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[Contraception and sexuality]. CAHIERS DE SEXOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2002; 13:58-63. [PMID: 12342527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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2
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Reclassification of contraceptives. ANNUAL REVIEW OF POPULATION LAW 2002; 16:15. [PMID: 12344155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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3
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An acceptability study of female-controlled methods of protection against HIV and STDs in south-western Uganda. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11:162-7. [PMID: 10726938 DOI: 10.1258/0956462001915606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the acceptability of a variety of formulations of female-controlled methods of protection against HIV and STDs among men and women in south-western Uganda. Pilot interviews were carried out with 50 men and 55 women and 25 focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with 138 women and 42 men. The female condom, foaming tablets, sponge, foam, gel and film were demonstrated to 146 women and 35 of their male partners, who then tried out 2 of the products. They were interviewed 7 times during the course of 5 months. At the end experiences were evaluated during a second series of FGDs. Sixty-five (45%) women completed the trial. The main reasons for non-completion were related to geographical mobility. Product preference after the initial demonstration was similar to that at the end of the trial. The most popular formulations were the sponge (25% of the women), foaming tablets (23%), and the female condom (19%). The foam was of medium popularity (16%). The gel (9%) and film (7%) were least popular. Ten per cent of the women and 14% of the men reported products interfering with sexual enjoyment; 24% of the women and 67% of the men said products increased enjoyment. 'Dry sex' is not popular in this area and increased lubrication was an important determinant of acceptability. Age, level of education and location did have some effect on preference. Although secrecy was a dominant theme in the FGDs, 87% of the women had informed their partners by the end of the trial. The products were generally well received. Female control was an important issue for both sexes. Male attitudes were ambivalent because female ownership of products increased women's control. Although they have clear preferences, women appear to accept the products generally and might use a single available product just as readily if choice was limited, as long as it conforms to general cultural preferences, such as those relating to wet/dry sex.
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4
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Sponge returns to U.S. market; breakthrough technologies on horizon. THE GUTTMACHER REPORT ON PUBLIC POLICY 1999; 2:13. [PMID: 12295190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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5
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Internet opens access to contraceptive methods. CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 1998; 19:120-1. [PMID: 12348705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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6
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Future barrier methods. CONTRACEPTION REPORT 1997; 8:9-13. [PMID: 12290347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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7
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Contraception in the 1990s. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1996; 8:211-5. [PMID: 8818532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Contraceptive technology has recently provided the market place with new barrier methods, new progestin oral contraceptives, an injectable contraceptive, the female condom, new male condoms, and the contraceptive implant. During the last decade, epidemiologists have clearly defined the non-contraceptive benefits of current contraceptive methods that include decreased infections, protection from various cancers, protection from many gynecologic problems that lead to surgery, as well as symptomatic relief from many gynecologic conditions. In conjunction with medical specialists, contraceptive researchers have established the increased safety and benefits of various contraceptive choices in women with medical conditions that, until recently, were contra-indications for their use. That these advances have occurred despite multiple legal and scientific assaults gives hope that the field will continue to grow.
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8
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Contraceptive sponge discontinued. CONTRACEPTION REPORT 1995; 6:14. [PMID: 12288786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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9
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Contraception. Risk cover. NURSING TIMES 1994; 90:58-9. [PMID: 8047444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Abstract
The AIDS and sexually transmissible disease pandemics have helped to focus the world's attention on the need for good protection against transmission of infections during sexual intercourse. Most of the highly effective modern contraceptives provide only limited protection against STD transmission, although recent progress with the development of loose-fitting plastic male condoms and new spermicides gives some hope. Urgent attention must continue to be given to contraceptives with STD protective qualities which are under the woman's control. Refinements of the female condom and vaginal sponges with new spermicides and microbicides may be a step in this direction.
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Abstract
The results of a study of sexually transmitted disease (STD) incidence and related risk factors for STDs among uninfected women at high risk of contracting STD infection in Bangkok are reported. Comprising the control arm of a randomized controlled trial of a vaginal contraceptive sponge and STD incidence, 163 women aged 18 or older were recruited from 4 massage parlours and followed for evidence of new infections over a 6-week period or until cervical infection occurred. Gynaecological examinations were performed and endocervical specimens were obtained at weekly intervals, at which time women returned coital logs recording their number of sexual partners. There were 76.5 new STD infections per 100 woman-months, including 31.7 with gonorrhoea, 43.1 with chlamydia, 1.8 of trichomoniasis and 3.5 of candidiasis. None of the risk factors examined were good predictors of STD infection in this population, which may be related to the restricted admission criteria in the study.
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12
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Spermicidal and antiviral properties of cholic acid: contraceptive efficacy of a new vaginal sponge (Protectaid) containing sodium cholate. Hum Reprod 1993; 8:866-9. [PMID: 7688380 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholic acid (sodium cholate) exhibits a strong spermicidal and antiviral [anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1] activity. The same effects are observed for F-5 Gel, the active mixture of a new contraceptive sponge (Protectaid), which contains sodium cholate in association with low concentrations (0.5%) of nonoxynol-9 and benzalkonium chloride. Both cholic acid and the F-5 Gel exert a dose-dependent, in-vitro inhibitory effect (i) on the activity of HIV-1 associated reverse transcriptase in an acellular system and (ii) on the potential of HIV-1 efficiently to infect human lymphocytes. During 12 months use, the contraceptive efficacy of the 'Protectaid' sponge was 100% in 20 young women who had chosen this method for reasons of both contraception and anti-sexually transmitted disease. No side-effects were recorded throughout this period. Cervical cultures at 6-month intervals showed the presence of Mycoplasma hominis and Candida albicans in one or two cases. The combined spermicidal and anti-HIV properties of cholic acid reported in this paper and used in the 'Protectaid' sponge offer a new and modern protective method of contraception.
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Contraceptive efficacy of the diaphragm, the sponge and the cervical cap. FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES 1993; 25:100-5, 135. [PMID: 8354373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A reanalysis of data from two clinical studies--in which 1,439 women were randomly assigned to use either the contraceptive sponge or the diaphragm and 1,394 women were randomly assigned to use either the cervical cap or the diaphragm--found first-year probabilities of failure during typical use of 17% for the sponge, 18% for the cervical cap and 13-17% for the diaphragm. The first-year probabilities of failure during perfect use are 11-12% for the sponge, 10-13% for the cervical cap and 4-8% for the diaphragm. The probability of failure during perfect use is significantly higher among women who have given birth than among those who have not for users of the sponge (19-21% vs. 9-10%) and users of the cervical cap (26-27% vs. 8-10%), but not for users of the diaphragm.
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New condoms for men and women, diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicides: overcoming barriers to barriers and spermicides. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1992; 4:513-21. [PMID: 1504271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Barriers and spermicides are being developed for the prevention of unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. The inconvenience of current methods limits their acceptability and leads to higher user failure rates. New methods, such as female condoms, nonlatex male condoms, and new cervical caps are being developed: the Reality (Wisconsin Pharmacal, Jackson, WI) polyurethane vaginal pouch has already received conditional Food and Drug Administration approval for use in the United States. The material used in a Food and Drug Administration-approved nonallergenic glove is being tested for its effectiveness as a condom. In addition, the Fem Cap, a cervical cap that had a life table probability of failure within 1 year of 4.8%, is expected to be available within the next 2 years. It is important for clinicians to be informed of new options becoming available for those patients who may be good candidates for these barrier methods.
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Abstract
This article describes the development and evaluation of the Contraceptive Attributes Questionnaire (CAQ), a research instrument designed to assess the subjective importance of specific contraceptive attributes (Importance) and the perceived characteristics of specific contraceptives (Agreement). Three birth control methods are examined—the sponge, pill, and diaphragm. Factor analyses indicate that the four scales are multidimensional, and as subscales the factors have reasonable internal consistency reliability. The validity of the CAQ was established through comparisons of ratings of women who use different contraceptive methods. The women differed by user status on the ratings of the importance factors and on the ratings of the agreement factors for all three methods rated.
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Contraception. Not as safe as you think. ASIAWEEK 1992; 18:46. [PMID: 12286113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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17
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Helping patients choose an appropriate method of birth control. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 1992; 17:91-5. [PMID: 1593941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Birth control update for childbirth educators. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILDBIRTH EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CHILDBIRTH EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 1992; 7:28-30. [PMID: 12345029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Abstract
The contraceptive options suitable for teenagers are presented and discussed. Condoms have the advantage of preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and oral contraceptives are probably the most effective in preventing pregnancy. Other options include the barrier contraceptives available to women, spermicides, sponges, intrauterine devices, periodic abstinence, and the morning after pill.
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20
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Contraception: barriers and spermicides, periodic abstinence, and intrauterine devices. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1990; 2:524-30. [PMID: 2130948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Frequency of use, knowledge, and attitudes toward the contraceptive sponge among inner-city black and Hispanic adolescent females. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH CARE : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR ADOLESCENT MEDICINE 1990; 11:125-7. [PMID: 2318710 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0070(90)90021-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the frequency of use, knowledge, and attitudes toward the contraceptive sponge in sexually active, inner-city, black and Hispanic adolescent females. A 54-item, self-administered questionnaire was completed by 208 adolescents (mean age 17.9 years) attending a gynecology/family planning clinic within a comprehensive adolescent health center. Twenty-nine (13.9%) had never used any birth control, and 49 (23.6%) had not used any form of birth control in the 3 months prior to the study. Fifty-three (25.5%) of the adolescents had used a less reliable method such as rhythm and/or withdrawal. The birth control method used least was the sponge. Only four (1.9%) of the adolescents had used the sponge in the 3 months prior to the study, and only ten (4.8%) had ever used it. Knowledge of the correct use of the sponge was poor. However, 69 (44.8%) of the 156 girls who knew about the sponge had a positive attitude toward it, and only 19% said they did not like it. The contraceptive sponge may be a viable option for adolescents, particularly those who are not using birth control or who are using a less reliable method.
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22
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Contraceptive failure in the United States: an update. Stud Fam Plann 1990; 21:51-4. [PMID: 2180135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This report provides an update of the authors' previous estimates of first-year probabilities of contraceptive failure for all methods of contraception. Estimates are provided of failure during typical use (which includes both incorrect and inconsistent use) and during perfect use (correct use at every act of intercourse). The difference between these two probabilities provides a measure of how forgiving of imperfect use each method is. These revisions are prompted by recent studies that provide the first estimates of failure during perfect use for periodic abstinence and the cervical cap, by more complete evaluations of implants, and by the appearance of the Copper T 380A and disappearance of other IUDs from the US market. Also provided is a more complete explanation of how the previous estimate of the probability of becoming pregnant while relying solely on chance should be interpreted, and this estimate is revised slightly downward.
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Abstract
The actual effectiveness rates of natural and barrier methods of family planning are lower than the theoretical ones. If couples accurately defined the limits of the fertile phase and used barriers at that time, then actual effectiveness might increase. A randomized, controlled clinical trial was initiated to determine the effectiveness of the contraceptive sponge used only during the fertile time and to compare this with sponge use at every intercourse. Recruitment problems and discontinuation forced the early termination of this study, but qualitative information about compliance and acceptability was collected. Common sponge problems were reported as were misuses of the sponge, but problems and misuse were not related. Determination of the fertile phase was reportedly easy, but complaints of and discontinuation for inconvenience occurred. For unplanned pregnancies, contraceptive behaviors around the time of conception are presented.
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24
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Overview of commonly-practiced birth control methods. IMPRINT 1989; 36:63-7. [PMID: 2807349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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What is best birth control to use after having a baby? CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 1989; 10:1S-2S. [PMID: 12342589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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27
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Abstract
A comparison of the advantages, disadvantages, and costs of each method is presented in Table 1. Barrier methods of contraception offer adolescents protection against both pregnancy and STDs, but innovative approaches are needed to enhance availability and acceptability. Condom use in conjunction with a vaginal spermicide would provide optimal protection. The "female condom" may prove to be an effective alternative. Diaphragms and cervical caps can be prescribed for well-educated, highly motivated adolescents comfortable with insertion and removal. The vaginal contraceptive sponge provides many of the advantages of the diaphragm and cap without the need for an examination and fitting and also may be used as a backup method with the condom. Vaginal spermicides used alone are significantly less effective than in combination with a mechanical barrier. The IUD is not considered appropriate for most adolescents due to its association with an increased risk of pelvic infection. Periodic abstinence requires accurate identification of the fertile period, extensive education, and partner cooperation. Sterilization is rarely considered an option in adolescents. Alternate forms of sexual expression are available to adolescents who choose to abstain from intercourse.
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Choice of contraceptives. THE MEDICAL LETTER ON DRUGS AND THERAPEUTICS 1988; 30:105-8. [PMID: 2972898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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29
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Recent developments in barrier methods of contraception. MIDWIFE, HEALTH VISITOR & COMMUNITY NURSE 1988; 24:476-9. [PMID: 3231142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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30
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Abstract
The Today Contraceptive Sponge was evaluated as a vehicle for the delivery of aryl 4-guanidinobenzoates (AGs) which are highly active sperm acrosin inhibitors. Studies in animals have shown that several AGs are more potent vaginal contraceptives and less irritating to the vagina than nonoxynol-9 (N-9), the most frequently used active ingredient in commercial vaginal contraceptive formulations. Neither nonoxynol-9 nor the material that could be solubilized from the sponge matrix altered the enzyme-inhibitory activity of 4'-acetamidophenyl 4-guanidinobenzoate HCl (AGB), 4'-carboxyphenyl 4-guanidinobenzoate HCl (EGB) or 4'-carbomethoxyphenyl 4-guanidinobenzoate HCl (MSGB). Besides being acrosin inhibitors, all three AGs exhibited antimotility activity towards human spermatozoa, EGB being as potent as N-9. The antimotility effects of the AGs and N-9 were additive. For subsequent studies, AGB was used as the model compound. Manufacture of the AGB-containing sponges did not affect the chemical structure of AGB. Good release rates of AGB were obtained from the sponges over a 7-day period. The release rates were 20-50% higher when the sponges also contained N-9. These results indicate that certain AGs exert a dual contraceptive action on spermatozoa by inhibiting both the sperm enzyme acrosin and sperm motility. Furthermore, the polyurethane sponge appears to be a convenient and satisfactory long-term delivery system for the AGs. A mixture of N-9 and AG can be used clinically because these compounds have no adverse effects on each other.
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31
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[Clinical study of a new protocol on the termination of early pregnancy by administration of dl-15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha in combination with testosterone propionate]. SHENG ZHI YU BI YUN = REPRODUCTION AND CONTRACEPTION 1988; 8:18-22. [PMID: 12281924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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32
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Clinical acceptability, use-patterns and use-effectiveness of the vaginal contraceptive sponge and Neo Sampoon tablets--an international multi-center randomized clinical trial. Contraception 1987; 36:499-514. [PMID: 3329078 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(87)90002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the results from a randomized clinical trial comparing the Collatex vaginal contraceptive sponge (a predecessor of the Today sponge) and Neo Sampoon foaming vaginal contraceptive tablets; the trial was conducted from 1979 to 1983 in four centers located in three countries (two in Yugoslavia and one each in Taiwan and Bangladesh). The sponge was associated with more insertion and retention problems than the tablet, especially in the two Asian centers. More Neo Sampoon users complained of a burning or stinging sensation. This complaint, however, seemed to be well-tolerated and was not a frequent reason for irregular use and/or discontinuation of use of the tablets. Clinically significant medical complications were rarely reported for either method. Sponge users were more likely to report irregular use than tablet users, primarily due to inconvenience of use. Rates of discontinuation at six months of use were also consistently higher among sponge users than Neo Sampoon users in the four centers. Life-table pregnancy rates at 12 months of use ranged from 3.8 to 18.2 per 100 sponge users and 6.2 to 29.9 per 100 Neo Sampoon users, based on data from the two Yugoslavian centers and the Taiwan center (data from the Bangladesh center were excluded from analysis of pregnancy rates). Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Abstract
Pregnancy rates (method and user) were evaluated for 2245 women who participated in the phase III clinical trials of the Today contraceptive sponge. User and method pregnancy rates were similar for women of different ages and parities. The 1-year method and user pregnancy rates (life table per 100 women) were 8.2 and 5.6, respectively.
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A prospective study of the acceptability of Today vaginal contraceptive sponge among Malaysian women. MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH : A PUBLICATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE RESEARCH CENTRE OF THE NATIONAL POPULATION AND FAMILY DEVELOPMENT BOARD, MALAYSIA 1987; 5:17-21. [PMID: 12269177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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35
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How to choose, use a home pregnancy test. WOMEN'S HEALTH UPDATE 1987:1S-2S. [PMID: 12280869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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36
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Abstract
The results of a randomized United States study indicated that the Today contraceptive sponge was less effective than the diaphragm (1-year cumulative life-table rate of 17.4 versus 12.9 pregnancies per 100 women, p = 0.01). However, this overall comparison is misleading. Using univariate and multivariate analyses to account for the effects of user characteristics we found parity to be the most important single determinant of effectiveness for users of the sponge, but parity was unimportant as a risk factor for pregnancy among diaphragm users. For nulliparous women the sponge was as effective as a physician-prescribed barrier method (13.9 for sponge, 12.8 for diaphragm, p = 0.45); however, parous women using the sponge were twice as likely to become pregnant (28.3 for sponge, 13.4 for diaphragm, p = 0.001). The effect of parity among sponge users is consistent with the results of international studies of the contraceptive sponge.
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Clinical evaluation of drugs used in fertility regulation. Hum Reprod 1986; 1:405-10. [PMID: 3104401 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical evaluation of drugs used in fertility regulation is initially assessed in Phase I, II and III trials. The design of each phase and the investigative staff must be adequate. In Phase I, normal, healthy human volunteers meeting specific guidelines are usually studied. Numbers vary between 20 and 80 and the purpose is to determine the acute toxicity of the compound. In Phase II, efficacy and safety are examined in a clinical target population, and emphasis may be placed on pharmacological and mechanistic studies. Usually between 50 and 200 patients are involved. In Phase III, large-scale clinical studies for local registration and the introduction of drugs to various countries are included. This paper describes the evaluation of various drugs used in contraception, including NORPLANT implants, and considers the efficiency, safety and acceptability of such drugs. Phase IV studies are usually needed to reveal chronic toxicities or rare events.
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The sponge at three years: research studies new, rehashes old questions. CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 1986; 7:80-2. [PMID: 12267909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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39
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[Further clinical use of Dl-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha and testosterone propionate for termination of early pregnancy in outpatient department]. SHENG ZHI YU BI YUN = REPRODUCTION AND CONTRACEPTION 1986; 6:35-7. [PMID: 12267915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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40
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Sponge proves highly effective after second year of comparative trials. CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 1986; 7:4-6. [PMID: 12267618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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41
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In vitro testing of Today vaginal contraceptive sponge with bacteria. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 1986; 6 Suppl 1:S50-2. [PMID: 12341136 DOI: 10.3109/01443618609080537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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42
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[New advances in contraception and sterilization]. Med Clin (Barc) 1985; 85:588-95. [PMID: 3908850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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43
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Sponge subject of research, controversy in second year. CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 1985; 6:93-6. [PMID: 12280148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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44
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Barrier methods of contraception. THE PRACTITIONER 1985; 229:441-6. [PMID: 4011571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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45
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Barrier contraception. CLINICS IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1984; 11:641-60. [PMID: 6150780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Barrier contraception is a safe, effective, reversible form of contraception acceptable to many couples. The use of barrier contraception may protect against carcinoma of the cervix and sexually transmitted diseases. Distribution and education in the use of barrier contraception does not always require medical supervision. This must make it an attractive form of contraception for agencies supporting family planning programmes in developing countries. The only marketed recent advance in barrier contraception is the collatex sponge. Effectiveness rates range between 9 and 27 pregnancies per 100 woman-years. This is unlikely to make it the first choice of contraception for couples who would find an unintended pregnancy a severe problem, but the sponge will be acceptable to couples who are simply trying to delay a pregnancy. The new surge of interest in barrier contraception could lead to safer more effective forms of contraception being made available to women without medical supervision. This would have many advantages, but could also detract from the ability of family planning clinics to play an important role in preventative medicine for women.
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New contraceptives by the year 2000: promise and challenge. ASIAN-PACIFIC POPULATION PROGRAMME NEWS 1984; 13:13-6. [PMID: 12313700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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47
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Proper sponge removal is essential to avoid vaginal infections. CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 1984; 5:86-7. [PMID: 12313208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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48
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[Contraceptive development for the future]. CONTRACEPTION, FERTILITE, SEXUALITE 1984; 12:769-79. [PMID: 12313176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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49
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Toxic-shock syndrome and the vaginal contraceptive sponge. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 1984; 33:43-4, 49. [PMID: 6318070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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50
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Vaginal mechanical contraceptive devices. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL 1983; 129:699-701, 710. [PMID: 6616379 PMCID: PMC1875460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The alleged adverse effects of oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices have led to increased consumer and physician demand for vaginal contraceptive devices. The efficacy and the advantages and disadvantages of vaginal sponges, cervical caps and diaphragms are discussed and compared in this article.
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