans is acquired by consumption of any infected second intermediate host or paratenic host. This includes amphibians, snakes and poultry as well as fish. In this work we report for the first time in Mexico the presence of an AdvL3 of Gnathostoma turgidum in the musculature of a wild fish (Gobiomorus dormitor, which also acts as intermediate host for the larvae of G. binucleatum and G. lamothei), from the Papaloapan River, Veracruz; previously, larvae of G. turgidum had only been recorded in amphibians in Mexico and in wild swamp eels from Tampa, Florida, USA. The larva found is extremely small (approximately 1,500 by 140 microns in length and width, respectively), and was obtained by artificial digestion with pepsin after examining the musculature against the light between two glass plates, a method by which it went unnoticed. Our finding of an AdvL3 in this fish, together with a previous molecular phylogenetic analysis revealing that the five species involved in human infections do not nest in the same clade, suggest that all species in the genus are potentially zoonotic. In this context, we strongly recommend the identification of larvae extracted from human patients at specific level, in order to know the role played by the 3 species distributed in Mexico in human cases of gnathostomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Á. Mosqueda-Cabrera
- Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960Coyoacán Ciudad de México, México
| | - D. L. Desentis-Pérez
- Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960Coyoacán Ciudad de México, México
| | - T. A. Padilla-Bejarano
- Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960Coyoacán Ciudad de México, México
| | - L. García-Prieto
- Colección Nacional de Helmintos, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Truter M, Hadfield KA, Smit NJ. Review of the metazoan parasites of the economically and ecologically important African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus in Africa: Current status and novel records. Adv Parasitol 2023; 119:65-222. [PMID: 36707175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widely distributed African freshwater fish is the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) that is naturally distributed in 8 of the 10 ichthyofaunal regions of this continent. Clarias gariepinus is a highly valued and cheap staple to local communities and an ideal aquaculture species. Consequently, interest in the parasitic communities of C. gariepinus has increased as parasites may accidentally be ingested by humans when eating uncooked fish or can be introduced into culture systems through fish stocks supplied from local rivers which affect yield, growth, and marketability. This review provides an overview of the ∼107 metazoan parasite species known to parasitise C. gariepinus in Africa and their general life cycles, morphology, paratenic and post-cyclic infections, and the biogeography and validity of records are discussed. A brief overview is included on the application of some of these parasites in environmental studies and their link to human health.
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Moguel-Chin WI, Hernández-Mena DI, Torres-Castro M, Barrientos-Medina RC, Hernández-Betancourt SF, MacSwiney G MC, García-Prieto L, Vidal-Martínez VM, Selem-Salas CI, Panti-May JA. Survey on helminths of bats in the Yucatan Peninsula: infection levels, molecular information and host-parasite networks. Parasitology 2023; 150:172-83. [PMID: 36444644 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182022001627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Helminth species of Neotropical bats are poorly known. In Mexico, few studies have been conducted on helminths of bats, especially in regions such as the Yucatan Peninsula where Chiroptera is the mammalian order with the greatest number of species. In this study, we characterized morphologically and molecularly the helminth species of bats and explored their infection levels and parasite–host interactions in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. One hundred and sixty-three bats (representing 21 species) were captured between 2017 and 2022 in 15 sites throughout the Yucatan Peninsula. Conventional morphological techniques and molecular tools were used with the 28S gene to identify the collected helminths. Host–parasite network analyses were carried out to explore interactions by focusing on the level of host species. Helminths were found in 44 (26.9%) bats of 12 species. Twenty helminth taxa were recorded (7 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 10 nematodes), including 4 new host records for the Americas. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection values ranged from 7.1 to 100% and from 1 to 56, respectively. Molecular analyses confirmed the identity of some helminths at species and genus levels; however, some sequences did not correspond to any of the species available on GenBank. The parasite–host network suggests that most of the helminths recorded in bats were host-specific. The highest helminth richness was found in insectivorous bats. This study increases our knowledge of helminths parasitizing Neotropical bats, adding new records and nucleotide sequences.
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Ailán-Choke LG, Davies D, Malta LS, Couto JV, Tavares LER, Luque JL, Pereira FB. Cucullanus pinnai pinnai and C. pinnai pterodorasi ( Nematoda Cucullanidae): what does the integrative taxonomy tell us about these species and subspecies classification? Parasitol Res 2023; 122:557-569. [PMID: 36526926 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cucullanus pinnai has been divided in two subspecies (C. pinnai pinnai and C. pinnai pterodorasi) based on the morphology of oesophastome. While C. pinnai pinnai apparently shows low host specificity and broad geographic occurrence, with certain morphological variations, C. pinnai pterodorasi was reported once, parasitizing Pterodoras granulosus. We used an integrative taxonomic approach to evaluate whether or not populations of C. pinnai pinnai from Trychomycterus spegazzinii (Escoipe River, Argentina) and Pimelodus fur (Miranda River, Brazil), and of C. pinnai pterodorasi from Pterodoras granulosus (Miranda River, Brazil) are conspecific. Parasites were observed using light microscopy and genetically characterized based on partial sequences of the 18S and 28S rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and COI mtDNA. Phylogenies were reconstructed and the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), Poisson Tree Process (bPTP), and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) were used for species delimitation purposes. The present samples formed well-supported monophyletic assemblages, corroborating in part the results of morphological analyses; however, they grouped according to geographic origin. Species delimitation suggested conspecificity of C. pinnai pinnai with C. pinnai pterodorasi from Brazil; consequently, the morphology of oesophastome may be an intraspecific variation. Results also indicated that C. pinnai may represent a species complex as samples from Argentina were suggestive of an independent specific entity. However, definitive affirmations are premature, since there is no autapomorphy for separating C. pinnai from Brazil and Argentina and sampling was limited to three host species from two river basins. The phylogenetic reconstructions also confirmed the artificiality of some genera within Cucullanidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena G Ailán-Choke
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto Para El Estudio de La Biodiversidad de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Dora Davies
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto Para El Estudio de La Biodiversidad de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Lennon S Malta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Av. Costa E Silva S/N°, Campo Grande, MS, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - João Victor Couto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo R Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Av. Costa E Silva S/N°, Campo Grande, MS, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - José L Luque
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 47, Seropédica, RJ, CEP 23851-970, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Pereira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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Perin PP, Lapera IM, Arias-Pacheco CA, Mendonça TO, Oliveira WJ, de Souza Pollo A, Dos Santos Silva C, Tebaldi JH, da Silva B, Lux-Hoppe EG. Epidemiology and Integrative Taxonomy of Helminths of Invasive Wild Boars, Brazil. Pathogens 2023; 12. [PMID: 36839447 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are a significant invasive species in Brazil. We evaluated the helminth diversity of 96 wild boars in São Paulo state. Helminth infection descriptors were calculated, the species were identified and their 18S, 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified for phylogenetic analyses. Ascarops strongylina, Strongyloides ransomi, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Trichuris suis, Metastrongylus salmi, Metastrongylus pudendotecus, Ascaris suum and Stephanurus dentatus and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus were identified. Globocephalus urosubulatus had the highest prevalence and mean abundance, and most animals had mixed infections with three parasite species. There was no association between parasite intensity and prevalence and host sex and body condition index (p > 0.05). Novel DNA sequences were obtained from G. urosubulatus, A. strongylina, and S. dentatus. This is the first study on the helmint diversity of non-captive wild boars in Brazil, and the first report of the occurrence of M. hirudinaceus, G. urosubulatus and S. dentatus in Brazilian wild boars. Non-captive wild boars of São Paulo State did not act as capture hosts for native helminth species but maintained their typical parasites, common to domestic pigs. They may act as parasite dispersers for low-tech subsistence pig farming and for native Tayassuidae.
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Virgilio LR, Nogueira A, Takemoto RM, Passere MD, de Oliveira AV, Meneguetti DUO, Camargo MA, Pereira FB. Morphological description and molecular characterization of Ancyracanthus electrophori n. sp. (Gnathostomatoidea: Gnathostomatidae): a new nematode parasitic in the electric eel Electrophorus varii (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae), from the Brazilian Amazon. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e9. [PMID: 36648225 DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X22000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Ancyracanthus, parasite of the electric eel Electrophorus varii, in the Brazilian Amazon, is described based on morphological and molecular characterization. Ancyracanthus electrophori n. sp. differs from the two congeners namely, Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus and Ancyracanthus schubarti, based on the structure of cephalic appendages, number and arrangement of caudal papillae in males, vulva very close to anus in females, eggs with smoothly mamillated shell, host taxon and geographical origin. Moreover, the new species is the first in the genus to be described with thorny cuticular rings and to be observed with the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphology of A. pinnatifidus and A. schubarti is still poorly-known and should be revised in details; however, the separation between them and the new species was clear. Genetic characterization based on 28S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) mtDNA partial sequences, performed for the first time in Acyracanthus, along with phylogenetic reconstructions using both genetic markers, placed Ancyracanthus electrophori n. sp. in a suggestive basal position within Gnathostomatidae. Phylogenetic reconstructions using cox1 sequences also suggested lack of monophyly in the genera Gnathostoma and Spiroxys and, consequently, in the subfamilies Gnathostominae and Spiroxyinae. However, such results are preliminary. With the first genetic characterization and observations using SEM in Ancyracanthus, resulting in the discovery of a new species and in the expansion of the geographical occurrence of the genus to Amazonian fish, an important step towards a better understanding of these nematodes has been taken.
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Leduc D. Six new species of free-living nematodes ( Nematoda: Enoplida) from deep-sea cold seeps on Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14867. [PMID: 36908816 PMCID: PMC9997197 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the taxonomy of deep-sea nematode species inhabiting cold seep habitats. An opportunity to characterize the nematode species communities of New Zealand cold seeps was provided by a 2019 research voyage to New Zealand's Hikurangi Margin, during which macrofauna cores were obtained at two seeps at approximately 1,250 and 2,000 m water depth. Here, six new species of the orderEnoplida are described. Metacylicolaimus catherinae sp. nov. represents the first record of the genus for the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone and for the deep sea globally. Halalaimus talaurinus sp. nov., Thalassoalaimus duoporus sp. nov. and Crenopharynx crassipapilla sp. nov. are only the second species of their respective genera to be described/recorded from New Zealand waters, and Oncholaimus adustus sp. nov. is the eighth species of the genus to be recorded from the region. Rhabdodemania zealandiaensis sp. nov. was among the most abundant and widespread species found at the Hikurangi Margin seep sites. A few specimens had been found in a previous ecological study of meiofaunal nematode communities on Chatham Rise, a submarine ridge south of Hikurangi Margin. It is possible that this species has a preference for seep environments due to elevated food availability, however it does not seem to be exclusively found in seeps. We find no evidence for an affinity between nematode seep communities in New Zealand and elsewhere, which is consistent with the high variability in nematode community observed to date among regions. Ongoing work on the ecology and distribution of nematode communities at the Hikurangi Margin seep sites will help determine spatial patterns in abundance and species distributions in more detail, including the identification of any species/taxa with affinities with seeps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leduc
- Oceans Centre, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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Pereira FB, González-Solís D. Review of the parasitic nematodes of marine fishes from off the American continent. Parasitology 2022; 149:1928-1941. [PMID: 36076284 PMCID: PMC11010509 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ichthyofauna of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts off the American continent is very rich. Consequently, a high biodiversity of nematodes parasitizing these vertebrates is also expected. Currently, data on nematode parasites of marine fish off the Americas are fragmented. A review of all adult nematode species reported parasitizing marine fish from off the American continent is herein presented, as well as comments on their patterns of diversity, life cycles and advances in the taxonomic and phylogenetic knowledge. A total of 209 valid species, 19 species inquirendae and 6 dubious records have been recorded, the majority from the fish taxa Eupercaria and Perciformes. The families Sciaenidae, Serranidae and Lutjanidae, as well as the tropical and temperate Atlantic waters, exhibited the highest records of parasitic nematodes. The Cucullanidae, Philometridae and Cystidicolidae were the most speciose families of nematodes, which may be related to technological advances and relatively recent efforts of taxonomists, resulting in description of new taxa and the resolution of taxonomic problems. Numerous taxonomic questions still need resolution and, even though genetic data have been important for this process, the database is very scarce. This is the first review on all currently known nematode species parasitizing marine fish off the Americas and may serve as an important basis of reference for future approaches on these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe B. Pereira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - David González-Solís
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Chetumal, Av. Centenario km 5.5, C.P. 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
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da Costa Freitas L, de Andrade Silva BE, Vilela RDV, de Mendonça RFB, Rossi RV, Maldonado A, de Campos Pacheco R. MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DIDELPHONEMA LONGISPICULATA ( NEMATODA: SPIRUROIDEA) IN THE BLACK-EARED OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS. J Parasitol 2022; 108:627-636. [PMID: 36576884 DOI: 10.1645/21-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Didelphonema longispiculata (Hill, 1939), a gastric nematode parasite of the black-eared opossum, Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, collected from 2 municipalities of Mato Grosso state, Brazil, in the ecotone region of the Amazon and Cerrado biomes was analyzed with integrative taxonomy using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological studies and sequencing of the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA for phylogenetic inference through maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Here details of the helminth surface, oral aperture with octagonal border, pseudo- and inter-labia, amphids, external cephalic papillae, 2 dorsal and ventral internal plates distally indented, and stoma with strongly chitinized wall are presented. Caudal male papillae, spicules, female vulva, anus, and caudal tip were detailed using SEM. Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic data corroborated the taxonomic placement of the genus Didelphonema within the subfamily Ascaropsinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leodil da Costa Freitas
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária e Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Elise de Andrade Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto do Val Vilela
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Vieira Rossi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard de Campos Pacheco
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária e Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
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Bennett J, Poulin R, Presswell B. Large-scale genetic investigation of nematode diversity and their phylogenetic patterns in New Zealand's marine animals. Parasitology 2022; 149:1794-809. [PMID: 36200520 DOI: 10.1017/S003118202200138X] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes constitute one of the most speciose metazoan groups on earth, and a significant proportion of them have parasitic life styles. Zooparasitic nematodes have zoonotic, commercial and ecological significance within natural systems. Due to their generally small size and hidden nature within their hosts, and the fact that species discrimination using traditional morphological characteristics is often challenging, their biodiversity is not well known, especially within marine ecosystems. For instance, the majority of New Zealand's marine animals have never been the subject of nematode studies, and many currently known nematodes in New Zealand await confirmation of their species identity with modern taxonomic techniques. In this study, we present the results of an extensive biodiversity survey and phylogenetic analyses of parasitic nematodes infecting New Zealand's marine animals. We used genetic data to differentiate nematodes to the lowest taxonomic level possible and present phylogenies of the dominant clades to illustrate their genetic diversity in New Zealand. Our findings reveal a high diversity of parasitic nematodes (23 taxa) infecting New Zealand's marine animals (62 of 94 free-living animal species investigated). The novel data collected here provide a solid baseline for future assessments of change in diversity and distribution of parasitic nematodes.
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Poulin R, Presswell B, Bennett J. Male-biased selection of holotypes in parasite taxonomy: is it justified? Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:926-929. [PMID: 36031552 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
When a new parasite species is identified, a name-bearing specimen or holotype is designated as its reference standard. For most acanthocephalans and nematodes, the holotype is male, a bias which lacks scientific justification. We propose ways of redressing this imbalance and achieving fuller representation of each species in museum collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Carreno RA, Nadler SA. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE LUNGWORMS ( NEMATODA: METASTRONGYLOIDEA) INFERRED USING NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES. J Parasitol 2022; 108:441-452. [PMID: 36197732 DOI: 10.1645/21-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships among the mammal-parasitic lungworms (Metastrongyloidea) were inferred using small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences together with 12S ribosomal mtDNA sequences. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods were used from optimal alignments and those filtered for alignment ambiguity. Analysis of 30 ingroup sequences using ribosomal DNA sequences yielded a single most parsimonious tree. Monophyly of the Metastrongyloidea was supported, but there was no support for monophyly of any of the 7 families as they have been traditionally defined. Parafilaroides decorus, an abursate lungworm of pinnipeds currently classified in the Filaroididae, was nested within a clade containing members of the Pseudaliidae, parasites of cetaceans. The tree also shows clades somewhat resembling the traditional familial divisions of the Metastrongyloidea, but in all groups, paraphyletic relationships were recovered. In a combined analysis of nuclear rDNA and 12S mtDNA, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses showed similar patterns to those observed with only nuclear rDNA sequences. Based on the phylogeny, the respiratory tract was inferred to be the ancestral predilection site for Metastrongyloidea, with multiple evolutionary invasions of extrapulmonary sites such as sinuses, circulatory system, and meninges. Similarly, the ancestral host was inferred to be a carnivore with subsequent colonization events into marsupial, rodent, artiodactyl, pinniped, and cetacean hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon A Carreno
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio 43015
| | - Steven A Nadler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Benesh DP, Chubb JC, Parker GA. Adaptive division of growth and development between hosts in helminths with two-host life cycles. Evolution 2022; 76:1971-1985. [PMID: 35860949 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic worms (helminths) with complex life cycles divide growth and development between successive hosts. Using data from 597 species of acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes with two-host life cycles, we found that helminths with larger intermediate hosts were more likely to infect larger, endothermic definitive hosts, although some evolutionary shifts in definitive host mass occurred without changes in intermediate host mass. Life-history theory predicts parasites to shift growth to hosts in which they can grow rapidly and/or safely. Accordingly, helminth species grew relatively less as larvae and more as adults if they infected smaller intermediate hosts and/or larger, endothermic definitive hosts. Growing larger than expected in one host, relative to host mass/endothermy, was not associated with growing less in the other host, implying a lack of cross-host trade-offs. Rather, some helminth orders had both large larvae and large adults. Within these taxa, however, size at maturity in the definitive host was unaffected by changes to larval growth, as predicted by optimality models. Parasite life-history strategies were mostly (though not entirely) consistent with theoretical expectations, suggesting that helminths adaptively divide growth and development between the multiple hosts in their complex life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Benesh
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - James C Chubb
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff A Parker
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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Alcantara EP, Ebert MB, Müller MI, Úngari LP, Ferreira-Silva C, Emmerich E, Santos ALQ, O'Dwyer LH, da Silva RJ. First molecular assessment on Cosmocerca spp. from Brazilian anurans and description of a new species of Cosmocerca (Ascaridomorpha: Cosmocercoidea) from the white-spotted humming frog Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger, 1885) (Anura: Microhylidae). J Helminthol 2022; 96:e64. [PMID: 36017718 DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X22000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cosmocerca spp. are common nematode parasites of amphibians. We provide herein molecular data for two species of Cosmocerca and describe a new species, Cosmocerca albopunctata n. sp., using light microscopy and molecular data (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 - COI mtDNA). Cosmocerca albopunctata n. sp. can be easily distinguished from other congeneric species by the combination of characteristics such as body size, length of spicules and gubernaculum, and the arrangements and number of caudal papillae (7 + 1:1 + 1:6). The phylogenetic results based on the partial COI mtDNA sequences clustered the new species in a monophyletic clade along with the other sequences of Cosmocerca spp. Therefore, our results contribute to the knowledge about the species diversity and genetic data for Cosmocerca spp. in the Neotropical region.
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Jia TW, Wang W, Zhou YB, Zhou J, Mei ZQ, Li SZ. [Taxonomic rank of human parasites]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2022; 34:420-428. [PMID: 36116936 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2021202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological category is effective to indicate the evolution of organism populations between past and present. Conventional taxonomy of human parasites mainly depends on important morphological features, which suffers from a problem of categorizing related-genera species with similar morphological characteristics. With recent advances in molecular biological technologies, the effective applications of mitochondrial and ribosomal biomarkers and sequencing greatly improve the development of the taxonomic rank of human parasites. Worldwide, the classification of human parasites have been continuously revised and improved. Hereby, we re-categorize parasitic Protozoa, Trematoda, Cestoda and Nematoda, so as to provide insights into the researches on molecular systematics and genetic evolution of human parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Jia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Co-first authors
| | - W Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory on Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
- Co-first authors
| | - Y B Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Tropical Disease Research Center, China
| | - J Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, China
| | - Z Q Mei
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - S Z Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
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Alnaqeb H, Galbreath KE, Koehler AV, Campbell ML, Jiménez FA. Citellinema ( Nematoda: Heligmosomidae) from North America with descriptions of 2 new species from the red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus and 1 from the Canadian woodchuck, Marmota monax. Parasitology 2022; 149:1199-1218. [PMID: 35621015 PMCID: PMC11010518 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Citellinema Hall, 1918 includes 6 valid species of gastrointestinal nematodes of sciurids. Two species occur in the Palearctic and 4 in the Nearctic, 3 of which occur minimally across Colorado, Idaho and Oregon and 1, Citellinema bifurcatum, has a wide distribution across North America. Members of the genus are didelphic, possess a cephalic vesicle, a terminal spine-like process in females and feature robust spicules, consisting of a proximal end fused and semicylindrical shaft connected to a lamina supported by 2 terminal filiform processes. Typically, the size of the spicules is used to differentiate species. As part of the Beringian Coevolution Project, specimens provisionally identified as C. bifurcatum were collected through intensive field sampling of mammals and associated parasites from across localities spanning the Holarctic. These specimens revealed considerable genetic variability at both mitochondrial and nuclear loci, supporting the identification of deeply divergent clades. Examination of these new specimens, along with the holotypes of C. bifurcatum and Citellinema quadrivittati indicates that Citellinema monacis (previously synonymized with C. bifurcatum) should be resurrected and 3 additional species described. We suggest that the apparent bifurcated nature of the spicule should be considered a generic diagnostic trait, while the proportional length of the lamina relative to that of the spicule is used as a specific character. We demonstrate the critical need for continued inventory of often poorly known assemblages of hosts and parasites, contributing to a growing baseline of archival specimens, collections and information that make explorations of faunal structure and diversity possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Alnaqeb
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6501, USA
| | - Kurt E. Galbreath
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan 49855, USA
| | - Anson V. Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mariel L. Campbell
- Division of Genomic Resources, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - F. Agustín Jiménez
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6501, USA
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García-Prieto L, Dáttilo W, Rubio-Godoy M, Pérez-Ponce de León G. Fish-parasite interactions: A dataset of continental waters in Mexico involving fishes and their helminth fauna. Ecology 2022; 103:e3815. [PMID: 35841181 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most of the available knowledge in the literature on Mexican fishes and their parasites refers to information within political divisions and/or hydrological basins in the country. Indeed, only a few studies have analyzed the helminth fauna of these vertebrates as a biological group distributed nation-wide. This lack of available knowledge prevents the study of several basic and applied aspects involving fish-parasite interactions at different spatial and temporal scales. In this dataset, we compiled all the available geographic information on fish-helminth parasite interactions involving native and exotic fish species recorded in continental waters throughout the Mexican territory. After an exhaustive filtering and the curation of information, our data set contains 5,999 records of 361 freshwater fish species (roughly 70% of known freshwater fish species occurring in Mexico) and 483 endo- and ectoparasitic helminths collected over an 85-year period (from 1936-2021) in 1,070 localities distributed throughout Mexico. These records are mainly concentrated in only a few states located to the south and east of the country; although all states have been sampled and all major basins in Mexico are represented. The fish order with the highest number of records was Perciformes (n = 2,325, 38.75%) while the fish family with the highest number of records was Cichlidae (n = 1,741, 29.02%). Native species of fishes corresponded to 92.14% of the records (n = 5,528) and fish-associated parasites were found in 41 habitat types in/on their host bodies. Regarding fish parasites, we found that most of the records are from the phylum Platyhelminthes (n = 4,495, 74.92%). At the class level, we observed that Trematoda reached the highest number of records (n = 2,965, 49.42%). Moreover, we found that Diplostomidae (n = 917, 15.25%) were the family of trematodes with the highest number of records. Most parasites were registered in their adult stage (n= 3,730, 62.17%), followed by larval stages (n = 2,267, 37.78%). We hope that the fish-parasite interactions data set will encourage researchers worldwide to explore different ecological and coevolutionary aspects of fishes and their helminth parasites, as well as provide useful information for the better implementation of conservation initiatives. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when using its data in publications or teaching events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis García-Prieto
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores unidad Mérida. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ucú, Mexico
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Er-Rguibi O, Bursey CR, Laghzaoui EM, Aglagane A, Kimdil L, Abbad A, El Mouden EH. New host and locality records of helminths' infection of seven lizards from Morocco. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2537-2546. [PMID: 35798910 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Morocco has a great diversity of reptiles; more than 26% of the herpetofauna species are considered to be endemic. Nevertheless, there is little information available on helminth parasites of Moroccan lizards. The purpose of this article is to establish a helminth list using non-invasive methods for natural populations of seven lizard species: Acanthodactylus maculatus, Chalcides mionecton, Chalcides montanus, Chalcides polylepis, Quedenfeldtia moerens, Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus, and Tarentola mauritanica. For each species, prevalence and intensity of infection were given as well as their relationship to some determinant parameters (sex, age class, size, altitude, and seasons). Four species of nematodes, Parapharyngodon micipsae, Pharyngodon mamillatus, Spauligodon auziensis, Thelandros alatus, and unassigned Spauligodon were found. Mean helminth intensity for the seven lizard species was 7.3 ± 16.2 SD (range = 1-92 in infected lizards), with total infection prevalence of 5.6%. Mixed infections were observed in Chalcides montanus and Chalcides polylepis co-infected by Pharyngodon mamillatus and Spauligodon sp. Furthermore, the intensity of infection by nematodes were significantly different among the seven studied species. The nematode infection in Chalcides mionecton were related to sex, host size, and altitude; in Chalcides polylepis to the host age; in Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus to elevation, age, and host size; and in Tarentola Mauritanica to age, body size, seasons, and altitude. In conclusion, our study provides data about nine new host and locality records and the effect of some determinant factors on host parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Er-Rguibi
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - Charles Robert Bursey
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Shenango Campus, Sharon, PA, 16146, USA
| | - El-Mustapha Laghzaoui
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdessamad Aglagane
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Latifa Kimdil
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Abbad
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - El Hassan El Mouden
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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Grassi E, Montefalcone M, Cesaroni L, Guidi L, Balsamo M, Semprucci F. Taxonomic and functional nematode diversity in Maldivian coral degradation zones: patterns across reef typologies and depths. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13644. [PMID: 35791363 PMCID: PMC9250765 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensification of dredging and infilling activities in lagoons and on coral reefs are common practices in the Maldivian archipelago, and these activities alter the biodiversity of the bioconstructors and the functioning of the ecosystem. The alteration of environmental factors can also affect inconspicuous fauna, such as free-living nematodes. The implications of a reduction in biodiversity may transcend decreased taxonomic diversity, resulting in changes in functional diversity and redundancy; however, how the environmental conditions and human pressure affects the functionality of nematodes in Maldivian coral degradation zones (CDZs) remain poorly understood. In this paper, we examined changes in the taxonomic and functional diversity and the functional redundancy in nematode communities regarding the geographic location (atolls with various levels of human pressure), the exposure and topography of the reef (lagoon and ocean), the slope of the reef, and the depth. The functional diversity and redundancy were evaluated by considering two main biological traits of nematodes: i) the trophic strategy, and ii) the life strategy. The extremely high number of nematode genera observed in the Maldives is supported by the high complexity of the carbonate sediments. The reef exposure and depth were the most relevant environmental factors that influenced the taxonomic and functional diversity. The functional diversity, according to the trophic strategies, mirrored the taxonomic diversity because the adaptive plasticity of nematode buccal cavity structures is closely associated with the high biodiversity of the phylum. The high abundance of k-strategists in ocean reefs may indicate a higher ecological quality when compared to lagoon reefs; however, the absence of significant differences in life strategy functional diversity and functional redundancy indicates that a recovery process is underway. Analyses of nematode communities should be combined with standard investigations of reef bioconstructors during monitoring activities to assess the vulnerability of CDZ systems to future disturbances and facilitate the adoption of the most appropriate preventative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grassi
- DiSB, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy,Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, Fano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Balsamo
- DiSB, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy,Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, Fano, Italy,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Semprucci
- DiSB, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy,Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, Fano, Italy,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
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Bullard SA, Moravec F, Ksepka SP, Warren MB, Dutton HR, Huffman DG, Yanong RPE. Huffmanela cf. huffmani ( Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) infecting swim bladder, peritoneum, and gonad of variable platyfish, Xiphophorus variatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) and eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki (Poeciliidae) in Florida; taxonomy, phylogenetic analysis, and pathological changes. Parasitol Res 2022. [PMID: 35754087 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Variable platyfish, Xiphophorus variatus (Meek, 1904) (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) and eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859 (Poeciliidae) from earthen ponds in west central Florida were examined for parasitic infections. At necropsy, we observed myriad nematodes (adults and eggs), which we identified as Huffmanela cf. huffmani, infecting the swim bladder, gonad, and visceral peritoneum. Nucleotide sequences (small subunit ribosomal DNA, 18S) of H. cf. huffmani from variable platyfish and eastern mosquitofish were identical; likewise for newly obtained 18S sequences of Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987 from the swim bladder of red breast sunfish, Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Centrarchiformes: Centrarchidae) and warmouth, Lepomis gulosus (Cuvier, 1829) from the San Marcos River (type locality for Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987), Texas. The sequences of H. huffmani and H. cf. huffmani differed by 7 (1%) nucleotides. Pathological changes comprised proliferation of the tunica externa of the swim bladder in low-intensity infections in addition to inflammation, proliferation, and tissue necrosis of swim bladder, peritoneum, and gonad in high-intensity infections. The lesion was severe, affecting the cellular constituents of the swim bladder wall and reducing the size of the swim bladder lumen; potentially reducing swim bladder physiological efficiency. The present study is the first record of a freshwater species of Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 from beyond the San Marcos River, first record of a species of Huffmanela from a livebearer, first nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis for Huffmanela, and first evidence that an infection by a species of Huffmanela causes pathological changes that could impact organ function.
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Marcaida AJB, Nakao M, Fukutani K, Nishikawa K, Urabe M. Phylogeography of Rhabdias spp. ( Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) collected from Bufo species in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan including possible cryptic species. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102612. [PMID: 35752226 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genus Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall, 1905 comprises lung parasites of amphibians and reptiles worldwide. In Japan, 9 species have been recorded, including Rhabdias incerta Wilkie, 1930 which has been reported only in Bufo species. In this study, to assess the diversity of R. incerta, we performed molecular analyses of Rhabdias species sampled from three species/subspecies of Japanese toads namely Bufo japonicus, B. japonicus formosus, and B. torrenticola, collected in various regions of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan. DNA sequence divergence was compared using mtDNA (COI) and nuclear DNA (28S) to identify possible cryptic species. Morphological analysis was performed through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that Bufo spp. serve as hosts for at least three Rhabdias species. Morphologically, most samples were identified as R. incerta but with a longer body and larger buccal cavity than originally described. Rhabdias incerta appears to be specific to the genus Bufo and is further subdivided into two or three phylogroups based on subspecies divisions and biogeography of their host. Some Rhabdias specimens collected in this study resemble R. tokyoensis Wilkie, 1930, parasitic in hosts from the order Caudata, which suggests host switching. Both molecular and morphological analyses suggested the presence of undescribed and cryptic Rhabdias species within toads collected in Japan. This study was the first to molecularly characterize Rhabdias species in Japan, including novel sequences of R. incerta and two undescribed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Jet B Marcaida
- Department of Environmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazumi Fukutani
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanto Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Graduate School of Global Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Misako Urabe
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Faculty of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
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Faria LEM, Ferreira OBADS, Machado AL, Costa JN, Perinotto WMDS. Monitoring environmental conditions on the speed of development and larval migration of gastrointestinal nematodes in Urochloa decumbens in northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 31:100732. [PMID: 35569915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the speed of development of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) eggs to infective larvae (L3) and its migration under effect of meteorological variables: temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, solar radiation to Urochloa (=Brachiaria) decumbens grass pasture during rainy season, from June to September 2019, and dry season, October to March 2020, in Recôncavo baiano region of Bahia state, Brazil. Monthly, fecal samples obtained from goats with recurrent GIN infection were deposited in six plots of one square meter. In +7, +14 and + 21-days post-deposition, lower and upper strata grass (0-15 and > 15 cm, respectively) and remaining feces were collected and submitted to Baermann's technique modified to perform larval count and identification. Meteorological data were obtained from a local weather station database. The log-transformed larval count results were analyzed regarding the collection day effect, stratum effect, comparing the means by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis and correlation of meteorological variables with larval counts was performed. In the rainy season, the largest proportion of recovered L3 was concentrated in +7-days post-deposition in the months of June and July, both in the remaining feces and herbage samples, while in August development took place more slowly, after +14-days post-deposition. During the dry season, L3 development only occurred after the first collection in January and February. Lower strata had higher proportion of recovery than in upper strata. Negative correlation was found for solar radiation. Greater rainfall in the rainy season compared to dry season was a favorable condition for high contamination of grass samples. However, reduced vertical migration to upper strata may have been influenced by low temperatures during the rainy season. Regarding the genera present in the fecal samples used in the experiment were found Haemonchus sp., Trichostrongylus sp. and Oesophagostomum sp. Thus, it is possible to conclude that in the region of the study, during the rainy season, there is a rapid larval development and the L3 are able to migrate more effectively to the grass. On the other hand, in the dry season, larval development tends to be slower, with less migration to the grass. Solar radiation can be useful for predicting months with the highest risk of infection. Therefore, prophylactic measures should be employed in goat herds during the rainy season whilst natural reduced pasture contamination in the dry season may favor animal maintenance for a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Meira Faria
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas CEP 44380-000, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandro Lima Machado
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas CEP 44380-000, BA, Brazil.
| | - Joselito Nunes Costa
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Defesa Agropecuária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas CEP 44380-000, BA, Brazil.
| | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas CEP 44380-000, BA, Brazil.
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Brázová T, Kováčik P, Matoušková M, Oros M. Nematodes As Soil Stress Indicators for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: a Review. Helminthologia 2022; 59:117-26. [PMID: 36118368 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important group of organic pollutants present in all parts of the environment, affecting ecosystems and human health. PAHs, which have a strong affinity for organic carbon, are found in large quantities in soil, which is one of the most important sinks for these contaminants. Their impact on the soil biotic compartments depends on a number of different factors in combination with PAH behaviour and can be assessed using soil monitoring. Soil fauna have already shown excellent properties for biomonitoring of contaminants with most promising indicator frameworks based on nematodes, which are involved in essential processes in this environment. Nematodes respond to PAHs at multiple levels, including molecular, individual and community levels. At the molecular level, this is associated with activation of metabolic pathways for xenobiotics and increased demand for energy and resources. At the individual level, this is reflected in the slowing down of various physiological processes, which has consequences at the individual and community level for sensitive taxa. In this review, the toxicity and the direct and indirect effects of PAHs on soil nematode communities are discussed. It also considers the perspectives and challenges in assessing the toxicity of PAHs and their indication using soil nematodes.
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de Sousa Machado HT, de Oliveira SS, Benício RA, de Castro Araújo K, Ávila RW. Helminths Infecting Sympatric Congeneric Treefrogs in Northeastern Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:658-67. [PMID: 35000112 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to describe the helminth fauna associated with two sympatric congeneric treefrogs species (Boana multifasciata and Boana raniceps) from a highland marsh in northeastern Brazil. In addition, we investigate the body size influence on parasitological descriptors in these treefrogs, in which we expected that larger frogs would have greater abundance and richness helminths too, and no differences with respect to helminth composition once both hosts are exposed to similar environmental conditions. METHODS We collected anurans during the rainy season from 11 January to 09 February 2019, using visual and auditory searches in breeding environments. We analysed the presence of ectoparasites under an epidermis, oral cavity, and endoparasites present in the organs. Using a Linear mixed-effects model we tested the relationship between the host body size (length and weight) and helminths abundance and richness. In addition, we used the ANOSIM R test to investigate the differences between the hosts with respect to helminth composition. RESULTS We recorded 37 individuals (15 specimens of B. multifasciata and 22 of B. raniceps), in which 89.1% of them were infected by at least one helminth species. We found 355 helminths from 12 taxa parasitizing the two treefrogs, but just three parasite taxa were common to both species. All identified helminth species found in B. multifasciata are new records and four are new records for B. raniceps. In addition, we present the first record of Cosmocerca paraguayensis in Brazil. We found no support for the hypothesis that larger frogs tend to be more parasitized, at least for congeneric species, and sympatric hosts species have similar helminth composition. We also present a compilation of helminths occurring in treefrogs belonging to the Boana genus in South American, increasing our knowledge of the parasitic diversity of Neotropical anurans. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a lack of knowledge about helminth fauna associated with amphibians even for common and widely distributed species, such as Boana spp., and demonstrate the need to deepen our knowledge about host parasitic relationships, especially in the Neotropical region.
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Morey GAM, Rojas CAT, Marin GAR, Guardia CTC. Occurrence of Eustrongylides sp. ( Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in Fish Species Collected in the Peruvian Amazonia and Its Implications for Public Health. Acta Parasitol 2022. [PMID: 35639231 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00574-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims to report the occurrence of Eustrongylides sp. in some neotropical fish species commercialized in the Peruvian Amazonia. METHODS Samples of young farmed Arapaima gigas were collected from a fish farmer; young Brachyplatystoma tigrinum were acquired from a fish exporter and samples of adult specimens of Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Pseudoplatystoma punctifer, Cichla monoculus, Hoplias malabaricus, Hydrolycus scomberoides, Raphiodon vulpinus, and Serrasalmus rhombeus were acquired from a fish market of Iquitos, Loreto-Peru. Samples were transported to the "Laboratorio de Parasiología y Sanidad Acuícola" from "Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana" located in Iquitos, Peru. RESULTS Larvae L4 of Eustrongylides sp. were found in the host body, in the muscle, and in the visceral cavity of studied fish species. Notorious damages were reported in young A. gigas (lumps in the muscle, inflammation and severe redness of the skin) and in young B. tigrinum (perforation of the abdominal cavity), while in adult specimens of the remaining species, no external damage was reported. CONCLUSION The presence of Eustrongylides sp. in various fish species collected in the city of Iquitos-Peru contributes to the distribution of this parasite in the Peruvian Amazon, reporting it, for the first time in this country. Its presence in the muscle of various fish species commercialized in fish markets, warm a possible public health concern and implications for their marketability in the city of Iquitos, Peru.
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Schmidt H, Mauer K, Hankeln T, Herlyn H. Host-dependent impairment of parasite development and reproduction in the acanthocephalan model. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:75. [PMID: 35642000 PMCID: PMC9153150 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A central question in parasitology is why parasites mature and reproduce in some host species but not in others. Yet, a better understanding of the inability of parasites to complete their life cycles in less suitable hosts may hold clues for their control. To shed light on the molecular basis of parasite (non-)maturation, we analyzed transcriptomes of thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala: Pomphorhynchus laevis), and compared developmentally arrested worms excised from European eel (Anguilla anguilla) to developmentally unrestricted worms from barbel (Barbus barbus). RESULTS Based on 20 RNA-Seq datasets, we demonstrate that transcriptomic profiles are more similar between P. laevis males and females from eel than between their counterparts from barbel. Impairment of sexual phenotype development was reflected in gene ontology enrichment analyses of genes having differential transcript abundances. Genes having reproduction- and energy-related annotations were found to be affected by parasitizing either eel or barbel. According to this, the molecular machinery of male and female acanthocephalans from the eel is less tailored to reproduction and more to coping with the less suitable environment provided by this host. The pattern was reversed in their counterparts from the definitive host, barbel. CONCLUSIONS Comparative analysis of transcriptomes of developmentally arrested and reproducing parasites elucidates the challenges parasites encounter in hosts which are unsuitable for maturation and reproduction. By studying a gonochoric species, we were also able to highlight sex-specific traits. In fact, transcriptomic evidence for energy shortage in female acanthocephalans associates with their larger body size. Thus, energy metabolism and glycolysis should be promising targets for the treatment of acanthocephaliasis. Although inherently enabling a higher resolution in heterosexuals, the comparison of parasites from definitive hosts and less suitable hosts, in which the parasites merely survive, should be applicable to hermaphroditic helminths. This may open new perspectives in the control of other helminth pathogens of humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Schmidt
- Anthropology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Katharina Mauer
- Anthropology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Hankeln
- Molecular Genetics and Genomic Analysis, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Herlyn
- Anthropology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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