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Foscari A, Seiwert B, Zahn D, Schmidt M, Reemtsma T. Leaching of tire particles and simultaneous biodegradation of leachables. Water Res 2024; 253:121322. [PMID: 38387267 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The fate of organic compounds released from tire wear particle (TWP) in the aquatic environment is still poorly understood. This is especially true near sources where biotic and abiotic transformation and leaching from TWP are simultaneous and competing processes. To address this knowledge-gap an experiment was performed, allowing for biodegradation (a) during the leaching from a suspension of cryo-milled tire tread (CMTT) and (b) subsequent to leaching. Besides measuring the Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) content, 19 tire-related chemicals were quantified, and non-target screening was performed by LC-HRMS. The non-inoculated control experiment exhibited a DOC of up to 4 mg g-1, with up to 700 µg g-1 of 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) as the most prominent compound, followed by three benzothiazoles (2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT), 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (2-OHBT) and benzothiazole-2-sulfonic acid (BTSA); 50 µg g-1 each) and 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA) (50 µg g-1). Biodegradation reduced the DOC by 88 % and the concentration of most organic compounds by more than 85 %. At the end of the experiment hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) was the most prominent single compounds (18 µg g-1). Non-target screening showed a more complex picture. Another 25 transformation products (TPs) of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) and 44 TPs and derivatives related to DPG were detected in solution, of which 11 and 28 were still present after or formed by biodegradation, respectively. Of these 39 TPs and derivatives, 31 could be detected in road runoff samples. This study provides a more comprehensive picture of the leachables of tire particles that are of environmental relevance. It also outlines that derivatives of tire additives formed during tire production and use may deserve more attention as leachables. The large extent of biodegradation of tire leachables suggests that settling ponds may be a useful treatment option for road runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Foscari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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2
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Dudefoi W, Ferrari BJD, Breider F, Masset T, Leger G, Vermeirssen E, Bergmann AJ, Schirmer K. Evaluation of tire tread particle toxicity to fish using rainbow trout cell lines. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:168933. [PMID: 38042189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) resulting from tire abrasion while driving raise concerns due to their potential contribution to aquatic toxicity. Our study aimed to assess cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT) particle toxicity, used as a proxy for TRWP, and associated chemicals to fish using two Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines representing the gill (RTgill-W1) and the intestinal (RTgutGC) epithelium. CMTT toxicity was evaluated through several exposure pathways, including direct contact, leaching, and digestion, while also assessing the impact of particle aging. Following OECD TG249, cell viability was assessed after 24 h acute exposure using a multiple-endpoint assay indicative of cell metabolic activity, membrane integrity and lysosome integrity. In vitro EC50 values for the fish cell lines exceeded river TRWP concentrations (2.02 g/L and 4.65 g/L for RTgill-W1 and RTgutGC cell lines, respectively), and were similar to in vivo LC50 values estimated at 6 g/L. Although toxicity was mainly driven by the leaching of tire-associated chemicals, the presence of the particles contributed to the overall toxicity by inducing a continuous leaching, highlighting the importance of considering combined exposure scenarios. Aging and digestion conditions were also found to mediate CMTT toxicity. Thermooxidation resulted in a decreased chemical leaching and toxicity, while in vitro digestion under mimicked gastrointestinal conditions increased leaching and toxicity. Specific chemicals, especially Zn, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 1,3-diphenylguanidine, and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) were identified as contributors to the overall toxicity. Although 6PPD-quinone was detected in CMTT digestate, cytotoxicity assays with RTgill-W1 and RTgutGC cell lines showed no toxicity up to 6 mg/L, supporting the notion of a specific mode of action of this chemical. This study provides insights into the toxicological mechanisms induced by tire particles and their associated chemicals and can help in the evaluation of potential risks to aquatic life associated with TRWP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dudefoi
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Environmental Toxicology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - B J D Ferrari
- Ecotox Centre - EPFL ENAC IIE, GE, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - F Breider
- EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Masset
- EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Leger
- EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Vermeirssen
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A J Bergmann
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - K Schirmer
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Environmental Toxicology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPFL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; ETHZ, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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3
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Gehrke I, Schläfle S, Bertling R, Öz M, Gregory K. Review: Mitigation measures to reduce tire and road wear particles. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166537. [PMID: 37640075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The generation of tire wear is an inevitable outcome of the friction between the road and the tire which is necessary for the safe operation of vehicles on roadways. Tire wear particles form agglomerates with road surface material. These agglomerates are called tire and road wear particles (TRWP). Due to their persistence in the environmental compartments and their potentially harmful effects, research on preventative and end-of-pipe mitigation strategies for TRWP is essential. The major goal of this study is to summarize and assess the state of the art in science and technology of mitigation measures for TRWP as the basis for further research activities. Approximately 500 literature sources were found and analyzed in terms of the efficiency, maturity, implementation, and impact of the mitigation measures. Generally, technological and management mitigation measures to reduce the generation of TRWP are beneficial since they prevent TRWP from entering the environment. Once released into environmental compartments, their mobility and dispersion would increase, making removing the particles more challenging. Technological and management mitigation measures after the release of TRWP into the environment are mainly well established in industrialized countries. Street cleaning and wastewater technologies show good removal efficiencies for TRWP and microplastics. In any case, no individual measure can solely solve the TRWP issue, but a set of combined measures could potentially be more effective. The absence of fully-developed and standardized methods for tire abrasion testing and measuring TRWP in the environment makes it impossible to reliably compare the tire abrasion behavior of different tire types, determine thresholds, and control mitigation actions. Field tests and pilot studies are highly needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the abatement measures under real conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Gehrke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Schläfle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Vehicle System Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ralf Bertling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.
| | - Melisa Öz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.
| | - Kelvin Gregory
- Carnegie Mellon University, Civil & Environmental Engineering, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Porter Hall 119, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Järlskog I, Jaramillo-Vogel D, Rausch J, Gustafsson M, Strömvall AM, Andersson-Sköld Y. Concentrations of tire wear microplastics and other traffic-derived non-exhaust particles in the road environment. Environ Int 2022; 170:107618. [PMID: 36356554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWP) are assumed to be one of the major sources of microplastic pollution to the environment. However, many of the previously published studies are based on theoretical estimations rather than field measurements. To increase the knowledge regarding actual environmental concentrations, samples were collected and analyzed from different matrices in a rural highway environment to characterize and quantify TWP and other traffic-derived non-exhaust particles. The sampled matrices included road dust (from kerb and in-between wheeltracks), runoff (water and sediment), and air. In addition, airborne deposition was determined in a transect with increasing distance from the road. Two sieved size fractions (2-20 µm and 20-125 µm) were analyzed by automated Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) single particle analysis and classified with a machine learning algorithm into the following subclasses: TWP, bitumen wear particles (BiWP), road markings, reflecting glass beads, metals, minerals, and biogenic/organic particles. The relative particle number concentrations (%) showed that the runoff contained the highest proportion of TWP (up to 38 %). The share of TWP in kerb samples tended to be higher than BiWP. However, a seasonal increase of BiWP was observed in coarse (20-125 µm) kerb samples during winter, most likely reflecting studded tire use. The concentration of the particle subclasses within airborne PM80-1 decreases with increasing distance from the road, evidencing road traffic as the main emission source. The results confirm that road dust and the surrounding environment contain traffic-derived microplastics in both size fractions. The finer fraction (2-20 µm) dominated (by mass, volume, and number) in all sample matrices. These particles have a high potential to be transported in water and air far away from the source and can contribute to the inhalable particle fraction (PM10) in air. This highlights the importance of including also finer particle fractions in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Järlskog
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), SE-581 95 Linköping, Sweden; Geology and Geotechnics, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Juanita Rausch
- Particle Vision GmbH, Passage du Cardinal 13b, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mats Gustafsson
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), SE-581 95 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ann-Margret Strömvall
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Andersson-Sköld
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), SE-581 95 Linköping, Sweden; Geology and Geotechnics, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Masset T, Ferrari BJD, Dudefoi W, Schirmer K, Bergmann A, Vermeirssen E, Grandjean D, Harris LC, Breider F. Bioaccessibility of Organic Compounds Associated with Tire Particles Using a Fish In Vitro Digestive Model: Solubilization Kinetics and Effects of Food Coingestion. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:15607-15616. [PMID: 36315940 PMCID: PMC9670851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) account for an important part of the polymer particles released into the environment. There are scientific knowledge gaps as to the potential bioaccessibility of chemicals associated with TRWP to aquatic organisms. This study investigated the solubilization and bioaccessibility of seven of the most widely used tire-associated organic chemicals and four of their degradation products from cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT) into fish digestive fluids using an in vitro digestion model based on Oncorhynchus mykiss. Our results showed that 0.06-44.1% of the selected compounds were rapidly solubilized into simulated gastric and intestinal fluids within a typical gut transit time for fish (3 h in gastric and 24 h in intestinal fluids). The environmentally realistic scenario of coingestion of CMTT and fish prey was explored using ground Gammarus pulex. Coingestion caused compound-specific changes in solubilization, either increasing or decreasing the compounds' bioaccessibility in simulated gut fluids compared to CMTT alone. Our results emphasize that tire-associated compounds become accessible in a digestive milieu and should be studied further with respect to their bioaccumulation and toxicological effects upon passage of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Masset
- Central Environmental
Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ENAC, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoit J. D. Ferrari
- Ecotox Centre—EPFL
ENAC IIE, GE, Station
2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - William Dudefoi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag—Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag—Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering,
ENAC, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station
2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant
Dynamics, ETHZ, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan Bergmann
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominique Grandjean
- Central Environmental
Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ENAC, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luke Christopher Harris
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
SB, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station
6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Breider
- Central Environmental
Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ENAC, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Rødland ES, Lind OC, Reid M, Heier LS, Skogsberg E, Snilsberg B, Gryteselv D, Meland S. Characterization of tire and road wear microplastic particle contamination in a road tunnel: From surface to release. J Hazard Mater 2022; 435:129032. [PMID: 35650740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Road pollution is one of the major sources of microplastic particles to the environment. The distribution of tire, polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) and tire and road wear particles (TRWP) in different tunnel compartments were explored: road surface, gully-pots and tunnel wash water. A new method for calculating TRWP using Monte Carlo simulation is presented. The highest concentrations on the surface were in the side bank (tire:13.4 ± 5.67;PMB:9.39 ± 3.96; TRWP:22.9 ± 8.19 mg/m2), comparable to previous studies, and at the tunnel outlet (tire:7.72 ± 11.2; PMB:5.40 ± 7.84; TRWP:11.2 ± 16.2 mg/m2). The concentrations in gully-pots were highest at the inlet (tire:24.7 ± 26.9; PMB:17.3 ± 48.8; TRWP:35.8 ± 38.9 mg/g) and comparable to values previously reported for sedimentation basins. Untreated wash water was comparable to road runoff (tire:38.3 ± 10.5; PMB:26.8 ± 7.33; TRWP:55.3 ± 15.2 mg/L). Sedimentation treatment retained 63% of tire and road wear particles, indicating a need to increase the removal efficiency to prevent these from entering the environment. A strong linear relationship (R2-adj=0.88, p < 0.0001) between total suspended solids (TSS) and tire and road wear rubber was established, suggesting a potential for using TSS as a proxy for estimating rubber loads for monitoring purposes. Future research should focus on a common approach to analysis and calculation of tire, PMB and TRWP and address the uncertainties related to these calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S Rødland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Malcolm Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene S Heier
- Norwegian Public Roads Administration, 2605 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Emelie Skogsberg
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Sondre Meland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
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Arias AH, Alfonso MB, Girones L, Piccolo MC, Marcovecchio JE. Synthetic microfibers and tyre wear particles pollution in aquatic systems: Relevance and mitigation strategies. Environ Pollut 2022; 295:118607. [PMID: 34883149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that the majority of aquatic field microplastics (MPs) could be microfibers (MFs) which can be originated directly from massive sources such as textile production and shedding from garments, agricultural textiles and clothes washing. In addition, wear and tear of tyres (TRWPs) emerges as a stealthy major source of micro and nanoplastics, commonly under-sampled/detected in the field. In order to compile the current knowledge in regards to these two major MPs sources, concentrations of concern in aquatic environments, their distribution, bulk emission rates and water mitigation strategies were systematically reviewed. Most of the aquatic field studies presented MFs values above 50%. MPs concentrations varied from 0.3 to 8925 particles m-3 in lakes, from 0.69 to 8.7 × 106 particles m-3 in streams and rivers, from 0.16 to 192000 particles m-3 estuaries, and from 0 to 4600 particles m-3 in the ocean. Textiles at every stage of production, use and disposal are the major source of synthetic MFs to water. Laundry estimates showed an averaged release up to 279972 tons year-1 (high washing frequency) from which 123000 tons would annually flow through untreated effluents to rivers, streams, lakes or directly to the ocean. TRWPs in the aquatic environments showed concentrations up to 179 mg L-1 (SPM) in runoff river sediments and up to 480 mg g-1 in highway runoff sediments. Even though average TRWR emission is of 0.95 kg year-1 per capita (10 nm- 500 μm) there is a general scarcity of information about their aquatic environmental levels probably due to no-availability or inadequate methods of detection. The revision of strategies to mitigate the delivering of MFs and TRWP into water streams illustrated the importance of domestic laundry retention devices, Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) with at least a secondary treatment and stormwater and road-runoff collectors quality improvement devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés H Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Florida, 8000, Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Edificio E1, B8000BFW, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, B8000DIC, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - María B Alfonso
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Florida, 8000, Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Edificio E1, B8000BFW, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Lautaro Girones
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Florida, 8000, Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Edificio E1, B8000BFW, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María C Piccolo
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Florida, 8000, Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Edificio E1, B8000BFW, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Geografía y Turismo, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 12 de Octubre 1198, B8000CTX, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Jorge E Marcovecchio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Florida, 8000, Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Edificio E1, B8000BFW, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Bahía Blanca (UTN-FRBB),11 de Abril 461, B8000LMI, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad de la Fraternidad de Agrupaciones Santo Tomás de Aquino, Gascón, 3145, B7600FNK, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (ANCEFN), Av. Alvear 1711, C1014 AAE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Rauert C, Charlton N, Okoffo ED, Stanton RS, Agua AR, Pirrung MC, Thomas KV. Concentrations of Tire Additive Chemicals and Tire Road Wear Particles in an Australian Urban Tributary. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:2421-2431. [PMID: 35099932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tire road wear particles (TRWPs) are one of the largest sources of microplastics to the urban environment with recent concerns as they also provide a pathway for additive chemicals to leach into the environment. Stormwater is a major source of TRWPs and associated additives to urban surface water, with additives including the antioxidant derivative N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone) demonstrating links to aquatic toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations. The present study used complementary analysis methods to quantify both TRWPs and a suite of known tire additive chemicals (including 6PPD-quinone) to an urban tributary in Australia during severe storm events. Concentrations of additives increased more than 40 times during storms, with a maximum concentration of 2760 ng/L for ∑15additives, 88 ng/L for 6PPD-quinone, and a similar profile observed in each storm. TRWPs were detected during storm peaks with a maximum concentration between 6.4 and 18 mg/L, and concentrations of TRWPs and all additives were highly correlated. Contaminant mass loads to this catchment were estimated as up to 100 g/storm for ∑15additives, 3 g/storm for 6PPD-quinone, and between 252 and 730 kg of TRWPs/storm. While 6PPD-quinone concentrations in this catchment were lower than previous studies, elevated concentrations post storm suggest prolonged aquatic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Nathan Charlton
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Elvis D Okoffo
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Ryan S Stanton
- Chemical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alon R Agua
- Chemical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael C Pirrung
- Chemical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
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9
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Masset T, Ferrari BJD, Oldham D, Dudefoi W, Minghetti M, Schirmer K, Bergmann A, Vermeirssen E, Breider F. In Vitro Digestion of Tire Particles in a Fish Model ( Oncorhynchus mykiss): Solubilization Kinetics of Heavy Metals and Effects of Food Coingestion. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15788-15796. [PMID: 34807574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) have been shown to represent a large part of anthropogenic particles released into the environment. Nevertheless, the potential ecological risk of TRWP in the different environmental compartments and their potential toxic impacts on terrestrial and aquatic organisms remain largely underinvestigated. Several heavy metals compose TRWP, including Zn, which is used as a catalyst during the vulcanization process of rubber. This study investigated the solubilization potential of metals from cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT) and TRWP in simulated gastric fluids (SFGASTRIC) and simulated intestinal fluids (SFINTESTINAL) designed to mimic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gastrointestinal conditions. Our results indicate that the solubilization of heavy metals was greatly enhanced by gastrointestinal fluids compared to that by mineral water. After a 26 h in vitro digestion, 9.6 and 23.0% of total Zn content of CMTT and TRWP, respectively, were solubilized into the simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Coingestion of tire particles (performed with CMTT only) and surrogate prey items (Gammarus pulex) demonstrated that the animal organic matter reduced the amount of bioavailable Zn solubilized from CMTT. Contrastingly, in the coingestion scenario with vegetal organic matter (Lemna minor), high quantities of Zn were solubilized from L. minor and cumulated with Zn solubilized from CMTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Masset
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne─EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoit J D Ferrari
- Ecotox Centre─EPFL ENAC IIE, GE, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dean Oldham
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - William Dudefoi
- Department Environmental Toxicology, Eawag─Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department Environmental Toxicology, Eawag─Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETHZ, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alan Bergmann
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Breider
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne─EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Halle LL, Palmqvist A, Kampmann K, Jensen A, Hansen T, Khan FR. Tire wear particle and leachate exposures from a pristine and road-worn tire to Hyalella azteca: Comparison of chemical content and biological effects. Aquat Toxicol 2021; 232:105769. [PMID: 33561741 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tire emissions have emerged as an environmental contaminant of concern. To fully understand their effects to biota, research is needed from different stages of a tire's lifecycle. In this study we exposed freshwater Hyalella azteca to tire wear particles (TWPs) as particle suspensions or their respective chemical leachates (the chemicals released from tire particles into water) from a pristine (P-TWP) and worn (W-TWP) tire of same make and model. Acute and long-term toxicity experiments on H. azteca showed that P-TWP suspensions were more toxic than W-TWP suspensions with estimated LC50 values of 364 ± 64 particles (0.19 ± 0.03 g L-1) and 3073 ± 211 particles (0.91 ± 0.06 g L-1), respectively. However, leachates from W- and P-TWPs appeared equally toxic, but did not conform to a sigmoidal dose-response pattern and LC50 values could not be derived. In long-term tests (21 d) P-TWP suspensions showed no significant effects on H. azteca mortality (p = 0.970) or reproduction (p = 0.123), but growth was significantly reduced (p = 0.003) at the highest concentration tested (250 particles mL-1 or 0.127 g L-1). Chemical analysis of both particle types and their leachates showed that four compounds, benzothiazole, 1-indanone, aluminum and zinc, consistently leached from TWPs into water. Analysis of the two TWPs showed a difference in the concentration of the various compounds. Specifically, P-TWPs contained significantly more 1-octanethiol, phenanthrene, anthracene and aluminum than W-TWPs, suggesting that they are possible candidates for the increased toxicity observed following P-TWP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L Halle
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Dansk Miljøanalyse (Danish Environmental Analysis), Skelstedet 5, Trørød, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmark.
| | - Annemette Palmqvist
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Kristoffer Kampmann
- Dansk Miljøanalyse (Danish Environmental Analysis), Skelstedet 5, Trørød, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmark.
| | - Anders Jensen
- Dansk Miljøanalyse (Danish Environmental Analysis), Skelstedet 5, Trørød, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmark.
| | - Tobias Hansen
- Dansk Miljøanalyse (Danish Environmental Analysis), Skelstedet 5, Trørød, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmark.
| | - Farhan R Khan
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Baensch-Baltruschat B, Kocher B, Kochleus C, Stock F, Reifferscheid G. Tyre and road wear particles - A calculation of generation, transport and release to water and soil with special regard to German roads. Sci Total Environ 2021; 752:141939. [PMID: 33207487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tyre and road wear is one of the main emission sources of particulate plastics (microplastics). In this study, the emissions of tyre wear particles (TWP) which are annually generated on the German road network were calculated. Emissions are calculated by applying two different data sets of emission factors and the annual mileage for distinct vehicles and road types (urban roads, rural roads, highways). Environmental entry paths of tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) were considered including releases to ambient air, soils and surface waters. Road runoff treatment was taken into account differentiated into sewage systems in urban areas and at non-urban roads. This study identifies the soundest data available concerning emission factors, data on traffic and road systems as well as comprehensive information on road runoff treatment in Germany. Applying this data and assuming that 5% of the total emissions are 'fine' air-borne particles, the emissions of coarse 'non-airborne' particles are 75,200-98,400 t/a; . the transport to road banks and soils near roads is 57,300-65,400 t/a (66-76%) including runoff and drift; 8700-19,800 t/a (12-20%) are released to surface waters. Due to lack of data, degradation in soils and surface waters was not considered. Besides soils, urban wastewater treatment plants are expected to be an important sink of TRWP assuming that most of the particles are incorporated in the sewage sludge. Due to the application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, 1400-2800 t/a TWP are currently deposited on agricultural areas. No reliable data was available to estimate the masses of TWP which are transported from freshwaters into the marine environment. Existing mitigation measures should be improved according to the principle of precaution by installation of road runoff treatment systems and retrofitting of existing plants regarding optimum fine particle retention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Kocher
- German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt), Bruederstraße 53, 51427 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Christian Kochleus
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Friederike Stock
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
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