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Kalinina EV, Novichkova MD. S-Glutathionylation and S-Nitrosylation as Modulators of Redox-Dependent Processes in Cancer Cell. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2023; 88:924-943. [PMID: 37751864 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923070064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Development of oxidative/nitrosative stress associated with the activation of oncogenic pathways results from the increase in the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in tumor cells, where they can have a dual effect. At high concentrations, ROS/RNS cause cell death and limit tumor growth at certain phases of its development, while their low amounts promote oxidative/nitrosative modifications of key redox-dependent residues in regulatory proteins. The reversibility of such modifications as S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation that proceed through the electrophilic attack of ROS/RNS on nucleophilic Cys residues ensures the redox-dependent switch in the activity of signaling proteins, as well as the ability of these compounds to control cell proliferation and programmed cell death. The content of S-glutathionylated and S-nitrosylated proteins is controlled by the balance between S-glutathionylation/deglutathionylation and S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation, respectively, and depends on the cellular redox status. The extent of S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation of protein targets and their ratio largely determine the status and direction of signaling pathways in cancer cells. The review discusses the features of S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation reactions and systems that control them in cancer cells, as well as their relationship with redox-dependent processes and tumor growth.
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Stomberski CT, Venetos NM, Zhou HL, Qian Z, Collison BR, Field SJ, Premont RT, Stamler JS. A multienzyme S-nitrosylation cascade regulates cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111538. [PMID: 36288700 PMCID: PMC9667709 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that protein S-nitrosylation is enzymatically regulated and that specificity in S-nitrosylation derives from dedicated S-nitrosylases and denitrosylases that conjugate and remove S-nitrosothiols, respectively. Here, we report that mice deficient in the protein denitrosylase SCoR2 (S-nitroso-Coenzyme A Reductase 2; AKR1A1) exhibit marked reductions in serum cholesterol due to reduced secretion of the cholesterol-regulating protein PCSK9. SCoR2 associates with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) secretory machinery to control an S-nitrosylation cascade involving ER cargo-selection proteins SAR1 and SURF4, which moonlight as S-nitrosylases. SAR1 acts as a SURF4 nitrosylase and SURF4 as a PCSK9 nitrosylase to inhibit PCSK9 secretion, while SCoR2 counteracts nitrosylase activity by promoting PCSK9 denitrosylation. Inhibition of PCSK9 by an NO-based drug requires nitrosylase activity, and small-molecule inhibition of SCoR2 phenocopies the PCSK9-mediated reductions in cholesterol observed in SCoR2-deficient mice. Our results reveal enzymatic machinery controlling cholesterol levels through S-nitrosylation and suggest a distinct treatment paradigm for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Stomberski
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas M Venetos
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hua-Lin Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qian
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Bryce R Collison
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Seth J Field
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA.
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3
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Yoon S, Eom GH, Kang G. Nitrosative Stress and Human Disease: Therapeutic Potential of Denitrosylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189794. [PMID: 34575960 PMCID: PMC8464666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins dynamically contribute towards maintaining cellular homeostasis. Posttranslational modification regulates the function of target proteins through their immediate activation, sudden inhibition, or permanent degradation. Among numerous protein modifications, protein nitrosation and its functional relevance have emerged. Nitrosation generally initiates nitric oxide (NO) production in association with NO synthase. NO is conjugated to free thiol in the cysteine side chain (S-nitrosylation) and is propagated via the transnitrosylation mechanism. S-nitrosylation is a signaling pathway frequently involved in physiologic regulation. NO forms peroxynitrite in excessive oxidation conditions and induces tyrosine nitration, which is quite stable and is considered irreversible. Two main reducing systems are attributed to denitrosylation: glutathione and thioredoxin (TRX). Glutathione captures NO from S-nitrosylated protein and forms S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). The intracellular reducing system catalyzes GSNO into GSH again. TRX can remove NO-like glutathione and break down the disulfide bridge. Although NO is usually beneficial in the basal context, cumulative stress from chronic inflammation or oxidative insult produces a large amount of NO, which induces atypical protein nitrosation. Herein, we (1) provide a brief introduction to the nitrosation and denitrosylation processes, (2) discuss nitrosation-associated human diseases, and (3) discuss a possible denitrosylation strategy and its therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somy Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Gwang Hyeon Eom
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
- Correspondence: (G.-H.E.); (G.K.); Tel.: +82-61-379-2837 (G.-H.E.); +82-62-220-5262 (G.K.)
| | - Gaeun Kang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.-H.E.); (G.K.); Tel.: +82-61-379-2837 (G.-H.E.); +82-62-220-5262 (G.K.)
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Singh N, Raul KP, Poulose A, Mugesh G, Venkatesh V. Highly Stable Pyrimidine Based Luminescent Copper Nanoclusters with Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic and Nitric Oxide Releasing Activity. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2020; 3:7454-7461. [PMID: 35019487 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) are emerging as an interesting class of materials for various biomedical applications. In this work, we have designed highly stable nucleobase-capped luminescent CuNCs and studied the effect of substituents on the cluster composition and photophysical properties. The NCs exhibit exceptional stability in ambient atmosphere and show significant variation in the emission properties with a change in position of substituents on the ligand, thiouracil. This study represents the first example of a nanocluster that functionally mimics the activity of a major antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition to their enzyme-mimetic activity, the CuNCs evince controlled release of nitric oxide (NO), a key gaseous molecule of endothelial system from S-nitrosothiol, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Further, to a greater significance, these luminescent CuNCs are readily taken up by the mammalian cells and exhibit low toxicity. The superoxide dismutase and NO releasing activity of the fluorescent, biocompatible copper nanoclusters suggest their potential application in both therapeutics and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Kusaji Pundlik Raul
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Aiswarya Poulose
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - V Venkatesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
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5
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Hao L, Dong L, Yu Q, Shen W, Wei X. Edaravone inhibits procaspase-3 denitrosylation and activation through FasL-Trx2 pathway in KA-induced seizure. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:662-670. [PMID: 32215950 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that excessive free radicals play an essential role in the initiation and progression of epilepsy and that a novel exogenous free radical scavenger edaravone (Ed) exerts some neuroprotective effects on seizure-induced neuronal damage. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms of Ed associated with procaspase-3 denitrosylation and activation through the FasL-Trx2 pathway in seizures rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ed on the regulation of the combination of Fas ligand/Fas receptor and the major components of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) in the hippocampus of kainic acid (KA)-treated Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Treatment with Ed can attenuate the increased expression of FasL induced by KA and prevent procaspase-3 denitrosylation and activation via suppression of the FasL-Trx2 signaling pathway, which alleviates the neuronal damage in seizures. These results provide experimental evidence that Ed functions by preventing the denitrosylation and activation of procaspase-3 and that Ed acts as a therapeutic option for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Qiuxing Yu
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Xuewen Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
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Stomberski CT, Anand P, Venetos NM, Hausladen A, Zhou HL, Premont RT, Stamler JS. AKR1A1 is a novel mammalian S-nitroso-glutathione reductase. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18285-18293. [PMID: 31649033 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative modification of Cys residues by NO results in S-nitrosylation, a ubiquitous post-translational modification and a primary mediator of redox-based cellular signaling. Steady-state levels of S-nitrosylated proteins are largely determined by denitrosylase enzymes that couple NAD(P)H oxidation with reduction of S-nitrosothiols, including protein and low-molecular-weight (LMW) S-nitrosothiols (S-nitroso-GSH (GSNO) and S-nitroso-CoA (SNO-CoA)). SNO-CoA reductases require NADPH, whereas enzymatic reduction of GSNO can involve either NADH or NADPH. Notably, GSNO reductase (GSNOR, Adh5) accounts for most NADH-dependent GSNOR activity, whereas NADPH-dependent GSNOR activity is largely unaccounted for (CBR1 mediates a minor portion). Here, we de novo purified NADPH-coupled GSNOR activity from mammalian tissues and identified aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1 (AKR1A1), the archetypal mammalian SNO-CoA reductase, as a primary mediator of NADPH-coupled GSNOR activity in these tissues. Kinetic analyses suggested an AKR1A1 substrate preference of SNO-CoA > GSNO. AKR1A1 deletion from murine tissues dramatically lowered NADPH-dependent GSNOR activity. Conversely, GSNOR-deficient mice had increased AKR1A1 activity, revealing potential cross-talk among GSNO-dependent denitrosylases. Molecular modeling and mutagenesis of AKR1A1 identified Arg-312 as a key residue mediating the specific interaction with GSNO; in contrast, substitution of the SNO-CoA-binding residue Lys-127 minimally affected the GSNO-reducing activity of AKR1A1. Together, these findings indicate that AKR1A1 is a multi-LMW-SNO reductase that can distinguish between and metabolize the two major LMW-SNO signaling molecules GSNO and SNO-CoA, allowing for wide-ranging control of protein S-nitrosylation under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Stomberski
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44016
| | - Puneet Anand
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44016
| | - Nicholas M Venetos
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44016
| | - Alfred Hausladen
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44016
| | - Hua-Lin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44016
| | - Richard T Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44016; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44016
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44016; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44016; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44016.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Protein S-nitrosylation, the oxidative modification of cysteine by nitric oxide (NO) to form protein S-nitrosothiols (SNOs), mediates redox-based signaling that conveys, in large part, the ubiquitous influence of NO on cellular function. S-nitrosylation regulates protein activity, stability, localization, and protein-protein interactions across myriad physiological processes, and aberrant S-nitrosylation is associated with diverse pathophysiologies. Recent Advances: It is recently recognized that S-nitrosylation endows S-nitroso-protein (SNO-proteins) with S-nitrosylase activity, that is, the potential to trans-S-nitrosylate additional proteins, thereby propagating SNO-based signals, analogous to kinase-mediated signaling cascades. In addition, it is increasingly appreciated that cellular S-nitrosylation is governed by dynamically coupled equilibria between SNO-proteins and low-molecular-weight SNOs, which are controlled by a growing set of enzymatic denitrosylases comprising two main classes (high and low molecular weight). S-nitrosylases and denitrosylases, which together control steady-state SNO levels, may be identified with distinct physiology and pathophysiology ranging from cardiovascular and respiratory disorders to neurodegeneration and cancer. CRITICAL ISSUES The target specificity of protein S-nitrosylation and the stability and reactivity of protein SNOs are determined substantially by enzymatic machinery comprising highly conserved transnitrosylases and denitrosylases. Understanding the differential functionality of SNO-regulatory enzymes is essential, and is amenable to genetic and pharmacological analyses, read out as perturbation of specific equilibria within the SNO circuitry. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The emerging picture of NO biology entails equilibria among potentially thousands of different SNOs, governed by denitrosylases and nitrosylases. Thus, to elucidate the operation and consequences of S-nitrosylation in cellular contexts, studies should consider the roles of SNO-proteins as both targets and transducers of S-nitrosylation, functioning according to enzymatically governed equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Stomberski
- 1 Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Douglas T Hess
- 1 Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,3 Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,3 Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,4 Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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Stomberski CT, Zhou HL, Wang L, van den Akker F, Stamler JS. Molecular recognition of S-nitrosothiol substrate by its cognate protein denitrosylase. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1568-1578. [PMID: 30538128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosylation mediates a large part of nitric oxide's influence on cellular function by providing a fundamental mechanism to control protein function across different species and cell types. At steady state, cellular S-nitrosylation reflects dynamic equilibria between S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) in proteins and small molecules (low-molecular-weight SNOs) whose levels are regulated by dedicated S-nitrosylases and denitrosylases. S-Nitroso-CoA (SNO-CoA) and its cognate denitrosylases, SNO-CoA reductases (SCoRs), are newly identified determinants of protein S-nitrosylation in both yeast and mammals. Because SNO-CoA is a minority species among potentially thousands of cellular SNOs, SCoRs must preferentially recognize this SNO substrate. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism by which cellular SNOs are recognized by their cognate enzymes. Using mammalian cells, molecular modeling, substrate-capture assays, and mutagenic analyses, we identified a single conserved surface Lys (Lys-127) residue as well as active-site interactions of the SNO group that mediate recognition of SNO-CoA by SCoR. Comparing SCoRK127A versus SCoRWT HEK293 cells, we identified a SNO-CoA-dependent nitrosoproteome, including numerous metabolic protein substrates. Finally, we discovered that the SNO-CoA/SCoR system has a role in mitochondrial metabolism. Collectively, our findings provide molecular insights into the basis of specificity in SNO-CoA-mediated metabolic signaling and suggest a role for SCoR-regulated S-nitrosylation in multiple metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Stomberski
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Hua-Lin Zhou
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Liwen Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Focco van den Akker
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
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Yamashita AMS, Ancillotti MTC, Rangel LP, Fontenele M, Figueiredo-Freitas C, Possidonio AC, Soares CP, Sorenson MM, Mermelstein C, Nogueira L. Balance between S-nitrosylation and denitrosylation modulates myoblast proliferation independently of soluble guanylyl cyclase activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C11-C26. [PMID: 28381519 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00140.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to myogenesis by regulating the transition between myoblast proliferation and fusion through cGMP signaling. NO can form S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), which control signaling pathways in many different cell types. However, neither the role of RSNO content nor its regulation by the denitrosylase activity of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) during myogenesis is understood. Here, we used primary cultures of chick embryonic skeletal muscle cells to investigate whether changes in intracellular RSNO alter proliferation and fusion of myoblasts in the presence and absence of cGMP. Cultures were grown to fuse most of the myoblasts into myotubes, with and without S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO), 8-Br-cGMP, DETA-NO, or inhibitors for NO synthase (NOS), GSNOR, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), or a combination of these, followed by analysis of GSNOR activity, protein expression, RSNO, cGMP, and cell morphology. Although the activity of GSNOR increased progressively over 72 h, inhibiting GSNOR (by GSNOR inhibitor - GSNORi - or by knocking down GSNOR with siRNA) produced an increase in RSNO and in the number of myoblasts and fibroblasts, accompanied by a decrease in myoblast fusion index. This was also detected with CysNO supplementation. Enhanced myoblast number was proportional to GSNOR inhibition. Effects of the GSNORi and GSNOR knockdown were blunted by NOS inhibition, suggesting their dependence on NO synthesis. Interestingly, GSNORi and GSNOR knockdown reversed the attenuated proliferation obtained with sGC inhibition in myoblasts, but not in fibroblasts. Hence myoblast proliferation is enhanced by increasing RSNO, and regulated by GSNOR activity, independently of cGMP production and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M S Yamashita
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maryana T C Ancillotti
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Rangel
- Departamento de Análise Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Marcio Fontenele
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cicero Figueiredo-Freitas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana C Possidonio
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina P Soares
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha M Sorenson
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nogueira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
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Nakamura T, Lipton SA. Protein S-Nitrosylation as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:73-84. [PMID: 26707925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At physiological levels, nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the maintenance of normal neuronal activity and survival, thus serving as an important regulatory mechanism in the central nervous system. By contrast, accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to environmental toxins or the normal aging process can trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (such as NO), contributing to the etiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. We highlight here protein S-nitrosylation, resulting from covalent attachment of an NO group to a cysteine thiol of the target protein, as a ubiquitous effector of NO signaling in both health and disease. We review our current understanding of this redox-dependent post-translational modification under neurodegenerative conditions, and evaluate how targeting dysregulated protein S-nitrosylation can lead to novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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11
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Correa-Aragunde N, Cejudo FJ, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide is required for the auxin-induced activation of NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase and protein denitrosylation during root growth responses in arabidopsis. Ann Bot 2015; 116:695-702. [PMID: 26229066 PMCID: PMC4578003 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Auxin is the main phytohormone controlling root development in plants. This study uses pharmacological and genetic approaches to examine the role of auxin and nitric oxide (NO) in the activation of NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR), and the effect that this activity has on root growth responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. METHODS Arabidopsis seedlings were treated with auxin with or without the NTR inhibitors auranofin (ANF) and 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). NTR activity, lateral root (LR) formation and S-nitrosothiol content were measured in roots. Protein S-nitrosylation was analysed by the biotin switch method in wild-type arabidopsis and in the double mutant ntra ntrb. KEY RESULTS The auxin-mediated induction of NTR activity is inhibited by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (CPTIO), suggesting that NO is downstream of auxin in this regulatory pathway. The NTR inhibitors ANF and DNCB prevent auxin-mediated activation of NTR and LR formation. Moreover, ANF and DNCB also inhibit auxin-induced DR5 : : GUS and BA3 : : GUS gene expression, suggesting that the auxin signalling pathway is compromised without full NTR activity. Treatment of roots with ANF and DNCB increases total nitrosothiols (SNO) content and protein S-nitrosylation, suggesting a role of the NTR-thioredoxin (Trx)-redox system in protein denitrosylation. In agreement with these results, the level of S-nitrosylated proteins is increased in the arabidopsis double mutant ntra ntrb as compared with the wild-type. CONCLUSIONS The results support for the idea that NTR is involved in protein denitrosylation during auxin-mediated root development. The fact that a high NO concentration induces NTR activity suggests that a feedback mechanism to control massive and unregulated protein S-nitrosylation could be operating in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Correa-Aragunde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina and
| | - Francisco J Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina and
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Anand P, Hausladen A, Wang YJ, Zhang GF, Stomberski C, Brunengraber H, Hess DT, Stamler JS. Identification of S-nitroso-CoA reductases that regulate protein S-nitrosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18572-7. [PMID: 25512491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417816112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) mediates thiol-based acyl-group transfer (acetylation and palmitoylation). However, a role for CoA in the thiol-based transfer of NO groups (S-nitrosylation) has not been considered. Here we describe protein S-nitrosylation in yeast (heretofore unknown) that is mediated by S-nitroso-CoA (SNO-CoA). We identify a specific SNO-CoA reductase encoded by the alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (ADH6) gene and show that deletion of ADH6 increases cellular S-nitrosylation and alters CoA metabolism. Further, we report that Adh6, acting as a selective SNO-CoA reductase, protects acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase from inhibitory S-nitrosylation and thereby affects sterol biosynthesis. Thus, Adh6-regulated, SNO-CoA-mediated protein S-nitrosylation provides a regulatory mechanism paralleling protein acetylation. We also find that SNO-CoA reductases are present from bacteria to mammals, and we identify aldo-keto reductase 1A1 as the mammalian functional analog of Adh6. Our studies reveal a novel functional class of enzymes that regulate protein S-nitrosylation from yeast to mammals and suggest that SNO-CoA-mediated S-nitrosylation may subserve metabolic regulation.
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Sun N, Hao JR, Li XY, Yin XH, Zong YY, Zhang GY, Gao C. GluR6-FasL-Trx2 mediates denitrosylation and activation of procaspase-3 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e771. [PMID: 23949220 PMCID: PMC3763460 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) facilitates the activation of procaspase-3 and promotes apoptosis in hippocampus. But the mechanisms have remained uncharacterized. Protein S-nitrosylation and denitrosylation is an important reversible posttranslational modification, which is a common mechanism in signal transduction and affects numerous physiological and pathophysiological events. However, it is not known whether S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation modification of procaspase-3 serves as a component of apoptosis and cell death induced by cerebral I/R. Here we show that procaspase-3 is significantly denitrosylated and activated after I/R in rat hippocampus. NS102, a glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6) antagonist, can inhibit the denitrosylation of procaspase-3 and diminish the increased Fas ligand (FasL) and thioredoxin (Trx)-2 expression induced by cerebral I/R. Moreover, downregulation of FasL expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides inhibits the denitrosylation and activation of procaspase-3. Auranofin, a TrxR inhibitor or TrxR2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, has similar effects. In primary hippocampal cultures, Lentiviral-mediated knockdown of FasL and TrxR2 before the oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation further verifies that FasL and TrxR2 are involved in the denitrosylation of procaspase-3. In situ TUNEL staining and cresyl violet staining validate that inhibiting denitrosylation of procaspase-3 may exert neuroprotective effect on apoptosis and cell death induced by cerebral I/R in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. This is the first evidence that cerebral I/R mediates procaspase-3 denitrosylation and activation through GluR6-FasL-Trx2 pathway, which leads to neuronal apoptosis and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - J-R Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - X-Y Li
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - X-H Yin
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Y-Y Zong
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - G-Y Zhang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - C Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu 221004, China
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