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Xu W, Zhong Y, Li X, Lu K. Stabilizing Supersaturation with Extreme Grain Refinement in Spinodal Aluminum Alloys. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2303650. [PMID: 37276137 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Supersaturated solid solutions can be formed in alloys from various non-equilibrium processes, but stabilizing the metastable phases against decomposition is challenging, particularly the spinodal decomposition that occurs via chemical fluctuations without energy barriers to nucleation. In this work, it is found that spinodal decomposition in supersaturated Al(Zn) solid solutions can be inhibited with straining-induced extreme grain refinement. For the refined supersaturated grains at the nanoscale, their spinodal decomposition is obviously resisted by the relaxed grain boundaries and reduced lattice defects. As grains are refined below 10 nm the decomposition is completely inhibited, in which atomic diffusion is blocked by the stable Schwarz crystal structure with vacancy-free grains. Extreme grain refinement offers a general approach to stabilize supersaturated phases with broadened compositional windows for property modulation of alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yiming Zhong
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiuyan Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - K Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110004, China
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2
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Chi Y, Murali N, Zheng T, Liu J, Li X. Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing of Nano-Treated Aluminum Alloy 2024. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2024; 11:e529-e536. [PMID: 38689923 PMCID: PMC11057550 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
With high strength and good fatigue resistance, Al-Cu alloys such as AA2024 are widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries. However, the system's susceptibility to hot cracking and other solidification defects hinders its development in metal additive manufacturing (AM). A nano-treated AA2024 deposition, with the addition of TiC nanoparticles, is successfully additively manufactured without cracks. Microstructural analysis suggests nanoparticles not only mitigate the hot cracking sensitivity but also significantly refine and homogenize grains, resulting in an average size of 23.2 ± 0.4 μm. Microhardness profiles show consistent mechanical performance along the build direction, regardless of cyclic thermal exposure. Finally, excellent tensile strength and elongation up to 428 MPa and 7.4% were achieved after heat treatment. The combined results show a great promise of nano-treating in high-strength aluminum AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Chi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Narayanan Murali
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tianqi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jingke Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Shah S, Thronsen E, De Geuser F, Hatzoglou C, Marioara CD, Holmestad R, Holmedal B. On the Use of a Cluster Identification Method and a Statistical Approach for Analyzing Atom Probe Tomography Data for GP Zones in Al-Zn-Mg(-Cu) Alloys. Microsc Microanal 2024; 30:1-13. [PMID: 38156710 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Early-stage clustering in two Al-Mg-Zn(-Cu) alloys has been investigated using atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy. Cluster identification by the isoposition method and a statistical approach based on the pair correlation function have both been applied to estimate the cluster size, composition, and volume fraction from atom probe data sets. To assess the accuracy of the quantification of clusters of different mean sizes, synthesized virtual data sets were used, accounting for a simulated degraded spatial resolution. The quality of the predictions made by the two complementary methods is discussed, considering the experimental and simulated data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Shah
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Thronsen
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- SINTEF Industry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frederic De Geuser
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMaP, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Constantinos Hatzoglou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Randi Holmestad
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Holmedal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Lacki P, Derlatka A, Więckowski W, Adamus J. Development of FSW Process Parameters for Lap Joints Made of Thin 7075 Aluminum Alloy Sheets. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:672. [PMID: 38591539 PMCID: PMC10856575 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The article describes machine learning using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to develop the parameters of the friction stir welding (FSW) process for three types of aluminum joints (EN AW 7075). The ANNs were built using a total of 608 experimental data. Two types of networks were built. The first one was used to classify good/bad joints with MLP 7-19-2 topology (one input layer with 7 neurons, one hidden layer with 19 neurons, and one output layer with 2 neurons), and the second one was used to regress the tensile load-bearing capacity with MLP 7-19-1 topology (one input layer with 7 neurons, one hidden layer with 19 neurons, and one output layer with 1 neuron). FSW parameters, such as rotational speed, welding speed, and joint and tool geometry, were used as input data for ANN training. The quality of the FSW joint was assessed in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties based on a case study. The usefulness of both trained neural networks has been demonstrated. The quality of the validation set for the regression network was approximately 93.6%, while the errors for the confusion matrix of the test set never exceeded 6%. Only 184 epochs were needed to train the regression network. The quality of the validation set was approximately 87.1%. Predictive maps were developed and presented in the work, allowing for the selection of optimal parameters of the FSW process for three types of joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Lacki
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, J.H. Dabrowskiego 69 Str., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (A.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Anna Derlatka
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, J.H. Dabrowskiego 69 Str., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (A.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Wojciech Więckowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, J.H. Dabrowskiego 69 Str., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | - Janina Adamus
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, J.H. Dabrowskiego 69 Str., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (A.D.); (J.A.)
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5
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Guo Y, Li P. Effect of Residual Stress and Microstructure on the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Aluminum Friction Stir Welded Joints. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:385. [PMID: 38255553 PMCID: PMC10821194 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Friction stir welding (FSW) has been adopted in the aerospace industry for fabricating structural alloys due to the low melting point and high thermal conductivity of aviation aluminum alloys. However, welding residual stresses can lead to secondary deformation in friction stir welded (FSWed) structures. Additionally, microstructural characteristics impact the crack growth rates and directions in these structures. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of residual stress and microstructure on the fatigue responses of FSWed joints. In this paper, we studied the fatigue crack growth behavior of two homogeneous and dissimilar FSWed joints with varying welding parameters, namely 2024-T3 and 7075-T6. The residual stresses were measured with the X-ray diffraction method. The dislocations and precipitates in different zones of the FSWed joints were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results demonstrated that the residual stress significantly affected the fatigue crack growth rate and direction; the tensile residual stress promoted fatigue crack growth and offset the decrease in the fatigue crack growth rate that occurred due to grain refinement. The results of the microstructural analysis indicated that dislocation density and sliding resistance increased with the decrease in rotational speed and led to a decreased rate of fatigue crack propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Guo
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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6
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Thorarinsdottir KA, Maghsoudi M, Leosson K. Vapor-Phase Contribution to Laser-Induced Plasma Emission of Magnesium in Liquid Aluminum. Appl Spectrosc 2024; 78:67-75. [PMID: 37926959 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231210324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid aluminum containing the important alloying element magnesium in varying concentrations was analyzed using in-situ laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Magnesium emission shows an exponential dependence on melt temperature that correlates well with the expected partial pressure of magnesium above the aluminum melt. Furthermore, comparison with LIBS measurements on corresponding solid samples supports the conclusion that a significant part of Mg emission from liquid metal samples originates from the vapor phase above the metal surface. Simultaneously, curves of growth measured over four orders of magnitude in Mg concentration reveal a level of self-absorption for liquid aluminum samples that is stronger than for solid aluminum samples having a corresponding Mg concentration, and beyond what is expected from conventional plasma models. The implications for measurements of volatile species in liquid metals in general are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Maghsoudi
- DTE ehf., Reykjavik, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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7
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Bartawi EH, Marioara CD, Shaban G, Hatzoglou C, Holmestad R, Ambat R. Atomic Structure of Hardening Precipitates in Al-Mg-Si Alloys: Influence of Minor Additions of Cu and Zn. ACS Nano 2023; 17:24115-24129. [PMID: 38010110 PMCID: PMC10722592 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Shifting toward sustainability and low carbon emission necessitates recycling. Aluminum alloys can be recycled from postconsumer scrap with approximately 5% of the energy needed to produce the same amount of primary alloys. However, the presence of certain alloying elements, such as copper and zinc, as impurities in recycled Al-Mg-Si alloys is difficult to avoid. This work has investigated the influence of tiny concentrations of Cu (0.05 wt %) and Zn (0.06 wt %), individually and in combination, on the precipitate crystal structures in Al-Mg-Si alloys in peak aged and overaged conditions. To assess whether such concentrations can affect the hardening precipitate structures, atomic resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography were adopted. The results indicate that low levels of Cu or Zn have a significant influence. Both elements showed a relatively high tendency to incorporate into precipitate structures, where Cu occupies specific atomic sites, creating its own local atomic configurations. However, Zn exhibited distinct behavior through the formation of extended local areas with 2-fold symmetry and mirror planes, not previously observed in precipitates in Al-Mg-Si alloys. Incorporation of Cu and/or Zn will influence the precipitates' electrochemical potential relative to matrix- and precipitate-free zones and thus the corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the presence of Cu/Zn structures (e.g., β'Cu, Q'/C) enhances the thermal stability of these precipitates and, accordingly, the mechanical properties of the material. The results obtained from this work are highly relevant to the topic of recycling of aluminum alloys, where accumulation of certain alloying elements is almost unavoidable; thus, tight compositional control might be critical to avoid quality degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad H. Bartawi
- Department
of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Calin D. Marioara
- Materials
and Nanotechnology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim N-7465, Norway
| | - Ghada Shaban
- Department
of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Constantinos Hatzoglou
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Randi Holmestad
- Department
of Physics, NTNU, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rajan Ambat
- Department
of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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8
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Zheng X, Huang Q, Mao H, Li K, Xiao N, Li X, Du Y, Liu Y, Kong Y. A Yield Stress and Work Hardening Model of Al-Mg-Si Alloy Considering the Strengthening Effect of β" and β' Precipitates. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7183. [PMID: 38005112 PMCID: PMC10672743 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Precipitates are the primary source of strength for the Al-Mg-Si alloy. Aluminum alloy in the peak-aged state mainly contains β" and β' precipitates. Most of the literature has only considered the strengthening effect of β". Here, we develop a single-crystal intensity model including both precipitate enhancement effects for the first time. This model was subsequently implemented into a crystal plastic finite-element method to model the uniaxial tensile process of a polycrystalline aggregate model of Al-Mg-Si alloy. The simulation results for uniaxial stretching are in good agreement with the experimental results, confirming that the constitutive parameters used for the single-crystal strength model with two precipitates are based on realistic physical implications. Furthermore, by comparing the uniaxial tensile simulation results of a peak-aged alloy considering the actual precipitated phase composition of the alloy with those assuming that the precipitated phase is only the β" phase, the predicted tensile strength of the former is around 5.65% lower than that of the latter, suggesting that the two kinds of precipitation should be separately considered when simulating the mechanical response of Al-Mg-Si alloy. It is highly expected that the present simulation strategy is not limited to Al-Mg-Si alloys, and it can be equally applied to the other age-enhanced alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Hong Mao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China;
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Namin Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Aero Engine Corporation of China, Beijing 100095, China; (N.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Xingwu Li
- Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Aero Engine Corporation of China, Beijing 100095, China; (N.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Yong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
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Schubnell J, Carl ER, Sarmast A, Hinterstein M, Preußner J, Seifert M, Kaufmann C, Rußbüldt P, Schulte J. Surface Conditions after LASER Shock Peening of Steel and Aluminum Alloys Using Ultrafast Laser Pulses. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6769. [PMID: 37895751 PMCID: PMC10608634 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Laser shock peening (LSP) is a mechanical surface treatment process to modify near-surface material properties. Compared to conventional shot peening (SP) the process parameters can be finely adjusted with greater precision and a higher penetration depth of compressive residual stresses could be reached. However, high process times of LSP leads to high production costs. In this study, ultrafast LSP (U-LSP) with an ultrafast laser source (pulse time in the picosecond range) was applied on specimens made of X5CrNiCu15-5 and AlZnMgCu1.5. The surface characteristics (surface roughness) and surface-near properties (microstructure, residual stresses, and phase composition) were compared to the as-delivered condition, to conventional laser shock peening (C-LSP), and to SP, whereas metallographic analyses and X-ray and synchrotron radiation techniques were used. The process time was significantly lower via U-LSP compared to C-LSP. For X5CrNiCu15-5, no significant compressive residual stresses were induced via U-LSP. However, for AlZnMgCu1.5, similar compressive residual stresses were reached via C-LSP and U-LSP; however, with a lower penetration depth. A change in the phase portions in the surface layer of X5CrNiCu15-5 after C-LSP compared to SP were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schubnell
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechancis of Materials IWM, Woehlerstr. 11, 79109 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Regine Carl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechancis of Materials IWM, Woehlerstr. 11, 79109 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ardeshir Sarmast
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechancis of Materials IWM, Woehlerstr. 11, 79109 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Hinterstein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechancis of Materials IWM, Woehlerstr. 11, 79109 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Preußner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechancis of Materials IWM, Woehlerstr. 11, 79109 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Seifert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 18, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaufmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 18, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Rußbüldt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Schulte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Linder C, Vucko F, Ma T, Proper S, Dartfeldt E. Corrosion-Fatigue Performance of 3D-Printed (L-PBF) AlSi10Mg. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5964. [PMID: 37687656 PMCID: PMC10488951 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) allows for optimized part design, reducing weight compared to conventional manufacturing. However, the microstructure, surface state, distribution, and size of internal defects (e.g., porosities) are very closely related to the AM fabrication process and post-treatment operations. All these parameters can have a strong impact on the corrosion and fatigue performance of the final component. Thus, the fatigue-corrosion behavior of the 3D-printed (L-PBF) AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy has been investigated. The influence of load sequence (sequential vs. combined) was explored using Wöhler diagrams. Surface roughness and defects in AM materials were examined, and surface treatment was applied to improve surface quality. The machined specimens showed the highest fatigue properties regardless of load sequence by improving both the roughness and removing the contour layer containing the highest density of defect. The impact of corrosion was more pronounced for as-printed specimens as slightly deeper pits were formed, which lowered the fatigue-corrosion life. As discussed, the corrosion, fatigue and fatigue-corrosion mechanisms were strongly related to the local microstructure and existing defects in the AM sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Linder
- RISE, Corrosion, Vehicle and Surface Protection, Isafjordsgatan 28, 164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Flavien Vucko
- French Corrosion Institute—RISE, 220 rue Pierre Rivoalon, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Taoran Ma
- RISE, Manufacturing Processes, Additive Manufacturing, Argongatan 30, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Proper
- RISE, Manufacturing Processes, Additive Manufacturing, Argongatan 30, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Dartfeldt
- RISE, Chemistry and Applied Mechanics, Mechanical Research and Innovation, Gibraltargatan 35, 412 79 Göteborg, Sweden
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Kalinenko A, Dolzhenko P, Malopheyev S, Yuzbekova D, Shishov I, Mishin V, Mironov S, Kaibyshev R. Grain Structure Evolution in 6013 Aluminum Alloy during High Heat-Input Friction-Stir Welding. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5973. [PMID: 37687669 PMCID: PMC10488852 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This work was undertaken to evaluate the influence of friction-stir welding (FSW) under a high-heat input condition on microstructural evolution. Given the extreme combination of deformation conditions associated with such an FSW regime (including the highest strain, temperature, and strain rate), it was expected to result in an unusual structural response. For this investigation, a commercial 6013 aluminum alloy was used as a program material, and FSW was conducted at a relatively high spindle rate of 1100 rpm and an extremely low feed rate of 13 mm/min; moreover, a Ti-6Al-4V backing plate was employed to reduce heat loss during welding. It was found that the high-heat-input FSW resulted in the formation of a pronounced fine-grained layer at the upper weld surface. This observation was attributed to the stirring action exerted by the shoulder of the FSW tool. Another important issue was the retardation of continuous recrystallization. This interesting phenomenon was explained in terms of a competition between recrystallization and recovery at high temperatures. Specifically, the activation of recovery should reduce dislocation density and thus retard the development of deformation-induced boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kalinenko
- Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanoscale Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod National Research University, Pobeda 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (A.K.); (P.D.); (S.M.); (D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Pavel Dolzhenko
- Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanoscale Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod National Research University, Pobeda 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (A.K.); (P.D.); (S.M.); (D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Sergey Malopheyev
- Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanoscale Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod National Research University, Pobeda 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (A.K.); (P.D.); (S.M.); (D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Diana Yuzbekova
- Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanoscale Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod National Research University, Pobeda 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (A.K.); (P.D.); (S.M.); (D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Ivan Shishov
- Institute of Machinery, Materials, and Transport, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Vasiliy Mishin
- Institute of Machinery, Materials, and Transport, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Sergey Mironov
- Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanoscale Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod National Research University, Pobeda 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (A.K.); (P.D.); (S.M.); (D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Rustam Kaibyshev
- Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanoscale Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod National Research University, Pobeda 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (A.K.); (P.D.); (S.M.); (D.Y.); (R.K.)
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12
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Dojčinović M, Prokić Cvetković R, Sedmak A, Popović O, Cvetković I, Radu D. Effect of Shielding Gas Arc Welding Process on Cavitation Resistance of Welded Joints of AlMg4.5Mn Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4781. [PMID: 37445094 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the shielding gas arc welding process on the cavitation resistance of the three-component aluminum alloy AlMg4.5Mn and its welded joints was investigated. Welding was performed using the GTAW and GMAW processes in a shielded atmosphere of pure argon. After the welding, metallographic tests were performed, and the hardness distribution in the welded joints was determined. The ultrasonic vibration method was used to evaluate the base metal's and weld metal's resistance to cavitation. The change in mass was monitored to determine the cavitation rates. The morphology of the surface damage of the base metal and weld metal due to cavitation was monitored using scanning electron microscopy to explain the effect of the shielding gas arc welding process on their resistance to cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dojčinović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radica Prokić Cvetković
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Sedmak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, Turnului Street 5, 500152 Brașov, Romania
| | - Olivera Popović
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Cvetković
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dorin Radu
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, Turnului Street 5, 500152 Brașov, Romania
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Dobrovolskii A, Chumaevskii A, Zykova A, Savchenko N, Gurianov D, Nikolaeva A, Semenchuk N, Nikonov S, Sokolov P, Rubtsov V, Kolubaev E. Al-Al 3Ni In Situ Composite Formation by Wire-Feed Electron-Beam Additive Manufacturing. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16114157. [PMID: 37297292 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regularities of microstructure formation in samples of multiphase composites obtained by additive electron beam manufacturing on the basis of aluminum alloy ER4043 and nickel superalloy Udimet-500 have been studied. The results of the structure study show that a multicomponent structure is formed in the samples with the presence of Cr23C6 carbides, solid solutions based on aluminum -Al or silicon -Si, eutectics along the boundaries of dendrites, intermetallic phases Al3Ni, AlNi3, Al75Co22Ni3, and Al5Co, as well as carbides of complex composition AlCCr, Al8SiC7, of a different morphology. The formation of a number of intermetallic phases present in local areas of the samples was also distinguished. A large amount of solid phases leads to the formation of a material with high hardness and low ductility. The fracture of composite specimens under tension and compression is brittle, without revealing the stage of plastic flow. Tensile strength values are significantly reduced from the initial 142-164 MPa to 55-123 MPa. In compression, the tensile strength values increase to 490-570 MPa and 905-1200 MPa with the introduction of 5% and 10% nickel superalloy, respectively. An increase in the hardness and compressive strength of the surface layers results in an increase in the wear resistance of the specimens and a decrease in the coefficient of friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Dobrovolskii
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Chumaevskii
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna Zykova
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Savchenko
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Denis Gurianov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Nikolaeva
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Semenchuk
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikonov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Pavel Sokolov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valery Rubtsov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny Kolubaev
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
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14
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Rusanov BA, Sidorov VE. Influence of rare earth metals on volumetric characteristics of Al-Ni-Co-R alloys in crystalline and liquid states. J Phys Condens Matter 2023; 35:294001. [PMID: 37068489 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/accdaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Density of Al-Ni-Co-R (R = Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Yb) glass-forming alloys is studied experimentally by gamma-absorption method in a wide temperature range including crystalline and liquid states. Molar volumes and thermal expansion coefficients are calculated from the experimental data. It is shown that these melts remain strongly microheterogeneous systems at small overheatings above liquidus. Some regimes of melt heat treatment before quenching are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Rusanov
- Ural State Pedagogical University, 620091 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - V E Sidorov
- Ural State Pedagogical University, 620091 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Udmurt Federal Research Center UB RAS, Izhevsk 426067, Russia
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15
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Mikolajczak P. Distribution and Morphology of α-Al, Si and Fe-Rich Phases in Al-Si-Fe Alloys under an Electromagnetic Field. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16093304. [PMID: 37176186 PMCID: PMC10179171 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural convection is present in all liquid alloys whereas forced convection may be applied as the method to improve material properties. To understand the effect of forced convection, the solidification in simple cylindrical samples was studied using a rotating magnetic field with a low cooling rate and low temperature gradient. The composition of Al-Si-Fe alloys was chosen to enable independent growth or joint growth of occurring α-Al, β-Al5FeSi, δ-AlFeSi_T4 phases and Si crystals and analysis of structure modifications. Stirring produced rosettes instead of equiaxed dendrites, which altered the secondary dendrite arm spacing and the specific surface of α-Al and also modified β-Al5FeSi. The melt flow caused a modification of iron rich δ-AlFeSi_T4 phases and gathered them inside the sample of the β/Si alloy, where δ together with Si were the first precipitating phases. The separation of δ and β phases and Si crystals was found by their joint growth along the monovariant line. A reduction in the amount of Si crystals and the formation of a thin Si-rich layer outside the sample was observed in the hypereutectic alloy. The separation and reduction in iron-rich phases may play a role in the removal of Fe from Al-Si alloys, and the control of Si may be applied in materials for the solar photovoltaic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mikolajczak
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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16
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Zhang A, Li Y. Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum Alloys-A Review. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2972. [PMID: 37109807 PMCID: PMC10144406 DOI: 10.3390/ma16082972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum alloys have been extensively used as heatproof and heat-dissipation components in automotive and communication industries, and the demand for aluminum alloys with higher thermal conductivity is increasing. Therefore, this review focuses on the thermal conductivity of aluminum alloys. First, we formulate the theory of thermal conduction of metals and effective medium theory, and then analyze the effect of alloying elements, secondary phases, and temperature on the thermal conductivity of aluminum alloys. Alloying elements are the most crucial factor, whose species, existing states, and mutual interactions significantly affect the thermal conductivity of aluminum. Alloying elements in a solid solution weaken the thermal conductivity of aluminum more dramatically than those in the precipitated state. The characteristics and morphology of secondary phases also affect thermal conductivity. Temperature also affects thermal conductivity by influencing the thermal conduction of electrons and phonons in aluminum alloys. Furthermore, recent studies on the effects of casting, heat treatment, and AM processes on the thermal conductivity of aluminum alloys are summarized, in which processes mainly affect thermal conductivity by varying existing states of alloying elements and the morphology of secondary phases. These analyses and summaries will further promote the industrial design and development of aluminum alloys with high thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yanxiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Dziubinska A. The New Technology of Die Forging of Automotive Connecting Rods from EN AB-71100 Aluminium Alloy Cast Preforms. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16072856. [PMID: 37049150 PMCID: PMC10095791 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a new technology for forming automotive connecting rod forgings by means of die forging from cast performs from EN AB-71100 (EN AB-AlZn10Si8Mg) aluminum alloy. A premise was made that the production process would be carried out on forging presses. The process of forming connecting rod forgings was analyzed considering different deformation rates related to the type of machine used: a crank press and a screw press. The billet in the form of in-house designed, shaped preforms cast into sand molds with two variants of geometry was used in the process. The numerical analysis of the new process was carried out on the basis of the finite element method using Deform 3D, the simulation software for metal forming. The simulations were conducted in the spatial deformation conditions, considering the full thermomechanical analysis. Based on the simulations, certain important findings concerning the novel process were acquired, including the distribution of stress, deformation, temperatures, cracking criterion and energy parameters. The results of numerical tests confirmed the possibility of producing defect-free forgings of connecting rods from EN AB-71100 aluminum alloy on forging presses by means of the proposed technology. The proposed process of forging using crank and screw presses was verified in the course of tests conducted in industrial conditions. The properly formed connecting rod forgings were subjected to quality tests in terms of their structure and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dziubinska
- Metal Forming and Casting Department, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Tonelli L, Liverani E, Di Egidio G, Fortunato A, Morri A, Ceschini L. On the Role of Microstructure and Defects in the Room and High-Temperature Tensile Behavior of the PBF-LB A357 (AlSi7Mg) Alloy in As-Built and Peak-Aged Conditions. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2721. [PMID: 37049014 PMCID: PMC10096135 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Additive processes like Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) result in a distinctive microstructure characterized by metastability, supersaturation, and finesse. Post-process heat treatments modify microstructural features and tune mechanical behavior. However, the exposition at high temperatures can induce changes in the microstructure. Therefore, the present work focuses on the analyses of the tensile response at room and high (200 °C) temperature of the A357 (AlSi7Mg0.6) alloy processed by PBF-LB and subjected to tailored T5 (direct aging) and T6R (rapid solution treatment, quenching, and aging) treatments. Along with the effect of microstructural features in the as-built T5 and T6R alloy, the role of typical process-related defects is also considered. In this view, the structural integrity of the alloy is evaluated by a deep analysis of the work-hardening behavior, and quality indexes have been compared. Results show that T5 increases tensile strength at room temperature without compromising ductility. T6R homogenizes the microstructure and enhances the structural integrity by reducing the detrimental effect of defects, resulting in the best trade-off between strength and ductility. At 200 °C, tensile properties are comparable, but if resilience and toughness moduli are considered, as-built and T5 alloys show the best overall mechanical performance.
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19
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Dudzik K, Czechowski M. The Cracking of Al-Mg Alloys Welded by MIG and FSW under Slow Strain Rating. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2643. [PMID: 37048937 PMCID: PMC10095922 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Al-Mg alloys used in the shipbuilding industry were tested. The most commonly used alloy AW 5083 and alloy AW 5059 with higher strength properties were selected. Both native materials and their joints welded by the traditional MIG arc welding method and the friction stir welding (FSW) method were tested. Both methods are approved by classification societies which allow them to be used in construction by the shipbuilding industry. The research was carried out in two stages. The first study was an "in-situ tensile test in SEM". The surfaces of the deformed specimens' changes were observed in the vacuum chamber of a Philips XL30 scanning electron microscope. During the tests, the force and elongation of the specimen were recorded. In addition, a chemical analysis of selected precipitates was performed by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) using the EDAX adapter. Slip lines were observed on the surface of the tested specimens, which are arranged in bands in the native material and in a disordered manner in the joints welded by MIG and FSW methods. Cracking starts mainly through decohesion at the matrix-precipitate interfaces. In the second stage of the research, slow strain rate testing (SSRT) was carried out in accordance with ISO 7539-7:2005. The tests were carried out on a specially designed test stand, where the FT-5307 strain gauge force sensor with a measuring range of 0-16 kN was used to measure the force value. The PSz 20 transducer with a measuring range of 0-20 mm was also used. The test consisted of subjecting the specimen to increasing deformation with the strain rate έ = 1.6 × 10-6 s-1 until destruction. The fracture surfaces of the SSRT specimens were subjected to fractographic analysis using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope. The results of fractographic studies after the SSRT test of the native materials and their joints welded by the MIG and FSW methods indicate that the trans-crystalline cracking mechanism is dominant, characterized by ductile fracture, and cracks are initiated at the interfaces of the precipitates with the matrix. The research results show that the plastic deformation increases and micro-cracks develop and merge into a main crack, which, after reaching the critical dimension, rapidly develops, causing the destruction of the material. The fracture micrographs of the specimens of base metals and their joints welded by FSW and MIG after the SSRT test allow us to conclude that the cracking mechanism was trans-crystalline ductile.
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20
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Mahajan AM, Babu NK, Talari MK, Rehman AU, Srirangam P. Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Rotary Friction Welded AA7075 and AA5083 Dissimilar Joint. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2464. [PMID: 36984343 PMCID: PMC10058957 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to investigate the changes in the microstructural and mechanical properties of various pre- and post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on rotary friction welded dissimilar (AA7075 and AA5083) aluminum alloys. The investigation focused on the evolution of weld macro- and microstructures, as well as the changes in hardness and tensile properties resulting from friction welding. The joint integrity was studied through various characterization techniques, and no cracks or incomplete bonding was observed. The study found that the dissimilar joints of the AA7075 and AA5083 alloys displayed higher flash formation on the AA7075 side, which has a lower melting temperature compared to the AA5083 alloy. Various zones were identified in the weld region, including the dynamic recrystallized zone (DRZ), the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) consisting of TMAZ-1 (elongated grains) and TMAZ-2 (compressed/distorted grains), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal (BM) zone. The rotary friction welded sample AA5083/AA7075-PWHT joint exhibited the highest strength (yield strength (YS): 195 ± 3 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS): 387 ± 2 MPa) among all the other welded conditions, and this may be attributed to the major strengthening precipitates MgZn2 (of AA7075) formed during postweld aging. All dissimilar welds failed in the HAZ region of the AA5083 side due to the formation of coarse grains, indicating the weakest region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya M. Mahajan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India
| | - Nagumothu Kishore Babu
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Talari
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India
| | - Ateekh Ur Rehman
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prakash Srirangam
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Martin-Raya O, Menargues S, Martin E, Baile MT, Picas JA. Rheological Behavior of the A356 Alloy in the Semisolid State at Low Shear Rates. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2280. [PMID: 36984160 PMCID: PMC10052537 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To control the semisolid processing of aluminum alloys produced by the additive manufacturing technique, an exhaustive knowledge of their rheological behavior is required. In the semisolid state, metallic materials can show rheological characteristics similar to those of polymers, so semisolid state shaping is one of the currently considered routes for additive manufacturing with metallic materials. In this work, an approximation of the rheological control of the A356 aluminum alloy for its subsequent 3D manufacturing was carried out at a very low shear rate. A continuous cooling rheometer was designed and used, evaluating the influence of different process parameters on the viscosity variation of the aluminum alloy in the semisolid state. The results show an anomalous flow variation, indicating dilatant, and not thixotropic behavior, for very low shear rates.
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22
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Hu S, Wang K, Ma S, Qi H, He N, Li F. Effects of Heat Treatment on the Interface Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction-Stir-Processed AlCoCrFeNi/A356 Composites. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2234. [PMID: 36984114 PMCID: PMC10058368 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Equiatomic AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) has gained significant interest in recent years because of its excellent mechanical properties. A356 aluminum alloy reinforced by AlCoCrFeNi HEA particles was fabricated by friction stir processing (FSP) and subsequent heat treatment. Solution and aging treatments were specially performed for the composites to control the interface microstructure, and interfacial microstructure and tensile properties were explored at different conditions. The interface between the matrix and HEA particles showed a dual-layered core-shell structure and the thickness of the shell region increased with the solution time. The microstructure located in the shell layers consisted of a solid solution with increasing aluminum content, in which a radial-shaped solid solution phase formed in the region close to the core of the HEA particle and scattered solid solution grains with high Ni content formed in the region close to the matrix alloy. The gradient of composition and microstructure across the HEA/Al interface can be obtained through heat treatment, and an optimal interface bonding state and mechanical property were obtained after solution treatment for 2 h. Compared with FSPed A356 aluminum alloy, the FSPed composite enhanced the tensile stress by 60 MPa and the stain by 5% under the optimized conditions. The overgrowth of the shell layer decreased both the tensile strength and the ductile greatly due to the formation of a radial-shaped solid solution phase in the shell region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqing Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Simu Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Haoran Qi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Naijun He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Fuguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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23
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Gnedenkov AS, Kononenko YI, Sinebryukhov SL, Filonina VS, Vyaliy IE, Nomerovskii AD, Ustinov AY, Gnedenkov SV. The Effect of Smart PEO-Coatings Impregnated with Corrosion Inhibitors on the Protective Properties of AlMg3 Aluminum Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2215. [PMID: 36984095 PMCID: PMC10051072 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The protective coating with a self-organized microtubular structure was formed using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on AlMg3 aluminum alloy in the tartrate-fluoride electrolyte. This protective layer was further modified using corrosion inhibitors of the azole group (1,2,4-triazole, benzotriazole) and polymer material (polyvinilidene fluoride, PVDF). X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to study the morphology and composition of the obtained oxide coatings. The presence of the inhibitor in the PEO-layer was confirmed using micro-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The level of corrosion protection of formed coatings as well as the effect of loaded inhibitors on the anticorrosion efficiency was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and localized scanning techniques (SVET/SIET). The coating impregnation with corrosion inhibitors of the azole group significantly improves the corrosion characteristics of the material. Impregnation of the base PEO-layer with 1,2,4-triazole during 24 h results in a 36 times increase in the impedance modulus measured at the lowest frequency (|Z|f=0.1Hz). Additional sealing of impregnated coating with polymer improves the corrosion stability of the treated material. On the base of the obtained data, the optimal way of protective inhibitor- and polymer-containing formation using surface treatment was suggested. The best barrier properties were established for hybrid coatings obtained by the immersion of a PEO-coated sample in 1,2,4-triazole solution for 24 h and following spraying the PVDF solution. The value of |Z|f=0.1Hz for this protective layer increased by more than two orders of magnitude in comparison with the base PEO-layer. The three-stage mechanism of corrosion inhibition of the sample with smart inhibitor-containing coating was established.
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Nokhrin AV, Nagicheva GS, Chuvil’deev VN, Kopylov VI, Bobrov AA, Tabachkova NY. Effect of Er, Si, Hf and Nb Additives on the Thermal Stability of Microstructure, Electrical Resistivity and Microhardness of Fine-Grained Aluminum Alloys of Al-0.25%Zr. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2114. [PMID: 36903229 PMCID: PMC10004080 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The conductor aluminum alloys of Al-0.25wt.%Zr alloyed additionally with X = Er, Si, Hf and Nb were the objects of our investigations. The fine-grained microstructure in the alloys was formed via equal channel angular pressing and rotary swaging. The thermal stability of the microstructure, specific electrical resistivity and microhardness of the novel conductor aluminum alloys were investigated. The mechanisms of nucleation of the Al3(Zr, X) secondary particles during annealing the fine-grained aluminum alloys were determined using the Jones-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov equation. Using the Zener equation, the dependencies of the average secondary particle sizes on the annealing time were obtained on the base of the analysis of the data on the grain growth in the aluminum alloys. The secondary particle nucleation during long-time low-temperature annealing (300 °C, 1000 h) was shown to go preferentially at the cores of the lattice dislocations. The Al-0.25%Zr-0.25%Er-0.20%Hf-0.15%Si alloy subjected to long-time annealing at 300 °C has the optimal combination of microhardness and electrical conductivity (59.8%IACS, Hv = 480 ± 15 MPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V. Nokhrin
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Galina S. Nagicheva
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Chuvil’deev
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Kopylov
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A. Bobrov
- Materials Science Department, Physical and Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nataliya Yu. Tabachkova
- Center Collective Use “Materials Science and Metallurgy”, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory “FIANIT”, Laser Materials and Technology Research Center, A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Biserova-Tahchieva A, Biezma-Moraleda MV, Llorca-Isern N, Gonzalez-Lavin J, Linhardt P. Additive Manufacturing Processes in Selected Corrosion Resistant Materials: A State of Knowledge Review. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16051893. [PMID: 36903006 PMCID: PMC10004084 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is an important and promising process of manufacturing due to its increasing demand in all industrial sectors, with special relevance in those related to metallic components since it permits the lightening of structures, producing complex geometries with a minimum waste of material. There are different techniques involved in additive manufacturing that must be carefully selected according to the chemical composition of the material and the final requirements. There is a large amount of research devoted to the technical development and the mechanical properties of the final components; however, not much attention has been paid yet to the corrosion behaviour in different service conditions. The aim of this paper is to deeply analyze the interaction between the chemical composition of different metallic alloys, the additive manufacturing processing, and their corrosion behaviour, determining the effects of the main microstructural features and defects associated with these specific processes, such as grain size, segregation, and porosity, among others. The corrosion resistance of the most-used systems obtained by additive manufacturing (AM) such as aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, and duplex stainless steels is analyzed to provide knowledge that can be a platform to create new ideas for materials manufacturing. Some conclusions and future guidelines for establishing good practices related to corrosion tests are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria V. Biezma-Moraleda
- Departamento Ciencia e Ingeniería del Terreno y de los Materiales, Universidad de Cantabria, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - Núria Llorca-Isern
- Departament Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Gonzalez-Lavin
- Departamento Ciencia e Ingeniería del Terreno y de los Materiales, Universidad de Cantabria, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - Paul Linhardt
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (Technische Universität Wien), 1040 Vienna, Austria
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Samuel AM, Elsharkawi EA, Abdelaziz MH, Samuel E, Samuel FH. Effect of Si, Mn, Be and Sr Addition on the Tensile Properties of 6061 Type Alloys: Role of Aging Treatment. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1110. [PMID: 36770116 PMCID: PMC9921951 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed on a 6061-type alloy to examine the effects of minor additions (Si, Mn, Be, Sr) of the type of precipitated Fe-based intermetallics, in terms of Fe/Si ratios. All alloys were grain refined (0.15%Ti in the form of Al-5%Ti-1%B) to minimize hot tearing during casting. The effect of these intermetallics on the alloy tensile properties was also investigated. Tensile test bars were solutionized at 520 °C followed by quenching in warm water at 60 °C to avoid cracking. The quenched bars were aged at 175 °C for periods up to 100 h. Characterization of the formed intermetallics as well as phase precipitation were carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy. In Be-treated alloys, α-Al8Fe2SiBe phase may precipitate along with α-Al15(Fe, Mn)3Si2 phase. In addition, Be results in fragmentation of the α-Fe phase when the alloy was Sr-modified, leading to better tensile properties, compared to those obtained from the base alloy under same conditions. It should be noted that this study does not promote the use of Be as it is a toxic element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes M. Samuel
- Département des Sciences Appliquées, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Ehab A. Elsharkawi
- Division of Engineering, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelaziz
- Département PEC, Université Française d’Égypte, Ville Shorouk, Le Caire 4923116, Egypt
| | - Ehab Samuel
- Département des Sciences Appliquées, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Fawzy H. Samuel
- Département des Sciences Appliquées, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
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Lee S, Kang H, Bae D. Molecular Dynamics Study on Crack Propagation in Al Containing Mg-Si Clusters Formed during Natural Aging. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:883. [PMID: 36676620 PMCID: PMC9863851 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The crack propagation behavior of Al containing Mg-Si clusters is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to demonstrate the relationship between the natural aging time in Al-Si-Mg alloys and ductility. Experimental results show that the elongation at failure decreases with natural aging. There are few studies on the relationship between natural aging and ductility because of the difficult observation of Mg-Si clusters. To solve the difficulty, cracked Al containing Mg-Si clusters of varying sizes are assumed for the MD simulations. A larger Mg-Si cluster in Al results in earlier crack opening and dislocation emission. Moreover, as the Mg-Si cluster size increases, the stress near the crack tip becomes more concentrated. This causes rapid crack propagation, a similar effect to that of crack tip sharpening. As a result of long-term natural aging, the cracks expand rapidly. The influence of geometry is also investigated. Crack lengthening and thickness reduction negatively impact the fracture toughness, with the former having a larger impact than the latter. Although there are several discrepancies in the practical deformation conditions, the simulation results can help to more thoroughly understand natural aging in Al-Si-Mg alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Kang
- Heat & Surface Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Siheung 15014, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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28
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Bobruk EV, Murashkin MY, Ramazanov IA, Kazykhanov VU, Valiev RZ. Low-Temperature Superplasticity and High Strength in the Al 2024 Alloy with Ultrafine Grains. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:727. [PMID: 36676462 PMCID: PMC9864140 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to achieve an ultrafine-grained (UFG) Al 2024 alloy superplasticity at temperatures lower than the traditional ones for commercial Al alloys (400-500 °C). The UFG structure with a mean grain size of 100 nm produced in the alloy by high-pressure torsion at room temperature provided a very high strength-microhardness (HV0.1) of 286 ± 4, offset yield strength (σ0.2) of 828 ± 9 MPa, and ultimate tensile strength (σUTS) of 871 ± 6 MPa at elongation to failure (δ) of 7 ± 0.2%. Complex tensile tests were performed at temperatures from 190 to 270 °C and strain rates from 10-2 to 5 × 10-5 s-1, and the values of flow stress, total elongation and strain rate-sensitivity coefficient were determined. The UFG alloy was shown to exhibit superplastic behavior at test temperatures of 240 and 270 °C. For the first time, 400% elongation was achieved in the alloy at an unusually low temperature of 270 °C (0.56 Tm) and strain rate of 10-3 s-1. The UFG 2024 alloy after superplastic deformation was found to have higher strength (150-160 HV) than that after the standard strengthening heat treatment T6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Bobruk
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Maxim Yu. Murashkin
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Ilnar A. Ramazanov
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Vil U. Kazykhanov
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., Ufa 450076, Russia
| | - Ruslan Z. Valiev
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., Ufa 450076, Russia
- Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials, “Higher Engineering School for Aerospace Technologies” Center, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., Ufa 450076, Russia
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Li Z, Ou L, Wang Y, Li H, Bober M, Senkara J, Zhang Y. Solidification Cracking Restraining Mechanism of Al-Cu-Mg-Zn Alloy Welds Using Cold Metal Transfer Technique. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:721. [PMID: 36676463 PMCID: PMC9865024 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum alloy 7075 (with 7055 and 7150 filler wires) was welded using a digital welding machine that can switch arc mode between MIG, CMT and CMT+P modes. The transverse-motion weldability test of joints welded under different arc modes showed that the solidification cracking susceptibility was lower in CMT-technique-based welds than in MIG welds. The temperature cycle of the welding pool under different arc modes was recorded using mini-thermocouples, which showed that the cooling rate was lower in CMT welded samples than in MIG welded samples. The low cooling rate promoted the growth of α-Al dendrites through the back diffusion effect. Electron probe micro-analysis showed that micro-segregation of the α-Al dendrites was lower in the CMT welded samples than in the MIG welded samples. The T-(fAl)1/2 curve of each weld was calculated, which showed that CMT-based welding enhanced the bridging of adjacent α-Al dendrites, reducing the tendency for solidification cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Li
- Institute of Light Alloy and Processing, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lingshan Ou
- Institute of Light Alloy and Processing, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Institute of Light Alloy and Processing, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Light Alloy and Processing, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Mariusz Bober
- Department of Welding Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Senkara
- Department of Welding Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Light Alloy and Processing, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Chausov M, Pylypenko A, Maruschak P, Zasimchuk V, Brezinová J, Brezina J, Viňáš J. Impact of the Initial Phase Composition of Alloys on the Effects Manifested by Yield Sites That Occur on Sheet Aluminum Alloys Subjected to Impact-Oscillatory Loading. Materials (Basel) 2022; 16:249. [PMID: 36614587 PMCID: PMC9821951 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the initial phase composition of alloys was evaluated, in particular, the content of Cu, Mn, and Mg in aluminum alloys D16ChATW, 2024-T351 and aluminum alloy T, which in its physical and mechanical characteristics is close to alloy 6013. The impact was evaluated on the effects manifested by yield sites that occur on aluminum alloys that were subject to the dynamic non-equilibrium processes (DNPs) at the expense of impact-oscillatory loading of different intensities under conditions of static tensioning, The one-time DNP, to which the investigated aluminum alloys were subjected at the pre-set levels of elastic strain followed by static tensioning, was found to cause yield sites formation. This is due to self-organization of the alloy structure, which contributes to alloy plasticization. The initial phase alloys composition impact on the yield sites, which occurs when impulse energy of a different intensity is applied to the alloys, was analyzed. The specimens from the aluminum alloys undergoing DNPs of the same level were compared. This made it possible to conclude that alloys D16ChATW and 2024-T351, which have a higher content of Cu, Mn, and Mg, have longer yield sites upon subsequent static tensioning. On the basis of the experimental results, in particular, physical studies, the authors derived a physical and mathematical model of the yield sites that appear after DNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Chausov
- Department of Mechanics, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony Str. 15, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii Pylypenko
- Department of Mechanics, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony Str. 15, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Maruschak
- Department of Industrial Automation, Ternopil National Ivan Puluj Technical University, Rus’ka Str. 56, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Vira Zasimchuk
- G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, NAS of Ukraine, 36 Academician Vernadsky Boulevard, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Janette Brezinová
- Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Mäsiarska 74, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Brezina
- Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Mäsiarska 74, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Viňáš
- Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Mäsiarska 74, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
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31
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Kumar N, Sharma A, Manoj MK. Influence of Different Aqueous Media on the Corrosion Behavior of B 4C-Modified Lightweight Al-Mg-Si Matrix Composites. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8531. [PMID: 36500030 PMCID: PMC9738931 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the electrochemical corrosion behavior of boron carbide (B4C) ceramic-reinforced Al-Mg-Si matrix composites in various aqueous environments (NaOH, NaCl, HCl, and H2SO4). The samples were produced by the powder metallurgy (P/M) route and the corrosion investigations were conducted by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The morphology of the as-prepared and corroded samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) studies. The investigations revealed that the corrosion resistance of Al-Mg-Si composites is highest in NaCl medium due to a less negative corrosion potential, higher charge transfer (Rct) resistance, and lower double-layer capacitance (Cdl) as compared to other media. The SEM morphology suggests that B4C ceramics enhance corrosion resistance by forming a protective barrier layer of OH- and Cl- deposits in the composite and unreinforced alloy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Raipur 492010, India
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, School of Engineering (SOE), OP Jindal University (OPJU), Raigarh 496001, India
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Manoranjan Kumar Manoj
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Raipur 492010, India
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32
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Yanagimoto H, Saito K, Takahashi H, Chiba M. Changes in the Structure and Corrosion Protection Ability of Porous Anodic Oxide Films on Pure Al and Al Alloys by Pore Sealing Treatment. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8544. [PMID: 36500040 PMCID: PMC9741243 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that corrosion protection of pure Al is enormously improved by the formation of porous anodic oxide films and by pore sealing treatment. However, the effects of anodizing and pore sealing on corrosion protection for Al alloys are unclear, because the alloying elements included in Al alloys affect the structure of anodic oxide films. In the present study, porous anodic oxide films are formed on pure Al, 1050-, 3003- and 5052-Al alloys, and pore sealing was carried out in boiling water. Changes in the structure and corrosion protection ability of porous anodic oxide films on pure Al and the Al alloys by pore sealing, were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). SEM observation showed that anodic oxide films formed on pure Al have a smooth surface after pore sealing, and that cracks are formed in anodic oxide films on 1050-, 3003- and 5052-aluminum alloys, after pore sealing. Corrosion protection after pore sealing increased with anodizing time on pure Al, but only slightly increased with anodizing time on the Al alloys.
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Niedźwiedź M, Bara M, Barylski A. Dependence of the Surface Morphology and Micromechanical and Sclerometric Properties of Al 2O 3 Layers on the Parameters of Anodizing Aluminum Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8482. [PMID: 36499977 PMCID: PMC9737476 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The article presents the dependence of the morphology as well as micromechanical and sclerometric properties of Al2O3 layers on the parameters of anodizing of aluminum alloys. The oxide layers were produced on the EN AW-5251 aluminum alloy by means of a direct current anodizing in a three-component electrolyte. The input variables (current density and electrolyte temperature) were selected based on the overall design of the experiment. The current density was 1, 2, 3 A/dm2, and the electrolyte temperature was 283, 293, 303 K. The surface morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and then the microscopic images were analyzed using a graphics program. The micromechanical and sclerometric properties were examined by determining the HIT hardness and three critical loads: Lc1 (critical load at which the first damage of the tested layers occurred-Hertz tensile cracks inside the crack), Lc2 (critical load at which the first cohesive damage of the layers occurred) and Lc3 (load at which the layers were completely damaged). Sclerometric tests with the use of scratch tests were supplemented with pictures from a scanning microscope, showing the scratches. The produced layers are characterized by a hardness above 3 GPa and a porosity of 4.9-10.3%. Such a range of porosity of the produced layers allows their wide application, both for sliding associations with polymers and for their modification.
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Mosleh AO, Kotova EG, Kotov AD, Gershman IS, Mironov AE. Bearing Aluminum-Based Alloys: Microstructure, Mechanical Characterizations, and Experiment-Based Modeling Approach. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8394. [PMID: 36499891 PMCID: PMC9735459 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the engine's start/stop system and a sudden increase in speed or load, the development of alloys suitable for engine bearings requires excellent tribological properties and high mechanical properties. Including additional elements in the Al-rich matrix of these anti-friction alloys should strengthen their tribological properties. The novelty of this work is in constructing a suitable artificial neural network (ANN) architecture for highly accurate modeling and prediction of the mechanical properties of the bearing aluminum-based alloys and thus optimizing the chemical composition for high mechanical properties. In addition, the study points out the impact of soft and more solid phases on the mechanical properties of these alloys. For this purpose, a huge number of alloys (198 alloys) with different chemical compositions combined from Sn, Pb, Cu, Mg, Zn, Si, Ni, Bi, Ti, Mn, Fe, and Al) were cast, annealed, and tested for determining their mechanical properties. The annealed sample microstructure analysis revealed the formation of soft structural inclusions (Sn-rich, Sn-Pb, and Pb-Sn phases) and solid phase inclusions (strengthened phase, Al2Cu). The mechanical properties of ultimate tensile strength (σu), Brinell hardness (HB), and elongation to failure (δ) were used as control responses for constructing the ANN network. The constructed network was optimized by attempting different network architecture designs to reach minimal errors. Besides the excellent tribological characteristics of the designed set of alloys, soft inclusions based on Sn and Pb and solid-phase Cu inclusions fulfilled the necessary level of mechanical properties for anti-friction alloys; the maximum mechanical properties reached were: σu = 197 ± 7 MPa, HB = 77 ± 4, and δ = 20.3 ± 1.0%. The optimal ANN architecture with the lowest errors (correlation coefficient (R) = 0.94, root mean square error (RMSE) = 3.5, and average actual relative error (AARE) = 1.0%) had two hidden layers with 20 neurons. The model was validated by additional experiments, and the characteristics of the new alloys were accurately predicted with a low level of errors: R ≥ 0.97, RMSE = 1-2.65, and AARE ˂ 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O. Mosleh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, Cairo 11629, Egypt
| | - Elena G. Kotova
- Department of Scientific Research Programs, Grants and Projects, Railway Research Institute JSC “VNIIZHT”, 3rd Mytischinskaya St. 10, 107996 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton D. Kotov
- Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky Prospekt, 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iosif S. Gershman
- Joint Stock Company Railway Research Institute, Moscow State Technological University “Stankin” (MSTU “STANKIN”), 127055 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander E. Mironov
- Joint Stock Company Railway Research Institute, Moscow State Technological University “Stankin” (MSTU “STANKIN”), 127055 Moscow, Russia
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Li W, Wang T, Nan Y, Li SJ, Li WP. Fluorinated Siloxane Modified Layered Double Hydroxide Sealing Film to Enhance the Corrosion Resistance of Anodic Oxide Film of Fricition Stir Welding Joint of Aluminum Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8105. [PMID: 36431593 PMCID: PMC9698674 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum alloys and their welding structures have been widely used in aviation, aerospace, automobiles, ships, and other industrial fields. The non-uniform nature of welding structures of aluminum alloys causes intractable corrosion problems. Anodizing and subsequent sealing processes are common and effective methods to improve the corrosion resistance of welding structures. However, traditional sealing processes like hot water sealing and potassium dichromate sealing are criticized due to energy consumption or toxicity. In this work, a layered double hydroxide (LDH) sealing process with subsequent fluorinated siloxane modification is proposed to improve the corrosion resistance of the anodic oxide film of friction stir welding joints of typical aluminum alloys. The obtained sealing film with typical lamelliform structures of LDH grows well at the defects of oxidation film and also smoothens the sample surface. The hydrophobicity of the film can separate the corrosive medium from the sample surface and further enhance corrosion resistance. As a result, the corrosion current of the welded sample in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution plummets about 3~4 orders of magnitude compared to the initial state without anodizing, indicating superior corrosion resistance brought by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Nan
- AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Shao-Jie Li
- AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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36
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Niedźwiedź M, Bara M, Skoneczny W, Kaptacz S, Dercz G. Influence of Anodizing Parameters on Tribological Properties and Wettability of Al 2O 3 Layers Produced on the EN AW-5251 Aluminum Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7732. [PMID: 36363325 PMCID: PMC9654026 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The article presents the effect of anodizing parameters of the EN AW-5251 aluminum alloy on the thickness and roughness of Al2O3 layers as well as their wettability and tribological properties in a sliding combination with the T7W material. The input variables were the current density of 1, 2, 3 A/dm2 and the electrolyte temperature of 283, 293, 303 K. The tribological tests were performed on the T-17 tester in reciprocating motion, in conditions of technically dry friction. The tests were carried out on a 15 km road with a constant average slip speed of 0.2 m/s and a constant unit pressure of 1 MPa. The measurement of the wettability of the layers was performed using the sitting drop method, determining the contact angles on the basis of which the surface free energy was calculated. The profilographometric measurements were made. The analysis of the test results showed that the anodizing parameters significantly affect the thickness of the Al2O3 layers. The performed correlation analysis also showed a significant relationship between the roughness parameters and the wettability of the surface of the layers, which affects the ability to create and maintain a sliding film, which in turn translates into sliding resistance and wear of the T7W material. The analysis of friction and wear tests showed that the layer with hydrophobic properties produced at a current density of 1 A/dm2 in an electrolyte at a temperature of 283 K is the most favorable for sliding associations with T7W material.
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37
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Andilab B, Emadi P, Ravindran C. Casting and Characterization of A319 Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with Graphene Using Hybrid Semi-Solid Stirring and Ultrasonic Processing. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15207232. [PMID: 36295296 PMCID: PMC9612290 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advanced metallurgical processing techniques are required to produce aluminum matrix composites due to the tendency of the reinforcement particles to agglomerate. In this study, graphene nano-platelet reinforcement particles were effectively incorporated into an automotive A319 aluminum alloy matrix using a liquid metallurgical route. Due to its low density, it is a highly difficult task to produce an aluminum matrix composite reinforced with graphene. Hence, this study explored a novel approach to prevent particle floating to the melt surface and agglomeration. This was achieved via a hybrid semi-solid stirring of A319, followed by ultrasonic treatment of the liquid melt using a sonication probe. The microstructure and graphene particles were characterized using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the interfacial products produced with the incorporation of graphene in liquid aluminum were analyzed with X-ray diffraction. The tensile test results exhibited 10, 11 and 32% improvements in ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and ductility of A319 reinforced with 0.05 wt.% addition of graphene. Analysis of strengthening models demonstrated primary contribution from Hall-Petch followed by CTE mismatch and load bearing mechanism. The results from this research enable the potential for using cost-effective, efficient and simple liquid metallurgy methods to produce aluminum reinforced graphene composites with improved mechanical properties.
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Bobruk EV, Dolzhenko PD, Murashkin MY, Valiev RZ, Enikeev NA. The Microstructure and Strength of UFG 6060 Alloy after Superplastic Deformation at a Lower Homologous Temperature. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6983. [PMID: 36234327 PMCID: PMC9570586 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports on the features of low-temperature superplasticity of the heat-treatable aluminum Al-Mg-Si alloy in the ultrafine-grained state at temperatures below 0.5 times the melting point as well as on its post-deformation microstructure and tensile strength. We show that the refined microstructure is retained after superplastic deformation in the range of deformation temperatures of 120-180 °C and strain rates of 5 × 10-3 s-1-10-4 s-1. In the absence of noticeable grain growth, the ultrafine-grained alloy maintains the strength up to 380 MPa after SP deformation, which considerably exceeds the value (250 MPa) for the alloy in the peak-aged coarse-grain state. This finding opens pathways to form high-strength articles of Al-Mg-Si alloys after superplastic forming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Bobruk
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Department of Physiscs of Metals and Materials Science, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia
| | - Pavel D. Dolzhenko
- Laboratory of Bulk Nanostructured Materials, Belgorod State University, 803015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Maxim Yu. Murashkin
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Department of Physiscs of Metals and Materials Science, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia
- Laboratory for Dynamics and Extreme Performance of Advanced Nanostructured Materials, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ruslan Z. Valiev
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Department of Physiscs of Metals and Materials Science, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia
- Laboratory for Dynamics and Extreme Performance of Advanced Nanostructured Materials, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nariman A. Enikeev
- Laboratory for Dynamics and Extreme Performance of Advanced Nanostructured Materials, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Design of Functional Materials, Bashkir State University, 450076 Ufa, Russia
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Ahmed MMZ, El-Sayed Seleman MM, Ahmed E, Reyad HA, Alsaleh NA, Albaijan I. A Novel Friction Stir Deposition Technique to Refill Keyhole of Friction Stir Spot Welded AA6082-T6 Dissimilar Joints of Different Sheet Thicknesses. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15196799. [PMID: 36234137 PMCID: PMC9573413 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Joining dissimilar sheet thicknesses of AA6082-T6 alloys by friction stir spot welding (FSSW) provides many advantages in automotive and aerospace applications. The formed keyhole at the end of the FSSW process is one of the typical features after the welding process, which owns the same size as the rotating pin that remains at the joint center. This keyhole destroys the joint continuity and can stimulate serious stress concentration when the FSSW joint bears an external force. To solve this issue, a novel refilling technique was developed for the FSSW keyholes using a friction stir deposition (FSD) technique. The FSSW joints of AA6082-T6 sheets were welded at various rotation speeds from 400 to 1000 rpm and a constant dwell time of 3 s, where a 2 mm sheet thickness was an upper sheet, and a 1 mm sheet thickness was a lower sheet. All the keyhole refilling processes were achieved using a specially designed AA2011-T6 consumable rod to be used for friction stir deposition of continuous layers at a constant deposition parameter of 400 rpm consumable rod rotation speed and a 1 mm/min feed rate. The heat input energy for both the FSSW and refilled FSSW lap joints was calculated. In addition, the FSSW and the FSD temperatures were measured. Macrostructure, microstructure, and mechanical properties in terms of hardness and tensile shear maximum load were evaluated for both the friction stir spot welded (FSSWed) and the refilled FSSW lap joints. The obtained results showed that the keyhole could be successfully refilled with defect-free continuous multilayers after the refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) process. All the RFSSW lap joints showed higher tensile shear loads than that given by the FSSW (before refill) lap joints. The RFSSW joint (welded at 600 rpm/3 s and refilled at 400 rpm/1 mm/min) showed a higher tensile shear load of 5400 N ± 100 compared with that recorded by the unrefilled joint (4300 N ± 80). The fracture location and fracture surface of the FSSW and RFSSW were examined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Z. Ahmed
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Al Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43512, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. El-Sayed Seleman
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43512, Egypt
| | - Essam Ahmed
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43512, Egypt
| | - Hagar A. Reyad
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43512, Egypt
| | - Naser A. Alsaleh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Albaijan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Al Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Ma X, Xu S, Wang F, Zhao Y, Meng X, Xie Y, Wan L, Huang Y. Effect of Temperature and Material Flow Gradients on Mechanical Performances of Friction Stir Welded AA6082-T6 Joints. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15196579. [PMID: 36233931 PMCID: PMC9571721 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The temperature and material flow gradients along the thick section of the weld seriously affect the welding efficiency of friction stir welding in medium-thick plates. Here, the effects of different gradients obtained by the two pins on the weld formation, microstructure, and mechanical properties were compared. The results indicated that the large-tip pin increases heat input and material flow at the bottom, reducing the gradient along the thickness. The large-tip pin increases the welding speed of defect-free joints from 100 mm/min to 500 mm/min compared to the small-tip pin. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the joint reached 247 MPa and 8.7%, equal to 80% and 65% of the base metal, respectively. Therefore, reducing the temperature and material flow gradients along the thickness by designing the pin structure is proved to be the key to improving the welding efficiency for thick plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuangming Xu
- China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Feifan Wang
- China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Yaobang Zhao
- Shanghai Spaceflight Precision Machinery Institute, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Xiangchen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Long Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yongxian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Ma QP, Mesicek J, Fojtik F, Hajnys J, Krpec P, Pagac M, Petru J. Residual Stress Build-Up in Aluminum Parts Fabricated with SLM Technology Using the Bridge Curvature Method. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15176057. [PMID: 36079438 PMCID: PMC9457910 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In metal 3D printing with Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology, due to large thermal gradients, the residual stress (RS) distribution is complicated to predict and control. RS can distort the shape of the components, causing severe failures in fabrication or functionality. Thus, several research papers have attempted to quantify the RS by designing geometries that distort in a predictable manner, including the Bridge Curvature Method (BCM). Being different from the existing literature, this paper provides a new perspective of the RS build-up in aluminum parts produced with SLM using a combination of experiments and simulations. In particular, the bridge samples are printed with AlSi10Mg, of which the printing process and the RS distribution are experimentally assessed with the Hole Drilling Method (HDM) and simulated using ANSYS and Simufact Additive. Subsequently, on the basis of the findings, suggestions for improvements to the BCM are made. Throughout the assessment of BCM, readers can gain insights on how RS is built-up in metallic 3D-printed components, some available tools, and their suitability for RS prediction. These are essential for practitioners to improve the precision and functionality of SLM parts should any post-subtractive or additive manufacturing processes be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc-Phu Ma
- Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Mesicek
- Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Fojtik
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Hajnys
- Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krpec
- V-NASS, A.S., Halasova 2938/1a, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pagac
- Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Petru
- Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Tsepeleva A, Novák P, Kolesnichenko E, Michalcová A, Kačenka Z, Kubásek J. Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys with the Natural Combination of Dopants. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5541. [PMID: 36013678 PMCID: PMC9413273 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aluminothermic reduction without the separation of individual metals is currently considered as a possible method for processing ferromanganese sea nodules and creating new alloys. In this study, the product of their reduction-a manganese-based polymetallic mixture-was added to pure aluminum, as a mixture of alloying elements in their natural ratios. After extrusion, two new aluminum alloys with a total percentage of metallic additives ranging from 1 to 6 percent were prepared. The possibilities of the precipitation strengthening of these aluminum alloys, especially those containing Mn, Fe, Si, Ni, and Cu, were investigated under a wide range of heat treatment conditions. After each tested combination of annealing and artificial aging temperatures, the phase composition and the microstructure changes were recorded by X-ray diffraction, optical, and scanning electron microscopy with EDS analysis. Under none of the tested heat treatment conditions is a significant hardening effect observed, even though the precipitate phases are observed by TEM. However, the changes in the morphology of the present intermetallic phases caused by the heat treatment are revealed, which highlights the further possible development of these multicomponent alloys.
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Gan Z, Ni Q, Huang Y, Su Y, Lu Y, Wu C, Liu J. Influence of Annealing Time on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-14.5Si Alloy Prepared by Super-Gravity Solidification and Cold-Rolling. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5475. [PMID: 36013610 PMCID: PMC9409737 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, super-gravity solidification and cold-rolling were utilized to obtain Al-14.5Si alloys. The influence of annealing time on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-14.5Si alloys was investigated. Our results indicated that high elongation was achieved by super-gravity solidification due to the submicron eutectic Si, making it possible to undertake the conventional cold-rolling. The yield strength (~214 ± 11 MPa) was significantly enhanced (~68.5%) after cold-rolling mainly due to high dislocation density. The coarsening of eutectic Si could be observed during annealing, which resulted in a decrease in yield strength. The elimination of internal stress and lattice distortion during annealing led to a decrease in micro-cracks/voids beneath the fracture surface during tensile testing, which in turn enhanced the elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghua Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Materials and Service Safety, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Qian Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yuehui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Chuandong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Materials and Service Safety, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Materials and Service Safety, Wuhan 430081, China
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Podaril M, Prášil T, Majernik J, Kampf R, Socha L, Gryc K, Gráf M. Aluminum Melt Degassing Process Evaluation Depending on the Design and the Degree of the FDU Unit Graphite Rotor Wear. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15144924. [PMID: 35888391 PMCID: PMC9321326 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important indicators of casting quality is porosity. The formation of pores is largely conditioned by the presence of hydrogen in the batch and subsequently in the melt. The gasification of the melt is the primary factor increasing the porosity of casts. This paper addresses the issue of reducing the melt gasification by using FDU (Foundry Degassing Unit) unit. The gas content in the melt is evaluated by determining the Dichte Index depending on the geometry and the degree of the FDU unit rotor wear. For experiments performed under the operating conditions, three types of graphite rotors with different geometries are used. The extent of melt gasification and the Dichte Index are monitored during the rotor wear, at a rate of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% rotor wear. Secondly, the chemical composition of the melt is monitored depending on the design and wear of the rotor. It is proven that the design and the degree of rotor wear do not have significant effect on the chemical composition of the melt and all evaluated samples fell within the prescribed quality in accordance with EN 1706. With regard to the overall comparison of the geometry and wear of individual rotor types, it has been proven that, in terms of efficiency, the individual rotors are mutually equivalent and meet the requirements for melt degassing throughout the service life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Podaril
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Faculty of Technology, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Tomáš Prášil
- MOTOR JIKOV Slévárna a.s., Kněžskodvorská 2277, 370 04 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (T.P.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 2732, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Majernik
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Faculty of Technology, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-9034-63063
| | - Rudolf Kampf
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Faculty of Technology, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Ladislav Socha
- Environmental Research Department, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Karel Gryc
- Environmental Research Department, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Martin Gráf
- MOTOR JIKOV Slévárna a.s., Kněžskodvorská 2277, 370 04 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (T.P.); (M.G.)
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Ahmed MMZ, El-Sayed Seleman MM, Ahmed E, Reyad HA, Touileb K, Albaijan I. Friction Stir Spot Welding of Different Thickness Sheets of Aluminum Alloy AA6082-T6. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:2971. [PMID: 35591306 DOI: 10.3390/ma15092971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is one of the important variants of the friction stir welding (FSW) process. FSSW has been developed mainly for automotive applications where the different thickness sheets spot welding is essential. In the present work, different thin thickness sheets (1 mm and 2 mm) of AA6082-T6 were welded using FSSW at a constant dwell time of 3 s and different rotation speeds of 400, 600, 800, and 1000 rpm. The FSSW heat input was calculated, and the temperature cycle experience during the FSSW process was recorded. Both starting materials and produced FSSW joints were investigated by macro- and microstructural investigation, a hardness test, and a tensile shear test, and the fractured surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The macro examination showed that defect-free spot joints were produced at a wide range of rotation speeds (400-1000 rpm). The microstructural results in terms of grain refining of the stir zone (SZ) of the joints show good support for the mechanical properties of FSSW joints. It was found that the best welding condition was 600 rpm for achieving different thin sheet thicknesses spot joints with the SZ hardness of 95 ± 2 HV0.5 and a tensile shear load of 4300 ± 30 N.
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Minasyan T, Hussainova I. Laser Powder-Bed Fusion of Ceramic Particulate Reinforced Aluminum Alloys: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15072467. [PMID: 35407800 PMCID: PMC8999622 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) and its alloys are the second most used materials spanning industrial applications in automotive, aircraft and aerospace industries. To comply with the industrial demand for high-performance aluminum alloys with superb mechanical properties, one promising approach is reinforcement with ceramic particulates. Laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) of Al alloy powders provides vast freedom in design and allows fabrication of aluminum matrix composites with significant grain refinement and textureless microstructure. This review paper evaluates the trends in in situ and ex situ reinforcement of aluminum alloys by ceramic particulates, while analyzing their effect on the material properties and process parameters. The current research efforts are mainly directed toward additives for grain refinement to improve the mechanical performance of the printed parts. Reinforcing additives has been demonstrated as a promising perspective for the industrialization of Al-based composites produced via laser powder-bed fusion technique. In this review, attention is mainly paid to borides (TiB2, LaB6, CaB6), carbides (TiC, SiC), nitrides (TiN, Si3N4, BN, AlN), hybrid additives and their effect on the densification, grain refinement and mechanical behavior of the LPBF-produced composites.
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Tweddle D, Johnson JA, Kapoor M, Mileski S, Carsley JE, Thompson GB. Direct Observation of PFIB-Induced Clustering in Precipitation-Strengthened Al Alloys by Atom Probe Tomography. Microsc Microanal 2022; 28:1-6. [PMID: 35067265 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sample preparation on a pre-aged Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloy has been evaluated using atom probe tomography. Three methods of preparation were investigated: electropolishing (control), Ga+ focused ion beam (FIB) milling, and Xe+ plasma FIB (PFIB) milling. Ga+-based FIB preparation was shown to introduce significant amount of Ga contamination throughout the reconstructed sample (≈1.3 at%), while no Xe contamination was detected in the PFIB-prepared sample. Nevertheless, a significantly higher cluster density was observed in the Xe+ PFIB-prepared sample (≈25.0 × 1023 m−3) as compared to the traditionally produced electropolished sample (≈3.2 × 1023 m−3) and the Ga+ FIB sample (≈5.6 × 1023 m−3). Hence, the absence of the ion milling species does not necessarily mean an absence of specimen preparation defects. Specifically, the FIB and PFIB-prepared samples had more Si-rich clusters as compared to electropolished samples, which is indicative of vacancy stabilization via solute clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tweddle
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35405, USA
| | - Jonathan A Johnson
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35405, USA
| | - M Kapoor
- Novelis Global Research & Technology Center, 1950 Vaughn Road, Kennesaw, GA30144, USA
| | - Sean Mileski
- Novelis Global Research & Technology Center, 1950 Vaughn Road, Kennesaw, GA30144, USA
| | - John E Carsley
- Novelis Global Research & Technology Center, 1950 Vaughn Road, Kennesaw, GA30144, USA
| | - Gregory B Thompson
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35405, USA
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Nokhrin A, Shadrina I, Chuvil’deev V, Kopylov V, Berendeev N, Murashov A, Bobrov A, Tabachkova N, Smirnova E, Faddeev M. Investigation of Thermal Stability of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bimetallic Fine-Grained Wires from Al-0.25%Zr-(Sc,Hf) Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2021; 15:185. [PMID: 35009330 PMCID: PMC8745996 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermal stability of composite bimetallic wires from five novel microalloyed aluminum alloys with different contents of alloying elements (Zr, Sc, and Hf) is investigated. The alloy workpieces were obtained by induction-casting in a vacuum, preliminary severe plastic deformation, and annealing providing the formation of a uniform microstructure and the nucleation of stabilizing intermetallide Al3(Zr,Sc,Hf) nanoparticles. The wires of 0.26 mm in diameter were obtained by simultaneous deformation of the Al alloy with Cu shell. The bimetallic wires demonstrated high strength and improved thermal stability. After annealing at 450-500 °C, a uniform fine-grained microstructure formed in the wire (the mean grain sizes in the annealed Al wires are 3-5 μm). An increased hardness and strength due to nucleation of the Al3(Sc,Hf) particles was observed. A diffusion of Cu from the shell into the surface layers of the Al wire was observed when heating up to 400-450 °C. The Cu diffusion depth into the annealed Al wire surfaces reached 30-40 μm. The maximum elongation to failure of the wires (20-30%) was achieved after annealing at 350 °C. The maximum values of microhardness (Hv = 500-520 MPa) and of ultimate strength (σb = 195-235 MPa) after annealing at 500 °C were observed for the wires made from the Al alloys alloyed with 0.05-0.1% Sc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Nokhrin
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (I.S.); (V.C.); (V.K.); (N.B.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Iana Shadrina
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (I.S.); (V.C.); (V.K.); (N.B.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Vladimir Chuvil’deev
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (I.S.); (V.C.); (V.K.); (N.B.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Vladimir Kopylov
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (I.S.); (V.C.); (V.K.); (N.B.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.F.)
- Laboratory of Vacuum Plasma Coating, Physical-Technical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Nikolay Berendeev
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (I.S.); (V.C.); (V.K.); (N.B.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Artem Murashov
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (I.S.); (V.C.); (V.K.); (N.B.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Aleksandr Bobrov
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (I.S.); (V.C.); (V.K.); (N.B.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Nataliya Tabachkova
- Center Collective Use “Materials Science and Metallurgy”, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory “FIANIT”, Laser Materials and Technology Research Center, A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Smirnova
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (I.S.); (V.C.); (V.K.); (N.B.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Mikhail Faddeev
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (I.S.); (V.C.); (V.K.); (N.B.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.F.)
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Gryaznov M, Shotin S, Nokhrin A, Chuvil’deev V, Likhnitskii C, Kopylov V, Chegurov M, Tabachkova N, Shadrina I, Smirnova E, Pirozhnikova O. Investigation of Effect of Preliminary Annealing on Superplasticity of Ultrafine-Grained Conductor Aluminum Alloys Al-0.5%Mg-Sc. Materials (Basel) 2021; 15:176. [PMID: 35009319 PMCID: PMC8746108 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effect of preliminary precipitation of Al3Sc particles on the characteristics of superplastic conductor Al-0.5%Mg-X%Sc (X = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 wt.%) alloys with ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure has been studied. The precipitation of the Al3Sc particles took place during long-time annealing of the alloys at 300 °C. The preliminary annealing was shown to affect the superplasticity characteristics of the UFG Al-0.5%Mg-X%Sc alloys (the elongation to failure, yield stress, dynamic grain growth rate) weakly but to promote more intensive pore formation and to reduce the volume fraction of the recrystallized microstructure in the deformed and non-deformed parts of the aluminum alloy specimens. The dynamic grain growth was shown to go in the deformed specimen material nonuniformly-the maximum volume fraction of the recrystallized microstructure was observed in the regions of the localization of plastic deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gryaznov
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Sergey Shotin
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Aleksey Nokhrin
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Vladimir Chuvil’deev
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Constantine Likhnitskii
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Vladimir Kopylov
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
- Laboratory of Vacuum Plasma Coating, Physical-Technical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Mikhail Chegurov
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Nataliya Tabachkova
- Center Collective Use “Materials Science and Metallurgy”, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory “FIANIT”, Laser Materials and Technology Research Center, A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iana Shadrina
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Elena Smirnova
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Olga Pirozhnikova
- Materials Science Department, Physical-Technical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.); (V.C.); (C.L.); (V.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (E.S.); (O.P.)
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Dobrotă D, Racz SG, Oleksik M, Rotaru I, Tomescu M, Simion CM. Smart Cutting Tools Used in the Processing of Aluminum Alloys. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 22:28. [PMID: 35009571 PMCID: PMC8747178 DOI: 10.3390/s22010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The processing of aluminum alloys in optimal conditions is a problem that has not yet been fully resolved. The research carried out so far has proposed various intelligent tools, but which cannot be used in the presence of cooling-lubricating fluids. The objective of the research carried out in the paper was to design intelligent tools that would allow a control of the vibrations of the tool tip and to determine a better roughness of the processed surfaces. The designed intelligent tools can be used successfully in the processing of aluminum alloys, not being sensitive to coolants-lubricants. In the research, the processing by longitudinal turning of a semi-finished product with a diameter Ø = 55 mm of aluminum alloy A2024-T3510 was considered. Two constructive variants of smart tools were designed, realized, and used, and the obtained results were compared with those registered for the tools in the classic constructive variant. The analysis of vibrations that occur during the cutting process was performed using the following methods: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT); Short-Time Fourier-Transformation (STFT); the analysis of signal of vibrations. A vibration analysis was also performed by modeling using the Finite Element Method (FEM). In the last part of the research, an analysis of the roughness of the processed surfaces, was carried out and a series of diagrams were drawn regarding curved profiles; filtered profiles; Abbott-Firestone curve. Research has shown that the use of smart tools in the proposed construction variants is a solution that can be used in very good conditions for processing aluminum alloys, in the presence of cooling-lubrication fluids.
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