1
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Tseng E, Kuo G, Baek SH, Matsuda N, Maimone A, Schiffers F, Chakravarthula P, Fu Q, Heidrich W, Lanman D, Heide F. Neural étendue expander for ultra-wide-angle high-fidelity holographic display. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2907. [PMID: 38649369 PMCID: PMC11035703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Holographic displays can generate light fields by dynamically modulating the wavefront of a coherent beam of light using a spatial light modulator, promising rich virtual and augmented reality applications. However, the limited spatial resolution of existing dynamic spatial light modulators imposes a tight bound on the diffraction angle. As a result, modern holographic displays possess low étendue, which is the product of the display area and the maximum solid angle of diffracted light. The low étendue forces a sacrifice of either the field-of-view (FOV) or the display size. In this work, we lift this limitation by presenting neural étendue expanders. This new breed of optical elements, which is learned from a natural image dataset, enables higher diffraction angles for ultra-wide FOV while maintaining both a compact form factor and the fidelity of displayed contents to human viewers. With neural étendue expanders, we experimentally achieve 64 × étendue expansion of natural images in full color, expanding the FOV by an order of magnitude horizontally and vertically, with high-fidelity reconstruction quality (measured in PSNR) over 29 dB on retinal-resolution images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Tseng
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Grace Kuo
- Reality Labs Research, Meta, Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Seung-Hwan Baek
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiang Fu
- Visual Computing Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolfgang Heidrich
- Visual Computing Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Felix Heide
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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2
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Wang Y, Lei C, Guan W, Wu K, Zhang B, Yu G. Bistable Electrochromic Ionogels via Supramolecular Interactions for Energy-Efficient Displays. Adv Mater 2024:e2403499. [PMID: 38635452 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Bistable electrochromic (EC) materials and systems offer significant potential for building decarbonization through their optical modulation and energy efficiency. However, challenges such as limited design strategies and bottlenecks in cost, fabrication, and color have hindered the full commercialization of energy-saving EC windows and displays, with few materials achieving true bistability. Herein, a novel strategy for designing bistable electrochromic materials is proposed by leveraging supramolecular interactions. These interactions facilitate reversible color transitions, stabilize the colored structure, and enable spatial confinement to inhibit diffusion, thereby achieving bistable electrochromism. The mechanisms and materials underlying these unconventional electrochromic systems are substantiated through detailed characterization. This strategy enables the preparation of low-cost and sustainable transparent electrochromic displays with high performance. Notably, the display information remains clearly visible for more than 2 hours without consuming energy. Involving biomass materials and removable device structures also enhances the sustainability and scalability of EC technology applications and development. Our results demonstrate the crucial role of supramolecular chemistry in the development of cutting-edge materials for applications such as energy-saving smart windows. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Chuxin Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Weixin Guan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Kai Wu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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3
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Lee JS, Cho SH, Choi WJ, Choi YW. Enhancing the color gamut of waveguide displays for augmented reality head-mounted displays through spatially modulated diffraction grating. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8821. [PMID: 38627454 PMCID: PMC11021499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) applications require displays with an extended color gamut to facilitate the presentation of increasingly immersive content. The waveguide (WG) display technology, which is typical AR demonstration method, is a critical constraint on the color gamut of AR systems because of the intrinsic properties of the holographic optical elements (HOEs) used in this technology. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a method of spatially modulated diffractive optics that can expand the color gamut of HOE-based WG displays. This approach involves spatial modulation using sub-pixelized HOEs, which enables the diffraction of red, green, and blue rays along identical directions. The proposed structure considers both the characteristics of the HOE and the wavelength sensitivity of the observer to optimize the color gamut. Consequently, an expanded color gamut was achieved. The results of the theoretical and experimental analyses substantiate the effectiveness and practicality of this method in enhancing the color gamut of HOE-based WG displays. Thus, the proposed method can facilitate the implementation of more immersive AR displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sang Lee
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo June Choi
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Young-Wan Choi
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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4
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Li Y, Su Y. Mass-produced and uniformly luminescent photochromic fibers toward future interactive wearable displays. Light Sci Appl 2024; 13:79. [PMID: 38565550 PMCID: PMC10987505 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Enabling flexible fibers with light-emitting capabilities has the potential to revolutionize the design of smart wearable interactive devices. A recent publication in Light Science & Application, an interdisciplinary team of scientists led by Prof. Yan-Qing Lu and Prof. Guangming Tao has realized a highly flexible, uniformly luminescent photochromic fiber based on a mass-produced thermal drawing method. It overcomes the shortcomings of existing commercial light-diffusing fibers, exhibiting outstanding one-dimensional linear illumination performance. The research team integrated controllable photochromic fibers into various wearable interaction interfaces, providing a novel approach and insights to enable human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yikai Su
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Liu X, Hu J, Ju M, Wang Y, Han T, Huang J, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Song L. Fast high quality computational ghost imaging based on saliency variable sampling detection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7769. [PMID: 38565578 PMCID: PMC10987625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fast computational ghost imaging with high quality and ultra-high-definition resolution reconstructed images has important application potential in target tracking, biological imaging and other fields. However, as far as we know, the resolution (pixels) of the reconstructed image is related to the number of measurements. And the limited resolution of reconstructed images at low measurement times hinders the application of computational ghost imaging. Therefore, in this work, a new computational ghost imaging method based on saliency variable sampling detection is proposed to achieve high-quality imaging at low measurement times. This method physically variable samples the salient features and realizes compressed detection of computational ghost imaging based on the salient periodic features of the bucket detection signal. Numerical simulation and experimental results show that the reconstructed image quality of our method is similar to the compressed sensing method at low measurement times. Even at 500 (sampling rate 0.76 % ) measurement times, the reconstructed image of the method still has the target features. Moreover, the 2160 × 4096 (4K) pixels ultra-high-definition resolution reconstructed images can be obtained at only a sampling rate of 0.11 % . This method has great potential value in real-time detection and tracking, biological imaging and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jun Hu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Mingchi Ju
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yingzhi Wang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Tailin Han
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Jipeng Huang
- College of physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- College of physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, 130103, China.
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6
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Li P, Wang Y, He X, Cui Y, Ouyang J, Ouyang J, He Z, Hu J, Liu X, Wei H, Wang Y, Lu X, Ji Q, Cai X, Liu L, Hou C, Zhou N, Pan S, Wang X, Zhou H, Qiu CW, Lu YQ, Tao G. Wearable and interactive multicolored photochromic fiber display. Light Sci Appl 2024; 13:48. [PMID: 38355692 PMCID: PMC10866970 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Endowing flexible and adaptable fiber devices with light-emitting capabilities has the potential to revolutionize the current design philosophy of intelligent, wearable interactive devices. However, significant challenges remain in developing fiber devices when it comes to achieving uniform and customizable light effects while utilizing lightweight hardware. Here, we introduce a mass-produced, wearable, and interactive photochromic fiber that provides uniform multicolored light control. We designed independent waveguides inside the fiber to maintain total internal reflection of light as it traverses the fiber. The impact of excessive light leakage on the overall illuminance can be reduced by utilizing the saturable absorption effect of fluorescent materials to ensure light emission uniformity along the transmission direction. In addition, we coupled various fluorescent composite materials inside the fiber to achieve artificially controllable spectral radiation of multiple color systems in a single fiber. We prepared fibers on mass-produced kilometer-long using the thermal drawing method. The fibers can be directly integrated into daily wearable devices or clothing in various patterns and combined with other signal input components to control and display patterns as needed. This work provides a new perspective and inspiration to the existing field of fiber display interaction, paving the way for future human-machine integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoxian He
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yuyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jingyu Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ju Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zicheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiayu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hang Wei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- School of Performing Arts, Wuhan Conservatory of Music, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qian Ji
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinyuan Cai
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Fashion, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shaowu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Guangming Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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7
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Chen Z, Li H, Yuan C, Gao P, Su Q, Chen S. Color Revolution: Prospects and Challenges of Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diode Display Technologies. Small Methods 2024; 8:e2300359. [PMID: 37357153 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on colloidal quantum-dots (QDs) such as CdSe, InP, and ZnSeTe feature a unique advantage of narrow emission linewidth of ≈20 nm, which can produce highly accurate colors, making them a highly promising technology for the realization of displays with Rec. 2020 color gamut. With the rapid development in the past decades, the performances of red and green QLEDs have been remarkably improved, and their efficiency and lifetime can almost meet industrial requirements. However, the industrialization of QLED displays still faces many challenges; for example, (1) the device mechanisms including the charge injection/transport/leakage, exciton quenching, and device degradation are still unclear, which fundamentally limit QLED performance improvement; (2) the blue performances including the efficiency, chromaticity, and stability are relatively low, which are still far from the requirements of practical applications; (3) the color patterning processes including the ink-jet printing, transfer printing, and photolithography are still immature, which restrict the manufacturing of high resolution full-color QLED displays. Here, the recent advancements attempting to address the above challenges of QLED displays are specifically reviewed. After a brief overview of QLED development history, device structure/principle, and performances, the main focus is to investigate the recent discoveries on device mechanisms with an emphasis on device degradation. Then recent progress is introduced in blue QLEDs and color patterning. Finally, the opportunities, challenges, solutions, and future research directions of QLED displays are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Haotao Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Cuixia Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Peili Gao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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8
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Rolland JP, Goodsell J. Waveguide-based augmented reality displays: a highlight. Light Sci Appl 2024; 13:22. [PMID: 38233407 PMCID: PMC10794222 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR), which emerged in the 1960s, remains a focal point of interest given its capacity to overlay the real world with digitally presented information through optical combiners. The prevalent combiner, commonly known as the waveguide in the AR literature, is prized for its compact design and generous eyebox-essential elements in human-centric technology. Nonetheless, these combiners encounter unique challenges in meeting various other requirements of the human visual system. This paper highlights a recent review of technological advancements and presents a forward-looking perspective on the future of AR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick P Rolland
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, 480 Intercampus Drive, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
- Center for Freeform Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
| | - Jeremy Goodsell
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, 480 Intercampus Drive, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
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9
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Latif S, Kim J, Khaliq HS, Mahmood N, Ansari MA, Chen X, Akbar J, Badloe T, Zubair M, Massoud Y, Mehmood MQ, Rho J. Spin-Selective Angular Dispersion Control in Dielectric Metasurfaces for Multichannel Meta-Holographic Displays. Nano Lett 2024; 24:708-714. [PMID: 38165767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Angle-dependent next-generation displays have potential applications in 3D stereoscopic and head-mounted displays, image combiners, and encryption for augmented reality (AR) and security. Metasurfaces enable such exceptional functionalities with groundbreaking achievements in efficient displays over the past decades. However, limitations in angular dispersion control make them unfit for numerous nanophotonic applications. Here, we propose a spin-selective angle-dependent all-dielectric metasurface with a unique design strategy to manifest distinct phase information at different incident angles of light. As a proof of concept, the phase masks of two images are encoded into the metasurface and projected at the desired focal plane under different angles of left circularly polarized (LCP) light. Specifically, the proposed multifunctional metasurface generates two distinct holographic images under LCP illumination at angles of +35 and -35°. The presented holographic displays may provide a feasible route toward multifunctional meta-devices for potential AR displays, encrypted imaging, and information storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Latif
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hafiz Saad Khaliq
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Jehan Akbar
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Wang D, Li YL, Chu F, Li NN, Li ZS, Lee SD, Nie ZQ, Liu C, Wang QH. Color liquid crystal grating based color holographic 3D display system with large viewing angle. Light Sci Appl 2024; 13:16. [PMID: 38221521 PMCID: PMC10788332 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Holographic 3D display is highly desirable for numerous applications ranging from medical treatments to military affairs. However, it is challenging to simultaneously achieve large viewing angle and high-fidelity color reconstruction due to the intractable constraints of existing technology. Here, we conceptually propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple and feasible pathway of using a well-designed color liquid crystal grating to overcome the inevitable chromatic aberration and enlarge the holographic viewing angle, thus enabling large-viewing-angle and color holographic 3D display. The use of color liquid crystal grating allows performing secondary diffraction modulation on red, green and blue reproduced images simultaneously and extending the viewing angle in the holographic 3D display system. In principle, a chromatic aberration-free hologram generation mechanism in combination with the color liquid crystal grating is proposed to pave the way for on such a superior holographic 3D display. The proposed system shows a color viewing angle of ~50.12°, which is about 7 times that of the traditional system with a single spatial light modulator. This work presents a paradigm for achieving desirable holographic 3D display, and is expected to provide a new way for the wide application of holographic display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Long Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fan Chu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Nan-Nan Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhao-Song Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Sin-Doo Lee
- Display Technology Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhong-Quan Nie
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiong-Hua Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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11
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Jang C, Bang K, Chae M, Lee B, Lanman D. Waveguide holography for 3D augmented reality glasses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:66. [PMID: 38169467 PMCID: PMC10762208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Near-eye displays are fundamental technology in the next generation computing platforms for augmented reality and virtual reality. However, there are remaining challenges to deliver immersive and comfortable visual experiences to users, such as compact form factor, solving vergence-accommodation conflict, and achieving a high resolution with a large eyebox. Here we show a compact holographic near-eye display concept that combines the advantages of waveguide displays and holographic displays to overcome the challenges towards true 3D holographic augmented reality glasses. By modeling the coherent light interactions and propagation via the waveguide combiner, we demonstrate controlling the output wavefront using a spatial light modulator located at the input coupler side. The proposed method enables 3D holographic displays via exit-pupil expanding waveguide combiners, providing a large software-steerable eyebox. It also offers additional advantages such as resolution enhancement capability by suppressing phase discontinuities caused by pupil replication process. We build prototypes to verify the concept with experimental results and conclude the paper with discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minseok Chae
- Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Han S, Kim S, Jung JH. The effect of visual rivalry in peripheral head-mounted displays on mobility. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20199. [PMID: 37980436 PMCID: PMC10657352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent head-mounted displays and smart glasses use vision multiplexing, an optical approach where two or more views are superimposed on each other. In vision multiplexing, augmented information is presented over an observer's natural field of view, providing field expansion and critical information during mobility situations like walking and driving. Yet despite its utility, vision multiplexing may produce visual rivalry, a phenomenon where perception alternates between the augmented information and the background scene for seconds at a time. To investigate, we compared the effect of different peripheral vision multiplexing configurations (unilateral opaque, unilateral see-through and bilateral see-through) on the detection of augmented information, incorporating at the same time real-world characteristics (target eccentricity, depth condition, and gaze movement) for a more realistic assessment. Results showed a persistently lower target detection rate in unilateral configurations than the bilateral configuration, suggesting a larger effect of binocular rivalry on target visibility. Nevertheless, this effect does become attenuated when more naturalistic elements are incorporated, and we discuss recommendations for vision multiplexing design and possible avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui'er Han
- Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jae-Hyun Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Duan J, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Fu Q, Zhang B, Tsang PWM, Poon TC. Comparison of adaptive optical scanning holography based on new evaluation methods. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19700. [PMID: 37951969 PMCID: PMC10640607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive Optical Scanning Holography (AOSH) represents a powerful technique that employs an adaptive approach to selectively omit certain lines within holograms, guided by the utilization of Normalized-Mean-Error (NME) as a predictive measure. This approach effectively diminishes scanning time and conserves the storage space required for data preservation. However, there exists alternative methods superior to NME in terms of evaluating the model's efficacy. This paper introduces two novel methods, namely Normalized-Root-Mean-Square-Error (NRMSE) and Normalized-Mean-Square-Error (NMSE), into the AOSH system, leading to the development of NRMSE-AOSH and NMSE-AOSH. These new systems aim to further minimize duration of holographic recording. Through a comparative analysis of hologram lines between the two newly proposed AOSH systems and the original AOSH, we demonstrate that both NRMSE-AOSH and NMSE-AOSH effectively reduce the number of hologram lines while maintaining the hologram's informational content. Among the three methods, our two new methods exhibit better performance compared with the original method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilu Duan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Information Optics (LMIO), Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Information Optics (LMIO), Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yongwei Yao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Information Optics (LMIO), Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qingyang Fu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Information Optics (LMIO), Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Information Optics (LMIO), Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - P W M Tsang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting-Chung Poon
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VI, 24061, USA
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14
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Zhong C, Sang X, Yan B, Li H, Xie X, Qin X, Chen S. Real-time 4K computer-generated hologram based on encoding conventional neural network with learned layered phase. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19372. [PMID: 37938607 PMCID: PMC10632375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning-based computer-generated hologram (CGH) demonstrates great potential for real-time high-quality holographic displays. However, real-time 4K CGH generation for 3D scenes remains a challenge due to the computational burden. Here, a variant conventional neural network (CNN) is presented for CGH encoding with learned layered initial phases for layered CGH generation. Specifically, the CNN predicts the CGH based on the input complex amplitude on the CGH plane, and the learned initial phases act as a universal phase for any target images at the target depth layer. These phases are generated during the training process of the coding CNN to further optimize the quality. The CNN is trained to learn encoding 3D CGH by randomly selecting the depth layer in the training process, and contains only 938 parameters. The generation time for a 2D 4K CGH is 18 ms, and is increased by 12 ms for each layer in a layered 3D scene. The average Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of each layer is above 30dB in the depth range from 160 to 210 mm. Experiments verify that our method can achieve real-time layered 4K CGH generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongli Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Xinzhu Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China.
| | - Binbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Xiujuan Qin
- Beijing Institute of Control and Electronic Technology, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
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15
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Svatunek D. "Holographic" Autostereoscopic Displays: A Perspective on Their Technology and Potential Impact in Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301746. [PMID: 37706626 PMCID: PMC10946886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules is essential for understanding their properties and behavior. Traditional 2D representations and digital 3D models presented on 2D media often fall short in conveying the complexity of molecular structures. Autostereoscopic displays, often marketed as "holographic" displays, pose a potential solution to this challenge. These displays, with their multi-view and single-view configurations, promise to advance chemistry education and research by offering accurate 3D representations with depth and parallax. In this perspective, I delve into the possibilities and limitations of autostereoscopic displays in chemistry, discussing the underlying technology and potential applications, from research to teaching and science communication. Multi-view autostereoscopic displays excel in facilitating collaborative work by enabling multiple viewers to simultaneously perceive the same 3D structure from different angles. However, they currently suffer from low resolution and high cost, which could limit their immediate widespread adoption. Conversely, single-view autostereoscopic displays with eye-tracking, while limited to one viewer at a time, provide higher resolution at a lower cost, thus suggesting that they might become the technology of the future given the balance of price to performance. Despite current limitations, autostereoscopic displays possess undeniable potential for shaping the future of chemistry education and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
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16
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Liu C, Zhu Z, Pan K, Fu Y, Zhang K, Yang B. Bulk CsPbCl xBr 3-x (1 ≤ x ≤ 3) perovskite nanocrystals/polystyrene nanocomposites with controlled Rayleigh scattering for light guide plate. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:261. [PMID: 37914701 PMCID: PMC10620209 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs)/polymer nanocomposites can combine the advantages of each other, but extremely few works can achieve the fabrication of PNCs/polymer nanocomposites by bulk polymerization. We originally adopt a two-type ligand strategy to fabricate bulk PNCs/polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites, including a new type of synthetic polymerizable ligand. The CsPbCl3 PNCs/PS nanocomposites show extremely high transparency even the doping content up to 5 wt%. The high transparency can be ascribed to the Rayleigh scattering as the PNCs distribute uniformly without obvious aggregation. Based on this behavior, we first exploit the potential of PNCs to serve as scatters inside light guided plate (LGP), whose surface illuminance and uniformity can be improved, and this new kind of LGP is compatible with the advanced liquid crystal display technology. Thanks to the facile composition adjustment of CsPbClxBr3-x (1 ≤ x ≤ 3) PNCs, the Rayleigh scattering behavior can also be adjusted so as to the performance of LGP. The best-performing 5.0-inch LGP based on CsPbCl2.5Br0.5 PNCs/PS nanocomposites shows 20.5 times higher illuminance and 1.8 times higher uniformity in display than the control. The LGP based on PNCs/PS nanocomposite exhibits an enormous potential in commercialization no matter based on itself or combined with the LGP-related technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Kaibo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
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17
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Andriole KP. Picture archiving and communication systems: past, present, and future. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2023; 10:061405. [PMID: 38162316 PMCID: PMC10754358 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.10.6.061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) that digitally acquire, archive, transmit, and display medical images ultimately enabled the transition from an analog film-based operation to a digital workflow revolutionizing radiology. This article briefly traces early generation systems to present-day PACS, noting challenges along with key technological advances and benefits. Thoughts for future PACS evolution are discussed including the promise of integration of artificial intelligence applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine P. Andriole
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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18
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Liao Z, Mallem K, Prodanov MF, Kang C, Gao Y, Song J, Vashchenko VV, Srivastava AK. Ultralow Roll-Off Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Using Engineered Carrier Injection Layer. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2303950. [PMID: 37749922 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) have attracted extensive attention due to their high color purity, solution-processability, and high brightness. Due to extensive efforts, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of QLEDs has approached the theoretical limit. However, because of the efficiency roll-off, the high EQE can only be achieved at relatively low luminance, hindering their application in high-brightness devices such as near-to-eye displays and lighting applications. Here, this article reports an ultralow roll-off QLED that is achieved by simultaneously blocking electron leakage and enhancing the hole injection, thereby shifting the recombination zone back to the emitting QDs layer. These devices maintain EQE over 20.6% up to 1000 mA cm-2 current density, dropping only by ≈5% from the peak EQE of 21.6%, which is the highest value ever reported for the bottom-emitting red QLEDs. Furthermore, the maximum luminance of the optimal device reaches 320 000 cd m-2 , 2.7 times higher than the control device (Lmax : 128 000 cd m-2 ). A passive matrix (PM) QLED display panel with high brightness based on the optimized device structure is also demonstrated. The proposed approach advances the potential of QLEDs to operate efficiently in high-brightness scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Display Research, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kumar Mallem
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Display Research, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Maksym F Prodanov
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Display Research, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chengbin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Display Research, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yiyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Display Research, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jianxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Display Research, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Valerii V Vashchenko
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Display Research, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Abhishek K Srivastava
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Display Research, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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19
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Qi L, Li P, Zhang X, Wong KM, Lau KM. Monolithic full-color active-matrix micro-LED micro-display using InGaN/AlGaInP heterogeneous integration. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:258. [PMID: 37899364 PMCID: PMC10613616 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
A prototype of full-color active-matrix micro-light-emitting diode (micro-LED) micro-display with a pixel density of 391 pixel per inch (ppi) using InGaN/AlGaInP heterogeneous integration is demonstrated. InGaN blue/green dual-color micro-LED arrays realized on a single metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown GaN-on-Si epiwafer and AlGaInP red micro-LED arrays are both monolithically fabricated, followed by the integration with a common complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) backplane via flip-chip bonding technology to form a double-layer thin-film display structure. Full-color images with decent color gamut and brightness are successfully displayed through the fine adjustment of driving current densities of RGB subpixels. This full-color display combines the advantages of high quantum efficiency of InGaN material on blue/green light and AlGaInP material on red light through heterogeneous integration and high pixel density through monolithic fabrication approach, demonstrating the feasibility and prospects of high brightness, good color performance, and high-resolution micro-LED micro-displays in future metaverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longheng Qi
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peian Li
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Ming Wong
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kei May Lau
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Kumar A, Thakur S, Biswas SK. Formation of multiple complex light structures simultaneously in 3D volume using a single binary phase mask. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16951. [PMID: 37805630 PMCID: PMC10560216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex structure formation inside or through turbid media is a challenging task due to refractive index inhomogeneity, random light scattering, and speckle noise formation. In this article, we have coupled the data regression model in the R-squared metric and used its advantages as a fitness function in the genetic algorithm to advance the resolution and structural uniformity. As a compatible system with the binary genetic algorithm, we have presented a cost-effective iterative wavefront shaping system-design with binary phase modulation using an affordable ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) based binary-phase spatial light modulator (SLM). R-squared metric in the genetic algorithm is analyzed to optimize the binary phase mask, and the prototype system based on iterative binary phase modulation has been validated with a 120-grit ground glass diffuser and fresh chicken tissues of thickness 307 [Formula: see text] and 812 [Formula: see text]. The detailed results show that the proposed cost-effective wavefront shaping system with data regression model assisted R-squared fitness function can construct high-resolution multiple complex hetero-structures simultaneously in 3D volume using an optimized single phase-mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Bio-NanoPhotonics Laboratory, Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, PO, 140306, India
| | - Sarvesh Thakur
- Bio-NanoPhotonics Laboratory, Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, PO, 140306, India
| | - S K Biswas
- Bio-NanoPhotonics Laboratory, Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, PO, 140306, India.
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21
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Ryu JE, Park S, Park Y, Ryu SW, Hwang K, Jang HW. Technological Breakthroughs in Chip Fabrication, Transfer, and Color Conversion for High-Performance Micro-LED Displays. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2204947. [PMID: 35950613 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of high-efficiency and high-resolution displays has been the focus of considerable research interest. Recently, micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs), which are inorganic light-emitting diodes of size <100 µm2 , have emerged as a promising display technology owing to their superior features and advantages over other displays like liquid crystal displays and organic light-emitting diodes. Although many companies have introduced micro-LED displays since 2012, obstacles to mass production still exist. Three major challenges, i.e., low quantum efficiency, time-consuming transfer, and complex color conversion, have been overcome with technological breakthroughs to realize cost-effective micro-LED displays. In the review, methods for improving the degraded quantum efficiency of GaN-based micro-LEDs induced by the size effect are examined, including wet chemical treatment, passivation layer adoption, LED structure design, and growing LEDs in self-passivated structures. Novel transfer technologies, including pick-up transfer and self-assembly methods, for developing large-area micro-LED displays with high yield and reliability are discussed in depth. Quantum dots as color conversion materials for high color purity, and deposition methods such as electrohydrodynamic jet printing or contact printing on micro-LEDs are also addressed. This review presents current status and critical challenges of micro-LED technology and promising technical breakthroughs for commercialization of high-performance displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-El Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjo Park
- Advance Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wan Ryu
- Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwook Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advance Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
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22
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Park SY, Lee S, Yang J, Kang MS. Patterning Quantum Dots via Photolithography: A Review. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2300546. [PMID: 36892995 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pixelating patterns of red, green, and blue quantum dots (QDs) is a critical challenge for realizing high-end displays with bright and vivid images for virtual, augmented, and mixed reality. Since QDs must be processed from a solution, their patterning process is completely different from the conventional techniques used in the organic light-emitting diode and liquid crystal display industries. Although innovative QD patterning technologies are being developed, photopatterning based on the light-induced chemical conversion of QD films is considered one of the most promising methods for forming micrometer-scale QD patterns that satisfy the precision and fidelity required for commercialization. Moreover, the practical impact will be significant as it directly exploits mature photolithography technologies and facilities that are widely available in the semiconductor industry. This article reviews recent progress in the effort to form QD patterns via photolithography. The review begins with a general description of the photolithography process. Subsequently, different types of photolithographical methods applicable to QD patterning are introduced, followed by recent achievements using these methods in forming high-resolution QD patterns. The paper also discusses prospects for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - Seongjae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeehye Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
- Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
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23
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Jin Y, Spiller NP, He C, Faulkner G, Booth MJ, Elston SJ, Morris SM. Zwitterion-doped liquid crystal speckle reducers for immersive displays and vectorial imaging. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:242. [PMID: 37735157 PMCID: PMC10514055 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Lasers possess many attractive features (e.g., high brightness, narrow linewidth, well-defined polarization) that make them the ideal illumination source for many different scientific and technological endeavors relating to imaging and the display of high-resolution information. However, their high-level of coherence can result in the formation of noise, referred to as speckle, that can corrupt and degrade images. Here, we demonstrate a new electro-optic technology for combatting laser speckle using a chiral nematic liquid crystal (LC) dispersed with zwitterionic dopants. Results are presented that demonstrate when driven at the optimum electric field conditions, the speckle noise can be reduced by >90% resulting in speckle contrast (C) values of C = 0.07, which is approaching that required to be imperceptible to the human eye. This LC technology is then showcased in an array of different display and imaging applications, including a demonstration of speckle reduction in modern vectorial laser-based imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Jin
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Nathan P Spiller
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Grahame Faulkner
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Martin J Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Steve J Elston
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Stephen M Morris
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
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24
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Luo Z, Li Y, Semmen J, Rao Y, Wu ST. Achromatic diffractive liquid-crystal optics for virtual reality displays. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:230. [PMID: 37714841 PMCID: PMC10504380 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Diffractive liquid-crystal optics is a promising optical element for virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality as it provides an ultrathin formfactor and lightweight for human factors and ergonomics. However, its severe chromatic aberrations impose a big challenge for full-color display applications. In this study, we demonstrate an achromatic diffractive liquid-crystal device to overcome this longstanding chromatic aberration issue. The proposed device consists of three stacked diffractive liquid crystal optical elements with specifically designed spectral response and polarization selectivity. The concept is validated by both simulations and experiments. Our experimental results show a significant improvement in imaging performance with two types of light engines: a laser projector and an organic light-emitting diode display panel. In addition, our simulation results indicate that the lateral color shift is reduced by ~100 times in comparison with conventional broadband diffractive liquid-crystal lens. Potential applications for VR-enabled metaverse, spatial computing, and digital twins that have found widespread applications in smart tourism, smart education, smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, and smart construction are foreseeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Luo
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yannanqi Li
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - John Semmen
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yi Rao
- Goertek Electronics, 5451 Great America Parkway, Suite 301, Santa Clara, CA, 95054, USA
| | - Shin-Tson Wu
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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25
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Born B, Lee SH, Song JH, Lee JY, Ko W, Brongersma ML. Off-axis metasurfaces for folded flat optics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5602. [PMID: 37699876 PMCID: PMC10497541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall size of an optical system is limited by the volume of the components and the internal optical path length. To reach the limits of miniaturization, it is possible to reduce both component volume and path length by combining the concepts of metasurface flat optics and folded optics. In addition to their subwavelength component thickness, metasurfaces enable bending conventional folded geometries off axis beyond the law of reflection. However, designing metasurfaces for highly off-axis illumination with visible light in combination with a high numerical aperture is non-trivial. In this case, traditional designs with gradient metasurfaces exhibit low diffraction efficiencies and require the use of deep-subwavelength, high-index, and high-aspect-ratio semiconductor nanostructures that preclude inexpensive, large-area nanofabrication. Here, we describe a design approach that enables the use of low-index (n ≈ 1.5), low-aspect ratio structures for off-axis metagratings that can redirect and focus visible light (λ = 532 nm) with near-unity efficiency. We show that fabricated optical elements offer a very large angle-of-view (110°) and lend themselves to scalable fabrication by nano-imprint lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Born
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sung-Hoon Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro 130, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Yub Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro 130, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Woong Ko
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro 130, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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26
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Zhang L, Hu S, Guo M, Ren Y, Wei L, Li W, Lin F, Yang Z, Yang Z, Liu C, Liu B. Manipulation of Charge Dynamics for Efficient and Bright Blue Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Chiral Ligands. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2302059. [PMID: 37318939 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) emerge as a promising class of optoelectronic devices for next-generation displays and lighting technology. However, the performance of blue PeLEDs lags far behind that of their green and red counterparts, including the unachieved trade-off between high efficiency and high luminance, severe efficiency roll-off, and unsatisfactory power efficiency. Here, a multi-functional chiral ligand of L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride is strategically introduced into quasi-2D perovskites, which can effectively passivate defects, modulate the phase distribution, improve photoluminescence quantum yield, guarantee high-quality film morphology, and enhance charge transport. Furthermore, ladder-like hole transport layers are established, boosting charge injection and balance. The resultant sky-blue PeLEDs (the photoluminescence peak is 493 nm and the electroluminescence peak is 497 nm) exhibit an external quantum efficiency of 12.43% at 1000 cd m-2 and a record power efficiency of 18.42 lm W-1 , rendering that the performance is among the best blue PeLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Sujuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Wei
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Faxu Lin
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Baiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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27
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Kim J, Kim W, Oh DK, Kang H, Kim H, Badloe T, Kim S, Park C, Choi H, Lee H, Rho J. One-step printable platform for high-efficiency metasurfaces down to the deep-ultraviolet region. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:68. [PMID: 36882418 PMCID: PMC9992517 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A single-step printable platform for ultraviolet (UV) metasurfaces is introduced to overcome both the scarcity of low-loss UV materials and manufacturing limitations of high cost and low throughput. By dispersing zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles in a UV-curable resin, ZrO2 nanoparticle-embedded-resin (nano-PER) is developed as a printable material which has a high refractive index and low extinction coefficient from near-UV to deep-UV. In ZrO2 nano-PER, the UV-curable resin enables direct pattern transfer and ZrO2 nanoparticles increase the refractive index of the composite while maintaining a large bandgap. With this concept, UV metasurfaces can be fabricated in a single step by nanoimprint lithography. As a proof of concept, UV metaholograms operating in near-UV and deep-UV are experimentally demonstrated with vivid and clear holographic images. The proposed method enables repeat and rapid manufacturing of UV metasurfaces, and thus will bring UV metasurfaces more close to real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Kim DW, Kim SW, Lee G, Yoon J, Kim S, Hong JH, Jo SC, Jeong U. Fabrication of practical deformable displays: advances and challenges. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:61. [PMID: 36869021 PMCID: PMC9984414 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Display form factors such as size and shape have been conventionally determined in consideration of usability and portability. The recent trends requiring wearability and convergence of various smart devices demand innovations in display form factors to realize deformability and large screens. Expandable displays that are foldable, multi-foldable, slidable, or rollable have been commercialized or on the edge of product launches. Beyond such two-dimensional (2D) expansion of displays, efforts have been made to develop three dimensional (3D) free-form displays that can be stretched and crumpled for use in realistic tactile sensation, artificial skin for robots, and on-skin or implantable displays. This review article analyzes the current state of the 2D and 3D deformable displays and discusses the technological challenges to be achieved for industrial commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Hisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Seong Won Kim
- Advanced Research Team, Samsung Display Corporation, 1 Samsung-ro, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyujeong Lee
- Advanced Research Team, Samsung Display Corporation, 1 Samsung-ro, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangyeol Yoon
- Advanced Research Team, Samsung Display Corporation, 1 Samsung-ro, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Advanced Research Team, Samsung Display Corporation, 1 Samsung-ro, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Hong
- Advanced Research Team, Samsung Display Corporation, 1 Samsung-ro, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chan Jo
- Advanced Research Team, Samsung Display Corporation, 1 Samsung-ro, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Wang H, Xu W, Wei Q, Peng S, Shang Y, Jiang X, Yu D, Wang K, Pu R, Zhao C, Zang Z, Li H, Zhang Y, Pan T, Peng Z, Shen X, Ling S, Liu W, Gao F, Ning Z. In-situ growth of low-dimensional perovskite-based insular nanocrystals for highly efficient light emitting diodes. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:62. [PMID: 36869071 PMCID: PMC9984476 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of perovskite growth plays a critical role in the development of high-performance optoelectronic devices. However, judicious control of the grain growth for perovskite light emitting diodes is elusive due to its multiple requirements in terms of morphology, composition, and defect. Herein, we demonstrate a supramolecular dynamic coordination strategy to regulate perovskite crystallization. The combined use of crown ether and sodium trifluoroacetate can coordinate with A site and B site cations in ABX3 perovskite, respectively. The formation of supramolecular structure retard perovskite nucleation, while the transformation of supramolecular intermediate structure enables the release of components for slow perovskite growth. This judicious control enables a segmented growth, inducing the growth of insular nanocrystal consist of low-dimensional structure. Light emitting diode based on this perovskite film eventually brings a peak external quantum efficiency up to 23.9%, ranking among the highest efficiency achieved. The homogeneous nano-island structure also enables high-efficiency large area (1 cm2) device up to 21.6%, and a record high value of 13.6% for highly semi-transparent ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Xu
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Peng
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuequn Shang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyuan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danni Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruihua Pu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihao Zang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hansheng Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yile Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Pan
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijian Peng
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Zhijun Ning
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Jin L, Qiu CW. Plasmonic nanoprinting: thinner, brighter & swifter. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 36653334 PMCID: PMC9849338 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits & System of Ministry of Education, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha High Education Park, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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31
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Jung H, Sim S, Lee H. Biometric authentication security enhancement under quantum dot light-emitting diode display via fingerprint imaging and temperature sensing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:794. [PMID: 36646852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We improved biometric authentication security using dual recognition based on fingerprint image detection and skin-temperature-change sensing under quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) displays. QLEDs are more advantageous than organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in terms of the contrast classification of patterns such as those in fingerprint recognition, owing to their narrow full-width-half-maximum. In this work, scattered, transmitted, and reflected light was captured from the top of the QLED, improving the digital luminance by 25%, as compared with that of OLEDs, because the electroluminescence spectra of the QLED were sustained, whereas those of the OLED were distorted by the generated noise peaks. A QLED with eight apertures sized up to tens of micrometers, mimicking the actual wiring structure of commercialized smartphones, was implemented to detect human fingerprints. The QLED using reduced graphene oxide as the temperature sensor detected temperature changes instantaneously upon finger touch, showing a 2% temperature response based on the human body temperature; however, the temperature change was less than 0.1% for spoof fingerprints printed on paper. Thus, this study successfully enhanced biometric authentication security, through fingerprint recognition based on image sensing using an optical system with micrometer-sized apertures and skin-temperature detection under QLED displays.
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32
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Shen S, Qin X, Feng H, Xie S, Yi Z, Jin M, Zhou G, Akinoglu EM, Mulvaney P, Shui L. Electro-Microfluidic Assembly Platform for Manipulating Colloidal Structures inside Water-in-Oil Emulsion Droplets. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2203341. [PMID: 36169113 PMCID: PMC9661862 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal assembly is a key strategy in nature and artificial device. Hereby, an electromicrofluidic assembly platform (eMAP) is proposed and validated to achieve 3D colloidal assembly and manipulation within water droplets. The water-in-oil emulsion droplets autoposition in the eMAP driven by dielectrophoresis, where the (di)electrowetting effect induces droplet deformation, facilitating quadratic growth of the electric field in water droplet to achieve "far-field" dielectrophoretic colloidal assembly. Reconfigurable 3D colloidal configurations are observed and dynamically programmed via applied electric fields, colloidal properties, and droplet size. Binary and ternary colloidal assemblies in one droplet allow designable chemical and physical anisotropies for functional materials and devices. Integration of eMAP in high throughput enables mass production of functional microcapsules, and programmable optoelectronic units for display devices. This eMAP is a valuable reference for expanding fundamental and practical exploration of colloidal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Shen
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Qin
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Haoqiang Feng
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Shuting Xie
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityZhaoqingGuangdong526238P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityZhaoqingGuangdong526238P. R. China
| | - Eser Metin Akinoglu
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityZhaoqingGuangdong526238P. R. China
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton ScienceSchool of ChemistryUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton ScienceSchool of ChemistryUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Lingling Shui
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and DevicesSchool of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
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33
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Intaravanne Y, Wang R, Ahmed H, Ming Y, Zheng Y, Zhou ZK, Li Z, Chen S, Zhang S, Chen X. Color-selective three-dimensional polarization structures. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:302. [PMID: 36253356 PMCID: PMC9576785 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polarization as an important degree of freedom for light plays a key role in optics. Structured beams with controlled polarization profiles have diverse applications, such as information encoding, display, medical and biological imaging, and manipulation of microparticles. However, conventional polarization optics can only realize two-dimensional polarization structures in a transverse plane. The emergent ultrathin optical devices consisting of planar nanostructures, so-called metasurfaces, have shown much promise for polarization manipulation. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate color-selective three-dimensional (3D) polarization structures with a single metasurface. The geometric metasurfaces are designed based on color and phase multiplexing and polarization rotation, creating various 3D polarization knots. Remarkably, different 3D polarization knots in the same observation region can be achieved by controlling the incident wavelengths, providing unprecedented polarization control with color information in 3D space. Our research findings may be of interest to many practical applications such as vector beam generation, virtual reality, volumetric displays, security, and anti-counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuttana Intaravanne
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ruoxing Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Hammad Ahmed
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Yang Ming
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yaqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhang-Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhancheng Li
- School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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34
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Yang D, Seo W, Yu H, Kim SI, Shin B, Lee CK, Moon S, An J, Hong JY, Sung G, Lee HS. Diffraction-engineered holography: Beyond the depth representation limit of holographic displays. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6012. [PMID: 36224198 PMCID: PMC9556550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Holography is one of the most prominent approaches to realize true-to-life reconstructions of objects. However, owing to the limited resolution of spatial light modulators compared to static holograms, reconstructed objects exhibit various coherent properties, such as content-dependent defocus blur and interference-induced noise. The coherent properties severely distort depth perception, the core of holographic displays to realize 3D scenes beyond 2D displays. Here, we propose a hologram that imitates defocus blur of incoherent light by engineering diffracted pattern of coherent light with adopting multi-plane holography, thereby offering real world-like defocus blur and photorealistic reconstruction. The proposed hologram is synthesized by optimizing a wave field to reconstruct numerous varifocal images after propagating the corresponding focal distances where the varifocal images are rendered using a physically-based renderer. Moreover, to reduce the computational costs associated with rendering and optimizing, we also demonstrate a network-based synthetic method that requires only an RGB-D image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeho Yang
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Wontaek Seo
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Hyeonseung Yu
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Sun Il Kim
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Bongsu Shin
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Chang-Kun Lee
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Seokil Moon
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Jungkwuen An
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Jong-Young Hong
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Geeyoung Sung
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Lee
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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35
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Chen R, Wang S. Versatile platform of nonlocal metasurfaces for both spectral and spatial control of light waves. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:295. [PMID: 36220822 PMCID: PMC9553886 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nonlocal metasurfaces based on quasi-bound states in the continuum are experimentally demonstrated, which shapes the wavefronts at the resonant wavelengths while have no effect on other wavelengths. By means of cascade and orthogonal perturbations, the nonlocal metasurface devices can be extended to a versatile platform with multifunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shuming Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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36
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Ma LL, Li CY, Pan JT, Ji YE, Jiang C, Zheng R, Wang ZY, Wang Y, Li BX, Lu YQ. Self-assembled liquid crystal architectures for soft matter photonics. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:270. [PMID: 36100592 PMCID: PMC9470592 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled architectures of soft matter have fascinated scientists for centuries due to their unique physical properties originated from controllable orientational and/or positional orders, and diverse optic and photonic applications. If one could know how to design, fabricate, and manipulate these optical microstructures in soft matter systems, such as liquid crystals (LCs), that would open new opportunities in both scientific research and practical applications, such as the interaction between light and soft matter, the intrinsic assembly of the topological patterns, and the multidimensional control of the light (polarization, phase, spatial distribution, propagation direction). Here, we summarize recent progresses in self-assembled optical architectures in typical thermotropic LCs and bio-based lyotropic LCs. After briefly introducing the basic definitions and properties of the materials, we present the manipulation schemes of various LC microstructures, especially the topological and topographic configurations. This work further illustrates external-stimuli-enabled dynamic controllability of self-assembled optical structures of these soft materials, and demonstrates several emerging applications. Lastly, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of these materials towards soft matter photonics, and envision future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chao-Yi Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin-Tao Pan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yue-E Ji
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ren Zheng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ze-Yu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bing-Xiang Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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37
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Shi L, Li B, Matusik W. End-to-end learning of 3D phase-only holograms for holographic display. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:247. [PMID: 35922407 PMCID: PMC9349218 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Computer-generated holography (CGH) provides volumetric control of coherent wavefront and is fundamental to applications such as volumetric 3D displays, lithography, neural photostimulation, and optical/acoustic trapping. Recently, deep learning-based methods emerged as promising computational paradigms for CGH synthesis that overcome the quality-runtime tradeoff in conventional simulation/optimization-based methods. Yet, the quality of the predicted hologram is intrinsically bounded by the dataset's quality. Here we introduce a new hologram dataset, MIT-CGH-4K-V2, that uses a layered depth image as a data-efficient volumetric 3D input and a two-stage supervised+unsupervised training protocol for direct synthesis of high-quality 3D phase-only holograms. The proposed system also corrects vision aberration, allowing customization for end-users. We experimentally show photorealistic 3D holographic projections and discuss relevant spatial light modulator calibration procedures. Our method runs in real-time on a consumer GPU and 5 FPS on an iPhone 13 Pro, promising drastically enhanced performance for the applications above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Beichen Li
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wojciech Matusik
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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38
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Pi D, Liu J, Wang Y. Review of computer-generated hologram algorithms for color dynamic holographic three-dimensional display. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:231. [PMID: 35879287 PMCID: PMC9314381 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Holographic three-dimensional display is an important display technique because it can provide all depth information of a real or virtual scene without any special eyewear. In recent years, with the development of computer and optoelectronic technology, computer-generated holograms have attracted extensive attention and developed as the most promising method to realize holographic display. However, some bottlenecks still restrict the development of computer-generated holograms, such as heavy computation burden, low image quality, and the complicated system of color holographic display. To overcome these problems, numerous algorithms have been investigated with the aim of color dynamic holographic three-dimensional display. In this review, we will explain the essence of various computer-generated hologram algorithms and provide some insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapu Pi
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yongtian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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39
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Abstract
Structural colors have a demonstrated value in constructing various functional materials. Efforts in this area are devoted to developing stratagem for generating heterogeneous structurally colored materials with new architectures and functions. Here, inspired by icing process in nature and ice-templating technologies, we present freeze-derived heterogeneous structural color hydrogels with multiscale structural and functional features. We find that the space-occupying effect of ice crystals is helpful for tuning the distance of non-close-packed colloidal crystal nanoparticles, resulting in corresponding reflection wavelength shifts in the icing area. Thus, by effectively controlling the growth of ice crystals and photo-polymerizing them, structural color hydrogels with the desired structures and morphologies can be customized. Other than traditional monochromatic structure color hydrogels, the resultant hydrogels can be imparted with heterogeneous structured multi-compartment body and multi-color with designed patterns through varying the freezing area design. Based on these features, we have also explored the potential value of these heterotypic structural color hydrogels for information encryptions and decryptions by creating spatiotemporally controlled icing areas. We believe that these inverse ice-template structural color hydrogels will offer new routes for the construction and modulation of next generation smart materials with desired complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Miao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health); Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China.
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40
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Li YL, Li NN, Wang D, Chu F, Lee SD, Zheng YW, Wang QH. Tunable liquid crystal grating based holographic 3D display system with wide viewing angle and large size. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:188. [PMID: 35729102 PMCID: PMC9213428 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most ideal display approaches, holographic 3-dimensional (3D) display has always been a research hotspot since the holographic images reproduced in such system are very similar to what humans see the actual environment. However, current holographic 3D displays suffer from critical bottlenecks of narrow viewing angle and small size. Here, we propose a tunable liquid crystal grating-based holographic 3D display system with wide viewing angle and large size. Our tunable liquid crystal grating, providing an adjustable period and the secondary diffraction of the reconstructed image, enables to simultaneously implement two different hologram generation methods in achieving wide viewing angle and enlarged size, respectively. By using the secondary diffraction mechanism of the tunable liquid crystal grating, the proposed system breaks through the limitations of narrow viewing angle and small size of holographic 3D display. The proposed system shows a viewing angle of 57.4°, which is nearly 7 times of the conventional case with a single spatial light modulator, and the size of the reconstructed image is enlarged by about 4.2. The proposed system will have wide applications in medical diagnosis, advertising, education and entertainment and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Long Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan-Nan Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Chu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Sin-Doo Lee
- Display Technology Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Wei Zheng
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong-Hua Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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41
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Yin K, Hsiang EL, Zou J, Li Y, Yang Z, Yang Q, Lai PC, Lin CL, Wu ST. Advanced liquid crystal devices for augmented reality and virtual reality displays: principles and applications. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:161. [PMID: 35637183 PMCID: PMC9151772 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and photonic devices play a pivotal role to augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). The recently emerging high-dynamic-range (HDR) mini-LED backlit LCDs significantly boost the image quality and brightness and reduce the power consumption for VR displays. Such a light engine is particularly attractive for compensating the optical loss of pancake structure to achieve compact and lightweight VR headsets. On the other hand, high-resolution-density, and high-brightness liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) is a promising image source for the see-through AR displays, especially under high ambient lighting conditions. Meanwhile, the high-speed LCoS spatial light modulators open a new door for holographic displays and focal surface displays. Finally, the ultrathin planar diffractive LC optical elements, such as geometric phase LC grating and lens, have found useful applications in AR and VR for enhancing resolution, widening field-of-view, suppressing chromatic aberrations, creating multiplanes to overcome the vergence-accommodation conflict, and dynamic pupil steering to achieve gaze-matched Maxwellian displays, just to name a few. The operation principles, potential applications, and future challenges of these advanced LC devices will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yin
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - En-Lin Hsiang
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Junyu Zou
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yannanqi Li
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Po-Cheng Lai
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Shin-Tson Wu
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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Tittl A. Tunable structural colors on display. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:155. [PMID: 35614063 PMCID: PMC9133000 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structural coloration takes inspiration from the bright hues found in nature to control the reflection and transmission of light from artificially structured materials. Combining them with active electrical tuning heralds breakthrough applications in optical displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539, München, Germany.
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43
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Fu WY, Choi HW. Development of chipscale InGaN RGB displays using strain-relaxed nanosphere-defined nanopillars. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:285202. [PMID: 35366654 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chip-scale red, green and blue (RGB) light emission on an InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well wafer adopting a top-down fabrication approach is demonstrated in this study, facilitated by shadow-masked nanosphere lithography for precise site-controlled nano-patterning. Exploiting the strain relaxation mechanism by fabricating arrays of nanosphere-defined nanopillars of two different dimensions utilizing a sequential shadow-masked nanosphere coating approach into the blue and green light-emitting pixel regions on a red-light emitting InGaN/GaN wafer, RGB light emission from a monolithic chip is demonstrated. The micro-sized RGB light-emitting pixels emit at 645 nm-680 nm, 510 nm-521 nm and 475 nm-498 nm respectively, achieving a maximum color gamut of 60% NTSC and 72% sRGB. Dimensional fluctuations of the nanopillars of 73% and 71% for the green and blue light-emitting pixels, respectively, are estimated from scanning electron microscope images of the fabricated device, corresponding to fluctuations in spectral blue-shifts of 5.4 nm and 21.2 nm as estimated by strain-coupledk·pSchrödinger calculations, consistent with observations from micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) mapping which shows deviations of emission wavelengths for the RGB light-emitting pixels to be 8.9 nm, 14.9 nm and 23.7 nm, respectively. The RGB pixels are also configured in a matrix-addressable configuration to form an RGB microdisplay, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach towards chip-scale color displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Yuen Fu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hoi Wai Choi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Choi S, Zhao Z, Zuo J, Faruque HMR, Yao Y, Wang C. Structural color printing via polymer-assisted photochemical deposition. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:84. [PMID: 35387968 PMCID: PMC8986859 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Structural color printings have broad applications due to their advantages of long-term sustainability, eco-friendly manufacturing, and ultra-high resolution. However, most of them require costly and time-consuming fabrication processes from nanolithography to vacuum deposition and etching. Here, we demonstrate a new color printing technology based on polymer-assisted photochemical metal deposition (PPD), a room temperature, ambient, and additive manufacturing process without requiring heating, vacuum deposition or etching. The PPD-printed silver films comprise densely aggregated silver nanoparticles filled with a small amount (estimated <20% volume) of polymers, producing a smooth surface (roughness 2.5 nm) even better than vacuum-deposited silver films (roughness 2.8 nm) at ~4 nm thickness. Further, the printed composite films have a much larger effective refractive index n (~1.90) and a smaller extinction coefficient k (~0.92) than PVD ones in the visible wavelength range (400 to 800 nm), therefore modulating the surface reflection and the phase accumulation. The capability of PPD in printing both ultra-thin (~5 nm) composite films and highly reflective thicker film greatly benefit the design and construction of multilayered Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity structures to exhibit vivid and saturated colors. We demonstrated programmed printing of complex pictures of different color schemes at a high spatial resolution of ~6.5 μm by three-dimensionally modulating the top composite film geometries and dielectric spacer thicknesses (75 to 200 nm). Finally, PPD-based color picture printing is demonstrated on a wide range of substrates, including glass, PDMS, and plastic, proving its broad potential in future applications from security labeling to color displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinhyuk Choi
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Zhi Zhao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jiawei Zuo
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Yu Yao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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Li J, Smithwick Q, Chu D. Correction to: Holobricks: modular coarse integral holographic displays. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:82. [PMID: 35354787 PMCID: PMC8967883 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | | | - Daping Chu
- Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
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Li J, Smithwick Q, Chu D. Holobricks: modular coarse integral holographic displays. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:57. [PMID: 35292621 PMCID: PMC8924222 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose and demonstrate a modular holographic display system that allows seamless spatial tiling of multiple coarse integral holographic (CIH) displays called "holobricks". A holobrick is a self-contained CIH module enclosing a spatial light modulator (SLM), a scanner, and periscopic coarse integral optics. Modular CIH uses a coarse pitch and small area but high-bandwidth SLM in conjunction with periscopic coarse integral optics to form the angularly tiled 3D holograms with large viewing areas and fields of view. The creation of periscopic coarse integral optics prevents the optical system from being larger than the holographic image and allows the holographic fringe pattern to fill the entire face of the holobrick. Thus, multiple holobricks can be seamlessly abutted to form a scalable spatially tiled holographic image display capable of both wide field-of-view angle and arbitrary large-size area. We demonstrate an initial prototype that seamlessly tiles two holobricks each with 1024 × 768 pixels, 40° FOV, full color, 24 fps, displaying 2D, 3D holographic stereograms, and full parallax 3D CGI Fresnel holograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | | | - Daping Chu
- Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
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Xiong J, Yang Q, Li Y, Wu ST. Holo-imprinting polarization optics with a reflective liquid crystal hologram template. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:54. [PMID: 35273162 PMCID: PMC8913690 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal polarization optics based on photoalignment technique has found pervasive applications in next-generation display platforms like virtual reality and augmented reality. Its large-scale fabrication, however, remains a big challenge due to the high demands in small feature size, fast processing speed, and defects-free alignment quality during the photoalignment process, especially for large-angle reflective devices. Here we propose a new concept of holo-imprinting based on non-contact replication of polarization pattern with a reflective liquid crystal hologram as a template. Our theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the possibility of generating a high-quality polarization pattern exploiting the self-interfering beams of reflective holograms. The method can be extended to numerous devices, from transmissive to reflective, from small angle to large angle, and from grating, lens, to freeform optics. Its widespread impact on the fabrication of liquid crystal polarization optics for advanced display and imaging systems is foreseeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Xiong
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yannanqi Li
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Shin-Tson Wu
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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Xiong J, Hsiang EL, He Z, Zhan T, Wu ST. Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives. Light Sci Appl 2021; 10:216. [PMID: 34697292 PMCID: PMC8546092 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in high-speed communication and computation, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are emerging as next-generation display platforms for deeper human-digital interactions. Nonetheless, to simultaneously match the exceptional performance of human vision and keep the near-eye display module compact and lightweight imposes unprecedented challenges on optical engineering. Fortunately, recent progress in holographic optical elements (HOEs) and lithography-enabled devices provide innovative ways to tackle these obstacles in AR and VR that are otherwise difficult with traditional optics. In this review, we begin with introducing the basic structures of AR and VR headsets, and then describing the operation principles of various HOEs and lithography-enabled devices. Their properties are analyzed in detail, including strong selectivity on wavelength and incident angle, and multiplexing ability of volume HOEs, polarization dependency and active switching of liquid crystal HOEs, device fabrication, and properties of micro-LEDs (light-emitting diodes), and large design freedoms of metasurfaces. Afterwards, we discuss how these devices help enhance the AR and VR performance, with detailed description and analysis of some state-of-the-art architectures. Finally, we cast a perspective on potential developments and research directions of these photonic devices for future AR and VR displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Xiong
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - En-Lin Hsiang
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Ziqian He
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Tao Zhan
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Shin-Tson Wu
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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Chen H, Liu Z, Tanougast C, Blondel W. Asymmetric optical cryptosystem for multiple images based on devil's spiral Fresnel lens phase and random spiral transform in gyrator domain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20846. [PMID: 34675278 PMCID: PMC8531359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An asymmetric cryptosystem is presented for encrypting multiple images in gyrator transform domains. In the encryption approach, the devil's spiral Fresnel lens variable pure phase mask is first designed for each image band to be encrypted by using devil' mask, random spiral phase and Fresnel mask, respectively. Subsequently, a novel random devil' spiral Fresnel transform in optical gyrator transform is implemented to achieved the intermediate output. Then, the intermediate data is divided into two masks by employing random modulus decomposition in the asymmetric process. Finally, a random permutation matrix is utilized to obtain the ciphertext of the intact algorithm. For the decryption approach, two divided masks (private key and ciphertext) need to be imported into the optical gyrator input plane simultaneously. Some numerical experiments are given to verify the effectiveness and capability of this asymmetric cryptosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chen
- School of Space Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, 101416, China.
- CNRS, CRAN UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France.
- Laboratoire Conception Optimisation et Modélisation des Systèmes, Université de Lorraine, 57070, Metz, France.
| | - Zhengjun Liu
- Department of Automation Measurement and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Camel Tanougast
- Laboratoire Conception Optimisation et Modélisation des Systèmes, Université de Lorraine, 57070, Metz, France
| | - Walter Blondel
- CNRS, CRAN UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
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Hua J, Hua E, Zhou F, Shi J, Wang C, Duan H, Hu Y, Qiao W, Chen L. Foveated glasses-free 3D display with ultrawide field of view via a large-scale 2D-metagrating complex. Light Sci Appl 2021; 10:213. [PMID: 34642293 PMCID: PMC8511001 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Glasses-free three-dimensional (3D) displays are one of the game-changing technologies that will redefine the display industry in portable electronic devices. However, because of the limited resolution in state-of-the-art display panels, current 3D displays suffer from a critical trade-off among the spatial resolution, angular resolution, and viewing angle. Inspired by the so-called spatially variant resolution imaging found in vertebrate eyes, we propose 3D display with spatially variant information density. Stereoscopic experiences with smooth motion parallax are maintained at the central view, while the viewing angle is enlarged at the periphery view. It is enabled by a large-scale 2D-metagrating complex to manipulate dot/linear/rectangular hybrid shaped views. Furthermore, a video rate full-color 3D display with an unprecedented 160° horizontal viewing angle is demonstrated. With thin and light form factors, the proposed 3D system can be integrated with off-the-shelf purchased flat panels, making it promising for applications in portable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Hua
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Erkai Hua
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengbin Zhou
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiacheng Shi
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Chinhua Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Qiao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China.
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China.
| | - Linsen Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China.
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China.
- SVG Optronics, Co., Ltd, 215026, Suzhou, China.
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