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Egorova A, Shelenkov A, Kuleshov K, Kulikova N, Chernyshkov A, Manzeniuk I, Mikhaylova Y, Akimkin V. Plasmid Composition, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes Profiles of Ciprofloxacin- and Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant Foodborne Salmonella enterica Isolates from Russia. Microorganisms 2023; 11. [PMID: 36838312 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide. Ciprofloxacin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins are the common first-line antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of salmonellosis, antimicrobial resistance genes for which are mostly transferred via plasmids. The goal of this work was to perform genomic analysis of plasmids from foodborne S. enterica isolates obtained in Russia based on whole-genome sequencing. In the current study, 11 multidrug-resistant samples isolated in 2021 from 8 regions of Russia were selected based on their resistance to ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins (CIP-3rd). Whole-genome short-read sequencing (WGS) was performed for all isolates; the samples belonged to five different sequence types (ST32, ST469, ST11, ST142, and ST548) which had different profiles of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence genes. We have performed additional long-read sequencing of four representative S. enterica isolates, which showed that they carried pESI-like megaplasmids of 202-280 kb length harboring extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes, fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, and aminoglycosides resistance genes, as well as several virulence determinants. We believe that the WGS data obtained will greatly facilitate further studies of foodborne S. enterica isolates epidemiology in terms of their self-transmissible plasmid composition that mediated antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants conferring selective advantages of this important bacterial pathogen.
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Liu Q, Yin L, Lv C, Bai F, Cheng Z, Wu W, Jin Y. Parallel Evolution to Elucidate the Contributions of PA0625 and parE to Ciprofloxacin Sensitivity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microorganisms 2022; 11:13. [PMID: 36677304 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes a wide range of acute and chronic infections. Ciprofloxacin, one of the first-line fluoroquinolone class antibiotics, is commonly used for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. However, ciprofloxacin-resistant P. aeruginosa is increasingly reported worldwide, making treatment difficult. To determine resistance-related mutations, we conducted an experimental evolution using a previously identified ciprofloxacin-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolate, CRP42. The evolved mutants could tolerate a 512-fold higher concentration of ciprofloxacin than CRP42. Genomic DNA reference mapping was performed, which revealed mutations in genes known to be associated with ciprofloxacin resistance as well as in those not previously linked to ciprofloxacin resistance, including the ParER586W substitution and PA0625 frameshift insertion. Simulation of the ParER586W substitution and PA0625 frameshift insertion by gene editing in CRP42 and the model strain PAO1 demonstrated that while the PA0625 mutation does contribute to resistance, mutation in the ParER586W does not contribute to resistance but rather affects tolerance against ciprofloxacin. These findings advance our understanding of ciprofloxacin resistance in P. aeruginosa.
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Biggel M, Horlbog J, Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Chattaway MA, Stephan R. Epidemiological links and antimicrobial resistance of clinical Salmonella enterica ST198 isolates: a nationwide microbial population genomic study in Switzerland. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000877. [PMID: 36301086 PMCID: PMC9676052 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne outbreaks and systemic infections worldwide. Emerging multi-drug resistant Salmonella lineages such as a ciprofloxacin-resistant subclade (CIPR) within Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198 threaten the effective prevention and treatment of infections. To understand the genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance gene content associated with S. Kentucky in Switzerland, we whole-genome sequenced 70 human clinical isolates obtained between 2010 and 2020. Most isolates belonged to ST198-CIPR. High- and low-level ciprofloxacin resistance among CIPR isolates was associated with variable mutations in ramR and acrB in combination with stable mutations in quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs). Analysis of isolates from patients with prolonged ST198 colonization indicated subclonal adaptions with the ramR locus as a mutational hotspot. SNP analyses identified multiple clusters of near-identical isolates, which were often associated with travel but included spatiotemporally linked isolates from Switzerland. The largest SNP cluster was associated with travellers returning from Indonesia, and investigation of global data linked >60 additional ST198 salmonellosis isolates to this cluster. Our results emphasize the urgent need for implementing whole-genome sequencing as a routine tool for Salmonella surveillance and outbreak detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Biggel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jule Horlbog
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- National Reference Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Listeria (NENT), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Saito R, Nakajima J, Prah I, Morita M, Mahazu S, Ota Y, Kobayashi A, Tohda S, Kamiya H, Takahashi H, Ohnishi M. Penicillin- and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Invasive Neisseria meningitidis Isolates from Japan. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0062722. [PMID: 35467371 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00627-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis causes a life-threatening invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). Isolates resistant to antibiotics, such as penicillin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin that are recommended for the treatment of IMD patients and their close contacts have been serious public health concerns globally. However, susceptibility profiles to critically important antibiotics and the genetic characteristics of isolates possessing antibiotic resistance are extremely limited as IMD incidence is low in Japan. We assessed the susceptibility profiles of 87 randomly selected, sterile site-derived N. meningitidis strains isolated from hospitals nationwide, recovered between April 1998 and March 2018 in Japan, to seven antibiotics. As a result, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the isolates remained highly susceptible to ceftriaxone, meropenem, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and rifampin, but not to penicillin. We then characterized the genetic relatedness of six penicillin- and/or ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates obtained in this study with global 112 genomes using core-genome phylogenetic analysis. These results provide the first evidence that invasive lineages such as a penicillin-resistant serogroup W, sequence type (ST)-11 clonal complex (CC), and a ciprofloxacin-resistant serogroup B/C, ST-4821 CC that is considered as a global threat, have been sporadically identified in Japan. Our findings highlight the need to monitor antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of N. meningitidis, thereby preventing the spread of antibiotic-resistant invasive lineages and maintaining effective treatment for IMD patients and their close contacts. IMPORTANCE Although antibiotics such as penicillin and ceftriaxone can treat invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant Neisseria meningitidis have become a global concern. To provide effective treatment, including chemoprophylaxis to IMD patients and their close contacts, we highlighted the importance of recognizing the antibiotic resistance and genetic features of N. meningitidis isolates.
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Wang C, Wang Z, Wang HY, Chung CR, Horng JT, Lu JJ, Lee TY. Large-Scale Samples Based Rapid Detection of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Machine Learning Methods. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:827451. [PMID: 35356528 PMCID: PMC8959214 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.827451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of hospital- and community-acquired pneumoniae. Resistance to the extensively used quinolone antibiotic, such as ciprofloxacin, has increased in Klebsiella pneumoniae, which leads to the increase in the risk of initial antibiotic selection for Klebsiella pneumoniae treatment. Rapid and precise identification of ciprofloxacin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CIRKP) is essential for clinical therapy. Nowadays, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is another approach to discover antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to its shorter inspection time and lower cost than other current methods. Machine learning methods are introduced to assist in discovering significant biomarkers from MALDI-TOF MS data and construct prediction models for rapid antibiotic resistance identification. This study examined 16,997 samples taken from June 2013 to February 2018 as part of a longitudinal investigation done by Change Gung Memorial Hospitals (CGMH) at the Linkou branch. We applied traditional statistical approaches to identify significant biomarkers, and then a comparison was made between high-importance features in machine learning models and statistically selected features. Large-scale data guaranteed the statistical power of selected biomarkers. Besides, clustering analysis analyzed suspicious sub-strains to provide potential information about their influences on antibiotic resistance identification performance. For modeling, to simulate the real antibiotic resistance predicting challenges, we included basic information about patients and the types of specimen carriers into the model construction process and separated the training and testing sets by time. Final performance reached an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.89 for support vector machine (SVM) and extreme gradient boosting (XGB) models. Also, logistic regression and random forest models both achieved AUC around 0.85. In conclusion, models provide sensitive forecasts of CIRKP, which may aid in early antibiotic selection against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The suspicious sub-strains could affect the model performance. Further works could keep on searching for methods to improve both the model accuracy and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxuan Wang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hsin-Yao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ru Chung
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jorng-Tzong Horng
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Cepec E, Trček J. Antimicrobial Resistance of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter Species Originating from Vinegars. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:463. [PMID: 35010733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Consumers' preference towards healthy and novel foods dictates the production of organic unfiltered bottled vinegar that still contains acetic acid bacteria. After ingesting vinegar, the bacteria come into close contact with the human microbiota, creating the possibility of horizontal gene transfer, including genetic determinants for antibiotic resistance. Due to the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), we analyzed the AMR of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter species originating mainly from vinegars. Six antibiotics from different structural groups and mechanisms of action were selected for testing. The AMR was assessed with the disk diffusion method using various growth media. Although the number of resistant strains differed among the growth media, 97.4%, 74.4%, 56.4%, and 33.3% of strains were resistant to trimethoprim, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, respectively, on all three media. Moreover, 17.9% and 53.8% of all strains were resistant to four and three antibiotics of different antimicrobial classes, respectively. We then looked for antimicrobial resistance genes in the genome sequences of the reference strains. The most common genetic determinant potentially involved in AMR encodes an efflux pump. Since these genes pass through the gastrointestinal tract and may be transferred to human microbiota, further experiments are needed to analyze the probability of this scenario in more detail.
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Zhang H, Song T, Qin C, Xu H, Qiao M. A Novel Non-Coding RNA CsiR Regulates the Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Proteus vulgaris by Interacting with emrB mRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10627. [PMID: 34638966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important regulatory roles in various physiological metabolic pathways. In this study, a novel ncRNA CsiR (ciprofloxacin stress-induced ncRNA) involved in the regulation of ciprofloxacin resistance in the foodborne multidrug-resistant Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) strain P3M was identified. The survival rate of the CsiR-deficient strain was higher than that of the wild-type strain P3M under the ciprofloxacin treatment condition, indicating that CsiR played a negative regulatory role, and its target gene emrB was identified through further target prediction, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and microscale thermophoresis (MST). Further studies showed that the interaction between CsiR and emrB mRNA affected the stability of the latter at the post-transcriptional level to a large degree, and ultimately affected the ciprofloxacin resistance of P3M. Notably, the base-pairing sites between CsiR and emrB mRNAs were highly conserved in other sequenced P. vulgaris strains, suggesting that this regulatory mechanism may be ubiquitous in this species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first identification of a novel ncRNA involved in the regulation of ciprofloxacin resistance in P. vulgaris species, which lays a solid foundation for comprehensively expounding the antibiotic resistance mechanism of P. vulgaris.
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Mothibi LM, Bosman NN, Nana T. Fosfomycin susceptibility of uropathogens at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital. S Afr J Infect Dis 2021; 35:173. [PMID: 34485478 PMCID: PMC8377994 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v35i1.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant uropathogens are becoming widespread both in community and hospital setting. Safe yet effective treatments are a priority. Fosfomycin is an antibacterial that displays good activity against most bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), including multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate fosfomycin susceptibility for uropathogens isolated from a microbiology laboratory at a tertiary academic hospital. In addition, this was compared to the susceptibility of other oral antimicrobials. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of laboratory reports for uropathogens isolated at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital from September 2015 to August 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method or the Vitek® 2 system according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results Overall susceptibility of fosfomycin for the 4700 Enterobacteriaceae isolates was 95.7%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 95.1–96.2. The overall susceptibility for fosfomycin against the gram-positives was 98.6%. There were 37.9% multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDRE) isolated during the study period. Fosfomycin displayed activity against 94.4% of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers and 90.7% for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). None of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates tested was fosfomycin resistant. The overall in vitro susceptibility was significantly higher for fosfomycin (p = 0.0001) compared to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalexin, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and nitrofurantoin. Conclusion This study confirmed the high susceptibility of fosfomycin against UTI pathogens isolated at our institution. In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, fosfomycin represents a potential option for the treatment of UTIs at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesego M Mothibi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Services, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Norma N Bosman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Services, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Trusha Nana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Services, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Su YB, Kuang SF, Ye JZ, Tao JJ, Li H, Peng XX, Peng B. Enhanced Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids Is Associated with the Acquisition of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Edwardsiella tarda. mSystems 2021; 6:e0069421. [PMID: 34427511 DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00694-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Misuse and overuse of antibiotics drive the selection and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Although genetic mutations have been well defined for different types of antibiotic resistance, ways to revert antibiotic resistance are largely unexplored. Here, we adopted a proteomics approach to investigate the mechanism underlying ciprofloxacin resistance in Edwardsiella tarda, a representative pathogen that infects both economic animal species and human beings. By comparing the protein expression profiles of ciprofloxacin-sensitive and -resistant E. tarda, a total of 233 proteins of differential abundance were identified, where 53 proteins belong to the functional categories of metabolism, featuring a disrupted pyruvate cycle and decreased energy metabolism but increased fatty acid biosynthesis. The altered pyruvate cycle and energy metabolism were confirmed by gene expression and biochemical assays. Furthermore, the role of fatty acid biosynthesis and quinolone resistance were explored. The expression level and enzymatic activity of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase, the first step of fatty acid biosynthesis, were increased in ciprofloxacin-resistant E. tarda. Treatment of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. tarda with acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase II inhibitors, 2-aminooxazole and triclosan, respectively, reduced the expression of fatty acid biosynthesis and promoted quinolone-mediated killing efficacy to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Similar results were obtained in clinically isolated E. tarda strains. Our study suggests that energy metabolism has been reprogramed in ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria that favor the biosynthesis of fatty acid, presenting a novel target to tackle antibiotic-resistant bacteria. IMPORTANCEEdwardsiella tarda is the causative agent of edwardsiellosis, which imposes huge challenges on clinics and aquaculture. Due to the overuse of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant E. tarda threaten human health and animal farming. However, the mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in E. tarda is still lacking. Here, iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)-based proteomics was performed to identify a differential proteome between ciprofloxacin-sensitive and -resistant E. tarda. The fluctuated pyruvate cycle and reduced energy metabolism and elevated fatty acid biosynthesis are metabolic signatures of ciprofloxacin resistance. Moreover, inhibition of biosynthesis of fatty acids promotes quinolone-mediated killing efficacy in both lab-evolved and clinically isolated strains. This study reveals that a ciprofloxacin resistance mechanism is mediated by the elevated biosynthesis of fatty acids and the depressed pyruvate metabolism and energy metabolism in E. tarda. These findings provide a novel understanding for the ciprofloxacin resistance mechanism in E. tarda.
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Rodrigues JA, Cha W, Mosci RE, Mukherjee S, Newton DW, Lephart P, Salimnia H, Khalife W, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Epidemiologic Associations Vary Between Tetracycline and Fluoroquinolone Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Infections. Front Public Health 2021; 9:672473. [PMID: 34262891 PMCID: PMC8273344 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.672473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and antibiotic resistant C. jejuni are a serious threat to public health. Herein, we sought to evaluate trends in C. jejuni infections, quantify resistance frequencies, and identify epidemiological factors associated with infection. Campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 214) were collected from patients via an active surveillance system at four metropolitan hospitals in Michigan between 2011 and 2014. The minimum inhibitory concentration for nine antibiotics was determined using microbroth dilution, while demographic and clinical data were used for the univariate and multivariate analyses. Over the 4-year period, a significant increase in the recovery of C. jejuni was observed (p ≤ 0.0001). Differences in infection rates were observed by hospital and several factors were linked to more severe disease. Patients residing in urban areas, for instance, were significantly more likely to be hospitalized than rural residents as were patients over 40 years of age and those self-identifying as non-White, highlighting potential disparities in disease outcomes. Among the 214 C. jejuni isolates, 135 (63.1%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Resistance was observed for all nine antibiotics tested yielding 11 distinct resistance phenotypes. Tetracycline resistance predominated (n = 120; 56.1%) followed by resistance to ciprofloxacin (n = 49; 22.9%), which increased from 15.6% in 2011 to 25.0% in 2014. Resistance to two antibiotic classes was observed in 38 (17.8%) isolates, while multidrug resistance, or resistance to three or more classes, was observed in four (1.9%). Notably, patients with ciprofloxacin resistant infections were more likely to report traveling in the past month (Odds Ratio (OR): 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37, 6.68) and international travel (OR: 9.8; 95% CI: 3.69, 26.09). Relative to patients with only tetracycline resistant infections, those with ciprofloxacin resistance were more likely to travel internationally, be hospitalized and have an infection during the fall or summer. Together, these findings show increasing rates of infection and resistance and highlight specific factors that impact both outcomes. Enhancing understanding of factors linked to C. jejuni resistance and more severe infections is critical for disease prevention, particularly since many clinical laboratories have switched to the use of culture-independent tests for the detection of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Wonhee Cha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebekah E. Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Duane W. Newton
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Lephart
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Walid Khalife
- Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - James T. Rudrik
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Rehman A, Jeukens J, Levesque RC, Lamont IL. Gene-Gene Interactions Dictate Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Facilitate Prediction of Resistance Phenotype from Genome Sequence Data. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0269620. [PMID: 33875431 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02696-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is one of the most widely used antibiotics for treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. However, P. aeruginosa acquires mutations that confer ciprofloxacin resistance, making treatment more difficult. Resistance is multifactorial, with mutations in multiple genes influencing the resistance phenotype. However, the contributions of individual mutations and mutation combinations to the amounts of ciprofloxacin that P. aeruginosa can tolerate are not well understood. Engineering P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 to contain mutations in any one of the resistance-associated genes gyrA, nfxB, rnfC, parC, and parE showed that only gyrA mutations increased the MIC for ciprofloxacin. Mutations in parC and parE increased the MIC of a gyrA mutant, making the bacteria ciprofloxacin resistant. Mutations in nfxB and rnfC increased the MIC, conferring resistance, only if both were mutated in a gyrA background. Mutations in all of gyrA, nfxB, rnfC, and parC/E further increased the MIC. These findings reveal an epistatic network of gene-gene interactions in ciprofloxacin resistance. We used this information to predict ciprofloxacin resistance/susceptibility for 274 isolates of P. aeruginosa from their genome sequences. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were predicted correctly for 84% of the isolates. The majority of isolates for which prediction was unsuccessful were ciprofloxacin resistant, demonstrating the involvement of additional as yet unidentified genes and mutations in resistance. Our data show that gene-gene interactions can play an important role in antibiotic resistance and can be successfully incorporated into models predicting resistance phenotype.
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Vică ML, Glevitzky I, Glevitzky M, Siserman CV, Matei HV, Teodoru CA. Antibacterial Activity of Propolis Extracts from the Central Region of Romania against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060689. [PMID: 34201299 PMCID: PMC8226552 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common infections worldwide, many of these being caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). Increased antimicrobial NG resistance has been reported in recent decades, highlighting the need for new sources of natural compounds with valuable antimicrobial activity. This study aims to determine the effect of propolis extracts on NG strains, including antibiotic-resistant strains. (2) Methods: First void urine samples from presumed positive STI subjects were harvested. DNA was extracted, purified, and amplified via PCR for the simultaneous detection of 6 STIs. The presence of the dcmH, gyrA, and parC genes was checked in the DNA samples from NG-positive patients. The antimicrobial activity of 5 aqueous propolis extracts from central Romania was investigated in vitro against some isolated NG strains. ANOVA tests were employed to assess differences and interactions between the inhibition zone for NG strains and propolis extracts. (3) Results: 7.07% of the patients presented NG infections, some strains being resistant or intermediate-resistant to ciprofloxacin. All propolis samples exhibited an antibacterial effect, including on resistant strains. (4) Conclusions: Statistical analysis demonstrated that the diameter of the inhibition zone was influenced both by the NG strain type and the source of the propolis extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Laura Vică
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioana Glevitzky
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Engineering, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550025 Sibiu, Romania;
| | - Mirel Glevitzky
- Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, “1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania;
| | - Costel Vasile Siserman
- Department of Legal Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Horea Vladi Matei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-741-155-487
| | - Cosmin Adrian Teodoru
- Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University, 550002 Sibiu, Romania;
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Hänel I, Müller E, Santamarina BG, Tomaso H, Hotzel H, Busch A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genomic Analysis of Aliarcobacter cibarius and Aliarcobacter thereius, Two Rarely Detected Aliarcobacter Species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:532989. [PMID: 33816322 PMCID: PMC8010192 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.532989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aliarcobacter cibarius and Aliarcobacter thereius are two rarely detected Aliarcobacter species. In the study, we analyzed the antimicrobial susceptibility and provide detailed insights into the genotype and phylogeny of both species using whole-genome sequencing. Thermophilic Campylobacter species are the most common bacterial foodborne pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. The genus Aliarcobacter is part of the Campylobacteraceae family and includes the species Aliarcobacter butzleri, Aliarcobacter cryaerophilus, Aliarcobacter skirrowii, and the rarely described Aliarcobacter cibarius, Aliarcobacter faecis, Aliarcobacter lanthieri, Aliarcobacter thereius, and Acrobarter trophiarum. Aliarcobacter are emergent enteropathogens and potential zoonotic agents. Here, we generated, analyzed, and characterized whole-genome sequences of Aliarcobacter cibarius and Aliarcobacter thereius. They were isolated from water poultry farms in Germany, cultured and identified by MALDI-TOF MS. With PCR the identity was verified. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out with erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, tetracycline, gentamicin, streptomycin, ampicillin, and cefotaxime using the gradient strip method (E-test). Whole-genome sequences were generated including those of reference strains. Complete genomes for six selected strains are reported. These provide detailed insights into the genotype. With these, we predicted in silico known AMR genes, virulence-associated genes, and plasmid replicons. Phenotypic analysis of resistance showed differences between the presence of resistance genes and the prediction of phenotypic resistance profiles. In Aliarcobacter butzleri, the nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene (DQ464331) can show a signature mutation resulting in an amino acid change T85>I. Acrobarter cibarius and Acrobarter thereius showed the same gene as assessed by similarity annotation of the mutations 254C>G. Most of the isolates were found to be sensitive to ciprofloxacin. The ciprofloxacin-resistant Aliarcobacter thereius isolate was associated with the amino acid change T85>I. But this was not predicted with antibiotic resistance databases, before. Ultimately, a phylogenetic analysis was done to facilitate in future outbreak analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hänel
- IBIZ, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Müller
- IBIZ, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Hotzel
- IBIZ, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Busch
- IBIZ, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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Xu C, Liu H, Pan X, Ma Z, Wang D, Zhang X, Zhu G, Bai F, Cheng Z, Wu W, Jin Y. Mechanisms for Development of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in a Clinical Isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:598291. [PMID: 33488544 PMCID: PMC7819972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.598291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is difficult due to its high intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance. Upon colonization in the human hosts, P. aeruginosa accumulates genetic mutations that confer the bacterium antibiotic resistance and ability to better live in the host environment. Characterizing the evolutionary traits would provide important insights into the development of effective combinatory antibiotic therapies to cure P. aeruginosa infections. In this work, we performed a detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which a clinical isolate (CSP18) yields a ciprofloxacin-resistant derivative (CRP42). Genomic DNA re-sequencing and RNAseq were carried out to compare the genomic mutational signature and transcriptional profiles between the two isolates. The results indicated that D87G mutation in GyrA, together with MexEF-OprN hyper-expression caused by F7S mutation in MexS, was responsible for the increased resistance to ciprofloxacin in the isolate CRP42. Further simulation of CRP42 by gene editing in CSP18 demonstrated that D87G mutation in GyrA rendered CSP18 a fourfold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration against ciprofloxacin, while F7S mutation in MexS conferred an additional eightfold increase. Our experimental results demonstrate for the first time that the clinically relevant F7S point mutation in MexS results in hyper-expression of the mexEF-oprN and thus confers P. aeruginosa resistance to ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangbo Zhu
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongxin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Alharbi NA, Alsaeed TS, Aljohany AS, Alwehaibi KK, Almasaad MA, Alotaibi RM, Alotaibi BJ, Alamoudi EA. Extra-intestinal Salmonellosis in a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia. Sudan J Paediatr 2021; 21:152-161. [PMID: 35221427 PMCID: PMC8879349 DOI: 10.24911/sjp.106-1594309379_sjp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Salmonella infection is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality if not treated properly. It has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics. These developments are concerning. This study sought to observe common patterns of invasive Salmonella infections, such as the common serotypes involved, presentation, sensitive investigations, and effective treatment. This study also aimed to examine the risk factors that can worsen the infection and increase morbidity and mortality. Methodology: This retrospective analysis included all patients who were diagnosed with invasive Salmonella infection at King Khalid University Hospital from May 2017 to December 2018. Most patients in this report were immunocompromised; however, a few previously healthy patients. Different types of specimens were collected. Twenty-two patients with invasive Salmonella were included in this study. Results: Sixteen of them had underlying conditions. The most common presenting symptoms of illness were fever (n = 13), vomiting (n = 6), and diarrhea (n = 4). Most blood samples (94%) were positive for Salmonella. All patients were discharged except three who died; these were all older patients with comorbidities. Although four different antimicrobial resistance patterns were noticed in this study, ciprofloxacin was the highest significant percentage (62.5%). Of five patients initially treated with ciprofloxacin, three of them expressed resistance to this antibiotic. Conclusion: The findings of this study support that immunocompromised patients and people with extreme ages are more likely to have serious medical illnesses and at higher risk of infection with Salmonella spp. Therefore, this study emphasises the importance of antimicrobial judicious utilisation. Tackling the escalating antibiotic resistance could be approached by implementing advanced public education levels to maintain high standards of food and water safety. Moreover, the urge to investigating newer drugs against Salmonella with an acceptable safety profile is a cornerstone to attenuate the rapidly acquired bacterial resistance precisely for those who are immunocompromised. Furthermore, predicting the mortality, morbidity and the clinical response is feasible according to the patient parameters and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. Alharbi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir S. Alsaeed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa S. Aljohany
- College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulood K. Alwehaibi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munira A. Almasaad
- College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan M. Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basil J. Alotaibi
- Pharm.D. student, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtihal A. Alamoudi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella has increased dramatically in the past decade. To track the evolutionary trend of ciprofloxacin resistance-encoding genetic elements during this period, we surveyed the prevalence of Salmonella in food products in Shenzhen, China, during the period of 2012 to 2017 and performed whole-genome sequencing and genetic analysis of 566 ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical Salmonella strains collected during this survey. We observed that target gene mutations have become much less common, with single gyrA mutation currently detectable in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium only. Multiple plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes located in the chromosome and plasmids are now frequently detectable in ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella strains of various serotypes. Among them, the qnrS1 gene was often harbored by multiple plasmids, with p10k-like plasmids being the most dominant. Importantly, p10k-like plasmids initially were not conjugative but became transmissible with the help of a helper plasmid. Ciprofloxacin resistance due to combined effect of carriage of the qnrS1 gene and other resistance mechanisms is common. In S Typhimurium, carriage of qnrS1 is often associated with a single gyrA mutation; in other serotypes, combination of qnrS1 and other PMQR genes located in the chromosomal fragment or plasmid is observed. Another major mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance, mainly observable in S Derby, involves a chromosomal fragment harboring the qnrS2-aac(6')lb-cr-oqxAB elements. Intriguingly, this chromosomal fragment, flanked by IS26, could form a circular intermediate and became transferrable. To conclude, the increase in the incidence of various PMQR mobile genetic elements and their interactions with other resistance mechanism contribute to a sharp increase in the prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical Salmonella strains in recent years.IMPORTANCE Resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella to fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin is known to be mediated by target mutations. This study surveyed the prevalence of Salmonella strains recovered from 2,989 food products in Shenzhen, China, during the period 2012 to 2017 and characterized the genetic features of several PMQR gene-bearing plasmids and ciprofloxacin resistance-encoding DNA fragments. The emergence of such genetic elements has caused a shift in the genetic location of ciprofloxacin resistance determinants from the chromosomal mutations to various mobile genetic elements. The distribution of these PMQR plasmids showed that they exhibited high serotype specificity, except for the p10k-like plasmids, which can be widely detected and efficiently transmitted among Salmonella strains of various serotypes by fusing to a new conjugative helper plasmid. The sharp increase in the prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance in recent years may cause a predisposition to the emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains and pose huge challenges to public health and infection control efforts.
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Jakobsen L, Lundberg CV, Frimodt-Møller N. Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics against Susceptible and Low-Level Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates in an Experimental Ascending Urinary Tract Infection Model in Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:e01804-20. [PMID: 33106267 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01804-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse ascending urinary tract infection model was used to study the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) relationships of the effect of ciprofloxacin in subcutaneous treatment for 3 days with varying doses and dosing intervals against a susceptible Escherichia coli strain (MIC, 0.032 mg/liter). Further, a humanized dose of ciprofloxacin was administered for 3 days against three E. coli strains with low-level resistance, i.e., MICs of 0.06, 0.25, and 1 mg/liter, respectively. Against the susceptible isolate, ciprofloxacin was highly effective in clearing the urine with daily doses from 10 mg/kg, but the dosing regimen had to be divided into at least two doses for optimal effect. Ciprofloxacin could not clear the urine or kidneys for the low-level-resistant strains. PKPD correlations with all strains combined showed that for the AUC24/MIC there was a slightly higher correlation with effect in urine and kidneys (R 2, 0.71 and 0.69, respectively) than the %T>MIC (R 2, 0.41 and 0.61, respectively). Equal correlations for the two PKPD indices were found for reduction of colony counts (CFU) in the bladder tissue, but not even the highest dose of 28 mg/kg × 6 could clear the bladder tissue. In conclusion, ciprofloxacin is highly effective in clearing the urine and kidney tissue for fully susceptible E. coli, while even low-level resistance in E. coli obscures this effect. While the effect of ciprofloxacin is mostly AUC/MIC driven against E. coli infection in the urinary tract, the effect in urine depends on the presence of ciprofloxacin in the urine during most of a 24-h period.
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Yang C, Chen K, Chan EWC, Yao W, Chen S. Transmission of Chromosomal MDR DNA Fragment Encoding Ciprofloxacin Resistance by a Conjugative Helper Plasmid in Salmonella. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:556227. [PMID: 33072017 PMCID: PMC7530939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.556227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to ciprofloxacin, a treatment choice for Salmonella infections, has increased dramatically in recent years in particular in serotype Salmonella Derby with most of strains carrying chromosome-encoded multiple plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. In this work, we discovered a conjugative plasmid, pSa64-96kb, in a Salmonella Derby isolate, namely Sa64, which could extract and fuse to a multiple drug resistance (MDR) DNA fragment containing two PMQR genes, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrS2 located on the chromosome of the Salmonella strain. This process led to the formation of a new 188 kb fusion plasmid, which could be then subsequently transmitted to recipient strain Escherichia coli J53. The chromosomal MDR DNA fragment was shown to be flanked by one copy of IS26 element at each end and could be excised from the chromosome to form circular intermediate, which was then fused to pSa64-96kb and form a single plasmid through IS26 mediated homologous recombination. The role of IS26 on enhancing the efficacy of fusion and transmission of this chromosomal MDR DNA fragment was further proven in other Salmonella strains. These findings showed that dynamic interaction between specific chromosomal fragment and plasmids may significantly enhance resistance development and transferability of mobile resistance-encoding elements among bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaichao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai-Chi Chan
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Khoshnood S, Heidary M, Hashemi A, Shahi F, Saki M, Kouhsari E, Eslami G, Goudarzi H. Involvement of the AcrAB Efflux Pump in Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Clinical Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:564-571. [PMID: 32888276 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520999200905121220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains confines the therapeutic options used to treat bacterial infections. OBJECTIVE We aimed in this study to investigate the role of AcrAB and qepA efflux pumps and AAC(6')-Ib-cr enzyme in ciprofloxacin resistance and to detect the RAPD-PCR fingerprint of K. pneumoniae isolates. METHODS A total of , 117 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from hospitalized patients in three hospitals in Tehran, Iran, from August 2013 to March 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. Molecular identification and expression level of encoding quinolone resistance genes, acrA, acrB, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, were performed by PCR and real-- time PCR assays, respectively. All the K. pneumoniae isolates containing the mentioned genes were used simultaneously for RAPD-PCR typing. RESULTS Colistin and carbapenems were the most efficient antibiotics against the clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. PCR assay demonstrated that among the 117 isolates, 110 (94%) and 102 (87%) were positive for acrA and acrB gene and 5 (4%) and 100 (85%) isolates showed to have qepA and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes, respectively. Determination for AcrAB pump expression in 21% of strains demonstrated an increased expression, and the mean increase expression for acrB genes was 0.5-81. The results of RAPD-PCR reflected that in 95% CI, all isolates belonged to a clone. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of genes encoding quinolone resistance in K. pneumoniae was detected in clinical samples. Therefore, the control of infection and prevention of drug-resistant bacteria spread need careful management of medication and identification of resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khoshnood
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ali Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kouhsari
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Gita Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Botelho J, Grosso F, Peixe L. ICEs Are the Main Reservoirs of the Ciprofloxacin-Modifying crpP Gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E889. [PMID: 32759827 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ciprofloxacin-modifying crpP gene was recently identified in a plasmid isolated from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate. Homologues of this gene were also identified in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. We set out to explore the mobile elements involved in the acquisition and spread of this gene in publicly available and complete genomes of Pseudomonas spp. All Pseudomonas complete genomes were downloaded from NCBI’s Refseq library and were inspected for the presence of the crpP gene. The mobile elements carrying this gene were further characterized. The crpP gene was identified only in P. aeruginosa, in more than half of the complete chromosomes (61.9%, n = 133/215) belonging to 52 sequence types, of which the high-risk clone ST111 was the most frequent. We identified 136 crpP-harboring integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), with 93.4% belonging to the mating-pair formation G (MPFG) family. The ICEs were integrated at the end of a tRNALys gene and were all flanked by highly conserved 45-bp direct repeats. The crpP-carrying ICEs contain 26 core genes (2.2% of all 1193 genes found in all the ICEs together), which are present in 99% or more of the crpP-harboring ICEs. The most frequently encoded traits on these ICEs include replication, transcription, intracellular trafficking and cell motility. Our work suggests that ICEs are the main vectors promoting the dissemination of the ciprofloxacin-modifying crpP gene in P. aeruginosa.
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Yu X, Zhang D, Song Q. Profiles of gyrA Mutations and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Shigella Isolates with Different Levels of Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2285-2290. [PMID: 32765004 PMCID: PMC7367718 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s257877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella is considered a serious public health problem and has been put on the WHO global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study was aimed to investigate the fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella and its relevant genetic mechanisms. Materials and Methods Shigella isolates that were isolated from diarrheal patient’s feces in Ningbo China from 2011 to 2018 were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and cefotaxime. Genes related to quinolone resistance were amplified by PCR. Results A total of 118 Shigella isolates were collected, including 76 S. flexneri isolates, 40 S. sonnei isolates, and 2 S. boydii isolates. Ciprofloxacin susceptibility test identified 10 (9%) susceptible, 65 (55%) intermediate, and 43 (36%) resistant isolates. Of 76 S. flexneri isolates, 37 were ciprofloxacin resistant, a prevalence significantly higher than 6 of 40 S. sonnei isolates (P=0.01). The isolates collected during 2014–2018 displayed a significant increase in the prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance (P=0.05) than those collected during 2011–2013. All the ciprofloxacin-intermediate and resistant isolates had mutations of gyrA(S83L) and parC (S80I), whereas only the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates had gyrA (D87N) mutation and qnrB gene. Additionally, 30% of the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were positive for aac(6´)-Ib-cr gene. Conclusion This study shows the currently increasing prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance. The reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility is highly associated with gyrA (S83L) and parC (S80I) mutations, while the fluoroquinolone resistance is highly associated with gyrA (D87N) mutation, qnrB gene and perhaps aac(6´)-Ib-cr gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxia Yu
- Department of Hospital Infection, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifa Song
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Dash D, Das P, Bhargava A, Gaikwad UN, Negi SS, Wankhede A. Estimating the burden of enteric fever in Chhattisgarh: A single-center study on culture-positive cases from a newly built tertiary care hospital. J Lab Physicians 2020; 11:234-239. [PMID: 31579242 PMCID: PMC6771319 DOI: 10.4103/jlp.jlp_154_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever is the most common cause of community acquired blood stream infections in under developed and developing countries. The enteric fever is exclusive to humans and transmitted through the faeco-oral route. Though India is an endemic zone for enteric fever, the data is very scarce from Central India. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of enteric fever in this region and to know the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolated typhoidal Salmonellae. MATERIAL AND METHOD We conducted a retrospective analysis of blood culture positive cases of enteric fever over a period of two years (December 2015 to December 2017). All blood cultures submitted for suspected enteric fever and associated symptoms were included in the study. Relevant demographic, clinical and laboratory data were analyzed. RESULT A total of 51 cases (3.56%) were of typhoidal Salmonella from a total of 1430 blood culture submission. Salmonella Typhi were 70.5% while Salmonella Paratyphi A were 29.5% of the total isolated Salmonellae. The most vulnerable age group was 10-19years (41.2%). The mean minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A are 1.20 and 1.97 μg/ml respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Highest isolation was in the July - September quarter (35.3%). CONCLUSION There is a high prevalence of the disease which needs urgent focus on safe water, sanitation services and also to establish guidelines for empiric therapy for enteric fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Dash
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Padma Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Anudita Bhargava
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ujjwala Nitin Gaikwad
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanjay Singh Negi
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Archana Wankhede
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Esmaeel NE, Gerges MA, Hosny TA, Ali AR, Gebriel MG. Detection of Chromosomal and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Among Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection Cases; Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:413-421. [PMID: 32104013 PMCID: PMC7023874 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s240013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQ) in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) has emerged as a growing problem. Chromosomal mutations and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants have been implicated. Data concerning the prevalence of these determinants in UPEC in our hospital are quite limited. Purpose To investigate the occurrence and genetic determinants of FQ resistance in UPEC isolated from urinary tract infection (UTI) cases in Zagazig University Hospitals. Patients and Methods Following their isolation, the identification and susceptibility of UPEC isolates were performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS). FQ resistance was detected by the disc diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using E-test. Chromosomal mutations in the gyrA gene were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and for detection of PMQR, a couple of multiplex PCR reactions were used. Results Among a total of 192 UPEC isolates, 46.9% (n=90) were FQ resistant. More than half of the isolates (57.8%) exhibited high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (MIC > 32 µg/mL). Mutations in gyrA were detected in 76.7% of isolates, with 34.4% having mutations at more than one site. PMQR determinants were detected in 80.1% of UPEC isolates, with aac(6ʹ)-Ib-cr gene being the most frequent found in 61.1% of isolates. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of both gyrA mutations and PMQR determinants among UPEC isolates in our hospital which contribute to high-level ciprofloxacin resistance, a finding that may require the revision of the antibiotics used for empirical treatment of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura E Esmaeel
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marian A Gerges
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Thoraya A Hosny
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Ali
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manar G Gebriel
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Chávez-Jacobo VM, García Merinos JP, López Y, Meza-Carmen V, Ramírez-Díaz MI. Identification of Essential Residues for Ciprofloxacin Resistance of Ciprofloxacin-Modifying Enzyme (CrpP) of pUM505. Microbiology (Reading) 2020; 166:367-374. [PMID: 32067630 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ciprofloxacin-resistance crpP gene, encoded by the pUM505 plasmid, isolated from a P. aeruginosa clinical isolate, confers an enzymatic mechanism of antibiotic phosphorylation, which is ATP-dependent, that decreases ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Homologous crpP genes are distributed across extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates obtained from Mexican hospitals and which confer decreased susceptibility to CIP. The analysis of sequences of the CrpP of proteins showed that the residues Gly7, Thr8, Asp9, Lys33 and Gly34 (located at the N-terminal region) and Cys40 (located at the C-terminal region) are conserved in all proteins, suggesting that these residues could be essential for CrpP function. The aim of this study was to investigate the amino acids essential to ciprofloxacin resistance, which is conferred by the CrpP protein of pUM505 plasmid. Mutations in the codons encoding Gly7, Asp9, Lys33 and Cys40 of CrpP protein from pUM505 were generated by PCR fusion. The results showed that all mutations generated in CrpP proteins increased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Escherichia coli. In addition, the CrpP modified proteins were purified and their enzymatic activity on ciprofloxacin was assayed, showing that these modified proteins do not exert catalytic activity on ciprofloxacin. Moreover, by infrared assays it was determined that the modified proteins were are not able to modify the ciprofloxacin molecule. Our findings are the first report that indicate that the amino acids, namely Gly7, Asp9, Lys33 and Cys40, which are conserved in the CrpP proteins, possess an essential role for the enzymatic mechanism that confers ciprofloxacin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Chávez-Jacobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Juan Pablo García Merinos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Yliana López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Victor Meza-Carmen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Martha I Ramírez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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Melendez JH, Hsieh YH, Barnes M, Hardick J, Gilliams EA, Gaydos CA. Can Ciprofloxacin be Used for Precision Treatment of Gonorrhea in Public STD Clinics? Assessment of Ciprofloxacin Susceptibility and an Opportunity for Point-of-Care Testing. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040189. [PMID: 31615000 PMCID: PMC6963864 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Given the lack of new antimicrobials to treat Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections, reusing previously recommended antimicrobials has been proposed as a strategy to control the spread of multi-drug-resistant NG. We assessed ciprofloxacin susceptibility in a large sample set of NG isolates and identified correlates associated with ciprofloxacin-resistant NG infections. Methods: NG isolates collected in Baltimore, Maryland between 2014 and 2016 were evaluated by Gyrase A (gyrA) PCR and E-test for susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Clinical characteristics and demographics were evaluated by multivariate regression analysis to identify correlates of ciprofloxacin-resistant NG infections. Results: 510 NG isolates from predominately African American (96.5%), heterosexual (85.7%), and HIV-negative (92.5%) male subjects were included in the study. The overall percentage of isolates with mutant gyrA sequences, indicative of ciprofloxacin resistance, was 32.4%, and significantly increased from 24.7% in 2014 to 45.2% in 2016 (p < 0.001). Participants older than 35 years of age were 2.35 times more likely to have a gyrA mutant NG infection than younger participants (p < 0.001). Race, sexual orientation, symptomology, or co-infection the HIV or syphilis were not associated with a particular NG gyrA genotype. Conclusions: Resistance to ciprofloxacin in Baltimore is lower than other regions and indicates that in this environment, use of ciprofloxacin may be appropriate for targeted treatment provided utilization of enhanced surveillance tools. The targeted use of ciprofloxacin may be more beneficial for individuals under 35 years of age. Point-of-care tests for NG diagnosis and susceptibility testing are urgently needed to identify individuals who can be treated with this targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan H Melendez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Mathilda Barnes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Justin Hardick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
Ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella has been increasingly reported due to the emergence and dissemination of multiple Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) determinants, which are mainly located in non-conjugative plasmids or chromosome. In this study, we aimed to depict the molecular mechanisms underlying the rare phenomenon of horizontal transfer of ciprofloxacin resistance phenotype in Salmonella by conjugation experiments, S1-PFGE and complete plasmid sequencing. Two types of non-conjugative plasmids, namely an IncX1 type carrying a qnrS1 gene, and an IncH1 plasmid carrying the oqxAB-qnrS gene, both ciprofloxacin resistance determinants in Salmonella, were recovered from two Salmonella strains. Importantly, these non-conjugative plasmids could be fused with a novel Incl1 type conjugative helper plasmid, which could target insertion sequence (IS) elements located in the non-conjugative, ciprofloxacin-resistance-encoding plasmid through replicative transcription, eventually forming a hybrid conjugative plasmid transmissible among members of Enterobacteriaceae. Since our data showed that such conjugative helper plasmids are commonly detectable among clinical Salmonella strains, particularly S. Typhimurium, fusion events leading to generation and enhanced dissemination of conjugative ciprofloxacin resistance-encoding plasmids in Salmonella are expected to result in a sharp increase in the incidence of resistance to fluoroquinolone, the key choice for treating life-threatening Salmonella infections, thereby posing a serious public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichao Chen
- a Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center , Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Ning Dong
- a Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center , Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai-Chi Chan
- a Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center , Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- a Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center , Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
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Abstract
Ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin are the drugs of choice in treatment of invasive Salmonella infections. This study discovered a novel type of plasmid, pSa44-CIP-CRO, which was recovered from a S. London strain isolated from meat product and comprised genetic determinants that encoded resistance to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. This plasmid could be resolved into two daughter plasmids and co-exist with such daughter plasmids in a dynamic form in Salmonella; yet it was only present as a single plasmid in Escherichia coli. One daughter plasmid, pSa44-CRO, was found to carry the blaCTX-M-130 gene, which encodes resistance to ceftriaxone, whereas the other plasmid, pSa44-CIP, carried multiple PMQR genes such as qnrB6-aac(6')-Ib-cr, which mediated resistance to ciprofloxacin. These two daughter plasmids could be integrated into one single plasmid through ISPa40 mediated homologous recombination. Mouse infection and treatment experiments showed that carriage of plasmid, pSa44-CIP-CRO by S. typhimurium led to the impairment of treatment by ciprofloxacin or cefitiofur, a veterinary drug with similar properties as ceftriaxone. In conclusion, dissemination of such conjugative plasmids impairs current choices of treatment for life-threatening Salmonella infection and hence constitutes a serious public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichao Chen
- a Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , State Key Lab of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai Chi Chan
- a Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , State Key Lab of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- a Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , State Key Lab of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
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28
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Fan Z, Chen H, Li M, Pan X, Fu W, Ren H, Chen R, Bai F, Jin Y, Cheng Z, Jin S, Wu W. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Contributes to Ciprofloxacin Resistance by Regulating PrtR. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1762. [PMID: 31417536 PMCID: PMC6682600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes various acute and chronic infections. It is intrinsically resistant to a variety of antibiotics. However, production of pyocins during SOS response sensitizes P. aeruginosa to quinolone antibiotics by inducing cell lysis. The polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is a conserved phosphate-dependent 3′–5′ exonuclease that plays an important role in bacterial response to environmental stresses and pathogenesis by influencing mRNA and small RNA stabilities. Previously, we demonstrated that PNPase controls the type III and type VI secretion systems in P. aeruginosa. In this study, we found that mutation of the PNPase coding gene (pnp) increases the bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin. Gene expression analyses revealed that the expression of pyocin biosynthesis genes is decreased in the pnp mutant. PrtR, a negative regulator of pyocin biosynthesis genes, is upregulated in the pnp mutant. We further demonstrated that PNPase represses the expression of PrtR on the post-transcriptional level. A fragment containing 43 nucleotides of the 5′ untranslated region was found to be involved in the PNPase mediated regulation of PrtR. Overall, our results reveled a novel layer of regulation on the pyocin biosynthesis by the PNPase in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Li
- Meishan Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute and National Pickle Quality Inspection Center, Meishan, China
| | - Xiaolei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weixin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ronghao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongxin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Weihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Xu Z, Song Q, Li C, Zhan Y. Characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant and ESBL-producing Salmonella enteric serotype Derby in Eastern China. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:61. [PMID: 30885127 PMCID: PMC6423743 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fluoroquinolone resistance and ESBL-production are concurrently found in a limited number of Salmonella serotypes. The present study was aimed to characterize fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing Salmonella enteric serotype Derby (S. Derby) isolates in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, relevant genetic mechanisms, and PFGE. Results From 2013 to 2017 in Ningbo China, 52 S. Derby isolates were identified out of 826 non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from patient feces, food, and environmental water samples. Three S. derby isolates were identified to be fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing with cefotaxime MIC of 64 μg/mL and ciprofloxacin MIC of 4 μg/mL. The three isolates contained the same genetic structure of quinolone resistance, including a silent gyrA mutation S (TCC) 83S (TCT) and three PMQR genes qnrB, qnrS and aac(6′)-Ib-cr. As withβ-lactams resistance mechanisms, two isolates contained blaTEM, blaOXA, and blaCTX-M genes and one isolate contained blaOXA and blaCTX-M genes. Additionally, two isolates displayed more identical PFGE pattern than the third isolate, whereas three isolates showed the same plasmid profile of I1, W and P by PCR-based replicon typing. The conjugation experiment showed no dissemination of β-lactam resistance by direct contact among isolates; the transformation experiment failed to transfer plasmid conferring ampicillin resistance to E. coli DH5a. Conclusion The present study demonstrates the emerging fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing S. Derby in both humans and the environment. Seeing that S. Derby has become one of the most common Salmonella serotypes, this situation gives rise to a new major risk of food-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Xu
- Intensive Care Unit, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Zhejiang, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifa Song
- Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 237 Yongfeng Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunhua Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Zhejiang, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefei Zhan
- Intensive Care Unit, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Zhejiang, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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30
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Ma G, Wu G, Li X, Wang H, Zhou M. Characterization of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Laboratory-Derived Mutants of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with qnr Gene. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:711-717. [PMID: 30074404 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, is a bactericidal antibiotic targeting DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV encoded by the gyrA and parC genes. Resistance to fluoroquinolones requires the accumulation of multiple mutations including those that alter target genes and increase drug efflux. To examine the development of fluoroquinolones resistance in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, ciprofloxacin induction and selection was used to obtain several resistant V. parahaemolyticus mutants, which showed decreased susceptibilities to quinolones, and increased or decreased susceptibility to other structurally unrelated antibiotics. Quinolone resistance-determining region mutations were characterized, and it was found that gyrA mutations occurred in some of the high-level resistant mutants although qnr was present in both wild-type susceptible and resistant mutant strains. The mutants showed increased qnr expression and exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin caused a further increase in qnr expression independently of the SOS system. Two mutants demonstrated increased expression of the VmeCD-VpoC pump gene that promotes quinolone efflux. In addition, some of the high-level resistance mutants significantly decreased bacterial fitness. These data suggested that multiple genes contributed to the enhanced ciprofloxacin resistance appeared in V. parahaemolyticus and that acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance impaired bacterial fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengqin Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, China
| | - Gaosheng Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxun Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, China
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31
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Chen K, Dong N, Zhao S, Liu L, Li R, Xie M, Lin D, Wai-Chi Chan E, Meng J, McDermott PF, Chen S. Identification and Characterization of Conjugative Plasmids That Encode Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Salmonella. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e00575-18. [PMID: 29760137 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00575-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize novel conjugative plasmids that encode transferable ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella In this study, 157 nonduplicated Salmonella isolates were recovered from food products, of which 55 were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin. Interestingly, 37 of the 55 CiprSalmonella isolates (67%) did not harbor any mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR). Six Salmonella isolates were shown to carry two novel types of conjugative plasmids that could transfer the ciprofloxacin resistance phenotype to Escherichia coli J53 (azithromycin resistant [Azir]). The first type of conjugative plasmid belonged to the ∼110-kb IncFIB-type conjugative plasmids carrying qnrB-bearing and aac(6')-Ib-cr-bearing mobile elements. Transfer of the plasmid between E. coli and Salmonella could confer a ciprofloxacin MIC of 1 to 2 μg/ml. The second type of conjugative plasmid belonged to ∼240-kb IncH1/IncF plasmids carrying a single PMQR gene, qnrS Importantly, this type of conjugative ciprofloxacin resistance plasmid could be detected in clinical Salmonella isolates. The dissemination of these conjugative plasmids that confer ciprofloxacin resistance poses serious challenges to public health and Salmonella infection control.
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Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Chan EW, Dong N, Xia X, Chen S. Molecular Characterization of qnrVC Genes and Their Novel Alleles in Vibrio spp. Isolated from Food Products in China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e00529-18. [PMID: 29661884 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00529-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the prevalences of qnrVC genes in 74 ciprofloxacin-resistant Vibrio sp. isolates. Two novel functional qnrVC alleles, qnrVC8 and qnrVC9, sharing 98% and 99% nucleotide similarity with qnrVC6 and qnrVC7, respectively, were identified. Our findings suggested that carriage of qnrVC alleles, together with target mutations in gyrA and parC genes, may contribute to the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Vibrio species, posing a serious threat to public health.
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Yang W, Zhang M, Zhou J, Pang L, Wang G, Hou F. The Molecular Mechanisms of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Clinical Campylobacter jejuni and Their Genotyping Characteristics in Beijing, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 14:386-392. [PMID: 28696791 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the susceptibility of 182 Campylobacter jejuni isolates from patients with diarrhea to eight antibiotics and analyzed the molecular mechanisms of ciprofloxacin resistance as well as the genetic characteristics based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The C257T mutation was found on the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene in all ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. Mutations on the QRDR of the gyrB gene were silent. A total of 74 strains had 7 inverted repeat (IR) (a 16-bp IR on the intergenic region between cmeR and cmeABC) mutation polymorphisms. Compared with strains without the IR mutations, strains with the IR mutations had higher resistance rates to ciprofloxacin (94.6% vs. 83.3%), nalidixic acid (94.6% vs. 83.3%), tetracycline (98.6% vs. 85.2%), doxycycline (91.9% vs. 71.3%), florfenicol (59.5% vs. 17.6%), chloramphenicol (25.7% vs. 4.6%), gentamicin (16.2% vs. 3.7%), and multidrug resistance than those without IR mutations (all p < 0.05). With C257T mutation alone, 89.9% strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values focused on 16, 32, and 64 μg/mL, whereas strains with C257T mutation in combination with the IR mutations had a higher ciprofloxacin resistance level with 88.6% MIC values focused on 64, 128, and 512 μg/mL (p < 0.0001). The strains in this study showed a high genetic variability based on MLST with 117 sequence types (STs), 37 of which were novel. CC-21 was the most common clonal complex (CC) followed by CC-353 and CC-45. No association was found between STs and ciprofloxacin resistance. In conclusion, the C257T mutation on gyrA was the major mechanism for ciprofloxacin resistance, and the C257T mutation in combination with the IR mutations might result in more severe ciprofloxacin resistance to C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanna Yang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Maojun Zhang
- 2 State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China .,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiyuan Zhou
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Lili Pang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Guiqiang Wang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing, China .,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China .,4 Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University International Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Hou
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing, China .,4 Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University International Hospital , Beijing, China
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Ferreira S, Correia DR, Oleastro M, Domingues FC. Arcobacter butzleri Ciprofloxacin Resistance: Point Mutations in DNA Gyrase A and Role on Fitness Cost. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:915-922. [PMID: 29336679 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri is a widely distributed emerging pathogen resistant to various classes of antimicrobial agents, namely fluoroquinolones. A. butzleri resistance to fluoroquinolones is conferred by point mutations at the antibiotic target. The aim of this study was to evaluate mutations at gyrA associated with ciprofloxacin resistance and evaluate whether acquisition of resistance impacts on fitness and stress tolerance of A. butzleri. A. butzleri ciprofloxacin mutants were generated by laboratory induction. Identification of mutations associated with ciprofloxacin resistance was performed by gyrA sequencing. Growth kinetics, cost of fitness, biofilm formation ability, and stress tolerance were assessed. Two amino acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining region of GyrA were identified in the mutant strains, one previously described (Thr-85-Ile) and a new substitution (Asp-89-Tyr). No differences in growth kinetics were recorded between parental and mutant strains; however, fitness cost was variable, according to the genetic background of the strains, and independently of ciprofloxacin resistance. Overall, the ciprofloxacin resistance development did not significantly affect stress tolerance, motility, or biofilm-forming ability. In conclusion, acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance in A. butzleri is associated with mutations in gyrA and is likely well compensated, with cost of fitness reflecting the diversity in genetic background of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ferreira
- 1 CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniela R Correia
- 1 CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mónica Oleastro
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernanda C Domingues
- 1 CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
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Yang HS, Kim Y, Cho SY, Nam YS, Oh TS, Park KS, Kim HC, Lee HJ. Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mechanisms by Molecular Epidemiologic Study of Ciprofloxacin-Nonsusceptible Escherichia coli Sequence Types Isolated from Clinical Specimens in a Tertiary Care University Hospital in Korea: Emergence of Clone ST131, 2006-2008. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2017; 47:511-515. [PMID: 28801381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the sequence types (STs) and fluoroquinolone resistance related mutations among ciprofloxacin (CIP)-non-susceptible extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolated from Korean patients from 2006-2008. The prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were also studied. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to identify STs. The most common ST was ST131 (33/51, 64.7%). All isolates, except one isolate, showed three mutations at codons 83 (S83L) and 87 (S87N) in gyrA and 80 (S80I) in parC The prevalence of ST131 in our hospital was much higher than reported in other Asian studies during a similar time period. The mutations found in ST131 were concordant with other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Seok Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngjin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Sun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sang Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Park
- SD genomics. Co., Ltd, Seoul Medical Science Institute/Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Seoul Medical Science Institute/Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Joo Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Soundararajan N, Shanmugam P, Devanbu C, Sattar SBA. A study on the aac-(6 1)-lb-cr gene prevalence among ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2016; 6:258-261. [PMID: 27857893 PMCID: PMC5108102 DOI: 10.4103/2229-516x.192603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the development of resistance to most of the commonly used antibiotics including quinolones. AIM This study aimed to find out the prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance among the uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, to determine the virulence factors of these isolates, and to detect the aac-(61)-lb-cr gene among those isolates with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin >256 mcg/ml. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urine samples reaching the microbiology laboratory were processed, pathogens belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were isolated from those with significant bacteriuria, and antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed according to the CLSI guidelines. MIC of ciprofloxacin for the isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin was determined by using the E-test, and virulence factors such as hemagglutination, hemolysis, and mucoid colonies were analyzed. aac-(61)-lb-cr gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for those isolates with MIC > 256 mcg/ml. RESULTS Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (62%) with the highest ciprofloxacin resistance (68%). Fourteen percent of them had MIC > 256 mcg/ml and all of these isolates harbored the aac-(61)-lb-cr gene. CONCLUSION Plasmid-mediated drug resistance can rapidly spread and lead to selection of drug-resistant mutants if not controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupa Soundararajan
- Department of Microbiology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadarshini Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Caroline Devanbu
- Department of Microbiology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shameem Banu Abdul Sattar
- Department of Microbiology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kovač J, Čadež N, Stessl B, Stingl K, Gruntar I, Ocepek M, Trkov M, Wagner M, Smole Možina S. High genetic similarity of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni in central Europe. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1169. [PMID: 26557112 PMCID: PMC4615952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the leading zoonosis in the European Union with the majority of cases attributed to Campylobacter jejuni. Although the disease is usually self-limiting, some severe cases need to be treated with antibiotics, primarily macrolides and quinolones. However, the resistance to the latter is reaching alarming levels in most of the EU countries. To shed light on the expansion of antibiotic resistance in central Europe, we have investigated genetic similarity across 178 ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni mostly isolated in Slovenia, Austria and Germany. We performed comparative genetic similarity analyses using allelic types of seven multilocus sequence typing housekeeping genes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms of a quinolone resistance determining region located within the DNA gyrase subunit A gene. This analysis revealed high genetic similarity of isolates from clonal complex ST-21 that carry gyrA allelic type 1 in all three of these central-European countries, suggesting these ciprofloxacin resistant isolates arose from a recent common ancestor and are spread clonally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Kovač
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neža Čadež
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary MedicineVienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk AssessmentBerlin, Germany
| | - Igor Gruntar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Trkov
- Department for Public Health Microbiology Ljubljana, Centre for Medical Microbiology, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and FoodLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary MedicineVienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
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Rolskov AS, Bjorn-Mortensen K, Mulvad G, Poulsen P, Jensen JS, Pedersen ML. Rapid change in the ciprofloxacin resistance pattern among Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in Nuuk, Greenland: time to reconsider preventive and treatment strategies. Int J Circumpolar Health 2015; 74:26916. [PMID: 25947877 PMCID: PMC4422841 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v74.26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC), are highly incident in Greenland. Since January 2011, GC testing has been performed on urine with nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) by strand displacement amplification (Becton Dickinson ProbeTec). Monitoring of GC antibiotic susceptibility by culture was introduced in Nuuk in 2012. Until 2014, no cases of ciprofloxacin-resistant GC strains were reported. In this paper, we report the finding of ciprofloxacin-resistant GC and describe the most recent incidence of GC infections in Greenland. METHODS The number of urine NAATs and culture-positive swabs from January to October 2014 were obtained from the Central Laboratory at Queens Ingrid's Hospital in Nuuk and stratified on gender, place and period of testing. Incidence rates were estimated as number of urine NAAT * (12/10) per 100,000 inhabitants. Men in Nuuk with a positive NAAT for GC were encouraged to provide a urethral swab for culture and susceptibility testing. RESULTS From January to October 2014, a total of 5,436 urine GC NAATs were performed on patients from Nuuk and 9,031 from the rest of Greenland. Of these, 422 (8%) and 820 (9%) were positive, respectively. From January to August, 6 (15%) cultures from Nuuk were ciprofloxacin resistant while in September and October, 26 (59%) were ciprofloxacin resistant (p<0.01). In total, 35 (40%) of 88 culture-positive isolates showed ciprofloxacin resistance. GC incidence in Nuuk was 3,017 per 100,000 inhabitants per year, compared to 2,491 per 100,000 inhabitants per year in the rest of Greenland. CONCLUSION Within a short period, a rapid and dramatic change in ciprofloxacin susceptibility among GC strains isolated in Nuuk was documented and recommendation for first line treatments has changed. Continued monitoring and rethinking of primary and secondary preventive initiatives is highly recommended in this high GC incidence setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Bjorn-Mortensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Gert Mulvad
- Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland.,Queen Ingrid Health Care Center, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Peter Poulsen
- The Central Laboratory, Queen Ingrid Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Jørgen Skov Jensen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lynge Pedersen
- Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland; .,Queen Ingrid Health Care Center, Nuuk, Greenland
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Hu S, Zhang W, Li F, Hu Z, Ma E, Zheng T, Zhao Y, Li W, Zhou H, Shao Z, Xu J. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 sequence type 11, Anhui Province, China, 2011-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1236-8. [PMID: 24960586 PMCID: PMC4073845 DOI: 10.3201/eid2007.131138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Chesson HW, Kirkcaldy RD, Gift TL, Owusu-Edusei K, Weinstock HS. Ciprofloxacin resistance and gonorrhea incidence rates in 17 cities, United States, 1991-2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:612-9. [PMID: 24655615 PMCID: PMC3966369 DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.131288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drug resistance can hinder gonorrhea prevention and control efforts. In this study, we analyzed historical ciprofloxacin resistance data and gonorrhea incidence data to examine the possible effect of antimicrobial drug resistance on gonorrhea incidence at the population level. We analyzed data from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project and city-level gonorrhea incidence rates from surveillance data for 17 cities during 1991–2006. We found a strong positive association between ciprofloxacin resistance and gonorrhea incidence rates at the city level during this period. Their association was consistent with predictions of mathematical models in which resistance to treatment can increase gonorrhea incidence rates through factors such as increased duration of infection. These findings highlight the possibility of future increases in gonorrhea incidence caused by emerging cephalosporin resistance.
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Wong MH, Chan EW, Liu LZ, Chen S. PMQR genes oqxAB and aac(6')Ib-cr accelerate the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella typhimurium. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:521. [PMID: 25324840 PMCID: PMC4183184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium strains, especially the ACSSuT and nalidixic acid R types, has significantly compromised the effectiveness of current strategies to control Salmonella infections, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Clinical S. typhimurium isolates recovered in Hong Kong during the period of 2005–2011 were increasingly resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and antibiotics of the ACSSuT group. Our data revealed that oqxAB and aac(6′)Ib-cr were encoded on plasmids of various sizes and the presence of these two elements together with a single gyrA mutation in S. typhimurium were sufficient to mediate resistance to CIP. Acquisition of the oqxAB and aac(6′)Ib-cr encoding plasmids by S. typhimurium caused a fourfold increase in CIP minimal inhibitory concentration. Furthermore, the presence of oqxAB and aac(6′)Ib-cr in Salmonella dramatically increased the mutation prevention concentration of CIP which may due to mutational changes in the drug target genes. In conclusion, possession of oqxAB and aac(6′)Ib-cr encoding plasmid facilitate the selection of CIP resistant S. typhimurium, thereby causing a remarkable increase of CIP resistance among clinical Salmonella strains in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H Wong
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, China
| | - Edward W Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Prince of Wales Hospital - The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, China
| | - Li Z Liu
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, China
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Maleki MH, Jalilian FA, Khayat H, Mohammadi M, Pourahmad F, Asadollahi K, Pakzad I, Sadeghifard N, Soroush S, Emaneini M, Taherikalani M. Detection of highly ciprofloxacin resistance acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients with burn wound infections in presence and absence of efflux pump inhibitor. Maedica (Bucur) 2014; 9:162-167. [PMID: 25705272 PMCID: PMC4296759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among A. baumannii isolates is now of particular concern. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of resistance to ciprofloxacin among 50 Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from burn wound infections of Tehran were evaluated by E-test and broth microdilution in presence and absence of efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine- arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN) and PCR-sequencing methods. All isolates were then typed by REP-PCR fingerprinting to find the clonal relationship between resistant isolates. Our results indicated that resistance to ciprofloxacin among A. baumannii isolated from burn infections in Tehran are high with resistance rate of 100% and ciprofloxacin resistant isolates have a mutation of Serine 83 →Leucine in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of DNA gyrase subunit A (GyrA). 38% of the isolates showed MIC ranges of 64 to ≥512μg/ml and were considered as highly resistant. We could not detect Par C mutations and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance A (qnrA) among ciprofloxacin resistant isolates. When we used the efflux pump inhibitor PAbN, MIC of ciprofloxacin was reduced two-to four folds. REP-type A (25/50; 50%), B (20/50; 30%) and C (10/50; 20%) were the most common REP-types among A. baumannii isolates. It seems that mutation in GyrA is the main mechanism of resistant to ciprofloxacin among A. baumannii isolates from burn infections and presence of efflux pumps is just secondary target for ciprofloxacin resistant among A. baumannii in Iran. Regarding with limitation of REP-types detected in this study, we found good correlation between resistance to ciprofloxacin and REP-types A-C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Clinical Center of Microbiology Research, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hatef Khayat
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fazel Pourahmad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
| | - Khairollah Asadollahi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Iraj Pakzad
- Clinical Center of Microbiology Research, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
- Clinical Center of Microbiology Research, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Setareh Soroush
- Clinical Center of Microbiology Research, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morovat Taherikalani
- Clinical Center of Microbiology Research, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Pakzad I, Zayyen Karin M, Taherikalani M, Boustanshenas M, Lari AR. Contribution of AcrAB efflux pump to ciprofloxacin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from burn patients. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2013; 8:Doc15. [PMID: 24327941 PMCID: PMC3850228 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to fluoroquinolones has been recently increased among bacterial strains isolated from outpatients. Multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae is one of the major organisms isolated from burn patients and the AcrAB efflux pump is the principal pump contributing to the intrinsic resistance in K. pneumoniae against multiple antimicrobial agents including ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones. Fifty-two K. pneumoniae isolated from burn patients in Shahid Motahari hospital and confirmed by conventional biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done according to CLSI 2011 guidelines, to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolates. AcrA gene was detected among ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates by PCR assay. MICs to ciprofloxacin were measured with and without carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Forty out of the 52 K. pneumoniae isolated from burn patients in Shahid Motahari hospital were resistant to ciprofloxacin according to breakpoint of CLSI guideline. PCR assay for acrA gene demonstrated that all ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates harbored acrA gene coding the membrane fusion protein AcrA and is a part of AcrAB efflux system. Among these isolates, 19 strains (47.5%) showed 2 to 32 fold reduction in MICs after using CCCP as an efflux pump inhibitor. The other 21 strains (52.5%) showed no disparity in MICs before and after using CCCP. In conclusion, the AcrAB efflux system is one of the principal mechanisms contribute in ciprofloxacin resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates but there are some other mechanisms interfere with ciprofloxacin resistance such as mutation in target proteins of DNA gyrase of topoisomerase IV enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Pakzad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Mulvey MR, Boyd DA, Finley R, Fakharuddin K, Langner S, Allen V, Ang L, Bekal S, El Bailey S, Haldane D, Hoang L, Horsman G, Louis M, Robberts L, Wylie J. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky in Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:999-1001. [PMID: 23735312 PMCID: PMC3713822 DOI: 10.3201/eid1906.121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky in Canada during 2003-2009. All isolates had similar macrorestriction patterns and were multilocus sequence type ST198, which has been observed in Europe and Africa. Ciprofloxacin-resistant S. enterica serovar Kentucky represents 66% of all ciprofloxacin-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella sp. isolates observed in Canada since 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Baucheron S, Le Hello S, Doublet B, Giraud E, Weill FX, Cloeckaert A. ramR mutations affecting fluoroquinolone susceptibility in epidemic multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:213. [PMID: 23914184 PMCID: PMC3728480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A screening for non-target mutations affecting fluoroquinolone susceptibility was conducted in epidemic multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198. Among a panel of representative isolates (n = 27), covering the epidemic, only three showed distinct mutations in ramR resulting in enhanced expression of genes encoding the AcrAB-TolC efflux system and low increase in ciprofloxacin MIC. No mutations were detected in other regulatory regions of this efflux system. Ciprofloxacin resistance in serovar Kentucky ST198 is thus currently mainly due to multiple target gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Baucheron
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique Tours, France
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Batura D, Gopal Rao G. The national burden of infections after prostate biopsy in England and Wales: a wake-up call for better prevention--authors' response. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2419-20. [PMID: 23681272 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Batura
- Department of Urology, Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, London HA1 3UJ, UK
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Zhao LH, Zhao SP. Molecular basis of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains from Shandong Province, China. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:273-6. [PMID: 24159315 PMCID: PMC3804209 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study, the ciprofloxacin resistance rate was 100%. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance rate was 63.55%. Sixteen different mutation patterns involved in the formation of ciprofloxacin resistance were identified. The most prevalent were patterns P7 (25.2%), P8 (15.0%), P9 (11.2%), P1 (10.3%), and P5 (10.3%). All of the 107 NG isolates analyzed for mutations in the study have demonstrated a change of Ser-91 → Phe in the gyrA gene, and all except one have demonstrated a change in position 95 of the amino acid sequence. All of the 68 high-level QRNG isolates had double mutations in gyrA gene combined with a single or two mutations in parC gene. It is most important that a new mutation site of Ile-97 → Met in gyrA and a new mutation of Leu-106 → Ile in parC were found in the study, both leading to high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (MIC values, 8 μg/mL, 32 μg/mL, respectively). Therefore, we confim that gyrA mutations are necessary for the fluoroquinolone resistance phenotype and parC mutations are correlated intimately with high-level fluoroquinolone resistance. In China fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains is very serious and the new mutation sites in the fluoroquinolone resistance-determining regions emerge more and more quickly. Hence, in China fluoroquinolones, which are used to treat gonorrhoea presently, should be substituted by a new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Zhao
- Department of Laboratory, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, P.R. China
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Balakrishnan I, Smith G. Comment on: The national burden of infections after prostate biopsy in England and Wales: a wake-up call for better prevention. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2418-9. [PMID: 23633682 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Indran Balakrishnan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Sahoo KC, Tamhankar AJ, Sahoo S, Sahu PS, Klintz SR, Lundborg CS. Geographical variation in antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from stool, cow-dung and drinking water. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012; 9:746-59. [PMID: 22690160 PMCID: PMC3367274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little information is available on relationships between the biophysical environment and antibiotic resistance. This study was conducted to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli isolated from child stool samples, cow-dung and drinking water from the non-coastal (230 households) and coastal (187 households) regions of Odisha, India. Susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates (n = 696) to the following antibiotics: tetracycline, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefixime, cotrimoxazole, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and nalidixic acid was performed by the disk diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (n = 83). Resistance to at least one antibiotic was detected in 90% or more of the E. coli isolates. Ciprofloxacin MIC values ranged from 8 to 32 µg/mL. The odds ratio (OR) of resistance in E. coli isolates from children’s stool (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.18–8.01), cow-dung (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.59–8.03, P = 0.002) and drinking water (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.00–14.44, P = 0.049) were higher in non-coastal compared to coastal region. Similarly, the co-resistance in cow-dung (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.39–4.37, P = 0.002) and drinking water (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.36–7.41, P = 0.008) as well as the multi-resistance in cow-dung (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.12–4.34, P = 0.022) and drinking water (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.06–7.07, P = 0.036) were also higher in the non-coastal compared to the coastal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krushna Chandra Sahoo
- Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.K.); (C.S.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; ; Tel.: +46-0-8-524-83366; Fax: +46-8-311-590
| | - Ashok J. Tamhankar
- Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance (IIMAR), Department of Environmental Medicine, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456 006, India;
| | - Soumyakanta Sahoo
- Department of Microbiology, Super Religare Laboratories Limited, Kalinga Hospital, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India;
| | - Priyadarshi Soumyaranjan Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences and School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India;
| | - Senia Rosales Klintz
- Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.K.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg
- Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.K.); (C.S.L.)
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Lim SK, Park IW, Lee WG, Kim HK, Choi YH. Change of antimicrobial susceptibility among Escherichia coli strains isolated from female patients with community-onset acute pyelonephritis. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:164-71. [PMID: 22187248 PMCID: PMC3250337 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2012.53.1.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a concern on which antimicrobials are appropriate as empirical agents for community-onset acute pyelonephritis (APN) in regions where the fluoroquinolone resistance rate is high, such as in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three hundred and two strains of E. coli in 2001-2002 and 349 strains in 2008-2009 were isolated from the urine cultures of female adult APN patients, and the antimicrobial susceptibility was compared according to each study period. All the patients were classified as uncomplicated or complicated APN, and a subgroup analysis was done thereafter. RESULTS The E. coli strains isolated in 2008-2009 showed improved susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared to those isolated in 2001-2002. However, the third generation cephalosporin and gentamicin susceptibility was worsened. Of the 232 isolates from the uncomplicated APN patients, there was no difference between the two different time periods. On the other hand, of the 419 isolates from the complicated APN patients, the susceptibility to third generation cephalosporin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin was significantly worsened. CONCLUSION The antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli changed over the study period, however, this change occurred mainly in the complicated APN patients. In Korea, ciprofloxacin is still useful as an empirical agent for uncomplicated APN patients, but this is not the case for patients with complicated APN because of high resistance rate to ciprofloxacin in these patients. For the complicated APN patients, the rate of resistance to ciprofloxacin is already more than 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kwan Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - In Whee Park
- Department of Nephrology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Wee Gyo Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Hwa Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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