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Fang S, Zeng D, He S, Li Y, Pang Z, Wang Y, Liang L, Weng T, Xie W, Wang D. Fast Fabrication Nanopores on a PMMA Membrane by a Local High Electric Field Controlled Breakdown. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2109. [PMID: 38610321 PMCID: PMC11013984 DOI: 10.3390/s24072109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity and accuracy of nanopore sensors are severely hindered by the high noise associated with solid-state nanopores. To mitigate this issue, the deposition of organic polymer materials onto silicon nitride (SiNx) membranes has been effective in obtaining low-noise measurements. Nonetheless, the fabrication of nanopores sub-10 nm on thin polymer membranes remains a significant challenge. This work proposes a method for fabricating nanopores on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) membrane by the local high electrical field controlled breakdown, exploring the impact of voltage and current on the breakdown of PMMA membranes and discussing the mechanism underlying the breakdown voltage and current during the formation of nanopores. By improving the electric field application method, transient high electric fields that are one-seven times higher than the breakdown electric field can be utilized to fabricate nanopores. A comparative analysis was performed on the current noise levels of nanopores in PMMA-SiNx composite membranes and SiNx nanopores with a 5 nm diameter. The results demonstrated that the fast fabrication of nanopores on PMMA-SiNx membranes exhibited reduced current noise compared to SiNx nanopores. This finding provides evidence supporting the feasibility of utilizing this technology for efficiently fabricating low-noise nanopores on polymer composite membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxi Fang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (S.F.); (S.H.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Delin Zeng
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; (D.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.P.)
| | - Shixuan He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (S.F.); (S.H.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yadong Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; (D.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zichen Pang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; (D.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.P.)
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (S.F.); (S.H.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (S.F.); (S.H.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Ting Weng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (S.F.); (S.H.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wanyi Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (S.F.); (S.H.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (S.F.); (S.H.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; (D.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.P.)
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Wang X, Xu Y, Pan Y, Chai S, Wu J, Zhao J, Li Y, Zhao Z, Li Q, Wu J, Chen J, Bae BS, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Lei W, Xu X. Using N-I-N Photodiodes Made of Perovskite Single Crystals for Low Noise Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:12106-12114. [PMID: 38410909 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Solution-processed lead halide perovskite single crystals (LHPSCs) are believed to have great potential in gamma-ray spectroscopy. However, obtaining low-defect LHPSCs from a solution at low temperatures is difficult compared to obtaining Bridgman single crystals such as CdTe and Si. Herein, noise from the intrinsic defects of LHPSCs is considered as the main problem hindering their gamma-ray detection performance. By isolating the defect-induced holes in LHPSCs via energy barriers, we show that NIN photodiodes based on three types of LHPSCs, i.e., MAPbBr3 (MA = CH3NH3), MAPbBr2.5Cl0.5, and cascade LHPSCs, have demonstrated good energy resolution in the range of 6.7-10.3% for 662 keV 137Cs gamma-ray photons. The noise for >10 mm3 devices is low, in the order of 340-860 electrons, and the electron collection efficiency reaches 23-43%. These results pave the way for obtaining low-cost, large, high energy-resolution gamma-ray detectors at room temperature (300 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yubing Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yuzhu Pan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Shunjie Chai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jingda Zhao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Byung Seong Bae
- Department of Electronics &Display Engineering, Hoseo University, Hoseo Ro 79, Asan City, Chungnam 31499, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ying Zhu
- E-spectrum Optoelectronic Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215111, China
| | - Wei Lei
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiaobao Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
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Li L, Lai X, Wang Y, Niu Z. High-Power-Efficiency Readout Circuit Employing Average Capacitance-to-Voltage Converter for Micro-Electro-Mechanical System Capacitive Accelerometers. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8547. [PMID: 37896639 PMCID: PMC10610619 DOI: 10.3390/s23208547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A capacitance-to-voltage converter (CVC) is proposed in this paper and applied to a readout circuit for a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer to improve the power efficiency. In a traditional readout circuit, the front-end CVC has to operate at a high sampling frequency to resist thermal noise deterioration due to the large parasitic capacitance introduced by the mechanical sensing element. Thus, the back-end analog-to-digital converter (ADC) also has to operate at a high sampling frequency to avoid noise aliasing when sampling the output signal of the CVC, which leads to high power consumption. The average CVC technique is proposed in this paper to reduce the sampling frequency requirement of the back-end ADC and thus reduce the power consumption. Both the traditional readout circuit and the proposed readout circuit are simulated with a commercial 0.18 μm BCD process. The simulation results show that noise aliasing occurs, and the noise power spectral density (PSD) of the traditional readout circuit increases by 12 dB when the sampling frequency of back-end ADC is reduced by 24 dB. However, in the proposed readout circuit, a noise aliasing effect does not occur. Moreover, the proposed readout circuit reduces the power consumption by 53% without thermal noise deterioration. In addition, the proposed CVC circuits are fabricated in an 0.18 μm BCD process, and the test results show that the presented readout circuit based on the average CVC technique can obtain better performance than the traditional CVC-based readout circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (L.L.); (X.L.); (Z.N.)
- Shenzhen Changyuntong Semiconductor Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518133, China
| | - Xinquan Lai
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (L.L.); (X.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Yuheng Wang
- College of Electronics Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiwen Niu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (L.L.); (X.L.); (Z.N.)
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Tang H, Yang C, Qin L, Liang L, Lei Y, Jia P, Chen Y, Wang Y, Song Y, Qiu C, Zheng C, Li X, Li D, Wang L. A Review of High-Power Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers in the 1550 nm Band. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7326. [PMID: 37687780 PMCID: PMC10490429 DOI: 10.3390/s23177326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The 1550 nm band semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) has great potential for applications such as optical communication. Its wide-gain bandwidth is helpful in expanding the bandwidth resources of optical communication, thereby increasing total capacity transmitted over the fiber. Its relatively low cost and ease of integration also make it a high-performance amplifier of choice for LiDAR applications. In recent years, with the rapid development of quantum-well (QW) material systems, SOAs have gradually overcome the shortcomings of polarization sensitivity and high noise. The research on quantum-dot (QD) materials has further improved the noise characteristics and transmission loss of SOAs. The design of special waveguide structures-such as plate-coupled optical waveguide amplifiers and tapered amplifiers-has also increased the saturation output power of SOAs. The maximum gain of the SOA has been reported to be more than 21 dB. The maximum saturation output power has been reported to be more than 34.7 dBm. The maximum 3 dB gain bandwidth has been reported to be more than 120 nm, the lowest noise figure has been reported to be less than 4 dB, and the lowest polarization-dependent gain has been reported to be 0.1 dB. This study focuses on the improvement and enhancement of the main performance parameters of high-power SOAs in the 1550 nm band and introduces the performance parameters, the research progress of high-power SOAs in the 1550 nm band, and the development and application status of SOAs. Finally, the development trends and prospects of high-power SOAs in the 1550 nm band are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changjin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, No. 2, Xingke 1st Street, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Lei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, No. 2, Xingke 1st Street, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Yuxin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongyi Chen
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, No. 2, Xingke 1st Street, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.)
- Jlight Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd. No. 1588, Changde Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yubing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, No. 2, Xingke 1st Street, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Yue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Xin Li
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, No. 2, Xingke 1st Street, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Dabing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.); (C.Q.); (D.L.); (L.W.)
- Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, No. 2, Xingke 1st Street, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.)
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Yue X, Fossum ER. Design and Characterization of a Burst Mode 20 Mfps Low Noise CMOS Image Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6356. [PMID: 37514650 PMCID: PMC10385197 DOI: 10.3390/s23146356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel ultra-high speed, high conversion-gain, low noise CMOS image sensor (CIS) based on charge-sweep transfer gates implemented in a standard 180 nm CIS process. Through the optimization of the photodiode geometry and the utilization of charge-sweep transfer gates, the proposed pixels achieve a charge transfer time of less than 10 ns without requiring any process modifications. Moreover, the gate structure significantly reduces the floating diffusion capacitance, resulting in an increased conversion gain of 183 µV/e-. This advancement enables the image sensor to achieve the lowest reported noise of 5.1 e- rms. To demonstrate the effectiveness of both optimizations, a proof-of-concept CMOS image sensor is designed, taped-out and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Eric R Fossum
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Zhang X, Li P, Zhuang X, Sheng Y, Liu J, Gao Z, Yu Z. Weak Capacitance Detection Circuit of Micro-Hemispherical Gyroscope Based on Common-Mode Feedback Fusion Modulation and Demodulation. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1161. [PMID: 37374746 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
As an effective capacitance signal produced by a micro-hemisphere gyro is usually below the pF level, and the capacitance reading process is susceptible to parasitic capacitance and environmental noise, it is highly difficult to acquire an effective capacitance signal. Reducing and suppressing noise in the gyro capacitance detection circuit is a key means to improve the performance of detecting the weak capacitance generated by MEMS gyros. In this paper, we propose a novel capacitance detection circuit, where three different means are utilized to achieve noise reduction. Firstly, the input common-mode feedback is applied to the circuit to solve the input common-mode voltage drift caused by both parasitic capacitance and gain capacitance. Secondly, a low-noise, high-gain amplifier is used to reduce the equivalent input noise. Thirdly, the modulator-demodulator and filter are introduced to the proposed circuit to effectively mitigate the side effects of noise; thus, the accuracy of capacitance detection can be further improved. The experimental results show that with the input voltage of 6 V, the newly designed circuit produces an output dynamic range of 102 dB and the output voltage noise of 5.69 nV/√Hz, achieving a sensitivity of 12.53 V/pF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xuye Zhuang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Yunlong Sheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Jinghao Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Zhongfeng Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Zhiyu Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
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Xia P, Laskar MAR, Wang C. Wafer-Scale Fabrication of Uniform, Micrometer-Sized, Triangular Membranes on Sapphire for High-Speed Protein Sensing in a Nanopore. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:2656-2664. [PMID: 36598264 PMCID: PMC9852088 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-low-noise solid-state nanopores are attractive for high-accuracy single-molecule sensing. A conventional silicon platform introduces acute capacitive noise to the system, which seriously limits the recording bandwidth. Recently, we have demonstrated the creation of thin triangular membranes on an insulating crystal sapphire wafer to eliminate the parasitic device capacitance. Uniquely different from the previous triangular etching window designs, here hexagonal windows were explored to produce triangular membranes by aligning to the sapphire crystal within a large tolerance of alignment angles (10-35°). Interestingly, sapphire facet competition serves to suppress the formation of more complex polygons but creates stable triangular membranes with their area insensitive to the facet alignment. Accordingly, a new strategy was successfully established on a 2 in. sapphire wafer to produce chips with an average membrane side length of 4.7 μm, an area of <30 μm2 for 81% chips, or estimated calculated membrane capacitance as low as 0.06 pF. We finally demonstrated <4 μs high-speed and high-fidelity low-noise protein detection under 250 kHz high bandwidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Xia
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Center for Photonics Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design & Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Md Ashiqur Rahman Laskar
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Center for Photonics Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design & Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Center for Photonics Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design & Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Wang W, Chen J, Zhang Y. Design of a Differential Low-Noise Amplifier Using the JFET IF3602 to Improve TEM Receiver. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:mi13122211. [PMID: 36557509 PMCID: PMC9781683 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The observed data of transient electromagnetic (TEM) systems is often contaminated by various noises. Even after stacking averages or applying various denoising algorithms, the interference of the system noise floor cannot be eliminated fundamentally, which limits the survey capability and detection efficiency of TEM. To improve the noise performance of the TEM receiver, we have designed a low-noise amplifier using the current source long-tail differential structure and JFET IF3602 through analyzing the power spectrum characteristics of the TEM forward response. By the designed circuit structure, the JFET operating point is easy to set up. The adverse effect on the JFET differential structure by JFET performance differences is also weakened. After establishing the noise model and optimizing the parameters, the designed low-noise differential amplifier has a noise level of 0.60nV/Hz, which increases the number of effective data 2.6 times compared with the LT1028 amplifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Wang
- Key Laboratory for Geophysical Instrument of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
- College of instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Geophysical Instrument of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
- College of instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Yishu Sun
- Key Laboratory for Geophysical Instrument of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
- College of instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Weicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Geophysical Instrument of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
- College of instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory for Geophysical Instrument of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
- College of instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Geophysical Instrument of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
- College of instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
- Engineering Research Center of Geothermal Resources Development Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China
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Song Y, Zhong Z, He P, Yu G, Xue Q, Lan L, Huang F. Doping Compensation Enables High-Detectivity Infrared Organic Photodiodes for Image Sensing. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2201827. [PMID: 35561337 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infrared organic photodiodes have gained increasing attention due to their great application potentials in night vision, optical communication, and all-weather imaging. However, the commonly occurring high dark current and low detectivity impede infrared photodetectors from portable applications at room temperature. Herein, an efficient and generic doping compensation strategy is developed to improve the detectivity of infrared organic photodiodes. A series of n-type organic semiconductors is investigated, and it is found that doping compensation strategy not only reduces the trap density of states and dark currents, but also restrains the nonradiative recombination with improved charge transport and collection. As a result, an ultralow noise spectral density of 8 × 10-15 A Hz-1/2 as well as a high specific detectivity over 1013 Jones in 780-1070 nm is achieved at room temperature. More importantly, the high-performance infrared organic photodiodes can be successfully applied in high-pixel-density image arrays without patterning sensing layers. These findings provide important compensation design insights that will be crucial to further improve the performance of infrared organic photodiodes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiming Zhong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Penghui He
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qifan Xue
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Linfeng Lan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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10
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Yin Z, Ma J, Masoodian S, Fossum ER. Threshold Uniformity Improvement in 1b Quanta Image Sensor Readout Circuit. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22072578. [PMID: 35408194 PMCID: PMC9003344 DOI: 10.3390/s22072578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new readout architecture for single-bit quanta image sensor (QIS) consisting of a capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA) before a 1-bit quantizer to improve the threshold uniformity of the readout cluster is proposed in this paper. The 1-bit quantizer in the previous single-bit QIS had significant threshold non-uniformity likely caused by the fluctuation of the common-mode voltage of the jot output. To guarantee the stability of the common-mode voltage of input signals fed to the 1-bit quantizer, the CTIA is added before the 1-bit quantizer. A pipeline operation mode is also proposed so the CTIA and 1-bit ADC can work at the same time, thereby reducing the CTIA power consumption. A 2048 × 1024 high-speed test chip was implemented with 45 nm/65 nm stacked backside illuminated (BSI) CMOS image sensor (CIS) process and tested. According to the measured D-log-H results, a good threshold uniformity in the range of 0.3 to 0.8 e- for all readout clusters is demonstrated at 500 frame per second (fps) equivalent timing with 68 mW power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
- Gigajot Technology, Inc., Pasadena, CA 91107, USA; (J.M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-603-858-8681
| | - Jiaju Ma
- Gigajot Technology, Inc., Pasadena, CA 91107, USA; (J.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Saleh Masoodian
- Gigajot Technology, Inc., Pasadena, CA 91107, USA; (J.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Eric R. Fossum
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
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11
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Hashemi Noshahr F, Nabavi M, Gosselin B, Sawan M. Low-Cutoff Frequency Reduction in Neural Amplifiers: Analysis and Implementation in CMOS 65 nm. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:667846. [PMID: 34149347 PMCID: PMC8206282 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.667846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaling down technology demotes the parameters of AC-coupled neural amplifiers, such as increasing the low-cutoff frequency due to the short-channel effects. To improve the low-cutoff frequency, one solution is to increase the feedback capacitors' value. This solution is not desirable, as the input capacitors have to be increased to maintain the same gain, which increases the area and decreases the input impedance of the neural amplifier. We analytically analyze the small-signal behavior of the neural amplifier and prove that the main reason for the increase of the low-cutoff frequency in advanced CMOS technologies is the reduction of the input resistance of the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). We also show that the reduction of the input resistance of the OTA is due to the increase in the gate oxide leakage in the input transistors. In this paper, we explore this fact and propose two solutions to reduce the low-cutoff frequency without increasing the value of the feedback capacitor. The first solution is performed by only simulation and is called cross-coupled positive feedback that uses pseudoresistors to provide a negative resistance to increase the input resistance of the OTA. As an advantage, only standard CMOS transistors are used in this method. Simulation results show that a low-cutoff frequency of 1.5 Hz is achieved while the midband gain is 30.4 dB at 1 V. In addition, the power consumption is 0.6 μW. In the second method, we utilize thick-oxide MOS transistors in the input differential pair of the OTA. We designed and fabricated the second method in the 65 nm TSMC CMOS process. Measured results are obtained by in vitro recordings on slices of mouse brainstem. The measurement results show that the bandwidth is between 2 Hz and 5.6 kHz. The neural amplifier has 34.3 dB voltage gain in midband and consumes 3.63 μW at 1 V power supply. The measurement results show an input-referred noise of 6.1 μVrms and occupy 0.04 mm2 silicon area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoon Hashemi Noshahr
- Polystim Neurotech. Lab., Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Morteza Nabavi
- Polystim Neurotech. Lab., Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Gosselin
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Polystim Neurotech. Lab., Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Advanced Study, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
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John JW, Dhyani V, Singh S, Jakhar A, Sarkar A, Das S, Ray SK. Low-noise, high-detectivity, polarization-sensitive, room-temperature infrared photodetectors based on Ge quantum dot-decorated Si-on-insulator nanowire field-effect transistors. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:315205. [PMID: 33845466 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf6f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A CMOS-compatible infrared (IR; 1200-1700 nm) detector based on Ge quantum dots (QDs) decorated on a single Si-nanowire channel on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform with a superior detectivity at room temperature is presented. The spectral response of a single nanowire device measured in a back-gated field-effect transistor geometry displays a very high value of peak detectivity ∼9.33 × 1011Jones at ∼1500 nm with a relatively low dark current (∼20 pA), which is attributed to the fully depleted Si nanowire channel on SOI substrates. The noise power spectrum of the devices exhibits a1/fγ,with the exponent,γshowing two different values of 0.9 and 1.8 owing to mobility fluctuations and generation-recombination of carriers, respectively. Ge QD-decorated nanowire devices exhibit a novel polarization anisotropy with a remarkably high photoconductive gain of ∼104. The superior performance of a Ge QDs/Si nanowire phototransistor in IR wavelengths is potentially attractive to integrate electro-optical devices into Si for on-chip optical communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wellington John
- Center for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110061, India
| | - Veerendra Dhyani
- Center for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110061, India
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Alka Jakhar
- Center for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110061, India
| | - Arijit Sarkar
- Advanced Technology Development Center, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Samaresh Das
- Center for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110061, India
| | - Samit K Ray
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
- S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-106, India
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13
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Pardo-Ferreira MC, Torrecilla-García JA, Heras-Rosas CDL, Rubio-Romero JC. New Risk Situations Related to Low Noise from Electric Vehicles: Perception of Workers as Pedestrians and Other Vehicle Drivers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17186701. [PMID: 32938012 PMCID: PMC7558663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sales of electric and hybrid electric vehicles are increasing steadily worldwide, and consequently their presence increases in city areas. At low speeds, the low levels of noise produced by these vehicles could become a new risk factor for road users. However, the magnitude of the risk has not been accurately determined. In addition, its inclusion in the work environment could pose a new risk that should be managed. Thus, in relation to low noise levels of electric and hybrid vehicles, this study aimed to characterise the risk situations and determine the risk perception of workers as pedestrians and internal combustion engine vehicle drivers coming into contact with these vehicles. The data were extracted from 417 questionnaires filled out by the employees of public service companies who come into contact with electric and hybrid vehicles during their working day in the city of Málaga, in the region of Andalusia, Spain. According to the experiences reported, it seems that the risk due to the low noise levels of electric vehicles is moderate and does not reach alarming levels. These risk situations usually occurred in low speed urban areas, particularly when crossing the road, or in semi-pedestrian areas. Almost half the respondents considered that the electric vehicle poses a risk to other road users because it is more difficult to hear, and they believe it likely that other road users could be injured. Despite that risk, pedestrians did not change their way of walking or moving around the parking areas and other areas of the company. Electric and hybrid electric cars are now required to produce sound when travelling at low speeds. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this measure should be assessed once implemented and future research should explore alternative non-acoustic measures.
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14
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Pan L, Cai P, Mei L, Cheng Y, Zeng Y, Wang M, Wang T, Jiang Y, Ji B, Li D, Chen X. A Compliant Ionic Adhesive Electrode with Ultralow Bioelectronic Impedance. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2003723. [PMID: 32767395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous implementation of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) but low crosstalk is of great importance for weak surface electromyography (sEMG) signals when precisely driving a prosthesis to perform sophisticated activities. However, due to gaps with the curved skin during muscle contraction, many electrodes have poor compliance with skin and suffer from high bioelectrical impedance. This causes serious noise and error in the signals, especially the signals from low-level muscle contractions. Here, the design of a compliant electrode based on an adhesive hydrogel, alginate-polyacrylamide (Alg-PAAm) is reported, which eliminates those large gaps through the strong electrostatic interaction and abundant hydrogen bond with the skin. The obtained compliant electrode, having an ultralow bioelectrical impedance of ≈20 kΩ, can monitor even 2.1% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of muscle. Furthermore, benefiting from the high SNR of >5:1 at low-level MVC, the crosstalk from irrelevant muscle is minimized through reducing the electrode size. Finally, a prosthesis is successfully demonstrated to precisely grasp a needle based on a 9 mm2 Alg-PAAm compliant electrode. The strategy to design such compliant electrodes provides the potential for improving the quality of dynamically weak sEMG signals to precisely control prosthesis in performing purposefully dexterous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Le Mei
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Yi Zeng
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ying Jiang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Baohua Ji
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dechang Li
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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15
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Abstract
A wide range of approaches have been explored to meet the challenges of graphene nanostructure fabrication, all requiring complex and high-end nanofabrication platform and suffering from surface contaminations, potentially giving electrical noise and increasing the thickness of the atomically thin graphene membrane. Here, with the use of an electrical pulse on a low-capacitance graphene-on-glass (GOG) membrane, we fabricated clean graphene nanopores on commercially available glass substrates with exceptionally low electrical noise. In situ liquid AFM studies and electrochemical measurements revealed that both graphene nanopore nucleation and growth stem from the electrochemical attack on carbon atoms at defect sites, ensuring the creation of a graphene nanopore. Strikingly, compared to conventional TEM drilled graphene nanopores on SiN supporting membranes, GOG nanopores featured an order-of-magnitude reduced broadband noise, which we ascribed to the electrochemical refreshing of graphene nanopore on mechanically stable glass chips with negligible parasitic capacitance (∼1 pF). Further experiments on double-stranded DNA translocations demonstrated a greatly reduced current noise, and also confirmed the activation of single nanopores. Therefore, the exceptionally low noise and ease of fabrication will facilitate the understanding of the fundamental property and the application of such atomically thin nanopore sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, 100084 Beijing, China
| | | | - Wangyang Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Grégory F. Schneider
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
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16
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Miyauchi K, Mori K, Otaka T, Isozaki T, Yasuda N, Tsai A, Sawai Y, Owada H, Takayanagi I, Nakamura J. A Stacked Back Side-Illuminated Voltage Domain Global Shutter CMOS Image Sensor with a 4.0 μm Multiple Gain Readout Pixel †. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20020486. [PMID: 31952205 PMCID: PMC7014098 DOI: 10.3390/s20020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A backside-illuminated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor with 4.0 μm voltage domain global shutter (GS) pixels has been fabricated in a 45 nm/65 nm stacked CMOS process as a proof-of-concept vehicle. The pixel components for the photon-to-voltage conversion are formed on the top substrate (the first layer). Each voltage signal from the first layer pixel is stored in the sample-and-hold capacitors on the bottom substrate (the second layer) via micro-bump interconnection to achieve a voltage domain GS function. The two sets of voltage domain storage capacitor per pixel enable a multiple gain readout to realize single exposure high dynamic range (SEHDR) in the GS operation. As a result, an 80dB SEHDR GS operation without rolling shutter distortions and motion artifacts has been achieved. Additionally, less than -140dB parasitic light sensitivity, small noise floor, high sensitivity and good angular response have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Miyauchi
- Brillnics Japan Inc., 6-21-12 Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0013; Japan (T.O.); (T.I.); (N.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.O.); (I.T.); (J.N.)
| | - Kazuya Mori
- Brillnics Japan Inc., 6-21-12 Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0013; Japan (T.O.); (T.I.); (N.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.O.); (I.T.); (J.N.)
| | - Toshinori Otaka
- Brillnics Japan Inc., 6-21-12 Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0013; Japan (T.O.); (T.I.); (N.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.O.); (I.T.); (J.N.)
| | - Toshiyuki Isozaki
- Brillnics Japan Inc., 6-21-12 Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0013; Japan (T.O.); (T.I.); (N.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.O.); (I.T.); (J.N.)
| | - Naoto Yasuda
- Brillnics Japan Inc., 6-21-12 Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0013; Japan (T.O.); (T.I.); (N.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.O.); (I.T.); (J.N.)
| | - Alex Tsai
- Brillnics Inc., Guangming 6th Rd., Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302, Taiwan;
| | - Yusuke Sawai
- Brillnics Japan Inc., 6-21-12 Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0013; Japan (T.O.); (T.I.); (N.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.O.); (I.T.); (J.N.)
| | - Hideki Owada
- Brillnics Japan Inc., 6-21-12 Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0013; Japan (T.O.); (T.I.); (N.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.O.); (I.T.); (J.N.)
| | - Isao Takayanagi
- Brillnics Japan Inc., 6-21-12 Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0013; Japan (T.O.); (T.I.); (N.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.O.); (I.T.); (J.N.)
| | - Junichi Nakamura
- Brillnics Japan Inc., 6-21-12 Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0013; Japan (T.O.); (T.I.); (N.Y.); (Y.S.); (H.O.); (I.T.); (J.N.)
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17
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Yu S, Wei Y, Zhang J, Wang S. Noise Optimization Design of Frequency-Domain Air-Core Sensor Based on Capacitor Tuning Technology. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 20:s20010194. [PMID: 31905779 PMCID: PMC6982760 DOI: 10.3390/s20010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the semi-aviation frequency-domain electromagnetic measurement, the induction air-core coil and the differential pre-amplifier circuit introduce noise, which affects the sensor and results in receiving weak signals and improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. In response to this problem, by analyzing the physical structure of the air-core coil sensor and the mechanism of the amplification circuit, combined with the simulation and experimental tests of voltage noise, current noise, resistance noise and other noise components, analyzed that the thermal noise is the main component of the sensor noise in the system frequency band, but directly removing the matching resistor increases the instability of the circuit, causes the coil to work in an underdamped state, and generates a time domain oscillation at the resonant frequency, source impedance analysis and analysis of differential pre-amplifier circuit in the frequency-domain detection method, abandoning the matching resistance scheme and magnetic flux negative feedback scheme. The matching capacitor is added to make the receiver detect the frequency range in the 1–10 kHz range. In normal operation, the noise level reaches 10 nV level, which not only increases the stability of the circuit, but also reduces the noise of the sensor. It has far-reaching significance for the detection of weak frequency signals.
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Lu Q, Yu L, Liu Y, Zhang J, Han G, Hao Y. Low-Noise Mid-Infrared Photodetection in BP/h-BN/Graphene van der Waals Heterojunctions. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12162532. [PMID: 31395796 PMCID: PMC6720574 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We present a low-noise photodetector based on van der Waals stacked black phosphorus (BP)/boron nitride (h-BN)/graphene tunneling junctions. h-BN acts as a tunneling barrier that significantly blocks dark current fluctuations induced by shallow trap centers in BP. The device provides a high photodetection performance at mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths. While it was found that the photoresponsivity is similar to that in a BP photo-transistor, the noise equivalent power and thus the specific detectivity are nearly two orders of magnitude better. These exemplify an attractive platform for practical applications of long wavelength photodetection, as well as provide a new strategy for controlling flicker noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Jincheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Genquan Han
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Yue Hao
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
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19
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Liu YS, Wen KA. Monolithic Low Noise and Low Zero-g Offset CMOS/MEMS Accelerometer Readout Scheme. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:E637. [PMID: 30513614 DOI: 10.3390/mi9120637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A monolithic low noise and low zero-g offset CMOS/MEMS accelerometer and readout scheme in standard 0.18 μm CMOS mixed signal UMC process is presented. The low noise chopper architecture and telescopic topology is developed to achieve low noise. The experiments show noise floor is 421.70 μg/√Hz. The whole system has 470 mV/g sensitivity. The power consumption is about 1.67 mW. The zero-g trimming circuit reduces the offset from 1242.63 mg to 2.30 mg.
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20
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Jiao J, Zhang F, Jiao T, Gu Z, Wang S. Bioinspired Superdurable Pestle-Loop Mechanical Interlocker with Tunable Peeling Force, Strong Shear Adhesion, and Low Noise. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2018; 5:1700787. [PMID: 29721425 PMCID: PMC5908517 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Velcro, the most typical hook-loop interlocker, often suffers from undesirable deformation, breaking, and noise because of the structure of the hook. Inspired by the arrester system of dragonfly, a new mechanical interlocker with a nylon pestle instead of the traditional hook is developed. The pestle-loop mechanical interlocker shows a tunable peeling force from 0.4 ± 0.14 to 6.5 ± 0.72 N and the shear adhesion force of pestle-loop mechanical interlocker is about twice as much as that of velcro. The pestle tape can be separated and fastened with the loop tape up to 30 000 cycles while keeping the original adhesive force and the pestle structure. In comparison, only after 4000 cycles most hooks of the commercial velcro are deformed and even broken, completely losing their adhesive function and their hook structure. These experimental results are further supported by finite element simulitions-the base of pestle mainly bears the separation-caused strain while the middle of hook does. Notably, the sound volume during the separation of pestle-loop mechanical interlocker is merely 49 ± 7.4 dB, much lower than 70 ± 3.5 dB produced by the velcro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Green PrintingInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiao
- College of Mechanical EngineeringSichuan University of Science and EngineeringZigong643000P. R. China
| | - Zhen Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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21
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Ge X, Theuwissen AJP. Temporal Noise Analysis of Charge-Domain Sampling Readout Circuits for CMOS Image Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E707. [PMID: 29495496 DOI: 10.3390/s18030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a temporal noise analysis of charge-domain sampling readout circuits for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors. In order to address the trade-off between the low input-referred noise and high dynamic range, a Gm-cell-based pixel together with a charge-domain correlated-double sampling (CDS) technique has been proposed to provide a way to efficiently embed a tunable conversion gain along the read-out path. Such readout topology, however, operates in a non-stationery large-signal behavior, and the statistical properties of its temporal noise are a function of time. Conventional noise analysis methods for CMOS image sensors are based on steady-state signal models, and therefore cannot be readily applied for Gm-cell-based pixels. In this paper, we develop analysis models for both thermal noise and flicker noise in Gm-cell-based pixels by employing the time-domain linear analysis approach and the non-stationary noise analysis theory, which help to quantitatively evaluate the temporal noise characteristic of Gm-cell-based pixels. Both models were numerically computed in MATLAB using design parameters of a prototype chip, and compared with both simulation and experimental results. The good agreement between the theoretical and measurement results verifies the effectiveness of the proposed noise analysis models.
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22
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Tan WC, Huang L, Ng RJ, Wang L, Hasan DMN, Duffin TJ, Kumar KS, Nijhuis CA, Lee C, Ang KW. A Black Phosphorus Carbide Infrared Phototransistor. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1705039. [PMID: 29266512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors with broadband detection capability are desirable for sensing applications in the coming age of the internet-of-things. Although 2D layered materials (2DMs) have been actively pursued due to their unique optical properties, by far only graphene and black arsenic phosphorus have the wide absorption spectrum that covers most molecular vibrational fingerprints. However, their reported responsivity and response time are falling short of the requirements needed for enabling simultaneous weak-signal and high-speed detections. Here, a novel 2DM, black phosphorous carbide (b-PC) with a wide absorption spectrum up to 8000 nm is synthesized and a b-PC phototransistor with a tunable responsivity and response time at an excitation wavelength of 2004 nm is demonstrated. The b-PC phototransistor achieves a peak responsivity of 2163 A W-1 and a shot noise equivalent power of 1.3 fW Hz-1/2 at 2004 nm. In addition, it is shown that a response time of 0.7 ns is tunable by the gating effect, which renders it versatile for high-speed applications. Under the same signal strength (i.e., excitation power), its performance in responsivity and detectivity in room temperature condition is currently ahead of recent top-performing photodetectors based on 2DMs that operate with a small bias voltage of 0.2 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Chong Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Rui Jie Ng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Dihan Md Nuruddin Hasan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Thorin Jake Duffin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 1175464, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Karuppannan Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 1175464, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 1175464, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Kah-Wee Ang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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23
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Kamehama H, Kawahito S, Shrestha S, Nakanishi S, Yasutomi K, Takeda A, Tsuru TG, Arai Y. A Low-Noise X-ray Astronomical Silicon-On-Insulator Pixel Detector Using a Pinned Depleted Diode Structure. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 18:E27. [PMID: 29295523 DOI: 10.3390/s18010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel full-depletion Si X-ray detector based on silicon-on-insulator pixel (SOIPIX) technology using a pinned depleted diode structure, named the SOIPIX-PDD. The SOIPIX-PDD greatly reduces stray capacitance at the charge sensing node, the dark current of the detector, and capacitive coupling between the sensing node and SOI circuits. These features of the SOIPIX-PDD lead to low read noise, resulting high X-ray energy resolution and stable operation of the pixel. The back-gate surface pinning structure using neutralized p-well at the back-gate surface and depleted n-well underneath the p-well for all the pixel area other than the charge sensing node is also essential for preventing hole injection from the p-well by making the potential barrier to hole, reducing dark current from the Si-SiO2 interface and creating lateral drift field to gather signal electrons in the pixel area into the small charge sensing node. A prototype chip using 0.2 μm SOI technology shows very low readout noise of 11.0 e−rms, low dark current density of 56 pA/cm2 at −35 °C and the energy resolution of 200 eV(FWHM) at 5.9 keV and 280 eV (FWHM) at 13.95 keV.
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24
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Stevens EG, Clayhold JA, Doan H, Fabinski RP, Hynecek J, Kosman SL, Parks C. Recent Enhancements to Interline and Electron Multiplying CCD Image Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17122841. [PMID: 29215582 PMCID: PMC5750797 DOI: 10.3390/s17122841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes recent process modifications made to enhance the performance of interline and electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device (EMCCD) image sensors. By use of MeV ion implantation, quantum efficiency in the NIR region of the spectrum was increased by 2×, and image smear was reduced by 6 dB. By reducing the depth of the shallow photodiode (PD) implants, the photodiode-to-vertical-charge-coupled-device (VCCD) transfer gate voltage required for no-lag operation was reduced by 3 V, and the electronic shutter voltage was reduced by 9 V. The thinner, surface pinning layer also resulted in a reduction of smear by 4 dB in the blue portion of the visible spectrum. For EMCCDs, gain aging was eliminated by providing an oxide-only dielectric under its multiplication phase, while retaining the oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) gate dielectrics elsewhere in the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Stevens
- ON Semiconductor, 1964 Lake Avenue, Rochester, NY 14615, USA.
| | | | - Hung Doan
- ON Semiconductor, 1964 Lake Avenue, Rochester, NY 14615, USA.
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25
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Dragas J, Viswam V, Shadmani A, Chen Y, Bounik R, Stettler A, Radivojevic M, Geissler S, Obien M, Müller J, Hierlemann A. A Multi-Functional Microelectrode Array Featuring 59760 Electrodes, 2048 Electrophysiology Channels, Stimulation, Impedance Measurement and Neurotransmitter Detection Channels. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 2017; 52:1576-1590. [PMID: 28579632 PMCID: PMC5447818 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2017.2686580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biological cells are characterized by highly complex phenomena and processes that are, to a great extent, interdependent. To gain detailed insights, devices designed to study cellular phenomena need to enable tracking and manipulation of multiple cell parameters in parallel; they have to provide high signal quality and high spatiotemporal resolution. To this end, we have developed a CMOS-based microelectrode array system that integrates six measurement and stimulation functions, the largest number to date. Moreover, the system features the largest active electrode array area to date (4.48×2.43 mm2) to accommodate 59,760 electrodes, while its power consumption, noise characteristics, and spatial resolution (13.5 μm electrode pitch) are comparable to the best state-of-the-art devices. The system includes: 2,048 action-potential (AP, bandwidth: 300 Hz to 10 kHz) recording units, 32 local-field-potential (LFP, bandwidth: 1 Hz to 300 Hz) recording units, 32 current recording units, 32 impedance measurement units, and 28 neurotransmitter detection units, in addition to the 16 dual-mode voltage-only or current/voltage-controlled stimulation units. The electrode array architecture is based on a switch matrix, which allows for connecting any measurement/stimulation unit to any electrode in the array and for performing different measurement/stimulation functions in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Dragas
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vijay Viswam
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amir Shadmani
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yihui Chen
- ETH Zurich, D-BSSE, 4058 Basel, Switzerland, and now is with Analog Devices Shanghai Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Raziyeh Bounik
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Stettler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Milos Radivojevic
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sydney Geissler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie Obien
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Müller
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Liu J, You X, Wang Y, Gu K, Liu C, Tan J. The α-β circular scanning with large range and low noise. J Microsc 2017; 266:107-114. [PMID: 28295322 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A circular-route scanning method called α-β circular scanning is proposed and realized using sinusoidal signals with a constant phase difference of π/2. Experiments show that the circular scanning range of α-β circular scanning is 57% greater than the rectangular scanning range of raster scanning within an effective optical field of view. Moreover, the scanning speed is improved by 7.8% over raster scanning because the whole sine signal is utilized in α-β circular scanning whereas the flyback area of the saw-tooth signal needs to be discarded in raster scanning. The maximum scanning acceleration decreases by a factor of 44, drastically decreasing the high noise, which should considerably elongate the lifetime of the galvanometers while inhibiting internal vibration. The proposed α-β circular scanning technique could be used in scanning imaging, optical tweezers and laser-beam fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Centre of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - X You
- Centre of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Y Wang
- Centre of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - K Gu
- Centre of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - C Liu
- Centre of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - J Tan
- Centre of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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27
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Wu CC, Liu SC, Chiu SW, Tang KT. A Low Noise CMOS Readout Based on a Polymer-Coated SAW Array for Miniature Electronic Nose. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:s16111777. [PMID: 27792131 PMCID: PMC5134436 DOI: 10.3390/s16111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An electronic nose (E-Nose) is one of the applications for surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors. In this paper, we present a low-noise complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) readout application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based on an SAW sensor array for achieving a miniature E-Nose. The center frequency of the SAW sensors was measured to be approximately 114 MHz. Because of interference between the sensors, we designed a low-noise CMOS frequency readout circuit to enable the SAW sensor to obtain frequency variation. The proposed circuit was fabricated in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS process technology. The total chip size was nearly 1203 × 1203 μm². The chip was operated at a supply voltage of 1 V for a digital circuit and 1.8 V for an analog circuit. The least measurable difference between frequencies was 4 Hz. The detection limit of the system, when estimated using methanol and ethanol, was 0.1 ppm. Their linearity was in the range of 0.1 to 26,000 ppm. The power consumption levels of the analog and digital circuits were 1.742 mW and 761 μW, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chun Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University/No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Szu-Chieh Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University/No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Wen Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University/No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Kea-Tiong Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University/No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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28
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Boukhayma A, Dupret A, Rostaing JP, Enz C. A Low-Noise CMOS THz Imager Based on Source Modulation and an In-Pixel High-Q Passive Switched-Capacitor N-Path Filter. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:s16030325. [PMID: 26950131 PMCID: PMC4813900 DOI: 10.3390/s16030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the first low noise complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) terahertz (THz) imager based on source modulation and in-pixel high-Q filtering. The 31×31 focal plane array has been fully integrated in a 0.13μm standard CMOS process. The sensitivity has been improved significantly by modulating the active THz source that lights the scene and performing on-chip high-Q filtering. Each pixel encompass a broadband bow tie antenna coupled to an N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) detector that shifts the THz radiation, a low noise adjustable gain amplifier and a high-Q filter centered at the modulation frequency. The filter is based on a passive switched-capacitor (SC) N-path filter combined with a continuous-time broad-band Gm-C filter. A simplified analysis that helps in designing and tuning the passive SC N-path filter is provided. The characterization of the readout chain shows that a Q factor of 100 has been achieved for the filter with a good matching between the analytical calculation and the measurement results. An input-referred noise of 0.2μV RMS has been measured. Characterization of the chip with different THz wavelengths confirms the broadband feature of the antenna and shows that this THz imager reaches a total noise equivalent power of 0.6 nW at 270 GHz and 0.8 nW at 600 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assim Boukhayma
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble F-38054, France.
- ICLAB, EPFL, Rue de la Maladière 71, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland.
| | - Antoine Dupret
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble F-38054, France.
| | | | - Christian Enz
- ICLAB, EPFL, Rue de la Maladière 71, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland.
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29
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Lin Q, Armin A, Lyons DM, Burn PL, Meredith P. Low noise, IR-blind organohalide perovskite photodiodes for visible light detection and imaging. Adv Mater 2015; 27:2060-2064. [PMID: 25677496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed organohalide perov-skite photodiodes that have performance metrics matching silicon, but are infrared-blind are reported. The perovskite photodiodes operate in the visible band, have low dark current and noise, high specific detectivity, large linear dynamic range, and fast temporal response. Their properties make them promising candidates for imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Lin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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30
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Ballini M, Müller J, Livi P, Chen Y, Frey U, Stettler A, Shadmani A, Viswam V, Jones IL, Jäckel D, Radivojevic M, Lewandowska MK, Gong W, Fiscella M, Bakkum DJ, Heer F, Hierlemann A. A 1024-Channel CMOS Microelectrode Array With 26,400 Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation of Electrogenic Cells In Vitro. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 2014; 49:2705-2719. [PMID: 28502989 PMCID: PMC5424881 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2014.2359219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To advance our understanding of the functioning of neuronal ensembles, systems are needed to enable simultaneous recording from a large number of individual neurons at high spatiotemporal resolution and good signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, stimulation capability is highly desirable for investigating, for example, plasticity and learning processes. Here, we present a microelectrode array (MEA) system on a single CMOS die for in vitro recording and stimulation. The system incorporates 26,400 platinum electrodes, fabricated by in-house post-processing, over a large sensing area (3.85 × 2.10 mm2) with sub-cellular spatial resolution (pitch of 17.5 μm). Owing to an area and power efficient implementation, we were able to integrate 1024 readout channels on chip to record extracellular signals from a user-specified selection of electrodes. These channels feature noise values of 2.4 μVrms in the action-potential band (300 Hz-10 kHz) and 5.4 μVrms in the local-field-potential band (1 Hz-300 Hz), and provide programmable gain (up to 78 dB) to accommodate various biological preparations. Amplified and filtered signals are digitized by 10 bit parallel single-slope ADCs at 20 kSamples/s. The system also includes 32 stimulation units, which can elicit neural spikes through either current or voltage pulses. The chip consumes only 75 mW in total, which obviates the need of active cooling even for sensitive cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ballini
- D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. He is now with IMEC vzw, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Livi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. He is now with the RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Alexander Stettler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amir Shadmani
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vijay Viswam
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian Lloyd Jones
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Jäckel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Milos Radivojevic
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta K Lewandowska
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michele Fiscella
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas J Bakkum
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Heer
- D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. He is now with Zurich Instruments AG, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Suh S, Itoh S, Aoyama S, Kawahito S. Column-parallel correlated multiple sampling circuits for CMOS image sensors and their noise reduction effects. Sensors (Basel) 2010; 10:9139-54. [PMID: 22163400 DOI: 10.3390/s101009139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For low-noise complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, the reduction of pixel source follower noises is becoming very important. Column-parallel high-gain readout circuits are useful for low-noise CMOS image sensors. This paper presents column-parallel high-gain signal readout circuits, correlated multiple sampling (CMS) circuits and their noise reduction effects. In the CMS, the gain of the noise cancelling is controlled by the number of samplings. It has a similar effect to that of an amplified CDS for the thermal noise but is a little more effective for 1/f and RTS noises. Two types of the CMS with simple integration and folding integration are proposed. In the folding integration, the output signal swing is suppressed by a negative feedback using a comparator and one-bit D-to-A converter. The CMS circuit using the folding integration technique allows to realize a very low-noise level while maintaining a wide dynamic range. The noise reduction effects of their circuits have been investigated with a noise analysis and an implementation of a 1Mpixel pinned photodiode CMOS image sensor. Using 16 samplings, dynamic range of 59.4 dB and noise level of 1.9 e(-) for the simple integration CMS and 75 dB and 2.2 e(-) for the folding integration CMS, respectively, are obtained.
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Chang SR, Chen H. A CMOS-Compatible, Low-Noise ISFET Based on High Efficiency Ion-Modulated Lateral-Bipolar Conduction. Sensors (Basel) 2009; 9:8336-48. [PMID: 22408508 DOI: 10.3390/s91008336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ion-sensitive, field-effect transistors (ISFET) have been useful biosensors in many applications. However, the signal-to-noise ratio of the ISFET is limited by its intrinsic, low-frequency noise. This paper presents an ISFET capable of utilizing lateral-bipolar conduction to reduce low-frequency noise. With a particular layout design, the conduction efficiency is further enhanced. Moreover, the ISFET is compatible with the standard CMOS technology. All materials above the gate-oxide are removed by simple, die-level post-CMOS process, allowing ions to modulate the lateral-bipolar current directly. By varying the gate-to-bulk voltage, the operation mode of the ISFET is controlled effectively, so is the noise performance measured and compared. Finally, the biasing conditions preferable for different low-noise applications are identified. Under the identified biasing condition, the signal-to-noise ratio of the ISFET as a pH sensor is proved to be improved by more than five times.
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