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Harrison SA, Ruane PJ, Freilich B, Neff G, Patil R, Behling C, Hu C, Shringarpure R, de Temple B, Fong E, Tillman EJ, Rolph T, Cheng A, Yale K. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa trial of efruxifermin for patients with compensated NASH cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2022; 5:100563. [PMID: 36644237 PMCID: PMC9832280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Efruxifermin has shown clinical efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and F1-F3 fibrosis. The primary objective of the BALANCED Cohort C was to assess the safety and tolerability of efruxifermin in patients with compensated NASH cirrhosis. Methods Patients with NASH and stage 4 fibrosis (n = 30) were randomized 2:1 to receive efruxifermin 50 mg (n = 20) or placebo (n = 10) once-weekly for 16 weeks. The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability of efruxifermin. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included evaluation of non-invasive markers of liver injury and fibrosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and changes in histology in a subset of patients who consented to end-of-study liver biopsy. Results Efruxifermin was safe and well-tolerated; most adverse events (AEs) were grade 1 (n = 7, 23.3%) or grade 2 (n = 19, 63.3%). The most frequent AEs were gastrointestinal, including transient, mild to moderate diarrhea, and/or nausea. Significant improvements were noted in key markers of liver injury (alanine aminotransferase) and glucose and lipid metabolism. Sixteen-week treatment with efruxifermin was associated with significant reductions in non-invasive markers of fibrosis including Pro-C3 (least squares mean change from baseline [LSMCFB] -9 μg/L efruxifermin vs. -3.4 μg/L placebo; p = 0.0130) and ELF score (-0.4 efruxifermin vs. +0.4 placebo; p = 0.0036), with a trend towards reduced liver stiffness (LSMCFB -5.7 kPa efruxifermin vs. -1.1 kPa placebo; n.s.). Of 12 efruxifermin-treated patients with liver biopsy after 16 weeks, 4 (33%) achieved fibrosis improvement of at least one stage without worsening of NASH, while an additional 3 (25%) achieved resolution of NASH, compared to 0 of 5 placebo-treated patients. Conclusions Efruxifermin appeared safe and well-tolerated with encouraging improvements in markers of liver injury, fibrosis, and glucose and lipid metabolism following 16 weeks of treatment, warranting confirmation in larger and longer term studies. Lay summary Cirrhosis resulting from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, represents a major unmet medical need. Currently there are no approved drugs for the treatment of NASH. This proof-of-concept randomized, double-blind clinical trial demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefit of efruxifermin treatment compared to placebo in patients with cirrhosis due to NASH. Clinical Trial Number NCT03976401.
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Key Words
- ADA(s), anti-drug antibody(ies)
- AE, adverse event
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANCOVA, analysis of covariance
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CFB, change from baseline
- CTX-1, C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen
- C–P, Child-Pugh
- DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- ELF, enhanced liver fibrosis
- FGF21
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor-21
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase
- HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
- HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c
- INR, international normalized ratio
- IRT, interactive response technology
- LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol
- LS, least squares
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NAb, neutralizing antibody
- Non-HDL-C, non-HDL-cholesterol
- P1NP, procollagen type-I N-terminal propeptide
- P3NP, procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- Pro-C3, N-terminal type III collagen propeptide
- TEAE, treatment-emergent adverse event
- TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1
- ULN, upper limit of normal
- cirrhosis
- clinical trial
- efruxifermin
- histopathology
- hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
- liver disease
- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis/NASH
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/NAFLD
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J. Ruane
- Ruane Clinical Research Group Inc., Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Guy Neff
- Covenant Metabolic Specialists, LLC, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Rashmee Patil
- South Texas Research Institute, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | | | - Chen Hu
- MedPace, INC, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Erica Fong
- Akero Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Timothy Rolph
- Akero Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Cheng
- Akero Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kitty Yale
- Akero Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States,Corresponding author. Address: 601 Gateway Blvd, Suite 350, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States; Tel.: 415 823 7554.
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Zanetto A, Campello E, Bulato C, Gavasso S, Saggiorato G, Shalaby S, Burra P, Angeli P, Senzolo M, Simioni P. Global hemostatic profiling in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and bacterial infections. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100493. [PMID: 35647501 PMCID: PMC9131254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Bacterial infections in cirrhosis are associated with increased bleeding risk. To assess the factors responsible for bleeding tendency in patients with bacterial infections, we conducted a prospective study comparing all 3 aspects of hemostasis (platelets, coagulation, and fibrinolysis) in hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis with vs. without bacterial infections. Methods Primary hemostasis assessment included whole blood platelet aggregation and von Willebrand factor (VWF). Coagulation assessment included procoagulant factors (fibrinogen, factor II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII), natural anticoagulants (protein C, protein S, antithrombin) and thrombomodulin-modified thrombin generation test. Fibrinolysis assessment included fibrinolytic factors (plasminogen, t-PA, PAI-1, α2-AP, TAFIa/ai) and plasmin-antiplasmin complex (PAP). Results Eighty patients with decompensated cirrhosis were included (40 with and 40 without bacterial infections). Severity of cirrhosis and platelet count were comparable between groups. At baseline, patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infections had significantly lower whole blood platelet aggregation, without significant differences in VWF. Regarding coagulation, bacterial infections were associated with reduced procoagulant factors VII and XII, and a significant reduction of all natural anticoagulants. However, thrombomodulin-modified thrombin generation was comparable between the study groups. Finally, although mixed potentially hypo-fibrinolytic (lower plasminogen) and hyper-fibrinolytic (higher t-PA) changes were present in bacterial infections, a comparable level of PAP was detected in both groups. Upon resolution of infection (n = 29/40), platelet aggregation further deteriorated whereas coagulation and fibrinolysis factors returned to levels observed in patients without bacterial infections. Conclusion In hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis, bacterial infections are associated with reduced whole blood platelet aggregation and a significant decrease of all natural anticoagulants, which may unbalance hemostasis and potentially increase the risk of both bleeding and thrombosis. Lay summary Bacterial infections are a common issue in hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis (i.e. patients hospitalized due to severe complications of advanced chronic liver disease). Patients with decompensated cirrhosis who acquire infections may be at increased risk of bleeding complications following invasive procedures (that is a procedure in which the body is penetrated or entered, for instance by a needle or a tube). As bleeding complications in decompensated cirrhosis are associated with a high risk of further decompensation and death, there is an urgent need to understand the factors responsible for such increased bleeding tendency. Herein, we investigated the alterations of hemostasis (that is the physiological process responsible for clot formation and stability) in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and bacterial infections. We found that development of bacterial infections in these patients is associated with alterations of hemostasis (particularly of platelets and clotting cascade) that may increase the risk of both bleeding and thrombotic complications.
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Key Words
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AKI, acute kidney injury
- AT, antithrombin
- ETP, endogenous thrombin potential
- F, factor
- FXIII, fibrin-stabilizing factor XIII
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PAP, plasmin-antiplasmin complex
- PC, protein C
- PS, protein S
- TAFIa/ai, activated and inactivated thrombin-activatable fibrinolytic inhibitor
- TM, thrombomodulin
- VWF, von Willebrand factor
- cirrhosis
- coagulation
- fibrinolysis
- infections
- platelets
- t-PA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- α2-AP, α2-antiplasmin
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zanetto
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Campello
- General Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristiana Bulato
- General Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Gavasso
- General Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Graziella Saggiorato
- General Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Sarah Shalaby
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Senzolo
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Simioni
- General Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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Zoulikha M, Xiao Q, Boafo GF, Sallam MA, Chen Z, He W. Pulmonary delivery of siRNA against acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:600-620. [PMID: 34401226 PMCID: PMC8359643 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has been under investigation for the treatment of several unmet medical needs, including acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) wherein siRNA may be implemented to modify the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at the mRNA level. The properties such as clear anatomy, accessibility, and relatively low enzyme activity make the lung a good target for local siRNA therapy. However, the translation of siRNA is restricted by the inefficient delivery of siRNA therapeutics to the target cells due to the properties of naked siRNA. Thus, this review will focus on the various delivery systems that can be used and the different barriers that need to be surmounted for the development of stable inhalable siRNA formulations for human use before siRNA therapeutics for ALI/ARDS become available in the clinic.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ALI/ARDS
- ALI/ARDS, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome
- AM, alveolar macrophage
- ATI, alveolar cell type I
- ATII, alveolar cell type II
- AV, adenovirus
- Ago-2, argonaute 2
- CFDA, China Food and Drug Administration
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPP, cell-penetrating peptide
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CXCR4, C–X–C motif chemokine receptor type 4
- Cellular uptake
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DC-Chol, 3β-(N-(N′,N′-dimethylethylenediamine)-carbamoyl) cholesterol
- DDAB, dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide
- DODAP, 1,2-dioleyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane
- DODMA, 1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane
- DOGS, dioctadecyl amido glycin spermine
- DOPC, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- DOPE, 1,2-dioleoyl-l-α-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
- DOSPA, 2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2-(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanaminium
- DOTAP, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane
- DOTMA, N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium
- DPI, dry powder inhaler
- DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- Drug delivery
- EC, endothelial cell
- EPC, egg phosphatidylcholine
- EXOs, exosomes
- Endosomal escape
- EpiC, epithelial cell
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- HALI, hyperoxic acute lung injury
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- HMVEC, human primary microvascular endothelial cell
- HNPs, hybrid nanoparticles
- Hem-CLP, hemorrhagic shock followed by cecal ligation and puncture septic challenge
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IFN, interferons
- Inflammatory diseases
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MEND, multifunctional envelope-type nano device
- MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- Myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- N/P ratio, nitrogen /phosphate ratio
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PAMAM, polyamidoamine
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand-1
- PDGFRα, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α
- PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PF, pulmonary fibrosis
- PFC, perfluorocarbon
- PLGA, poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PMs, polymeric micelles
- PRR, pattern recognition receptor
- PS, pulmonary surfactant
- Pulmonary administration
- RIP2, receptor-interacting protein 2
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- RNAi, RNA interference
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle
- SNALP, stable nucleic acid lipid particle
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- VALI, ventilator-associated lung injury
- VILI, ventilator-induced lung injury
- dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
- dsRNA, double-stranded RNA
- eggPG, l-α-phosphatidylglycerol
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- miRNA, microRNA
- pDNA, plasmid DNA
- shRNA, short RNA
- siRNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Jin J, Wahlang B, Thapa M, Head KZ, Hardesty JE, Srivastava S, Merchant ML, Rai SN, Prough RA, Cave MC. Proteomics and metabolic phenotyping define principal roles for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mouse liver. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3806-3819. [PMID: 35024308 PMCID: PMC8727924 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxin-like molecules have been associated with endocrine disruption and liver disease. To better understand aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) biology, metabolic phenotyping and liver proteomics were performed in mice following ligand-activation or whole-body genetic ablation of this receptor. Male wild type (WT) and Ahr–/– mice (Taconic) were fed a control diet and exposed to 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) (61 nmol/kg by gavage) or vehicle for two weeks. PCB126 increased expression of canonical AHR targets (Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2) in WT but not Ahr–/–. Knockouts had increased adiposity with decreased glucose tolerance; smaller livers with increased steatosis and perilipin-2; and paradoxically decreased blood lipids. PCB126 was associated with increased hepatic triglycerides in Ahr–/–. The liver proteome was impacted more so by Ahr–/– genotype than ligand-activation, but top gene ontology (GO) processes were similar. The PCB126-associated liver proteome was Ahr-dependent. Ahr principally regulated liver metabolism (e.g., lipids, xenobiotics, organic acids) and bioenergetics, but it also impacted liver endocrine response (e.g., the insulin receptor) and function, including the production of steroids, hepatokines, and pheromone binding proteins. These effects could have been indirectly mediated by interacting transcription factors or microRNAs. The biologic roles of the AHR and its ligands warrant more research in liver metabolic health and disease.
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Key Words
- AHR
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AUC, area under the curve
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CD36, cluster of differentiation 36
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- EPF, enrichment by protein function
- Endocrine disruption
- Environmental liver disease
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- GCR, glucocorticoid receptor
- GO, gene ontology
- H&E, hematoxylin-eosin
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, high fat diet
- IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IPF, interaction by protein function
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MUP, major urinary protein
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NFKBIA, nuclear factor kappa-inhibitor alpha
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl
- PCB126
- PLIN2, perilipin-2
- PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PXR, pregnane-xenobiotic receptor
- Perilipin-2
- Pheromones
- SGK1, serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase
- TAFLD, toxicant-associated fatty liver disease
- TASH, toxicant-associated steatohepatitis
- TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase
- TMT, tandem mass tag
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- WT, wild type
- ZFP125, zinc finger protein 125
- miR, microRNA
- nHDLc, non-HDL cholesterol
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Francischetti IM, Toomer K, Zhang Y, Jani J, Siddiqui Z, Brotman DJ, Hooper JE, Kickler TS. Upregulation of pulmonary tissue factor, loss of thrombomodulin and immunothrombosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 39:101069. [PMID: 34377969 PMCID: PMC8342934 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with thrombotic and microvascular complications. The cause of coagulopathy in the disease is incompletely understood. METHODS A single-center cross-sectional study including 66 adult COVID-19 patients (40 moderate, 26 severe disease), and 9 controls, performed between 04/2020 and 10/2020. Markers of coagulation, endothelial cell function [angiopoietin-1,-2, P-selectin, von Willebrand Factor Antigen (WF:Ag), von Willebrand Factor Ristocetin Cofactor, ADAMTS13, thrombomodulin, soluble Endothelial cell Protein C Receptor (sEPCR), Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor], neutrophil activation (elastase, citrullinated histones) and fibrinolysis (tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were evaluated using ELISA. Tissue Factor (TF) was estimated by antithrombin-FVIIa complex (AT/FVIIa) and microparticles-TF (MP-TF). We correlated each marker and determined its association with severity. Expression of pulmonary TF, thrombomodulin and EPCR was determined by immunohistochemistry in 9 autopsies. FINDINGS Comorbidities were frequent in both groups, with older age associated with severe disease. All patients were on prophylactic anticoagulants. Three patients (4.5%) developed pulmonary embolism. Mortality was 7.5%. Patients presented with mild alterations in the coagulogram (compensated state). Biomarkers of endothelial cell, neutrophil activation and fibrinolysis were elevated in severe vs moderate disease; AT/FVIIa and MP-TF levels were higher in severe patients. Logistic regression revealed an association of D-dimers, angiopoietin-1, vWF:Ag, thrombomodulin, white blood cells, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and hemoglobin levels with severity, with ANC and vWF:Ag identified as independent factors. Notably, postmortem specimens demonstrated epithelial expression of TF in the lung of fatal COVID-19 cases with loss of thrombomodulin staining, implying in a shift towards a procoagulant state. INTERPRETATION Coagulation dysregulation has multifactorial etiology in SARS-Cov-2 infection. Upregulation of pulmonary TF with loss of thrombomodulin emerge as a potential link to immunothrombosis, and therapeutic targets in the disease. FUNDING John Hopkins University School of Medicine.
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Key Words
- ADAMTS13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13
- ALC, absolute lymphocyte count
- ALI, Acute Lung Injury
- AMC, absolute monocyte count
- ANC, absolute neutrophil count
- AT/VIIa, antithrombin-FVIIa complex
- Coagulation
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Hb, hemoglobin
- Hemostasis
- ICU, intensive care unit
- Ixolaris
- LMWH, low molecular weight heparin
- MP-TF, Microparticles-Tissue Factor
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- TF, Tissue Factor
- TFPI, Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor
- Thrombosis
- WBC, white blood cells
- sEPCR, soluble Endothelial cell Protein C Receptor
- t-PA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- vWF, von Willebrand Factor
- vWF:Ag, von Willebrand Factor Antigen
- vWF:RCo, von Willebrand Factor Ristocetin Cofactor
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo M.B. Francischetti
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kevin Toomer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jayesh Jani
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zishan Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel J. Brotman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jody E. Hooper
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thomas S. Kickler
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Tang G, Li S, Zhang C, Chen H, Wang N, Feng Y. Clinical efficacies, underlying mechanisms and molecular targets of Chinese medicines for diabetic nephropathy treatment and management. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2749-67. [PMID: 34589395 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been recognized as a severe complication of diabetes mellitus and a dominant pathogeny of end-stage kidney disease, which causes serious health problems and great financial burden to human society worldwide. Conventional strategies, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade, blood glucose level control, and bodyweight reduction, may not achieve satisfactory outcomes in many clinical practices for DN management. Notably, due to the multi-target function, Chinese medicine possesses promising clinical benefits as primary or alternative therapies for DN treatment. Increasing studies have emphasized identifying bioactive compounds and molecular mechanisms of reno-protective effects of Chinese medicines. Signaling pathways involved in glucose/lipid metabolism regulation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, and podocyte protection have been identified as crucial mechanisms of action. Herein, we summarize the clinical efficacies of Chinese medicines and their bioactive components in treating and managing DN after reviewing the results demonstrated in clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, with a thorough discussion on the relative underlying mechanisms and molecular targets reported in animal and cellular experiments. We aim to provide comprehensive insights into the protective effects of Chinese medicines against DN.
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Key Words
- ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- ADE, adverse event
- AGEs, advanced glycation end-products
- AM, mesangial area
- AMPKα, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α
- ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker
- AREs, antioxidant response elements
- ATK, protein kinase B
- BAX, BCL-2-associated X protein
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BCL-XL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large
- BMP-7, bone morphogenetic protein-7
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- BW, body weight
- C, control group
- CCR, creatinine clearance rate
- CD2AP, CD2-associated protein
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- CI, confidence interval
- COL-I/IV, collagen I/IV
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- Chinese medicine
- D, duration
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DG, glomerular diameter
- DKD, diabetic kidney disease
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- DN, diabetic nephropathy
- Diabetic kidney disease
- Diabetic nephropathy
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- EP, E-prostanoid receptor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ESRD, end-stage renal disease
- ET-1, endothelin-1
- ETAR, endothelium A receptor
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- FN, fibronectin
- GCK, glucokinase
- GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- GFR, glomerular filtration rate
- GLUT4, glucose transporter type 4
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GRB 10, growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
- GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78
- GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- Gαq, Gq protein alpha subunit
- HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- Herbal medicine
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
- IKK-β, IκB kinase β
- IL-1β/6, interleukin 1β/6
- IR, insulin receptor
- IRE-1α, inositol-requiring enzyme-1α
- IRS, insulin receptor substrate
- IκB-α, inhibitory protein α
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- LOX1, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- MD, mean difference
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP-2, matrix metallopeptidase 2
- MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- Molecular target
- N/A, not applicable
- N/O, not observed
- N/R, not reported
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NOX-4, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase-4
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OCP, oxidative carbonyl protein
- ORP150, 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein
- P70S6K, 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PARP, poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase
- PBG, postprandial blood glucose
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2A kinase
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RAGE, receptors of AGE
- RASI, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor
- RCT, randomized clinical trial
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCr, serum creatinine
- SD, standard deviation
- SD-rat, Sprague–Dawley rat
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SMAD, small mothers against decapentaplegic
- SMD, standard mean difference
- SMURF-2, SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor 2
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Signaling pathway
- T, treatment group
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TG, triglyceride
- TGBM, thickness of glomerular basement membrane
- TGF-β, tumor growth factor β
- TGFβR-I/II, TGF-β receptor I/II
- TII, tubulointerstitial injury index
- TLR-2/4, toll-like receptor 2/4
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- TRAF5, tumor-necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5
- UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio
- UAER, urinary albumin excretion rate
- UMA, urinary microalbumin
- UP, urinary protein
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WMD, weight mean difference
- XBP-1, spliced X box-binding protein 1
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- eGFR, estimated GFR
- eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- p-IRS1, phospho-IRS1
- p62, sequestosome 1 protein
- α-SMA, α smooth muscle actin
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Cooper JM, Halter KA, Prosser RA. Circadian rhythm and sleep-wake systems share the dynamic extracellular synaptic milieu. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2018; 5:15-36. [PMID: 31236509 PMCID: PMC6584685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian and sleep-wake systems are closely aligned through their coordinated regulation of daily activity patterns. Although they differ in their anatomical organization and physiological processes, they utilize overlapping regulatory mechanisms that include an assortment of proteins and molecules interacting within the extracellular space. These extracellular factors include proteases that interact with soluble proteins, membrane-attached receptors and the extracellular matrix; and cell adhesion molecules that can form complex scaffolds connecting adjacent neurons, astrocytes and their respective intracellular cytoskeletal elements. Astrocytes also participate in the dynamic regulation of both systems through modulating neuronal appositions, the extracellular space and/or through release of gliotransmitters that can further contribute to the extracellular signaling processes. Together, these extracellular elements create a system that integrates rapid neurotransmitter signaling across longer time scales and thereby adjust neuronal signaling to reflect the daily fluctuations fundamental to both systems. Here we review what is known about these extracellular processes, focusing specifically on areas of overlap between the two systems. We also highlight questions that still need to be addressed. Although we know many of the extracellular players, far more research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which they modulate the circadian and sleep-wake systems.
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Key Words
- ADAM, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase
- AMPAR, AMPA receptor
- Astrocytes
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BMAL1, Brain and muscle Arnt-like-1 protein
- Bmal1, Brain and muscle Arnt-like-1 gene
- CAM, cell adhesion molecules
- CRY, cryptochrome protein
- Cell adhesion molecules
- Circadian rhythms
- Cry, cryptochrome gene
- DD, dark-dark
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ECS, extracellular space
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- Endo N, endoneuraminidase N
- Extracellular proteases
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- IL, interleukin
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- LC, locus coeruleus
- LD, light-dark
- LH, lateral hypothalamus
- LRP-1, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule protein
- NMDAR, NMDA receptor
- NO, nitric oxide
- NST, nucleus of the solitary tract
- Ncam, neural cell adhesion molecule gene
- Nrl, neuroligin gene
- Nrx, neurexin gene
- P2, purine type 2 receptor
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PER, period protein
- PPT, peduculopontine tegmental nucleus
- PSA, polysialic acid
- Per, period gene
- REMS, rapid eye movement sleep
- RSD, REM sleep disruption
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SWS, slow wave sleep
- Sleep-wake system
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TTFL, transcriptional-translational negative feedback loop
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
- VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic
- VP, vasopressin
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- dNlg4, drosophila neuroligin-4 gene
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
- uPAR, uPA receptor
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis remains a significant clinical problem in the United States and throughout the world. Although important advances in the understanding of this disease have been made, no effective pharmacologic agents have been developed that directly prevent or reverse the fibrotic process. Many of the successes in liver fibrosis treatment have been targeted toward treating the cause of fibrosis, such as the development of new antivirals that eradicate hepatitis virus. For many patients, however, this is not feasible, so a liver transplant remains the only viable option. Thus, there is a critical need to identify new therapeutic targets that will slow or reverse the progression of fibrosis in such patients. Research over the last 16 years has identified hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) as key transcription factors that drive many aspects of liver fibrosis, making them potential targets of therapy. In this review, we discuss the latest work on HIFs and liver fibrosis, including the cell-specific functions of these transcription factors in the development of liver fibrosis.
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Key Words
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Ccr, C-C chemokine receptor
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatic Stellate Cells
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
- Jmjd, Jumonji domain-containing
- Kupffer Cells
- Liver Fibrosis
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- Rgs, regulator of G-protein signaling
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan L. Copple
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Bryan L. Copple, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, B403 Life Sciences Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State University1355 Bogue Street, B403 Life Sciences BuildingEast LansingMichigan 48824
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Joshi-Barve S, Kirpich I, Cave MC, Marsano LS, McClain CJ. Alcoholic, Nonalcoholic, and Toxicant-Associated Steatohepatitis: Mechanistic Similarities and Differences. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:356-367. [PMID: 28210688 PMCID: PMC5301292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis are common histologic findings that can be caused by multiple etiologies. The three most frequent causes for steatosis/steatohepatitis are alcohol (alcoholic steatohepatitis, ASH), obesity/metabolic syndrome (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), and environmental toxicants (toxicant-associated steatohepatitis, TASH). Hepatic steatosis is an early occurrence in all three forms of liver disease, and they often share common pathways to disease progression/severity. Disease progression is a result of both direct effects on the liver as well as indirect alterations in other organs/tissues such as intestine, adipose tissue, and the immune system. Although the three liver diseases (ASH, NASH, and TASH) share many common pathogenic mechanisms, they also exhibit distinct differences. Both shared and divergent mechanisms can be potential therapeutic targets. This review provides an overview of selected important mechanistic similarities and differences in ASH, NASH, and TASH.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ASH, alcoholic steatohepatitis
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
- BMI, body mass index
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- IL, interleukin
- LA, linoleic acid
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Mechanisms
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NK, natural killer
- NKT, natural killer T
- Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
- OXLAM, oxidized linoleic acid metabolite
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PCB153, 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- TAFLD, toxicant-associated fatty liver disease
- TASH, toxicant-associated steatohepatitis
- TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- TH, helper T cell
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Toxicant-Associated Steatohepatitis
- VA, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs/Veterans Administration
- miR, microRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Joshi-Barve
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irina Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Luis S. Marsano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Craig J. McClain, MD, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292. fax: (502) 852-8927.
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Mashiko S, Kitatani K, Toyoshima M, Ichimura A, Dan T, Usui T, Ishibashi M, Shigeta S, Nagase S, Miyata T, Yaegashi N. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a potential therapeutic strategy in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:253-60. [PMID: 25587663 PMCID: PMC4623014 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2014.1001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is predictive of poor outcome in several types of cancer. The present study investigated the biological role for PAI-1 in ovarian cancer and potential of targeted pharmacotherapeutics. In patients with ovarian cancer, PAI-1 mRNA expression in tumor tissues was positively correlated with poor prognosis. To determine the role of PAI-1 in cell proliferation in ovarian cancer, the effects of PAI-1 inhibition were examined in PAI-1-expressing ovarian cancer cells. PAI-1 knockdown by small interfering RNA resulted in significant suppression of cell growth accompanied with G2/M cell cycle arrest and intrinsic apoptosis. Similarly, treatment with the small molecule PAI-1 inhibitor TM5275 effectively blocked cell proliferation of ovarian cancer cells that highly express PAI-1. Together these results suggest that PAI-1 promotes cell growth in ovarian cancer. Interestingly, expression of PAI-1 was increased in ovarian clear cell carcinoma compared with that in serous tumors. Our results suggest that PAI-1 inhibition promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ovarian cancer and that PAI-1 inhibitors potentially represent a novel class of anti-tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Mashiko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kitatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization; Tohoku University; Sendai, Japan
| | - Masafumi Toyoshima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Dan
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshinori Usui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization; Tohoku University; Sendai, Japan
| | - Masumi Ishibashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Shogo Shigeta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
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11
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Santhekadur PK, Akiel M, Emdad L, Gredler R, Srivastava J, Rajasekaran D, Robertson CL, Mukhopadhyay ND, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Staphylococcal nuclease domain containing-1 (SND1) promotes migration and invasion via angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and TGFβ signaling. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:353-61. [PMID: 24918049 PMCID: PMC4050181 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal nuclease domain containing-1 (SND1) is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and promotes tumorigenesis by human HCC cells. We now document that SND1 increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) levels by increasing AT1R mRNA stability. This results in activation of ERK, Smad2 and subsequently the TGFβ signaling pathway, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration and invasion by human HCC cells. A positive correlation was observed between SND1 and AT1R expression levels in human HCC patients. Small molecule inhibitors of SND1, alone or in combination with AT1R blockers, might be an effective therapeutic strategy for late-stage aggressive HCC.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin-I converting enzyme
- ACE-I, ACE inhibitors
- AT1R
- AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- FDR, false discovery rate
- HCC, human hepatocellular carcinoma
- Invasion
- LP, losartan potassium
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PAI-1
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- SND1
- SND1, Staphylococcal nuclease domain containing-1
- TGFβ
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna K. Santhekadur
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Maaged Akiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Rachel Gredler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Jyoti Srivastava
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Chadia L. Robertson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Nitai D. Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad St, PO Box 980035, Richmond, VA 23298, United States. Tel.: +1 (804) 827 2339; fax: +1 (804) 628 1176.
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12
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Stepien M, O'Mahony L, O'Sullivan A, Collier J, Fraser WD, Gibney MJ, Nugent AP, Brennan L. Effect of supplementation with vitamin D2-enhanced mushrooms on vitamin D status in healthy adults. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e29. [PMID: 25191578 PMCID: PMC4153019 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is emerging worldwide and many studies now suggest its role in the development of several chronic diseases. Due to the low level of vitamin D naturally occurring in food there is a need for supplementation and use of vitamin D-enhanced products. The aim of the present study was to determine if daily consumption of vitamin D2-enhanced mushrooms increased vitamin D status in free-living healthy adults or affected markers of the metabolic syndrome. A total of ninety volunteers (aged 40-65 years) were randomly assigned to one of two 4-week studies: mushroom study (15 µg vitamin D2 or placebo mushroom powder) and capsule study (15 µg vitamin D3 or placebo capsules). Consumption of vitamin D2-enhanced mushrooms increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) by 128 % from baseline (3·9 (sd 1·9) nmol/l; P < 0·05). Serum 25(OH)D3 increased significantly in the vitamin D3 capsule group (a 55 % increase from a baseline of 44.0 (sd 17·1) nmol/l; P < 0·05). Vitamin D status (25(OH)D) was affected only in the vitamin D3 group. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was lowered by vitamin D2 intake. Vitamin D2 from enhanced mushrooms was bioavailable and increased serum 25(OH)D2 concentration with no significant effect on 25(OH)D3 or total 25(OH)D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stepien
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic
of Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College
Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of
Ireland
| | - Louise O'Mahony
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic
of Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College
Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of
Ireland
| | - Aifric O'Sullivan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic
of Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College
Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of
Ireland
| | - John Collier
- Monaghan Mushrooms Ireland,
Tyholland, Co. Monaghan, Republic of Ireland
| | - William D. Fraser
- Institute of Aging and Chronic
Disease, Prescot Street, Liverpool L69 3GA,
UK
| | - Michael J. Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic
of Ireland
| | - Anne P. Nugent
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic
of Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic
of Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College
Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of
Ireland
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