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Kompatscher K, van der Vossen JMBM, van Heumen SPM, Traversari AAL. Scoping review on the efficacy of filter and germicidal technologies for capture and inactivation of micro-organisms and viruses. J Hosp Infect 2023; 142:39-48. [PMID: 37797657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic increased the focus on preventing contamination with airborne pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria, and fungi) by reducing their concentration. Filtration, UV or ionization technologies could contribute to air purification of the indoor environment and inactivation of micro-organisms. The aim of this study was to identify the relevant literature and review the scientific evidence presented on the efficacy of filter and germicidal technologies (e.g. non-physical technologies) in air purification applications used to capture and inactivate micro-organisms and airborne viruses (e.g. SARS-CoV-2, rhinovirus, influenzavirus) in practice. A scoping review was performed to collect literature. Adopting exclusion criteria resulted in a final number of 75 studies to be included in this research. Discussion is presented on inactivation efficiencies of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) and ionization applications in laboratory studies and in practice. Specific attention is given to studies relating the use of UVGI and ionization to inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Based on the consulted literature, no unambiguous conclusions can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of air purification technologies in practice. The documented and well-controlled laboratory studies do not adequately represent the practical situation in which the purifier systems are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kompatscher
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Department of Building and Energy Systems, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - J M B M van der Vossen
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S P M van Heumen
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Department of Building and Energy Systems, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A A L Traversari
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Department of Building and Energy Systems, Delft, The Netherlands
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2
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Li P, Koziel JA, Macedo N, Zimmerman JJ, Wrzesinski D, Sobotka E, Balderas M, Walz WB, Paris RV, Lee M, Liu D, Yedilbayev B, Ramirez BC, Jenks WS. Evaluation of an Air Cleaning Device Equipped with Filtration and UV: Comparison of Removal Efficiency on Particulate Matter and Viable Airborne Bacteria in the Inlet and Treated Air. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16135. [PMID: 36498208 PMCID: PMC9735963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, improving indoor air quality (IAQ) has become vital for the public as COVID-19 and other infectious diseases can transmit via inhalable aerosols. Air cleaning devices with filtration and targeted pollutant treatment capabilities can help improve IAQ. However, only a few filtration/UV devices have been formally tested for their effectiveness, and little data is publicly available and UV doses comparable. In this research, we upgraded a particulate matter (PM) air filtration prototype by adding UV-C (germicidal) light. We developed realistic UV dose metrics for fast-moving air and selected performance scenarios to quantify the mitigation effect on viable airborne bacteria and PM. The targeted PM included total suspended particulate (TSP) and a coarse-to-fine range sized at PM10, PM4, PM2.5, and PM1. The PM and viable airborne bacteria concentrations were compared between the inlet and outlet of the prototype at 0.5 and 1.0 m3/s (low and high) air flow modes. The upgraded prototype inactivated nearly 100% of viable airborne bacteria and removed up to 97% of TSP, 91% of PM10, 87% of PM4, 87% of PM2.5, and 88% of PM1. The performance in the low flow rate mode was generally better than in the high flow rate mode. The combination of filtration and UV-C treatment provided 'double-barrier' assurance for air purification and lowered the risk of spreading infectious micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Li
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jacek A. Koziel
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Livestock Nutrient Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS Conservation & Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, USA
| | - Nubia Macedo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Danielle Wrzesinski
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Erin Sobotka
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mateo Balderas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - William B. Walz
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Myeongseong Lee
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dongjie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bauyrzhan Yedilbayev
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Brett C. Ramirez
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - William S. Jenks
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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3
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Yarahmadi R, Soleimani-Alyar S, Darvishi MM. Inactivation of airborne SARS-Co-V2 using NTP- UVGI hybrid process. Int J Environ Sci Technol (Tehran) 2022; 20:209-218. [PMID: 36313941 PMCID: PMC9593994 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environments such as healthcare centers are known as one of the key centers in the outbreak of viral infectious diseases. In the present study, the pathogenic agents' treatment system (PATS) was designed by the combination of non-thermal plasma (NTP) with the ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) processes. Then, the treatment efficiency of PATS was measured for the "SARS-Co-V2." The exhaled air of the confirmed case of "COVID-19" was considered as the viral source of "SARS-Co-V2" and directed to the upstream of PATS. The treatment process was done by passing directed air through two steps of treatment (NTP and UVGI). The treatment efficiency of PATS was measured by sampling at the sampling points (before and after the treatment process). According to the energy emission pattern (corona discharge, UV rays) in the designed system, during two steps, the high efficiency of treatment for the collected pathogens was achieved. Based on the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results, the CT value was lower than 29 (CTs < 29), and after the treatment using PATS was upper than 40 (CTs > 40) confirming the highest removal efficiency of "SARS-Co-V2." Also, the treatment efficiency of each reactor in individual operation was at the optimum level. The findings suggested, the present PATS may eliminate the viral pathogens with hospital sources and also, be applicable in the other intensive care unit (ICU) wards with the same risk thus, significantly reducing the possible exposure risk of healthcare and sick companions, and preventing the outbreak of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Yarahmadi
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Soleimani-Alyar
- Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M.-M. Darvishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Shamim JA, Hsu WL, Daiguji H. Review of component designs for post-COVID-19 HVAC systems: Possibilities and challenges. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09001. [PMID: 35224237 PMCID: PMC8863315 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The globally occurring recurrent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, primarily caused by the transmission of aerosolized droplets from an infected person to a healthy person in the indoor environment, has led to the urgency of designing new modes of indoor ventilation. To prevent cross-contaminations due to airborne viruses, bacteria, and other pollutants in indoor environments, heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems need to be redesigned with anti-pandemic components. The three vital anti-pandemic components for the post-COVID-19 HVAC systems, as identified by the authors, are: a biological contaminant inactivation unit, a volatile organic compound decomposition unit, and an advanced air filtration unit. The purpose of the current article is to provide an overview of the latest research outcomes toward designing these anti-pandemic components and pointing out the future promises and challenges. In addition, the role of personalized ventilation in minimizing the risk of indoor cross-contamination by employing various air terminal devices is discussed. The authors believe that this article will encourage HVAC designers to develop effective anti-pandemic components to minimize the indoor airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubair A Shamim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Daiguji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Lee LD, Delclos G, Berkheiser ML, Barakat MT, Jensen PA. Evaluation of multiple fixed in-room air cleaners with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, in high-occupancy areas of selected commercial indoor environments. J Occup Environ Hyg 2022; 19:67-77. [PMID: 34647857 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.1991581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) to combat disease transmission has come into the international spotlight again because of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and ongoing outbreaks of multidrug resistant organisms in hospitals. Although the implementation of ultraviolet disinfection technology is widely employed in healthcare facilities and its effectiveness has been repeatedly demonstrated, the use of such technology in the commercial sector has been limited. Considering that most disease transmission occurs in commercial, public, and residential indoor environments as opposed to healthcare facilities, there is a need to understand whether ultraviolet (UV) disinfection technology can be effective for mitigating disease transmission in these environments. The results presented here demonstrate that the installation of fixed in-room UVGI air cleaners in commercial buildings, including restaurants and offices, can produce significant reductions in both airborne and surface-borne bacterial contamination. Total airborne reductions after UV implementation at six separate commercial sites averaged 73% (p < 0.0001) with a range of 71-88%. Total non-high touch surface reductions after implementation averaged 55% (p < 0.0001) with a range of 28-88%. All reductions at the mitigated sites were statistically significant. The mean value of indoor airborne bacteria was 320 CFU/m3 before intervention and 76 CFU/m3 after. The mean value of indoor non-high touch surface borne bacteria was 131 CFU/plate before intervention and 47 CFU/plate after. All test locations and controls had their required pandemic cleaning procedures in place for pre- and post-sampling events. Outdoor levels of airborne bacteria were monitored and there was no significant correlation between the levels of airborne bacteria in the outside air as opposed to the indoor air. Rooms with fixed in-room UVGI air cleaners installed had significant CFU reductions on local surface contamination, which is a novel and important finding. Installation of fixed in-room UVGI air cleaners in commercial buildings will decontaminate the indoor environment and reduce hazardous exposure to human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Lee
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - George Delclos
- University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew Lee Berkheiser
- Environmental Health & Safety, University of Texas, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Bispo-Dos-Santos K, Barbosa PP, Granja F, Martini MC, Oliveira CFS, Schuck DC, Brohem CA, Arns CW, Hares Junior SJ, Sabino CP, Proenca-Modena JL. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation is effective against SARS-CoV-2 in contaminated makeup powder and lipstick. J Photochem Photobiol 2021; 8:100072. [PMID: 34635881 PMCID: PMC8487657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is mainly transmitted by airborne droplets generated by infected individuals. Since this and many other pathogens are able to remain viable on inert surfaces for extended periods of time, contaminated surfaces play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 fomite transmission. Cosmetic products are destined to be applied on infection-sensitive sites, such as the lips and eyelids. Therefore, special biosafety precautions should be incorporated into the routine procedures of beauty parlors and shops. Indeed, innovative cosmetics companies are currently searching for disinfection protocols that ensure the customers' safety in makeup testing. Here, we propose an ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) strategy that can be used to reduce the odds of COVID-19 fomite transmission by makeup testers. It is well-known that UVGI effectively inactivates pathogens on flat surfaces and clear fluids. However, ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation at 254 nm penetrates poorly in turbid and porous materials, such as makeup and lipstick formulations. Thus, we investigated the virucidal effect of UVGI against SARS-CoV-2 deposited on such substrates and compared their performance to that of flat polystyrene surfaces, used as controls. Concentrated infectious SARS-CoV-2 inoculum (106 PFU/mL) deposited on lipstick and makeup powder was completely inactivated (>5log10 reduction) following UVC exposures at 1,260 mJ/cm2, while flat plastic surfaces required 10 times less exposure (126 mJ/cm2) to reach the same microbicidal performance. We conclude that UVGI comprises an effective disinfection strategy to promote biosafety for cosmetics testers. However, appropriate UVC dosimetry must be implemented to overcome inefficiencies caused by the optical properties of turbid materials in lipsticks and makeup powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Bispo-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla P Barbosa
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Granja
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Biodiversity Research Center, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Matheus Cavalheiro Martini
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla Abdo Brohem
- The Boticário Group, Research & Development, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
| | - Clarice Weis Arns
- Animal Virology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jose Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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7
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Matuka DO, Duba T, Ngcobo Z, Made F, Muleba L, Nthoke T, Singh TS. Occupational Risk of Airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exposure: A Situational Analysis in a Three-Tier Public Healthcare System in South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph181910130. [PMID: 34639431 PMCID: PMC8508202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) at nine public health facilities in three provinces of South Africa and determine possible risk factors that may contribute to airborne transmission. Personal samples (n = 264) and stationary samples (n = 327) were collected from perceived high-risk areas in district, primary health clinics (PHCs) and TB facilities. Quantitative real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for TB analysis. Walkabout observations and work practices through the infection prevention and control (IPC) questionnaire were documented. Statistical analysis was carried out using Stata version 15.2 software. Airborne MTB was detected in 2.2% of samples (13/572), and 97.8% were negative. District hospitals and Western Cape province had the most TB-positive samples and identified risk areas included medical wards, casualty, and TB wards. MTB-positive samples were not detected in PHCs and during the summer season. All facilities reported training healthcare workers (HCWs) on TB IPC. The risk factors for airborne MTB included province, type of facility, area or section, season, lack of UVGI, and ineffective ventilation. Environmental monitoring, PCR, IPC questionnaire, and walkabout observations can estimate the risk of TB transmission in various settings. These findings can be used to inform management and staff to improve the TB IPC programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikeledi O. Matuka
- National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (D.O.M.); (T.D.); (Z.N.); (F.M.); (L.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Thabang Duba
- National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (D.O.M.); (T.D.); (Z.N.); (F.M.); (L.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Zethembiso Ngcobo
- National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (D.O.M.); (T.D.); (Z.N.); (F.M.); (L.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Felix Made
- National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (D.O.M.); (T.D.); (Z.N.); (F.M.); (L.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Lufuno Muleba
- National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (D.O.M.); (T.D.); (Z.N.); (F.M.); (L.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Tebogo Nthoke
- National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (D.O.M.); (T.D.); (Z.N.); (F.M.); (L.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Tanusha S. Singh
- National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (D.O.M.); (T.D.); (Z.N.); (F.M.); (L.M.); (T.N.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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8
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Sellera FP, Sabino CP, Cabral FV, Ribeiro MS. A systematic scoping review of ultraviolet C (UVC) light systems for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. J Photochem Photobiol 2021; 8:100068. [PMID: 34549200 PMCID: PMC8444477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant amount of epidemiological evidence has underlined that human-to-human transmission due to close contacts is considered the main pathway of transmission, however since the SARS-CoV-2 can also survive in aerosols, water, and surfaces, the development and implementation of effective decontamination strategies are urgently required. In this regard, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) using ultraviolet C (UVC) has been proposed to disinfect different environments and surfaces contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we performed a systematic scoping review strictly focused on peer-reviewed studies published in English that reported experimental results of UVC-based technologies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Studies were retrieved from PubMed and the Web of Science database. After our criterious screening, we identified 13 eligible articles that used UVC-based systems to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. We noticed the use of different UVC wavelengths, technologies, and light doses. The initial viral titer was also heterogeneous among studies. Most studies reported virus inactivation in well plates, even though virus persistence on N95 respirators and different surfaces were also evaluated. SARS-CoV-2 inactivation reached from 90% to 100% depending on experimental conditions. We concluded that there is sufficient evidence to support the use of UVC-based technologies against SARS-CoV-2. However, appropriate implementation is required to guarantee the efficacy and safety of UVC strategies to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda V Cabral
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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9
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Hou M, Pantelic J, Aviv D. Spatial analysis of the impact of UVGI technology in occupied rooms using ray-tracing simulation. Indoor Air 2021; 31:1625-1638. [PMID: 33772881 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) devices in the upper zones of occupied buildings has gained increased attention as one of the most effective mitigation technologies for the transmission of COVID-19. To ensure safe and effective use of upper-room UVGI, it is necessary to devise a simulation technique that enables engineers, designers, and users to explore the impact of different design and operational parameters. We have developed a simulation technique for calculating UV-C fluence rate within the volume of the upper zone and planar irradiance in the lower occupied zone. Our method is based on established ray-tracing light simulation methods adapted to the UV-C wavelength range. We have included a case study of a typical hospital patient room. In it, we explored the impact of several design parameters: ceiling height, device location, room configuration, proportions, and surface materials. We present a spatially mapped parametric study of the UV-C irradiance distribution in three dimensions. We found that the ceiling height and mounting height of the UVGI fixtures combined can cause the largest variation (up to 22%) in upper zone fluence rate. One of the most important findings of this study is that it is crucial to consider interreflections in the room. This is because surface reflectance is the design parameter with the largest impact on the occupant exposure in the lower zone: Applying materials with high reflectance ratio in the upper portion of the room has the highest negative impact (over 700% variation) on increasing hot spots that may receive over 6 mJ/cm2 UV dose in the lower occupied zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Hou
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jovan Pantelic
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorit Aviv
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Neu DT, Mead KR, McClelland TL, Lindsley WG, Martin SB, Heil G, See M, Feng HA. Surface Dosimetry of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Using a Colorimetric Technique. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:605-611. [PMID: 33616189 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation uses ultraviolet C (UV-C) energy to disinfect surfaces in clinical settings. Verifying that the doses of UV-C energy received by surfaces are adequate for proper disinfection levels can be difficult and expensive. Our study aimed to test commercially available colorimetric labels, sensitive to UV-C energy, and compare their precision with an accepted radiometric technique. The color-changing labels were found to predictably change color in a dose-dependent manner that would allow them to act as a qualitative alternative to radiometry when determining the minimum UV-C energy dosage received at surfaces. If deployed using careful protective techniques to avoid unintentional exposure to sunlight or other light sources, the use of colorimetric labels could provide inexpensive, easy, and accurate verification of effective UV-C dosing in clinical spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Neu
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth R Mead
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tia L McClelland
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William G Lindsley
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephen B Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Graeham Heil
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mitch See
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H Amy Feng
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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11
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Vo E, Rengasamy S, Xu S, Horvatin M, Zhuang Z. New technique to evaluate decontamination methods for filtering facepiece respirators. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:416-423. [PMID: 33524450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major concern among health care experts is a shortage of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) during a pandemic. One option for mitigating an FFR shortage is to decontaminate and reuse the devices. The focus of this study was to develop a new evaluation technique based on 3 major decontamination requirements: (1) inactivating viruses, (2) not altering the respirator properties, and (3) not leaving any toxic byproduct on the FFR. METHODS Hydrophilic and hydrophobic FFRs were contaminated with MS2 virus. In the solution-based deposition, the virus-containing liquid droplets were spiked directly onto FFRs, while in the vapor-based and aerosol-based depositions, the viral particles were loaded onto FFRs using a bio-aerosol testing system. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) and moist heat (MH) decontamination methods were used for inactivation of viruses applied to FFRs. RESULTS Both UVGI and MH methods inactivated viruses (>5-log reduction of MS2 virus; in 92% of both method experiments, the virus was reduced to levels below the detection limit), did not alter the respirator properties, and did not leave any toxic byproduct on the FFRs. CONCLUSIONS Both UVGI and MH methods could be considered as promising decontamination candidates for inactivation of viruses for respirator reuse during shortages.
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McGinn C, Scott R, Donnelly N, Roberts KL, Bogue M, Kiernan C, Beckett M. Exploring the Applicability of Robot-Assisted UV Disinfection in Radiology. Front Robot AI 2021; 7:590306. [PMID: 33501347 PMCID: PMC7815819 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2020.590306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of infection control procedures in hospital radiology departments has become increasingly apparent in recent months as the impact of COVID-19 has spread across the world. Existing disinfectant procedures that rely on the manual application of chemical-based disinfectants are time consuming, resource intensive and prone to high degrees of human error. Alternative non-touch disinfection methods, such as Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI), have the potential to overcome many of the limitations of existing approaches while significantly improving workflow and equipment utilization. The aim of this research was to investigate the germicidal effectiveness and the practical feasibility of using a robotic UVGI device for disinfecting surfaces in a radiology setting. We present the design of a robotic UVGI platform that can be deployed alongside human workers and can operate autonomously within cramped rooms, thereby addressing two important requirements necessary for integrating the technology within radiology settings. In one hospital, we conducted experiments in a CT and X-ray room. In a second hospital, we investigated the germicidal performance of the robot when deployed to disinfect a CT room in <15 minutes, a period which is estimated to be 2-4 times faster than current practice for disinfecting rooms after infectious (or potentially infectious) patients. Findings from both test sites show that UVGI successfully inactivated all of measurable microbial load on 22 out of 24 surfaces. On the remaining two surfaces, UVGI reduced the microbial load by 84 and 95%, respectively. The study also exposes some of the challenges of manually disinfecting radiology suites, revealing high concentrations of microbial load in hard-to-reach places. Our findings provide compelling evidence that UVGI can effectively inactivate microbes on commonly touched surfaces in radiology suites, even if they were only exposed to relatively short bursts of irradiation. Despite the short irradiation period, we demonstrated the ability to inactivate microbes with more complex cell structures and requiring higher UV inactivation energies than SARS-CoV-2, thus indicating high likelihood of effectiveness against coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McGinn
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Akara Robotics, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Scott
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kim L. Roberts
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marina Bogue
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Michael Beckett
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Kierat W, Augustyn W, Koper P, Pawlyta M, Chrusciel A, Wyrwol B. The Use of UVC Irradiation to Sterilize Filtering Facepiece Masks Limiting Airborne Cross-Infection. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17207396. [PMID: 33050590 PMCID: PMC7600701 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to looking for effective drugs and a vaccine, which are necessary to save and protect human health, it is also important to limit, or at least to slow, the spread of coronavirus. One important element in this action is the use of individual protective devices such as filtering facepiece masks. Currently, masks that use a mechanical filter, such as a HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter, are often used. In some countries that do not have a well-developed healthcare system or in exceptional situations, there is a real and pressing need to restore filters for reuse. This article presents technical details for a very simple device for sterilization, including of HEPA polymer filters. The results of biological and microscopic tests confirming the effectiveness of the sterilization performed in the device are presented. The compact and portable design of the device also allows its use to disinfect other small surfaces, for example a small fragment of a floor, table, or bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kierat
- Department of Digital Systems, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Weronika Augustyn
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Piotr Koper
- Department of Heating, Ventilation and Dust Removal Technology, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Miroslawa Pawlyta
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | | | - Bernard Wyrwol
- Department of Digital Systems, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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O'Hearn K, Gertsman S, Sampson M, Webster R, Tsampalieros A, Ng R, Gibson J, Lobos AT, Acharya N, Agarwal A, Boggs S, Chamberlain G, Staykov E, Sikora L, McNally JD. Decontaminating N95 and SN95 masks with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation does not impair mask efficacy and safety. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:163-175. [PMID: 32687870 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/29z6u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate supply of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) for healthcare workers during a pandemic such as the novel coronavirus outbreak (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health issue. The aim of this study was to synthesize existing data on the effectiveness of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) for N95 FFR decontamination. A systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42020176156) was conducted on UVGI in N95 FFRs using Embase, Medline, Global Health, Google Scholar, WHO feed, and MedRxiv. Two reviewers independently determined eligibility and extracted predefined variables. Original research reporting on function, decontamination, or mask fit following UVGI were included. Thirteen studies were identified, comprising 54 UVGI intervention arms and 58 N95 models. FFRs consistently maintained certification standards following UVGI. Aerosol penetration averaged 1.19% (0.70-2.48%) and 1.14% (0.57-2.63%) for control and UVGI arms, respectively. Airflow resistance for the control arms averaged 9.79 mm H2O (7.97-11.70 mm H2O) vs 9.85 mm H2O (8.33-11.44 mm H2O) for UVGI arms. UVGI protocols employing a cumulative dose >20,000 J/m2 resulted in a 2-log reduction in viral load. A >3-log reduction was observed in seven UVGI arms using >40,000 J/m2. Impact of UVGI on fit was evaluated in two studies (16,200; 32,400 J/m2) and no evidence of compromise was found. Our findings suggest that further work in this area (or translation to a clinical setting) should use a cumulative UV-C dose of 40,000 J/m2 or greater, and confirm appropriate mask fit following decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O'Hearn
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S Gertsman
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Sampson
- Library Services, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R Webster
- Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Tsampalieros
- Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R Ng
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J Gibson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A T Lobos
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N Acharya
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - A Agarwal
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - S Boggs
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - G Chamberlain
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E Staykov
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L Sikora
- Health Sciences Library, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J D McNally
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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15
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O'Hearn K, Gertsman S, Sampson M, Webster R, Tsampalieros A, Ng R, Gibson J, Lobos AT, Acharya N, Agarwal A, Boggs S, Chamberlain G, Staykov E, Sikora L, McNally JD. Decontaminating N95 and SN95 masks with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation does not impair mask efficacy and safety. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:163-175. [PMID: 32687870 PMCID: PMC7367810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate supply of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) for healthcare workers during a pandemic such as the novel coronavirus outbreak (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health issue. The aim of this study was to synthesize existing data on the effectiveness of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) for N95 FFR decontamination. A systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42020176156) was conducted on UVGI in N95 FFRs using Embase, Medline, Global Health, Google Scholar, WHO feed, and MedRxiv. Two reviewers independently determined eligibility and extracted predefined variables. Original research reporting on function, decontamination, or mask fit following UVGI were included. Thirteen studies were identified, comprising 54 UVGI intervention arms and 58 N95 models. FFRs consistently maintained certification standards following UVGI. Aerosol penetration averaged 1.19% (0.70-2.48%) and 1.14% (0.57-2.63%) for control and UVGI arms, respectively. Airflow resistance for the control arms averaged 9.79 mm H2O (7.97-11.70 mm H2O) vs 9.85 mm H2O (8.33-11.44 mm H2O) for UVGI arms. UVGI protocols employing a cumulative dose >20,000 J/m2 resulted in a 2-log reduction in viral load. A >3-log reduction was observed in seven UVGI arms using >40,000 J/m2. Impact of UVGI on fit was evaluated in two studies (16,200; 32,400 J/m2) and no evidence of compromise was found. Our findings suggest that further work in this area (or translation to a clinical setting) should use a cumulative UV-C dose of 40,000 J/m2 or greater, and confirm appropriate mask fit following decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O'Hearn
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S Gertsman
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Sampson
- Library Services, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R Webster
- Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Tsampalieros
- Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R Ng
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J Gibson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A T Lobos
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N Acharya
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - A Agarwal
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - S Boggs
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - G Chamberlain
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E Staykov
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L Sikora
- Health Sciences Library, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J D McNally
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Mills D, Harnish DA, Lawrence C, Sandoval-Powers M, Heimbuch BK. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of influenza-contaminated N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Am J Infect Control 2018; 46:e49-e55. [PMID: 29678452 PMCID: PMC7115285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light can significantly reduce viable influenza on N95 respirators. Ultraviolet decontamination of N95 respirators can vary between models. Straps of N95 respirators are challenging to decontaminate using ultraviolet light.
Background Safe and effective decontamination and reuse of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) has the potential to significantly extend FFR holdings, mitigating a potential shortage due to an influenza pandemic or other pandemic events. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) has been shown to be effective for decontaminating influenza-contaminated FFRs. This study aims to build on past research by evaluating the UVGI decontamination efficiency of influenza-contaminated FFRs in the presence of soiling agents using an optimized UVGI dose. Methods Twelve samples each of 15 N95 FFR models were contaminated with H1N1 influenza (facepiece and strap), then covered with a soiling agent—artificial saliva or artificial skin oil. For each soiling agent, 3 contaminated FFRs were treated with 1 J/cm2 UVGI for approximately 1 minute, whereas 3 other contaminated FFRs remained untreated. All contaminated surfaces were cut out and virus extracted. Viable influenza was quantified using a median tissue culture infectious dose assay. Results Significant reductions (≥3 log) in influenza viability for both soiling conditions were observed on facepieces from 12 of 15 FFR models and straps from 7 of 15 FFR models. Conclusions These data suggest that FFR decontamination and reuse using UVGI can be effective. Implementation of a UVGI method will require careful consideration of FFR model, material type, and design.
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17
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Masse V, Hartley MJ, Edmond MB, Diekema DJ. Comparing and optimizing ultraviolet germicidal irradiation systems use for patient room terminal disinfection: an exploratory study using radiometry and commercial test cards. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:29. [PMID: 29484174 PMCID: PMC5824448 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems are gaining popularity, however objective comparisons of their characteristics are lacking. While environmental cultures and reduction of hospital-associated infections rates are excellent study endpoints, they are impractical for centers with limited resources who want to compare or optimize UVGI systems use. Methods We evaluated radiometry and commercial test cards, two simple and low cost tools, to compare 2 full size UVGI systems (Tru-D and Optimum-UV Enlight) and 2 small units (Lumalier EDU 435 and MRSA-UV Turbo-UV). Results Radiometry-derived output curves show that if both large devices emit enough energy to reach C. difficile lethal doses at 10 ft, the reduction in output in distance is almost perfectly logarithmic. In a patient room environment, Enlight and Tru-D performed similarly when compared using radiometry and commercial test cards. The two small devices reached C. difficile range around the bathroom with the device raised above the floor, but longer times are needed. Conclusions Despite different workflows and price points, no clear superiority emerges between Tru-D and Enlight. Bathroom disinfection should be dealt with separately from the main room and small, cheaper units can be used. Radiometry and commercial test cards are promising ways to compare UVGI systems, but further validation is needed using correlation with environmental cultures. Trial registration Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Masse
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive # C512-GH, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,2Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec Canada
| | - Michael J Hartley
- 3Department of Hospital Administration, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Michael B Edmond
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive # C512-GH, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,4Office of Clinical Quality Safety and Performance Improvement, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Daniel J Diekema
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive # C512-GH, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,5Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA USA
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Jelden KC, Gibbs SG, Smith PW, Hewlett AL, Iwen PC, Schmid KK, Lowe JJ. Comparison of hospital room surface disinfection using a novel ultraviolet germicidal irradiation ( UVGI) generator. J Occup Environ Hyg 2016; 13:690-698. [PMID: 27028152 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1166369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The estimated 721,800 hospital acquired infections per year in the United States have necessitated development of novel environmental decontamination technologies such as ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel, portable UVGI generator (the TORCH, ChlorDiSys Solutions, Inc., Lebanon, NJ) to disinfect surface coupons composed of plastic from a bedrail, stainless steel, chrome-plated light switch cover, and a porcelain tile that were inoculated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE). Each surface type was placed at 6 different sites within a hospital room and treated by 10-min ultraviolet-C (UVC) exposures using the TORCH with doses ranging from 0-688 mJ/cm(2) between sites. Organism reductions were compared with untreated surface coupons as controls. Overall, UVGI significantly reduced MRSA by an average of 4.6 log10 (GSD: 1.7 log10, 77% inactivation, p < 0.0001) and VRE by an average of 3.9 log10 (GSD: 1.7 log10, 65% inactivation, p < 0.0001). MRSA on bedrail was reduced significantly (p < 0.0001) less than on other surfaces, while VRE was reduced significantly less on chrome (p = 0.0004) and stainless steel (p = 0.0012) than porcelain tile. Organisms out of direct line of sight of the UVC generator were reduced significantly less (p < 0.0001) than those directly in line of sight. UVGI was found an effective method to inactivate nosocomial pathogens on surfaces evaluated within the hospital environment in direct line of sight of UVGI treatment with variation between organism and surface types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Jelden
- a Department of Environmental , Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - Shawn G Gibbs
- b Department of Environmental Health , Indiana University School of Public Health , Bloomington , Indiana
| | - Philip W Smith
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - Angela L Hewlett
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - Peter C Iwen
- d Department of Pathology and Microbiology , College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
- e Nebraska Public Health Laboratory , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - Kendra K Schmid
- f Department of Biostatistics , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - John J Lowe
- a Department of Environmental , Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
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