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Yuan A, Sui F, Li S, Liu Y, Lu X, Lu Y, Fan Y. Transcriptome analysis of the effects of different carbon dioxide concentrations on paramylon accumulation in Euglena gracilis Z. Bioresour Technol 2024; 393:130114. [PMID: 38013030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) will promote algae growth and metabolism. Building upon this finding, the present study investigated the impact of different CO2 concentrations (5% and 20%) on the carbon sequestration capacity of E. gracilis through aeration culturing, employing a combination of physiological analyses and transcriptome analysis. The results demonstrated that under 5% CO2 concentration, the cell density of E. gracilis was 1.79 times higher than that achieved in an air culture condition, and the paramylon content of E. gracilis was found to be 6.18 times higher than that of the air group. Based on transcriptome analysis, the carbon metabolism of E. gracilis was discussed. Significant up-regulation expression of genes associated with carbon synthesis was validated by an increase in paramylon content. This study revealed that under 5% CO2 conditions, E. gracilis exhibited elevated growth rate and enhanced photosynthetic carbon assimilation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlong Yuan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Fengyang Sui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Siping Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yang Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yawen Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China.
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Chiba H, Manabe N, Naito J, Nishida N, Ohno N, Yamaguchi Y. A convenient assay for soluble Dectin-1 lectin domain binding to insoluble β-glucans. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109041. [PMID: 38262208 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
β-Glucan is a homopolymer with a backbone of β-1,3-linked glucose residues. The solubility and biological activity of β-glucan can be influenced by the length of the backbone and the length/interval of the β-1,6 branches. Dectin-1 is crucial in innate immunity through its binding to exogenous β-glucans. However, there are few quantitative binding affinities available and there is no comprehensive comparative analysis of the binding of Dectin-1 to insoluble β-glucans. Here, we have developed a simple binding assay for the interaction between Dectin-1 lectin domain (Dectin-1 CTLD) and insoluble β-glucans. We utilized the paramylon particle as a model of insoluble β-glucans. Dectin-1 CTLD bound to paramylon (particle size 3.1 μm) was separated from unbound Dectin-1 CTLD by centrifugation using a membrane filter (pore size 0.2 μm). The protein in the filtrate was quantified by SDS-PAGE and densitometry. The amount decreased in proportion to the amount of paramylon in the mixture. A control experiment using the Dectin-1 CTLD inactive mutant W221A showed that the mutant passes through the filter without binding paramylon. These results are evidence of site-specific binding of Dectin-1 CTLD to paramylon and demonstrate that the separation of paramylon-bound/unbound Dectin-1 CTLD is achievable through centrifugation using a filter. The assay was extended to other insoluble β-glucans including curdlan. Additionally, it can be utilized in competitive inhibition experiments with soluble short-chain β-glucans such as laminarin. The assay system allows for quantitative comparison of the affinities between insoluble and soluble β-glucans and Dectin-1 CTLD, and should be useful because of its low-tech convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Chiba
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Manabe
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Junko Naito
- Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd., 1-1-4 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishida
- Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd., 1-1-4 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan.
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Huang Y, Wan X, Zhao Z, Liu H, Wen Y, Wu W, Ge X, Zhao C. Metabolomic analysis and pathway profiling of paramylon production in Euglena gracilis grown on different carbon sources. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125661. [PMID: 37399871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Paramylon (β-1,3-glucan) produced by Euglena gracilis displays antioxidant, antitumor, and hypolipidaemic functions. The biological properties of paramylon production by E. gracilis can be understood by elucidating the metabolic changes within the algae. In this study, the carbon sources in AF-6 medium were replaced with glucose, sodium acetate, glycerol, or ethanol, and the paramylon yield was measured. Adding 0.1260 g/L glucose to the culture medium resulted in the highest paramylon yield of 70.48 %. The changes in metabolic pathways in E. gracilis grown on glucose were assessed via non-targeted metabolomics analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. We found that glucose, as a carbon source, regulated some differentially expressed metabolites, including l-glutamic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and l-aspartic acid. Pathway analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes further showed that glucose regulated the carbon and nitrogen balance through the GABA shunt, which enhanced photosynthesis, regulated the flux of carbon and nitrogen into the tricarboxylic acid cycle, promoted glucose uptake, and increased the accumulation of paramylon. This study provides new insights into E. gracilis metabolism during paramylon synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuzhi Wan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zexu Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hanqi Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuxi Wen
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Weihao Wu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Lihanová D, Lukáčová A, Beck T, Jedlička A, Vešelényiová D, Krajčovič J, Vesteg M. Versatile biotechnological applications of Euglena gracilis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:133. [PMID: 36959517 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a freshwater protist possessing secondary chloroplasts of green algal origin. Various physical factors (e.g. UV) and chemical compounds (e.g. antibiotics) cause the bleaching of E. gracilis cells-the loss of plastid genes leading to the permanent inability to photosynthesize. Bleaching can be prevented by antimutagens (i.e. lignin, vitamin C and selenium). Besides screening the mutagenic and antimutagenic activity of chemicals, E. gracilis is also a suitable model for studying the biological effects of many organic pollutants. Due to its capability of heavy metal sequestration, it can be used for bioremediation. E. gracilis has been successfully transformed, offering the possibility of genetic modifications for synthesizing compounds of biotechnological interest. The novel design of the "next generation" transgenic expression cassettes with respect to the specificities of euglenid gene expression is proposed. Moreover, E. gracilis is a natural source of commercially relevant bioproducts such as (pro)vitamins, wax esters, polyunsaturated fatty acids and paramylon (β-1,3-glucan). One of the highest limitations of large-scale cultivation of E. gracilis is its disability to synthesize essential vitamins B1 and B12. This disadvantage can be overcome by co-cultivation of E. gracilis with other microorganisms, which can synthesize sufficient amounts of these vitamins. Such co-cultures can be used for the effective accumulation and harvesting of Euglena biomass by bioflocculation.
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Grants
- VEGA 1/0694/2021 Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, and the Academy of Sciences
- VEGA 1/0694/2021 Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, and the Academy of Sciences
- VEGA 1/0694/2021 Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, and the Academy of Sciences
- VEGA 1/0694/2021 Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, and the Academy of Sciences
- VEGA 1/0694/2021 Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, and the Academy of Sciences
- VEGA 1/0694/2021 Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, and the Academy of Sciences
- VEGA 1/0694/2021 Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, and the Academy of Sciences
- ITMS 26210120024 European Regional Development Fund
- ITMS 26210120024 European Regional Development Fund
- ITMS 26210120024 European Regional Development Fund
- ITMS 26210120024 European Regional Development Fund
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lihanová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Lukáčová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Terézia Beck
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Jedlička
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Vešelényiová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Vesteg
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.
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Calloni RD, Muchut RJ, Garay AS, Arias DG, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA. Functional and structural characterization of an endo-β-1,3-glucanase from Euglena gracilis. Biochimie 2022; 208:117-128. [PMID: 36586565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endo-β-1,3-glucanases from several organisms have attracted much attention in recent years because of their capability for in vitro degrading β-1,3-glucan as a critical step for both biofuels production and short-chain oligosaccharides synthesis. In this study, we biochemically characterized a putative endo-β-1,3-glucanase (EgrGH64) belonging to the family GH64 from the single-cell protist Euglena gracilis. The gene coding for the enzyme was heterologously expressed in a prokaryotic expression system supplemented with 3% (v/v) ethanol to optimize the recombinant protein right folding. Thus, the produced enzyme was highly purified by immobilized-metal affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The enzymatic study demonstrated that EgrGH64 could hydrolyze laminarin (KM 23.5 mg ml-1,kcat 1.20 s-1) and also, but with less enzymatic efficiency, paramylon (KM 20.2 mg ml-1,kcat 0.23 ml mg-1 s-1). The major product of the hydrolysis of both substrates was laminaripentaose. The enzyme could also use ramified β-glucan from the baker's yeast cell wall as a substrate (KM 2.10 mg ml-1, kcat 0.88 ml mg-1 s-1). This latter result, combined with interfacial kinetic analysis evidenced a protein's greater efficiency for the yeast polysaccharide, and a higher number of hydrolysis sites in the β-1,3/β-1,6-glucan. Concurrently, the enzyme efficiently inhibited the fungal growth when used at 1.0 mg/mL (15.4 μM). This study contributes to assigning a correct function and determining the enzymatic specificity of EgrGH64, which emerges as a relevant biotechnological tool for processing β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo D Calloni
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Robertino J Muchut
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto S Garay
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Song Y, Shin H, Sianipar HGJ, Park JY, Lee M, Hah J, Park HS, Lee HJ, Lee S, Kang H. Oral administration of Euglena gracilis paramylon ameliorates chemotherapy-induced leukocytopenia and gut dysbiosis in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:47-56. [PMID: 35490767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis (EUG) is a food supplement rich in beta-glucans, which are stored in the form of granules called paramylon. We determined whether EUG improved chemotherapy-induced leukocytopenia and dysbiosis. Mice were orally administered EUG prior to gemcitabine treatment. Analyses of the blood cell count, leukocyte population in the spleen, granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production by splenocytes, and fecal microbiome were conducted. The recovery of total leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes was accelerated after a single gemcitabine treatment. A more rapid lymphocyte recovery rate was observed after four gemcitabine treatments. No difference was observed in the percentage of T, B, or myeloid cells or in the expression of Dectin-1 in the spleens of the gemcitabine and EUG/gemcitabine groups. The EUG/gemcitabine group showed an enhanced GM-CSF production by lipopolysaccharides-stimulated splenocytes. Next-generation sequencing revealed that gemcitabine-induced dysbiosis was alleviated. This study demonstrated that EUG-derived beta-glucans could act as a biological response modifier as well as prebiotics for ameliorating chemotherapy-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngju Song
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheol Shin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji Yun Park
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Migi Lee
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Hah
- Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Shik Park
- Department of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Herbology, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Kang
- Humanitas College, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Bhattad T, Koradiya A, Prakash G. Prebiotic activity of paramylon isolated from heterotrophically grown Euglena gracilis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07884. [PMID: 34584997 PMCID: PMC8450201 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramylon from Euglena gracilis is an insoluble crystalline β-1,3-glucan which have pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals applications. The present study aims to check the prebiotic potential of paramylon derived from heterotrophically grown E. gracilis in bioreactor. The Paramylon was extracted using sodium dodecyl sulfate from E. gracilis biomass. The Fourier Transform-Infra Red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the isolated paramylon to be equivalent to that of analytical standard. The prebiotic activity of E. gracilis cell extract and isolated paramylon was studied. E. gracilis cell extract as well as isolated paramylon led to cell number enhancement of Lacfid (Lactobacillus) strain exhibiting the prebiotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshaykumar Koradiya
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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Kim DH, Kim JY, Oh JJ, Jeon MS, An HS, Jin CR, Choi YE. A strategic approach to apply bacterial substances for increasing metabolite productions of Euglena gracilis in the bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5395-5406. [PMID: 34173846 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are promising materials that have a role in enhancing growth, metabolite production, and harvesting efficiency. However, the validity of the EPS effectiveness in scale-up cultivation of microalgae is still unknown. Therefore, in order to verify whether the bacterial metabolites work in the scale-up fermentation of microalgae, we conducted a bioreactor fermentation following the addition of bacterial EPS derived from the marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas sp., to Euglena gracilis. Various culture strategies (i.e., batch, glucose fed-batch, and glucose and EPS fed-batch) were conducted to maximize metabolite production of E. gracilis in scale-up cultivation. Consequently, biomass and paramylon concentrations in the continuous glucose and EPS-treated culture were enhanced by 3.0-fold and 4.2-fold (36.1 ± 1.4 g L-1 and 25.6 ± 0.1 g L-1), respectively, compared to the non-treated control (12.0 ± 0.3 g L-1 and 6.1 ± 0.1 g L-1). Also, the supplementation led to the enhanced concentrations of α-tocopherols and total fatty acids by 3.7-fold and 2.8-fold, respectively. The harvesting efficiency was enhanced in EPS-supplemented cultivation due to the flocculation of E. gracilis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that verifies the effect of bacterial EPS in scale-up cultivation of microalgae. Also, our results showed the highest paramylon productivity than any other previous reports. The results obtained in this study showed that the scale-up cultivation of E. gracilis using bacterial EPS has the potential to be used as a platform to guide further increases in scale and in the industrial environment. KEY POINTS: Effect of EPS on Euglena gracilis fermentation was tested in bioreactor scale. EPS supplement was effective for the paramylon, α-tocopherol, and lipid production. EPS supplement induced the flocculation of E. gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hee Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Young Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Joo Oh
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seo Jeon
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suck An
- Marine Biology Research Division, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Chungcheongnam-do, Seocheon, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Rok Jin
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JY, Oh JJ, Kim DH, Kim HS, Lee C, Park J, Choi YE. Application of electrical treatment on Euglena gracilis for increasing paramylon production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1031-9. [PMID: 33415369 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Paramylon also called β-1,3-glucan is a value-added product produced from Euglena gracilis. Recently, researchers have developed various strategies for the enhanced paramylon production, among which electrical treatment for microbial stimulation can be an alternative owing to the applicability to large-scale cultivation. In this study, we applied the electrical treatment for enhanced paramylon production and found the proper treatment conditions. Under the treatment with platinum electrodes at 10 mA, the paramylon production of treated cells was significantly increased about 2.5-fold, compared to those of the untreated cells, although the density of cells was maintained due to considerable stress. The size of treated cells became larger, possibly due to the increased level of paramylon production within the cells. Accordingly, the contents of glucose uptake, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), glucose-1-phosphate (G1P), and uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) were shifted to appropriate states for the process of paramylon synthesis under the treatment. The increased level of transcripts encoding glucan synthase-like 2 (EgGSL2) was also confirmed via droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) under the treatment. Overall, this study makes a major contribution to research on electrical stimulation and provides new insights into E. gracilis metabolism like paramylon synthesis. KEY POINTS: • Electrical treatment induced the paramylon production and morphological change of Euglena gracilis. • The glucose uptake of E. gracilis was increased during the electrical treatment, fueling the paramylon synthesis.
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Zhong J, Mori T, Kashiwagi T, Yamashiro M, Kusunose S, Mimami H, Tsujimoto M, Tanaka T, Kawashima H, Nakagawa S, Ito J, Kijima M, Iji M, Watanabe MM, Kadowaki K. Characteristic terahertz absorption spectra of paramylon and paramylon-ester compounds. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 244:118828. [PMID: 32882654 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paramylon is a long-chain polysaccharide, composed of glucose units connected via β-(1,3) glycosidic bonds, that spontaneously forms a three-strand helical bundle. Paramylon-esters can be made by partially or fully replacing saccharide chain hydroxide groups with carboxylic functional groups, such as stearoyl (CH3(CH2)16CO) and palmitoyl (CH3(CH2)24CO). The paramylon-ester with carboxylic acids has superior characteristics, including high thermal resistance, stability and transparency under visible light, which are necessary for thermoplastic applications. In this study, the absorption coefficient α(ν) and absorbance spectra of paramylons and paramylon-esters were measured in the 0.3-8.0 THz range and compared with the corresponding spectra of glucose and cellulose. Paramylon and paramylon-ester molecules were found to exhibit unique, so-called fingerprint, α(ν)peaks at 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 THz, and 2.5 and 5.0 THz, respectively. We speculate that the spectral features observed are owing to intermolecular interaction modes of the weakly coupled polysaccharide chains. The paramylons with different molecular weights show very similar absorption features in the low-frequency side, both in spectral shapes and intensities, indicating that absorption is independent of molecular size. The paramylon-esters with varying degrees of substitution (DS) are similar spectral shapes but different intensities. A linear correlation between α(ν) peak intensity and the DS of paramylon-esters was established with the R2 value above 0.99. This behavior can be used for the detection and identification of novel paramylon-ester molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Zhong
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mori
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takanari Kashiwagi
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Midori Yamashiro
- System Platform Research Laboratories NEC Corporation, 34 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Kusunose
- Graduate School of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Mimami
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Manabu Tsujimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Tanaka
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Kawashima
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Ito
- Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Kijima
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Iji
- Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto M Watanabe
- Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kadowaki
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Algae Biomass and Energy System (ABES) Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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11
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Muramatsu S, Atsuji K, Yamada K, Ozasa K, Suzuki H, Takeuchi T, Hashimoto-Marukawa Y, Kazama Y, Abe T, Suzuki K, Iwata O. Isolation and characterization of a motility-defective mutant of Euglena gracilis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10002. [PMID: 33062431 PMCID: PMC7528813 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a green photosynthetic microalga that swims using its flagellum. This species has been used as a model organism for over half a century to study its metabolism and the mechanisms of its behavior. The development of mass-cultivation technology has led to E. gracilis application as a feedstock in various products such as foods. Therefore, breeding of E. gracilis has been attempted to improve the productivity of this feedstock for potential industrial applications. For this purpose, a characteristic that preserves the microalgal energy e.g., reduces motility, should be added to the cultivars. The objective of this study was to verify our hypothesis that E. gracilis locomotion-defective mutants are suitable for industrial applications because they save the energy required for locomotion. To test this hypothesis, we screened for E. gracilis mutants from Fe-ion-irradiated cell suspensions and established a mutant strain,M 3 - ZFeL, which shows defects in flagellum formation and locomotion. The mutant strain exhibits a growth rate comparable to that of the wild type when cultured under autotrophic conditions, but had a slightly slower growth under heterotrophic conditions. It also stores 1.6 times the amount of paramylon, a crystal of β-1,3-glucan, under autotrophic culture conditions, and shows a faster sedimentation compared with that of the wild type, because of the deficiency in mobility and probably the high amount of paramylon accumulation. Such characteristics make E. gracilis mutant cells suitable for cost-effective mass cultivation and harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuki Muramatsu
- Department of Health Science, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Atsuji
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Baton Zone Program, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Baton Zone Program, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ozasa
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Suzuki
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Baton Zone Program, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
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12
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Guo Q, Bi D, Wu M, Yu B, Hu L, Liu C, Gu L, Zhu H, Lei A, Xu X, Wang J. Immune activation of murine RAW264.7 macrophages by sonicated and alkalized paramylon from Euglena gracilis. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:171. [PMID: 32560675 PMCID: PMC7304158 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euglena is a new super health food resource that is rich in the natural polysaccharide paramylon, a linear β-1,3-glucan with various biological activities including activity on the immune system in different cell lines and animals. Despite these reports, the immune regulation mechanism of paramylon is still unclear. RESULTS We investigate the signaling pathways paramylon impacts in immune macrophages. In RAW264.7 macrophages, sonicated and alkalized paramylon oligomers up-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, paramylon activated the nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and inhibiting these pathways attenuated the paramylon-induced secretion of the above immune-mediators. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that Euglena gracilis paramylon modulates the immune system via activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and thus has potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Decheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mingcan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Boming Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lang Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Liang Gu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, China
| | - Anping Lei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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13
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Jeon MS, Oh JJ, Kim JY, Han SI, Sim SJ, Choi YE. Enhancement of growth and paramylon production of Euglena gracilis by co-cultivation with Pseudoalteromonas sp. MEBiC 03485. Bioresour Technol 2019; 288:121513. [PMID: 31146078 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the putative effects of co-cultivation of Euglena gracilis with Pseudoalteromonas sp. MEBiC 03485 on the growth of E. gracilis and its paramylon production. The strain MEBiC 03485 had beneficial effects on the growth and paramylon contents of E. gracilis. To determine the optimal conditions for co-cultivation, the effects of algal to bacterial inoculum ratios and E. gracilis growth stages were examined. Under optimal conditions, the biomass productivity and paramylon production were increased by more than 23% and 34%, respectively. These effects were attributed to the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from the strain MEBiC 03485. GC-MS and HPAEC were carried out to analyze the composition of EPS. It was found that the EPS consisted of rhamnose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. These results suggest a novel approach for potentially enhancing the growth of E. gracilis as well as its paramylon production, via co-culturing with the symbiotic strain MEBiC 03485.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seo Jeon
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Joo Oh
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Young Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Il Han
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Daglio Y, Rodríguez MC, Prado HJ, Matulewicz MC. Paramylon and synthesis of its ionic derivatives: Applications as pharmaceutical tablet disintegrants and as colloid flocculants. Carbohydr Res 2019; 484:107779. [PMID: 31445311 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paramylon, a high molecular weight polysaccharide, is a linear and unbranched (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan. Despite its numerous biological benefits, the poor aqueous solubility of crystalline paramylon is a drawback that has hampered some of its applications. In an effort to make this biomaterial amenable to practical uses, cationic and anionic paramylon derivatives were obtained. The degrees of substitution of both products were determined. The products were characterized by FT-IR spectrocopy, ESI mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C and 1H-13C NMR and SEM microscopy. These techniques confirmed the success of the substitution reactions. 1H NMR analysis was used to develop alternative methods for an approximate estimation of the degree of substitution. 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectra were assigned for both derivatives. New applications of native, cationic and anionic paramylon were found. Native paramylon showed similar performance as pharmaceutical tablet disintegrant than sodium croscarmellose. Cationic paramylon behavior as colloid flocculant was comparable with commercial cationic polyacrylamides. The anionic derivative could eventually be used in the formulation of matrix controlled release systems or as a suspending agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmín Daglio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Rodríguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor J Prado
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica II, Junín 956, 1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María C Matulewicz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Nakashima A, Sugimoto R, Suzuki K, Shirakata Y, Hashiguchi T, Yoshida C, Nakano Y. Anti-fibrotic activity of Euglena gracilis and paramylon in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:139-147. [PMID: 30680167 PMCID: PMC6341149 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) manifests as hepatitis, fibrosis, and sometimes carcinoma, resulting in liver failure. Various clinical trials have indicated that several pharmacological agents, including angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) or farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, are effective in NASH treatment. In addition, functional foods are expected to be important alternatives for treating or preventing NASH. Recently, focus has been directed toward microalgae as dietary supplements, mainly for lifestyle-related diseases, because they contain various nutrients and functional ingredients. Specifically, a unicellular microalga Euglena gracilis stores a unique β-1,3-glucan particle called paramylon that stimulates the immune system. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Euglena and paramylon on NASH in Stelic Animal Model (STAM) mice using Sirius red staining and confirmed that oral administration of Euglena or paramylon inhibits the process of liver fibrosis. Moreover, compared with controls, paramylon decreased non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity scores related to inflammation. These results indicate that the oral administration of Euglena and paramylon inhibits fibrosis and ameliorates NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoshihisa Nakano
- Center for Research and Development of BioresourcesOsaka Prefecture UniversityOsakaJapan
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16
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Shibakami M, Sohma M. Thermal, crystalline, and pressure-sensitive adhesive properties of paramylon monoesters derived from an euglenoid polysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:239-247. [PMID: 30177162 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermal, crystalline, and pressure-sensitive adhesive properties of thermoplastic monoesters made from paramylon, a storage polysaccharide of Euglena gracilis, and a long-chain acyl chloride, were examined. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the thermal properties of these paramylon monoesters were dependent on the chain length and the average degree of substitution of the long-chain acyl group (av. DSlca). X-ray diffractometry revealed that the product solids with a myristoyl or palmitoyl group had a less ordered lateral acyl chain structure than those with a stearoyl group. Tackiness testing showed that the introduction of a myristoyl group into paramylon with an av. DSlca of ∼2.6 to ∼2.9 yielded palpable pressure-sensitive adhesion. A slight deviation of the chain length and/or av. DSlca from those of tacky paramylon myristate solids weakened or dispersed the tackiness. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using paramylon myristate solids with the av. DSlca in a specific range as a practical pressure-sensitive adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Mitsugu Sohma
- Advanced Coating Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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17
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Sun A, Hasan MT, Hobba G, Nevalainen H, Te'o J. Comparative assessment of the Euglena gracilis var. saccharophila variant strain as a producer of the β-1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions. J Phycol 2018; 54:529-538. [PMID: 29889303 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis Z and a "sugar loving" variant strain E. gracilis var. saccharophila were investigated as producers of paramylon, a β-1,3-glucan polysaccharide with potential medicinal and industrial applications. The strains were grown under diurnal or dark growth conditions on a glucose-yeast extract medium supporting high-level paramylon production. Both strains produced the highest paramylon yields (7.4-8 g · L-1 , respectively) while grown in the dark, but the maximum yield was achieved faster by E. gracilis var. saccharophila (48 h vs. 72 h). The glucose-to-paramylon yield coefficient Ypar/glu = 0.46 ± 0.03 in the E. gracilis var. saccharophila cultivation, obtained in this study, is the highest reported to date. Proteomic analysis of the metabolic pathways provided molecular clues for the strain behavior observed during cultivation. For example, overexpression of enzymes in the gluconeogenesis/glycolysis pathways including fructokinase-1 and chloroplastic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) may have contributed to the faster rate of paramylon accumulation in E. gracilis var. saccharophila. Differentially expressed proteins in the early steps of chloroplastogenesis pathway including plastid uroporphyrinogen decarboxylases, photoreceptors, and a highly abundant (68-fold increase) plastid transketolase may have provided the E. gracilis var. saccharophila strain an advantage in paramylon production during diurnal cultivations. In conclusion, the variant strain E. gracilis var. saccharophila seems to be well suited for producing large amounts of paramylon. This work has also resulted in the identification of molecular targets for future improvement of paramylon production in E. gracilis, including the FBP and phosophofructokinase 1, the latter being a key regulator of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sun
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mafruha Tasnin Hasan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham Hobba
- Agritechnology Pty Ltd, Borenore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Junior Te'o
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Abstract
A significant growth promotion of Euglena gracilis was achieved by simply adding ferulic acid from rice bran without diminishing the accumulation of valuable products like paramylon. E. gracilis is a freshwater microalga that is widely applied in cosmetics, food, medicine, and supplements, and it is considered a potential source of biofuel. It is therefore important to enhance its yield at a lower cost for its commercial viability. Introducing a growth regulator derived from agro waste is considered a cheaper and safer strategy to improve biomass productivity compared with other alternatives such as implementing genetic engineering or adding nutrients and plant hormones as growth stimulator. The effect of ferulic acid derived from rice bran on the growth and metabolism of E. gracilis was investigated in this study. To aid in the dissolution of ferulic acid, 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to Cramer–Myers medium. Ferulic acid could alleviate the inhibitory effect of DMSO and significantly promoted the growth of E. gracilis. It was found that cell density was 2.5 times greater than that of the control group and 3.6 times greater than that of the negative control group when 500 mg/L of ferulic acid was added. In addition, the photosynthetic pigment content, especially chlorophyll a, increased with increasing ferulic acid concentrations. The total paramylon production would also be enhanced by ferulic acid since the number of cells increased without reducing the cellular content of paramylon.
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19
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Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Asayama Y, Konno M, Saito K, Yamazaki N, Takimoto H. Oral administration of Euglena gracilis Z and its carbohydrate storage substance provides survival protection against influenza virus infection in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:379-83. [PMID: 28974421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis Z is a micro-algae that is used as a food or nutritional supplement. Paramylon, the carbohydrate storage substance of Euglena gracilis Z has β-1, 3-glucan structure. Euglena gracilis Z and paramylon are reported to affect the immune system. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Euglena gracilis Z and paramylon against influenza virus infection in mice. Euglena gracilis Z and paramylon were administered to mice as a 2% dietary mixture ad libitum. At 2 weeks after initiation of dietary administration, mice were infected intranasally with influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Survival rate was monitored 10 days after infection. In addition, we performed virus titer and cytokine profiles in the lung. High survival rates were observed for Euglena gracilis Z and paramylon-treated groups compared to the control group. Significantly lower virus titer in the lung was observed in the Euglena gracilis Z and paramylon-treated groups compared to the control group from day 1 after infection. Higher amount of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 (p70), IFN-γ, and IL-10 was observed in the paramylon groups compared to the control group. Our data therefore reveals a novel immunoregulatory role of the Euglena gracilis Z and paramylon which provides protection against influenza virus infection.
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20
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Bianchi VA, Castro JM, Rocchetta I, Conforti V, Pascual M, Luquet CM. Modulating effects of orally supplied Euglena gracilis on the physiological responses of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis, exposed to sewage water pollution in a Patagonian river (Argentina). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 51:17-25. [PMID: 26892796 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to test if orally supplied Euglena sp. cells modulate the physiological status of bivalves during bioremediation procedures, we evaluated the effect of Euglena gracilis diet on the immune response, oxidative balance and metabolic condition of Diplodon chilensis exposed to sewage water pollution. Mussels were fed for 90 days with E. gracilis (EG) or Scenedesmus vacuolatus (SV, control diet), and then exposed for 10 days at three sites along the Pocahullo river basin: 1) an unpolluted site, upstream of the city (control, C); 2) upstream (UpS) and 3) downstream (DoS) from the main tertiary-treated sewage discharge, in the city of San Martín de los Andes, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina. Our results show that the total hemocyte number decreases while pollution load increases along the river course for both, EG and SV mussels. Phagocytic activity is higher in EG mussels than in SV ones under all conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hemocytes increases with the increase in the pollution load, being significantly higher for EG mussels than for SV ones at DoS; no changes are observed for total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC). Hemocytes' viability is increased for E. gracilis diet at C and remains unchanged in this group of mussels when exposed at the polluted sites. Lysosomal membrane stability is higher in EG mussels than in SV ones for all conditions, although it is decreased at polluted sites compared with that at C. Antioxidant (catalase) and detoxifying (gluthatione S-transferase) defenses are generally lower in gills and digestive gland of EG mussels than in SV ones. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) is evident in gills of EG mussels at C, and in digestive gland of the same group, at all the sites. Gill mass factor (GF) is affected by the E. gracilis diet; it is increased at C and decreased at polluted sites when compared with that of SV ones. Digestive gland mass factor (DGF) is higher in EG mussels than in SV ones. In D. chilensis, continuous and long term feeding with E. gracilis cells favors immune response and reduces the damage caused by sewage pollution exposure on hemocytes. Nevertheless, diet and transplantation procedures may produce negative effects on the oxidative balance of gills and digestive gland and should be taken into account for bioremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Químicas y de Medio Ambiente (LIBIQUIMA-CITAAC), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, CP: 8300, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Juan M Castro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Iara Rocchetta
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Visitación Conforti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Pascual
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina
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Takeda T, Nakano Y, Takahashi M, Konno N, Sakamoto Y, Arashida R, Marukawa Y, Yoshida E, Ishikawa T, Suzuki K. Identification and enzymatic characterization of an endo-1,3-β-glucanase from Euglena gracilis. Phytochemistry 2015; 116:21-27. [PMID: 26028521 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Euglena produces paramylon as a storage polysaccharide, and is thought to require β-1,3-glucan degrading enzymes to release and utilize the accumulated carbohydrate. To investigate β-1,3-glucan degradation in Euglena, endo-1,3-β-glucanases were partially purified from Euglena gracilis by hydrophobic, gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. Tryptic digests and mass-spectrometric analysis identified three proteins in the purified fraction as a member of glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 17 and two members of GH81. These genes were cloned from an Euglena cDNA pool by PCR. EgCel17A fused with a histidine-tag at the carboxy terminus was heterologously produced by Aspergillus oryzae and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Purified EgCel17A had a molecular weight of about 40kDa by SDS-PAGE, which was identical to that deduced from its amino acid sequence. The enzyme showed hydrolytic activity towards β-1,3-glucans such as laminarin and paramylon. Maximum activity of laminarin degradation by EgCel17A was attained at pH 4.0-5.5 and 60°C after 1h incubation or 50°C after 20h incubation. The enzyme had a Km of 0.21mg/ml and a Vmax of 40.5units/mg protein for laminarin degradation at pH 5.0 and 50°C. Furthermore, EgCel17A catalyzed a transglycosylation reaction by which reaction products with a higher molecular weight than the supplied substrates were initially generated; however, ultimately the substrates were degraded into glucose, laminaribiose and laminaritriose. EgCel17A effectively produced soluble β-1,3-glucans from alkaline-treated Euglena freeze-dried powder containing paramylon. Thus, EgCel17 is the first functional endo-1,3-β-glucanase to be identified from E. gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Takeda
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakano
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Machiko Takahashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Naotake Konno
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sakamoto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Ryo Arashida
- euglena Co., Ltd., 2-6-1, Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
| | - Yuka Marukawa
- euglena Co., Ltd., 2-6-1, Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
| | - Eriko Yoshida
- euglena Co., Ltd., 2-6-1, Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- euglena Co., Ltd., 2-6-1, Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
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Grimm P, Risse JM, Cholewa D, Müller JM, Beshay U, Friehs K, Flaschel E. Applicability of Euglena gracilis for biorefineries demonstrated by the production of α-tocopherol and paramylon followed by anaerobic digestion. J Biotechnol 2015; 215:72-9. [PMID: 25910451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study the use of Euglena gracilis biomass for α-tocopherol, paramylon and biogas production in a value-added chain was investigated. Therefore, we analyzed the dry cell weight and product concentrations at different growth phases during heterotrophic, photoheterotrophic and photoautotrophic cultivation in a low-cost minimal medium. Furthermore, the specific biogas yields for differently derived biomass with and without product recovery were investigated. We demonstrate that growth phase and cultivation mode not only have a significant impact on product formation, but also influence the yield of biogas obtained from anaerobic digestion of Euglena gracilis biomass. The maximum dry cell weight concentration ranged from 12.3±0.14gL(-1) for heterotrophically to 3.4±0.02gL(-1) for photoautotrophically grown Euglena gracilis cells. The heterotrophically grown biomass accumulated product concentrations of 5.3±0.12mgL(-1) of α-tocopherol and 9.3±0.1gL(-1) of paramylon or 805±10.9mL of biogasgvs(-1) (per gram volatile solids). The results for photoautotrophically grown cells were 8.6±0.22mgL(-1) of α-tocopherol and 0.78±0.01gL(-1) of paramylon or 648±7.2mL of biogasgvs(-1). For an energy-saving downstream procedure the extracting agent methanol does not have to be removed strictly. Samples with residual methanol showed a significantly increased biogas yield, because the solvent can be used as an additional substrate for methane production by archaebacteria.
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Bianchi VA, Castro JM, Rocchetta I, Nahabedian DE, Conforti V, Luquet CM. Long-term feeding with Euglena gracilis cells modulates immune responses, oxidative balance and metabolic condition in Diplodon chilensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) exposed to living Escherichia coli. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 42:367-378. [PMID: 25463294 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the modulating effect of long-term feeding with lyophilized Euglena gracilis cells on immune response, oxidative balance and metabolic condition of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis. Mussels, previously fed with Scenedesmus vacuolatus (SV) or E. gracilis (EG) for 90 days, were challenged with an environmentally relevant concentration of Escherichia coli in water for 5 days, under feeding or starvation conditions. EG diet increased overall phagocytic activity and tissue hemocyte accumulation (gill and mantle), and favored hemocyte viability upon E. coli challenge. Tissular hemocyte accumulation, and humoral bacteriolytic activity and protein content were similarly stimulated by EG and E. coli, with no further effect when both stimuli were combined. Both, E. coli challenge and EG diet reduced gill bacteriolytic activity with respect to nonchallenged SV mussels, while no effect was observed in challenged EG mussels. Gill and digestive gland protein contents, along with digestive gland bacteriolytic activity were higher in EG than in SV mussels. Both SV and EG mussels showed increased gill mass upon E. coli challenge, while digestive gland mass was increased by bacterial challenge only in SV mussels. Bacterial challenge produced no effect on humoral reactive oxygen species levels of both groups. Total oxyradical scavenging capacity levels was reduced in challenged SV mussels but remained unaffected in EG ones. In general, EG diet decreased glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities in gill and digestive gland, compared with SV diet; but increased enzyme activity was evident in challenged mussels of both groups. Gill and digestive gland lipid peroxidation levels were higher in EG than in SV mussels but E. coli challenge had stronger effect on SV mussels. Adductor muscle RNA:DNA ratio was higher in EG mussels than in SV ones, and increased upon E. coli challenge in mussels of both groups. E. gracilis can be suggested as a nutritional and protective diet complement suitable for filtering bivalves. However, our results obtained from starved mussels show that starvation periods after supplying this diet should be avoided, since these could revert part of the acquired benefits and/or exacerbate detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Juan M Castro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Iara Rocchetta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia, 1917 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniel E Nahabedian
- IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Visitación Conforti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia, 1917 Buenos Aires, Argentina; IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina
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Ogawa T, Tamoi M, Kimura A, Mine A, Sakuyama H, Yoshida E, Maruta T, Suzuki K, Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S. Enhancement of photosynthetic capacity in Euglena gracilis by expression of cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase leads to increases in biomass and wax ester production. Biotechnol Biofuels 2015; 8:80. [PMID: 26056534 PMCID: PMC4459067 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae have recently been attracting attention as a potential platform for the production of biofuels. Euglena gracilis, a unicellular phytoflagellate, has been proposed as an attractive feedstock to produce biodiesel because it can produce large amounts of wax esters, consisting of medium-chain fatty acids and alcohols with 14:0 carbon chains. E. gracilis cells highly accumulate a storage polysaccharide, a β-1,3-glucan known as paramylon, under aerobic conditions. When grown aerobically and then transferred into anaerobic conditions, E. gracilis cells degrade paramylon to actively synthesize and accumulate wax esters. Thus, the enhanced accumulation of paramylon through the genetic engineering of photosynthesis should increase the capacity for wax ester production. RESULTS We herein generated transgenic Euglena (EpFS) cells expressing the cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (FBP/SBPase), which is involved in the Calvin cycle, to enhance its photosynthetic activity. FBP/SBPase was successfully expressed within Euglena chloroplasts. The cell volume of the EpFS4 cell line was significantly larger than that of wild-type cells under normal growth conditions. The photosynthetic activity of EpFS4 cells was significantly higher than that of wild type under high light and high CO2, resulting in enhanced biomass production, and the accumulation of paramylon was increased in transgenic cell lines than in wild-type cells. Furthermore, when EpFS cell lines grown under high light and high CO2 were placed on anaerobiosis, the productivity of wax esters was approximately 13- to 100-fold higher in EpFS cell lines than in wild-type cells. CONCLUSION Our results obtained here indicate that the efficiency of biomass production in E. gracilis can be improved by genetically modulating photosynthetic capacity, resulting in the enhanced production of wax esters. This is the first step toward the utilization of E. gracilis as a sustainable source for biofuel production under photoautotrophic cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Ogawa
- />Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamoi
- />Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
| | - Ayako Kimura
- />Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
| | - Ayaka Mine
- />Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
| | - Harumi Sakuyama
- />Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
| | - Eriko Yoshida
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
- />euglena Co., Ltd., 31F Iidabashi First Tower, 2-6-1 Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0004 Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
- />euglena Co., Ltd., 31F Iidabashi First Tower, 2-6-1 Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0004 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- />Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
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Krajčovič J, Schwartzbach SD. Euglenoid flagellates: a multifaceted biotechnology platform. J Biotechnol 2014; 202:135-45. [PMID: 25527385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Euglenoid flagellates are mainly fresh water protists growing in highly diverse environments making them well-suited for a multiplicity of biotechnology applications. Phototrophic euglenids possesses complex chloroplasts of green algal origin bounded by three membranes. Euglena nuclear and plastid genome organization, gene structure and gene expression are distinctly different from other organisms. Our observations on the model organism Euglena gracilis indicate that transcription of both the plastid and nuclear genome is insensitive to environmental changes and that gene expression is regulated mainly at the post-transcriptional level. Euglena plastids have been proposed as a site for the production of proteins and value added metabolites of biotechnological interest. Euglena has been shown to be a suitable protist species to be used for production of several compounds that are used in the production of cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals, such as α-tocopherol, wax esters, polyunsaturated fatty acids, biotin and tyrosine. The storage polysaccharide, paramylon, has immunostimulatory properties and has shown a promise for biomaterials production. Euglena biomass can be used as a nutritional supplement in aquaculture and in animal feed. Diverse applications of Euglena in environmental biotechnology include ecotoxicological risk assessment, heavy metal bioremediation, bioremediation of industrial wastewater and contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Steven D Schwartzbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3560, USA
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Hayashi M. Thermoplasticization of euglenoid β-1,3-glucans by mixed esterification. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 105:90-6. [PMID: 24708957 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated that paramylon, a storage polysaccharide of Euglena gracilis, is efficiently thermoplasticized by adding acyl groups that differ in alkyl chain length. Glass transition temperature of mixed paramylon esters was higher than those of plant-based polylactic acid (PLA), poly 11-aminoundecanoic acid (PA11), and petroleum-based acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin and was comparable to that of cellulose acetate stearate (CAS). Their thermoplasticity was equivalent to or higher than those of these reference plastics. The bending strength and bending elastic modulus of injection molded test specimens made from mixed paramylon esters were comparable to those of the reference plastics. While their impact strength was lower than that of specimens made from ABS resin and CAS, it was comparable to those of PLA and PA11. Euglenoid β-1,3-glucans are thus a potential component of thermoplastic materials.
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Nakamura M, Hayashi M. Preparation of carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid β-1,3-glucans. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:95-101. [PMID: 23987321 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new strategy for creating surface modified polysaccharide nanofibers. To demonstrate proof of principle, the synthesis, structure, and self-assembly behavior of a carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide made from paramylon (β-1,3-glucan) and succinic anhydride were investigated. Examination by a combination of NMR, FT-IR, and SEC-MALLS confirmed that successful preparation of the desired succinylated paramylon without significant depolymerization. NMR, SEC-MALLS, visible absorption and CD spectroscopic analyses indicated that the paramylon derivative forms the triplex structure in solutions. SEM observation revealed that succinylated paramylon forms a nanofiber that has carboxylic acid on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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