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Hewavitharana P, Schensul S, Lee E, Montez-Rath M, Senarathne S, Liu S, Harold K, Hewapathiranage S, Erandika N, Abeysundara HT, Yu X, Bhalla V, Fire A, Levin A, Anand S, Vlahos P, Chandrajith R, Nanayakkara N. Describing Natural History and Exploring Risk Factors for Kidney Function Decline in Persons With CKD of Uncertain Etiology in Sri Lanka. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:1430-1438. [PMID: 37441476 PMCID: PMC10334401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is a leading cause of death of adults in Sri Lanka's dry region. Methods We initiated the Kidney Progression Project (KiPP) to prospectively follow 292 persons with Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 20 to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 living in a CKDu endemic area. Using data from 3-year follow-up, we assessed kidney function decline (>30% from baseline eGFR), and the composite outcome of >30% eGFR decline, eGFR <15 ml/min or death, and explored the association of the 2 outcomes with baseline demographic, residential, and clinical parameters accounting for baseline eGFR. Results Median eGFR at enrollment was 28 ml/min among 71 women; 30 ml/min among 221 men; 91% to 99% had trace or no proteinuria during follow-up. At enrollment, median serum sodium, uric acid, and potassium were 143 mmol/l, 6.3 mg/dl, 4.5 meq/l, respectively among women; and 143 mmol/l, 6.9 mg/dl, 4.3 meq/l among men. Mean slope of eGFR decline was -0.5 (SD 4.9) ml/min/yr. In exploratory analyses, men with greater years of education and those living in northern region of the study area experienced lower likelihood of disease progression (hazard ratios [HR] 0.87 [0.77-0.98] per additional year and 0.33 [0.12-0.89] for northern versus other subregions, respectively). There was a suggestion that men drinking well water had higher likelihood and men living further away from reservoirs had lower likelihood of >30% decline in eGFR (HR 2.07 [0.95-4.49] for drinking well water versus not, and HR 0.58 [0.32-1.05] per kilometer distance, respectively). Conclusions The overall rate of kidney function decline was slow in this CKDu cohort, similar to other nonalbuminuric CKD, and event rates were similar among men and women. Further etiologic investigations could focus on specific residence locale and water use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasan Hewavitharana
- Center for Research, National Hospital Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Stephen Schensul
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Edison Lee
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Maria Montez-Rath
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Sachintha Senarathne
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Sai Liu
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Kaitlin Harold
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | | | - Hemalika T.K. Abeysundara
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Xue Yu
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Vivek Bhalla
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Andrew Fire
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shuchi Anand
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Penny Vlahos
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rohana Chandrajith
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Nishantha Nanayakkara
- Center for Research, National Hospital Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Unit, National Hospital Kandy, Sri Lanka
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Lin Y, Heng S, Anand S, Deshpande SK, Small DS. Hemoglobin Levels Among Male Agricultural Workers: Analyses From the Demographic and Health Surveys to Investigate a Marker for Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:e805-e810. [PMID: 36472566 PMCID: PMC9731347 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimate agricultural work's effect on hemoglobin (Hgb) level in men. A negative effect may indicate presence of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology. METHODS We use Demographic and Health Surveys data from seven African and Asian countries and use matching to control for seven confounders. RESULTS On average, Hgb levels were 0.09 g/dL lower among agricultural workers compared with matched controls. Significant effects were observed in Ethiopia, India, Lesotho, and Senegal, with effects from 0.07 to 0.30 g/dL lower Hgb level among agricultural workers. The findings were robust to multiple control groups and a modest amount of unmeasured confounding. CONCLUSIONS Men engaged in agricultural work in four of the seven countries studied have modestly lower Hgb levels. Our data support integrating kidney function assessments within Demographic and Health Surveys and other population-based surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Lin
- From the Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Mr Lin); Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York (Dr Heng); Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (Dr Anand); Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (Dr Deshpande); Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Dr Small)
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John O, Gummudi B, Jha A, Gopalakrishnan N, Kalra OP, Kaur P, Kher V, Kumar V, Machiraju RS, Osborne N, Palo SK, Parameswaran S, Pati S, Prasad N, Rathore V, Rajapurkar MM, Sahay M, Tatapudi RR, Thakur JS, Venugopal V, Jha V. Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in India: What Do We Know and Where We Need to Go. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:2743-2751. [PMID: 34805627 PMCID: PMC8589686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) not associated with known risk factors has been reported from parts of India and is presumed to be similar to CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) that has been described from Central America. The reports from India have been fragmented without clear description of the disease phenotype or its determinants. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge around CKDu in India based on a review of literature, multi-stakeholder consultation, and a survey of Indian nephrologists. We also contacted individual research groups to solicit data. Our findings suggest that that CKDu is reported from most regions in India; however, it is interpreted differently from the phenotype described from Central America and Sri Lanka. The differences include lack of a clear demographic or occupation group, older age of affected participants, and presence of mild hypertension and low-grade proteinuria. Well-designed prospective field studies with appropriate diagnostic workup are needed to establish the disease burden and identify etiologies, along with socioeconomic and health consequences, the intersection with the environment, and the public health response. Community-based research should phenotype the entire CKD population rather than be restricted to cases with presumed CKDu based on predefined criteria. Guidelines are needed for clinical evaluation, referral, management, and harmonization of clinical documentation and health records. More data are needed to support the existence of a unique CKDu phenotype in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oommen John
- George Institute for Global Health India, UNSW, New Delhi, India.,Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Balaji Gummudi
- George Institute for Global Health India, UNSW, New Delhi, India.,Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anubhuti Jha
- George Institute for Global Health India, UNSW, New Delhi, India.,Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Om P Kalra
- Pt BD Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | | | - Vijay Kher
- Medanta Kidney & Urology Institute, Medanta the Medicity, Gurugram, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Nicolas Osborne
- School of Public Health University of Queensland Herston Australia.,School of Population Health University of New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Sreejith Parameswaran
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Narayan Prasad
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinay Rathore
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India
| | | | - Manisha Sahay
- Department of Nephrology, Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Jarnail S Thakur
- School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vidhya Venugopal
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Vivekanand Jha
- George Institute for Global Health India, UNSW, New Delhi, India.,Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
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Gunawardena S, Dayaratne M, Wijesinghe H, Wijewickrama E. A Systematic Review of Renal Pathology in Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:1711-1728. [PMID: 34169213 PMCID: PMC8207327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite much research on chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka and the Mesoamerican nephropathy, the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease remains elusive. The pathology has broadly been described as chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and no specific signature lesions have been identified. METHODS A scoping review was conducted through MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases for peer-reviewed publications on biopsy studies related to CKDu - Sri Lanka and Mesoamerican nephropathy to develop a comparative and critical analysis of the renal pathology found in these patients. RESULTS Thirteen studies met the selection criteria. Interstitial fibrosis was the predominant lesion in all the studies. Tubulointerstitial and glomerular abnormalities showed a more variable distribution. No characteristic histopathological feature was reported other than a proximal tubular lysosomal inclusion body which was claimed to indicate a toxic etiology. Three main pathogenetic mechanisms were postulated: repeated acute insults leading to scarring, low-grade chronic insults leading to non-inflammatory fibrosis, and tubulointerstitial damage in combination with glomerular injury. The main limitations in the interpretation and comparative analysis of these studies were the heterogeneity in case selection and biopsy reporting. CONCLUSIONS Although no characteristic histopathological feature could be found in CKDu-Sri Lanka or Mesoamerican nephropathy, there are noticeable differences between these two groups in the frequency and severity of the glomerular and tubulointerstitial changes which warrant more explorative studies preferably on kidneys in early stages of the disease. Future strategies should ensure that more uniform selection criteria and reporting methods are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Gunawardena
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Maleesha Dayaratne
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Harshima Wijesinghe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Eranga Wijewickrama
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Abeywickrama HM, Wimalasiri S, Koyama Y, Uchiyama M, Shimizu U, Kakihara N, Chandrajith R, Nanayakkara N. Quality of Life and Symptom Burden among Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology (CKDu) Patients in Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E4041. [PMID: 32517110 PMCID: PMC7312904 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Symptom burden and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) are important predictors of how a disease affects patients' lives, especially for endemic health problems such as chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu). Our study describes symptom burden, HRQOL, and associated demographic and clinical variables in CKDu patients in the Girandurukotte area, Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study included 120 CKDu patients attending the renal clinic in the endemic area. The instruments applied were the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form (KDQOL-SFTM) version 1.3 and CKD Symptom Index-Sri Lanka. Socio-demographic, disease-related, and anthropometric variables were also investigated. The mean age of patients was 61.87 (SD 11.31), while 69.2% were male. The mean glomerular filtration rate was 28.17 (SD 14.03) mL/min/1.73 min2, and 70.8% were anemic. Bone/joint pain was the most experienced symptom while the median number of symptoms reported by patients was 5 (IQR 3-7). The mean symptom burden, physical component summary, mental component summary, and kidney-disease-specific component scores were 12.71 (SD 10.45), 68.63 (SD 19.58), 78.53 (SD 18.78), and 81.57 (SD 5.86), respectively. Age was found to be a significant predictor of HRQOL, while hemoglobin level and being a farmer were significant predictors of symptom burden. Our data indicate that CKDu patients in all stages experience at least one symptom affecting all aspects of HRQOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansani Madushika Abeywickrama
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, 2-746, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (M.U.); (U.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Swarna Wimalasiri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka;
| | - Yu Koyama
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, 2-746, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (M.U.); (U.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Mieko Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, 2-746, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (M.U.); (U.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Utako Shimizu
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, 2-746, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (M.U.); (U.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Nahoko Kakihara
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, 2-746, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8518, Japan; (M.U.); (U.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Rohana Chandrajith
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka;
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Fernando BN, Alli-Shaik A, Hemage RK, Badurdeen Z, Hettiarachchi TW, Abeysundara HT, Abeysekara TD, Wazil A, Rathnayake S, Gunaratne J, Nanayakkara N. Pilot Study of Renal Urinary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of CKD of Uncertain Etiology. Kidney Int Rep 2019; 4:1401-1411. [PMID: 31701049 PMCID: PMC6829189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu), an emerging chronic kidney disease (CKD) subtype, contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in certain tropical countries. Although several indicators of CKDu have been previously suggested, sensitive and specific tests to detect early disease or predict disease progression are currently unavailable. This study focused on evaluating 8 renal urinary markers, namely neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM1), cystatin C (CST3), beta 2 microglobulin (B2M), osteopontin (OPN), alpha 1 microglobulin (A1M), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), with the hypothesis that these have distinct expression patterns in patients with CKDu. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 5 study groups comprising subjects from CKDu, endemic CKD, nonendemic CKD, and endemic healthy and nonendemic healthy controls. The urinary levels of the 8 selected renal biomarkers were quantified using multiplex biomarker assay, and the data were subjected to systematic analysis using logistic regression algorithm aiming to extract the best marker combination that could distinctly identify the disease groups noninvasively from the healthy controls. Results A 3-marker signature panel comprising A1M, KIM1, and RBP4 was identified to represent the best minimum marker combination for differentiating all CKD categories, including CKDu, from healthy controls with an overall sensitivity of ≥0.867 and specificity ≥0.765. The marker combination comprising OPN, KIM1, and RBP4 showed high predictive performance for distinguishing patients with CKDu from patients with CKD with both sensitivity and specificity ≥0.93, which was superior to any existing noninvasive indicator. Conclusion In all, our systematic evaluation of urinary markers previously linked to CKD, in general, allowed identification of exclusive marker panel combination for early diagnosis and confirmation of CKDu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhi N.T.W. Fernando
- Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Rusiru K.D. Hemage
- Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Zeid Badurdeen
- Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini W. Hettiarachchi
- Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hemalika T.K. Abeysundara
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilak D.J. Abeysekara
- Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Abdul Wazil
- Transplant and Dialysis Unit, Teaching Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nishantha Nanayakkara
- Transplant and Dialysis Unit, Teaching Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence: Nishantha Nanayakkara, Transplant and Dialysis Unit, Teaching Hospital, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
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