1
|
Duckett M, Taylor MN, Bowman C, Vega NM. Parallel evolution of alternate morphotypes of Chryseobacterium gleum during experimental evolution with Caenorhabditis elegans. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae039. [PMID: 38549432 PMCID: PMC11004935 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial evolution within polymicrobial communities is a complex process. Here, we report within-species diversification within multispecies microbial communities during experimental evolution with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We describe morphological diversity in the target species Chryseobacterium gleum, which developed a novel colony morphotype in a small number of replicate communities. Alternate morphotypes coexisted with original morphotypes in communities, as well as in single-species experiments using evolved isolates. We found that the original and alternate morphotypes differed in motility and in spatial expansion in the presence of C. elegans. This study provides insight into the emergence and maintenance of intraspecies diversity in the context of microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Duckett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE #2006, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Megan N Taylor
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE #2006, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Claire Bowman
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE #2006, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Nic M Vega
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE #2006, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raudone L, Vilkickyte G, Marksa M, Radusiene J. Comparative Phytoprofiling of Achillea millefolium Morphotypes: Assessing Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic and Triterpenic Compounds Variation across Different Plant Parts. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:1043. [PMID: 38611571 PMCID: PMC11013869 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Achillea millefolium L., commonly known as yarrow, is a versatile and widely distributed plant species with a rich history of ethnopharmacological significance. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative differences of A. millefolium inflorescence morphotypes. The phytochemical profile of white and pink inflorescence morphotypes was characterised by a complex of thirty-four phenolic and triterpene compounds. The species has distinct morphotypes of white and pink inflorescence. Phenolic and triterpenic profiles were determined, and individual compounds were quantified in inflorescence, leaf, and stem samples of two morphotypes tested. The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was evaluated by free radical scavenging (ABTS) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Caffeoylquinic acids predominated in all parts of the plant tested. Chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were the principal compounds in the phenolic profile. Betulin, betulinic acid, and α-amyrin were the prevailing triterpenic components in the triterpenic profiles of Achillea millefolium morphotypes. The predominant flavonoids in inflorescences were flavones, while in leaves, flavonols were the organ-specific compounds. The quantitative differences were observed between plant parts of morphotypes. Leaves consistently displayed the highest amounts of identified compounds and have been testified as the main source of antioxidant activity. Overall, white inflorescences accumulated a higher total amount of compounds compared to pink ones. The observed differences between morphotypes derived from the same population reflect the differences in specialised metabolites and their chemotypes. This study addresses gaps in knowledge, particularly in phenolic and triterpenic profiling of coloured inflorescence morphotypes, enhancing our understanding of chemotypes and morphotypes within the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Raudone
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Avenue 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Avenue 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Gabriele Vilkickyte
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Avenue 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Avenue 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Mindaugas Marksa
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Avenue 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Jolita Radusiene
- Laboratory of Economic Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Street 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jeena NS, Sajikumar KK, Rahuman S, Ragesh N, Koya KPS, Chinnadurai S, Sasikumar G, Mohamed KS. Insights into the divergent evolution of the oceanic squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from the Indian Ocean. Integr Zool 2023; 18:924-948. [PMID: 36610009 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis is known for its complex population structure with three major transoceanic forms (viz. middle-sized, dwarf, and giant forms) whose taxonomic status has been disputed for decades. This integrated taxonomic study examines these prevenient morphotypes gathered on cruises in the Indian Ocean to ascertain their status in the evolutionary history of the species. Molecular analyses employing mitochondrial (COI, ND2) and nuclear (H3) markers revealed four genetically distinct and novel lineages of the species in the Indian Ocean, representing three morphotypes from the Arabian Sea and one from the Southern Indian Ocean. The mitochondrial-based phylograms revealed two distinct clades in the species: "dwarf forms + giant form" and "middle-sized forms," which further branch into geographically structured evolutionary units. Species delimitation analyses recovered five distinct clades, namely, the Arabian Sea giant and dwarf forms, Equatorial, Eastern Typical, and Other Middle-sized forms, representing the consensus molecular operational taxonomic units. H3 being heterozygous could not resolve the phylogeny. Haplotype network and AMOVA analysis of mtDNA genes indicated explicit phylogeographic structuring of haplotypes, whereas these outputs and PCA results were incongruent with the morphological grouping. Phenetic features distinguishing the morphotypes were sometimes plastic and mismatched with the genotypes. The giant form was genetically close to the dwarf forms, contradicting the earlier notion that it descended from the middle-sized form. It may be assumed that the dwarf form evolved following sympatric speciation and adaptation to warm equatorial waters, while the focal features of the Western Arabian Sea guide toward allopatric speciation of the giant form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikarthil S Jeena
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - Summaya Rahuman
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Nadakkal Ragesh
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - K P Said Koya
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Shunmugavel Chinnadurai
- Fishing Technology Division, Veraval Research Centre of ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyabhavan, Bhidia, Veraval, Gujarat, India
| | - Geetha Sasikumar
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gandrabur E, Terentev A, Fedotov A, Emelyanov D, Vereshchagina A. The Peculiarities of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.) Population Formation Depending on Its Clonal and Morphotypic Organization during the Summer Period. Insects 2023; 14:271. [PMID: 36975956 PMCID: PMC10051124 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ecological plasticity of aphid populations is determined by their clonal and morphotypic diversity. Clones will be successful when the development of their component morphotypes is optimized. The purpose of this work was to reveal the peculiarities of clonal composition and the developmental characteristics of different summer morphotypes for the rose-grass aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.), which is an important host-alternating cereal pest and a useful model species. During the experiments, aphids were kept under ambient conditions on wheat seedlings at natural temperatures and humidity levels. An analysis of the reproduction of summer morphotypes and the resulting composition of offspring found that variation among the clones and morphotypes, as well as generational effects and an influence of sexual reproduction (and interactions between all factors) influenced the population structure of M. dirhodum. The reproduction of emigrants was less among the clones than that of the apterous or alate exules. The number of offspring produced by apterous exules differed throughout the growing season (generational effects) and between years, with different clones exhibiting different responses. There were dispersing aphids only among the offspring of apterous exules. These results can contribute to future advances in the forecasting and monitoring of aphid populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gandrabur
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
| | - Anton Terentev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
- Advanced Digital Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alexander Fedotov
- Advanced Digital Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy Emelyanov
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
- Advanced Digital Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alla Vereshchagina
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Akli-Bidi S. Description and distribution of three morphotypes of the Eucyclopsserrulatus group (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopoida) from Algerian water bodies. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e100981. [PMID: 38327310 PMCID: PMC10848837 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Examination of Eucyclops populations coming from Algerian water bodies and identified as Eucyclopscf.serrulatus showed three morphotypes, based on morphometric characters and microcharacters. Morphotype 1 was the most abundant, collected in the east and the west of Algeria. Morphotype 2 was sampled in the south of the country, characterised by posterolaterally elongated thoracic segments and the fourth thoracic segment bearing cilia on its lateral angles. Morphotype 3 was found in a small temporary pond in the north of the country and was the smallest one. Other differences were observed on surface microcharacters of antenna basipodite, coxopodite and intercoxal plate of the fourth leg. The characters of the most widespread morphotype (morphotype1) were stable in all localities despite the fact that these were located in two geographically separated regions (eastern and western Algeria). New information Three morphotypes of Eucyclopsserrulatus group (Fisher, 1851) (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopoida) from Algerian water bodies were identified. The characters of the most widespread morphotype (morphotype 1) were stable in all localities despite the fact that these were located in two geographically separated regions (eastern and western Algeria).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safia Akli-Bidi
- Department of Ecology and Environment. Laboratory of Dynamic and Biodiversity. Faculty of Biological Sciences. University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene,. Algiers. Algeria., Bab Ezzouar, AlgeriaDepartment of Ecology and Environment. Laboratory of Dynamic and Biodiversity. Faculty of Biological Sciences. University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene,. Algiers. Algeria.Bab EzzouarAlgeria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bayegun AA, Omitola OO, Umunnakwe CU, Akande FA, Akinwale OP, Mogaji HO, Ademolu KO, Gyang VP, Odoemene SN, Stothard JR, Ekpo UF. Morphometric analysis of schistosome eggs recovered from human urines in communities along the shoreline of Oyan River Dam in Ogun State, Nigeria. J Helminthol 2023; 96:e89. [PMID: 36621866 DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X22000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There are growing concerns that communities characterized with surface water, where both humans and livestock interact for agricultural, domestic, cultural and recreational purposes, are likely to support hybridization between schistosome species infecting humans and livestock. This study therefore investigated the morphometrics of schistosome eggs recovered from human urine samples in four schistosomiasis endemic communities (Imala-Odo, Abule-Titun, Apojula and Ibaro-Oyan) along the banks of Oyan River Dam in Ogun State, Nigeria. Recovered eggs were counted, photographed, and measured with IC Measure™ for total length, maximum width and a ratio of egg shape. A total of 1984 Schistosoma eggs were analysed. Two major egg morphotypes were identified: the first represented 67.8% of the eggs, with the typical round to oval shape and mean length and width of 166 μm, 66.8 μm, respectively; the second represented 32.2% of the eggs and are more elongated, with a mean length of 198 μm, and width of 71.3 μm. Our results revealed significant variations in sizes of the schistosome eggs recovered (length: t = -35.374, degrees of freedom (df) = 1982, P = 0.000; weight: t = -10.431, df = 1982, P = 0.000), with the atypical shaped eggs appearing more elongated than expected. These eggs might represent individuals with some degree of contribution from Schistosoma bovis or possibly other Schistosoma species known to be present in Nigeria. Hence, this observation calls for further molecular studies to establish the genetic information about the miracidia from both atypical and typical eggs. It is also important to establish the presence of bona fide S. bovis infection in cattle and vector snails in the presumptive areas of hybridization.
Collapse
|
7
|
Muñoz EM. Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221135697. [PMID: 36317305 PMCID: PMC9629557 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221135697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are unique areas within the central nervous system. They serve as a portal for the rest of the body and, as such, lack a blood-brain barrier. Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma. Within the CVOs, microglial cells find themselves continuously challenged and stimulated by local and systemic stimuli, even under steady-state conditions. Therefore, CVO microglia in their typical state often resemble the activated microglial forms found elsewhere in the brain as they are responding to pathological conditions or other stressors. In this review, I focus on the dynamics of CVO microglia, using the pineal gland as a specific CVO example. Data related to microglia heterogeneity in both homeostatic and unhealthy environments are presented and discussed, including those recently generated by using advanced single-cell and single-nucleus technology. Finally, perspectives in the CVO microglia field are also included.Summary StatementMicroglia in circumventricular organs (CVOs) continuously adapt to react differentially to the diverse challenges they face. Herein, I discuss microglia heterogeneity in CVOs, including pineal gland. Further studies are needed to better understand microglia dynamics in these unique brain areas. .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela M. Muñoz
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina,Estela M. Muñoz, IHEM-UNCuyo-CONICET, Parque General San Martin, Ciudad de Mendoza, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina.
or
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kouakou AK, Cortet J, Kolo Y, Brauman A. Using Trait-Based Approaches to Assess the Response of Epedaphic Collembola to Organic Matter Management Practices: A Case Study in a Rubber Plantation in South-Eastern Côte d'Ivoire. Insects 2022; 13:892. [PMID: 36292840 PMCID: PMC9604168 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We used trait-based approaches to reveal the functional responses of springtails communities to organic matter inputs in a rubber plantation in Côte d’Ivoire. Pitfall traps were used to sample springtails in each practice. The results showed that the total abundance of springtails increased significantly with the amount of organic matter (R0L0 < R2L1). Larger springtails (body length, furca and antennae) were observed in plots with high organic matter. Practices with logging residues and legume recorded the highest functional richness. The principal coordinate analysis showed different functional composition patterns between practices with logging residues (R1L1 and R2L1) and those without inputs (R0L0 and R0L1). This difference in functional composition (PERMANOVA analysis) was related to the effect of practices. These results highlight the pertinence of the functional trait approach in the characterization of springtail communities, a bioindicator of soil health, for organic matter management practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymard Kouakou Kouakou
- Station D’écologie de Lamto, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan 02 BP 801, Côte d’Ivoire
- Eco & Sols, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34398 Montperliier, France
| | - Jérôme Cortet
- UMR CEFE 5175, University of Montpellier, EPHE, University Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende, CEDEX, F-34199 Montpellier, France
| | - Yeo Kolo
- Station D’écologie de Lamto, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan 02 BP 801, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Alain Brauman
- Eco & Sols, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34398 Montperliier, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mvogo Ndongo PA, von Rintelen T, Clark PF, Shahdadi A, Tchietchui CR, Cumberlidge N. Phylogenetic relationships among the species of the Cameroonian endemic freshwater crab genus Louisea Cumberlidge, 1994 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamonautidae), with notes on intraspecific morphological variation within two threatened species. Zookeys 2022; 1122:125-143. [PMID: 36761210 PMCID: PMC9848643 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1122.85791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Louisea Cumberlidge, 1994 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamonautidae) currently includes four endemic Cameroonian freshwater crab species whose phylogenetic relationships were previously unresolved. In the present study, phylogenetic analyses are carried out involving three mtDNA loci (COI, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA). The COI locus revealed divergence times of 5.6 million years ago (myr) for when L.balssi (Bott, 1959) diverged from L.edeaensis (Bott, 1969); 4.1 myr for when L.edeaensis diverged from L.yabassi Mvogo Ndongo, von Rintelen & Cumberlidge, 2019; and 2.48 myr for when the later species diverged from L.nkongsamba Mvogo Ndongo, von Rintelen & Cumberlidge, 2019. Three genetic lineages were found within L.nkongsamba that are supported by uncorrected p-distances and the haplotype network. Morphological variation in some taxonomically important characters was found within both L.nkongsamba and L.yabassi. No correlation, however, was found between the morphotypes within these species and the uncovered genetic lineages. Recognition of species boundaries and of subpopulations of species will prove valuable when making informed conservation decisions as part of the development of species action plans for these rare and threatened freshwater crabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A. Mvogo Ndongo
- Département de Gestion des Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Institut des Sciences Halieutiques, Université de Douala à Yabassi, PO. Box. 7236 Douala-Bassa, CameroonMuseum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany,Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, GermanyUniversité de Douala à YabassDouala-BassaCameroon
| | - Thomas von Rintelen
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, GermanyUniversité de Douala à YabassDouala-BassaCameroon
| | - Paul F. Clark
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Life Sciences, The Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Adnan Shahdadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, IranUniversity of HormozganBandar AbbasIran
| | - Carine Rosine Tchietchui
- Zoology Unit, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157 Douala, CameroonUniversity of DoualaDoualaCameroon
| | - Neil Cumberlidge
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855-5376, USANorthern Michigan UniversityMarquetteUnited States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gómez-Caro S, Mendoza-Vargas LA, Ramírez-Gil JG, Burbano-David D, Soto-Suárez M, Melgarejo LM. Close-Range Thermography and Reflectance Spectroscopy Support In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Colletotrichum spp. Isolates from Mango Fruits. Plant Dis 2022; 106:2355-2369. [PMID: 35350902 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1774-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum causing anthracnose in mango is known for its variable virulence that may have an effect on disease development and efficacy of management strategies. In this study, we characterized Colletotrichum spp. isolated from mango fruits under in vitro and in vivo conditions using close-range thermography and reflectance spectroscopy. Twenty-six isolates were phylogenetically characterized to ascertain species using the internal transcribed spacer sequence. Virulence, spectral (in vivo and in vitro), and thermographic responses (in vivo) of these isolates were analyzed. Isolates were grouped into the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex and classified into eight morphotypes. Mycelial growth, conidia production, sporulation abundance, and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) varied largely among isolates. Disease symptoms were observed 4 days after inoculation (dai), and, for most morphotypes, changes in tissue temperature were registered at 11 dai, with the greatest decrease at 14 dai with pathogen sporulation. In vitro and in vivo morphotypes shared changes in the spectrum range, and main variations were found in the number of informative spectral bands. In vivo average gross reflectance was higher in disease-inoculated tissue than in healthy uninoculated tissue. Morphotype responses varied depending on AUDPC values and postinoculation time. Discriminant analysis of the spectral response using principal component analysis and partial least squares regression explained 94 to 96.3 and 98 to 99.9% of the variance from in vitro and in vivo tests, respectively. Spectral markers were obtained for four distinct morphotype groups. We found three (550 to 650, 650.1 to 790, and 1,300 to 1,400 nm) and two (520 to 830 and 1,100 to 1,450 nm) regions with highly (P < 0.05) discriminant spectral bands for diseased fruits and morphotype characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gómez-Caro
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Alberto Mendoza-Vargas
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Joaquín Guillermo Ramírez-Gil
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Burbano-David
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-AGROSAVIA, 250047 Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Soto-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-AGROSAVIA, 250047 Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Luz Marina Melgarejo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioquímica Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cortés‐Parra C, Calderón‐Espinosa ML, Jerez A. Claws and toepads in mainland and island Anolis (Squamata: Dactyloidae): Different adaptive radiations with intersectional morphospatial zones. J Anat 2022; 240:850-866. [PMID: 34897675 PMCID: PMC9005674 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anolis lizards have evolved morphologies in response to different selective factors related to microhabitat use. Morphological diversity exhibits evolutionary patterns that reveal similarities and unique regional traits among the mainland and island environments and among Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles islands. In the Greater Antilles and mainland environments anole species are classified into morphological/ecological groups, that are known as morphotypes (mainland) or ecomorphs (Greater Antilles). Morphotypes are defined only with morphological information; in contrast, for ecomorph assignment both morphology and ethology are required. For mainland species distributed in northwestern South America 10 morphotypes were proposed to include the morphological diversity of 59 species. We obtained data from body size, limbs length, tail length, and the number of lamellae for an additional ten species occurring in the same region and assigned them into morphotypes. We also collected data of the claw and toepad diversity of mainland and island Anolis from northwestern South America and compared it to the claw and toepads morphology recorded for the Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles islands, under a phylogenetic framework. We found new island morphotypes (MT11-MT13) of Anolis from northwestern South America. When comparing claws and toepads morphology among the 13 morphotypes we found that morphological variation of these traits partially corresponds to morphotype groups. For instance, habitat specialist species like Anolis heterodermus, classified in morphotype 4 (MT4), have a characteristic design of broad toepad and reduced claws, and non-unique design of toepads and claws occurs in morphotypes MT1, MT2, MT5, MT10, and MT13. We also compared claws and toepads of fore and hindlimbs within the same individual, and found that even if limbs show differences in claws and toepads, suggesting that they perform differential biomechanical function, the degree of within individual variation is specific and not related to morphotype assignment. Our data supported the convergent and unique regional evolution among mainland and island anoles, and revealed aspects of correlative evolution of functional traits of claws and toepads that probably are related to minor differences in microhabitat use among mainland and island species, as suggested by previously published literature. Lastly, the evolutionary pattern of morphological diversity of claws and toepads of Anolis in the mainland and island environment supports both unique regional traits and common selective and historical factors that have molded Anolis morphological diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Cortés‐Parra
- Laboratorio de Ecología EvolutivaDepartamento de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaSede BogotáColombia
| | - Martha L. Calderón‐Espinosa
- Grupo de Morfología y Ecología EvolutivaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaSede BogotáColombia
- Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaSede BogotáColombia
| | - Adriana Jerez
- Laboratorio de Ecología EvolutivaDepartamento de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaSede BogotáColombia
- Grupo de Morfología y Ecología EvolutivaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaSede BogotáColombia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis are the most common cause of mycoses-related disease and death among immune-compromised patients. Adhesins are cell-surface exposed proteins or glycoproteins of pathogens that bind to the extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents or mucosal epithelial surfaces of the host cells. The forces of interaction between fungal adhesins and host tissues are accompanied by ligand binding, hydrophobic interactions and protein-protein aggregation. Adherence is the primary and critical step involved in the pathogenesis; however, there is limited information on fungal adhesins compared to that on the bacterial adhesins. Except a few studies based on screening of proteome for adhesin identification, majority are based on characterization of individual adhesins. Recently, based on their characteristic signatures, many putative novel fungal adhesins have been predicted using bioinformatics algorithms. Some of these novel adhesin candidates have been validated by in-vitro studies; though, most of them are yet to be characterised experimentally. Morphotype specific adhesin expression as well as tissue tropism are the crucial determinants for a successful adhesion process. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various studies on fungal adhesins and discusses the targetability of the adhesins and adherence phenomenon, for combating the fungal infection in a preventive or therapeutic mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Ankita H Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Poonam Gautam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rekha Gahtori
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Amit Pande
- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Nainital, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Taruna Madan
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lemic D, Pajač Živković I, Šuliček M, Benítez HA. Exploratory Analysis of Color Forms' Variability in the Invasive Asian Lady Beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas 1773). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2436. [PMID: 34438893 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the following study, methods of geometric morphometrics were used to identify invasive forms of Harmonia axyridis. The study confirms the efficiency of geometric morphometrics as a tool for identifying minimal shape plasticity in wing shape and patterns of sexual shape dimorphism among invasive forms. Although more detailed studies are needed for further clarity, the study demonstrates that these methods can analyze phenotypic differences among the forms and reveal subtle phenotypic changes that explain genetic alterations within an invasive H. axyridis species. Abstract The Asian ladybird (Harmonia axyridis Pallas), native to Asia, is one of the 100 most invasive species in the world and has spread worldwide. This study aimed to characterize color forms of H. axyridis in Croatia and to analyze the variability of wing shape between populations and indicated forms. Geometric morphometric methods were used to analyze a total of 129 left and right wings in males and 126 left and right wings in females of H. axyridis collected from four different sites in Croatia. The results show a significant difference in wing shapes between the studied forms. Each form had its own specific morphotype that likely originated under the influence of genetic changes in the species. This study demonstrates that the use of geometric morphometric analysis is effective in studying the variability in H. axyridis populations. As this study is the first of its kind, for further clarity, it is necessary to conduct additional studies on a larger number of sites and an equal number of individuals of all forms.
Collapse
|
14
|
D’Aloia A, Molteni L, Gullo F, Bresciani E, Artusa V, Rizzi L, Ceriani M, Meanti R, Lecchi M, Coco S, Costa B, Torsello A. Palmitoylethanolamide Modulation of Microglia Activation: Characterization of Mechanisms of Action and Implication for Its Neuroprotective Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063054. [PMID: 33802689 PMCID: PMC8002502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous lipid produced on demand by neurons and glial cells that displays neuroprotective properties. It is well known that inflammation and neuronal damage are strictly related processes and that microglia play a pivotal role in their regulation. The aim of the present work was to assess whether PEA could exert its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects through the modulation of microglia reactive phenotypes. In N9 microglial cells, the pre-incubation with PEA blunted the increase of M1 pro-inflammatory markers induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concomitantly increasing those M2 anti-inflammatory markers. Images of microglial cells were processed to obtain a set of morphological parameters that highlighted the ability of PEA to inhibit the LPS-induced M1 polarization and suggested that PEA might induce the anti-inflammatory M2a phenotype. Functionally, PEA prevented Ca2+ transients in both N9 cells and primary microglia and antagonized the neuronal hyperexcitability induced by LPS, as revealed by multi-electrode array (MEA) measurements on primary cortical cultures of neurons, microglia, and astrocyte. Finally, the investigation of the molecular pathway indicated that PEA effects are not mediated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); on the contrary, a partial involvement of cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) was shown by using a selective receptor inverse agonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia D’Aloia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.D.); (F.G.); (V.A.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Laura Molteni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Francesca Gullo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.D.); (F.G.); (V.A.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Valentina Artusa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.D.); (F.G.); (V.A.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Michela Ceriani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.D.); (F.G.); (V.A.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Ramona Meanti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Marzia Lecchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.D.); (F.G.); (V.A.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Silvia Coco
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.D.); (F.G.); (V.A.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aloi F, Riolo M, Sanzani SM, Mincuzzi A, Ippolito A, Siciliano I, Pane A, Gullino ML, Cacciola SO. Characterization of Alternaria Species Associated with Heart Rot of Pomegranate Fruit. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:172. [PMID: 33673441 PMCID: PMC7997272 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at identifying Alternaria species associated with heart rot disease of pomegranate fruit in southern Italy and characterizing their mycotoxigenic profile. A total of 42 Alternaria isolates were characterized. They were obtained from pomegranate fruits with symptoms of heart rot sampled in Apulia and Sicily and grouped into six distinct morphotypes based on macro- and microscopic features. According to multigene phylogenetic analysis, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and a SCAR marker (OPA10-2), 38 isolates of morphotypes 1 to 5 were identified as Alternaria alternata, while isolates of morphotype 6, all from Sicily, clustered within the Alternaria arborescens species complex. In particular, isolates of morphotype 1, the most numerous, clustered with the ex-type isolate of A. alternata, proving to belong to A. alternata. No difference in pathogenicity on pomegranate fruits was found between isolates of A. alternata and A. arborescens and among A. alternata isolates of different morphotypes. The toxigenic profile of isolates varied greatly: in vitro, all 42 isolates produced tenuazonic acid and most of them other mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and tentoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Aloi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.A.); (M.R.)
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Riolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.A.); (M.R.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis, Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit–Rende CS (CREA- OFA), 87036 Rende, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Science, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Mincuzzi
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Antonio Ippolito
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Ilenia Siciliano
- Agroinnova—Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (I.S.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Antonella Pane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.A.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Agroinnova—Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (I.S.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.A.); (M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dumas NGE, Anderson NTY, Godswill NN, Thiruvengadam M, Ana-Maria G, Ramona P, Crisan GC, Laurian V, Shariati MA, Tokhtarov Z, Emmanuel Y. Secondary metabolite contents and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts reveal genetic variability of Vernonia amygdalina and Vernonia calvoana morphotypes. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:938-947. [PMID: 32881085 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vernonia species (Asteraceae) are indigenous medicinal and food leaf vegetables commonly consumed in some African countries like Cameroon where they constitute a staple dish called "ndolé." Previous studies have demonstrated the nutritional importance of Vernonia, but there is little knowledge of their agronomic value and genetic potentials. Wide genetic variability in the genus has been established earlier through the study of its pollen. However, to the best of our understanding, no such study has been undertaken on the genetic variability of Vernonia with respect to its secondary metabolites. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the genetic variability of Vernonia amygdalina (VAA and VALF) and V. calvoana (VCAB, VCAV, VCSB, and VCSV) morphotypes in 2016 based on secondary metabolite content and antimicrobial properties. This involved phytochemical analysis by HPLC/MS for the detection of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins in leaves from each of the six genotypes. Results showed that all tested genotypes are rich in phenols (18 analyzed), flavonoids, and tannins with, VAA richer in phenols (206.1 ± 3.12 µg/g of dry extract), followed by VCAV (197.9 ± 18.03 µg/g). The lowest level of flavonoid was found in VCSV (81.6 ± 7.21 µg/g), while the highest was from VCAB (132.8 ± 31.5 µg/g). VCSV (56.3 ± 4.08 µg/g) had the lowest level of tannins, while VCAB (97.8 ± 23.8 µg/g) had the highest levels. Assessment of antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from the six genotypes was done by culture on Mueller Hinton (MH) agar and MH broth agar for bacteria and in Sabouraud dextrose agar and Sabouraud dextrose broth media for fungi, respectively. All morphotypes exhibited inhibitory activity on bacteria except VAA, with isoquercetin characteristic of VCSV. Chemotaxonomic analyses of Vernonia morphotypes highlighted the genetic diversity within species and variability of antimicrobial properties of ethanolic leaf extracts among morphotypes. These results provide baseline data in the valuation of genetic resources and the establishment of improvement programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngandjui Tchangoue Yvan Anderson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Luliu Hatieganu" Str. Gheorghe Marinescu, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, 400337, Romania
| | - Ntsomboh-Ntsefong Godswill
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Biology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Directorate of Research Valorisation and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheldiu Ana-Maria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Luliu Hatieganu" 8, Victor Babes, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, 400012, Romania
| | - Paltinean Ramona
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Luliu Hatieganu" Str. Gheorghe Marinescu, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, 400337, Romania
| | - Gianina Cristina Crisan
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Luliu Hatieganu" Str. Gheorghe Marinescu, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, 400337, Romania
| | - Vlase Laurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Luliu Hatieganu" 8, Victor Babes, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, 400012, Romania
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Department of Technology of Food Production, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, 109004, Russian Federation
| | | | - Youmbi Emmanuel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Biology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Tissue Culture Laboratory, African Centre for Research on Banana and Plantain (CARBAP), Njombe, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
De Mendoza RS, Gómez RO, Tambussi CP. The lacrimal/ectethmoid region of waterfowl (Aves, Anseriformes): Phylogenetic signal and major evolutionary patterns. J Morphol 2020; 281:1486-1500. [PMID: 32936967 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Waterfowl (Aves, Anseriformes) constitute an ancient global radiation, and understanding the pattern and timing of their evolution requires a well-corroborated phylogeny including extant species and fossils. Following the molecular advances in avian systematics, however, morphology has often been held as misleading, yet congruence with molecular data has been shown to vary considerably among different skeletal parts. Here, we explore phylogenetic signal in discrete characters of the lacrimal/ectethmoid region of waterfowl, which is highly variable among species and constitutes a rich source of data. We do so by combining cladistic and multivariate approaches, and using phylogenetic comparative methods. We quantitatively recognize three major morphological types among lacrimal bones, and discuss homoplasy and potential synapomorphies of major clades using a molecular backbone tree. Our results clearly indicate that the lacrimal bone carries substantial phylogenetic signal and could be of systematic value at different levels of the phylogeny of waterfowl, feeding the exploration of other regions of the skull with this combined approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo S De Mendoza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Raúl O Gómez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia P Tambussi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, X5016GCA, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Girón JC, Chamorro ML. Variability and distribution of the golden-headed weevil Compsus auricephalus (Say) (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini). Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e55474. [PMID: 32733144 PMCID: PMC7365837 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e55474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The golden-headed weevil Compsus auricephalus is a native and fairly widespread species across the southern U.S.A. extending through Central America south to Panama. There are two recognised morphotypes of the species: the typical green form, with pink to cupreous head and part of the legs and the uniformly white to pale brown form. There are other Central and South American species of Compsus and related genera of similar appearance that make it challenging to provide accurate identifications of introduced species at ports of entry. New information Here, we re-describe the species, provide images of the habitus, miscellaneous morphological structures and male and female genitalia. We discuss the morphological variation of Compsus auricephalus across its distributional range, by revising and updating its distributional range, based on data from entomological collections in the U.S.A. and Canada. The revised distribution of C. auricephalus extends as far south as Zacapa in Guatemala. Records south from there correspond to a different species, with affinities to C. auricephalus that we discuss and illustrate. We also discuss morphological affinities and differences with other similar species. Furthermore, we summarise information regarding the biology, host plants and natural enemies of C. auricephalus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Girón
- Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States of America Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University Lubbock United States of America
| | - M Lourdes Chamorro
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ruiz MB, Taverna A, Servetto N, Sahade R, Held C. Hidden diversity in Antarctica: Molecular and morphological evidence of two different species within one of the most conspicuous ascidian species. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8127-8143. [PMID: 32788966 PMCID: PMC7417227 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Southern Ocean is one of the most isolated marine ecosystems, characterized by high levels of endemism, diversity, and biomass. Ascidians are among the dominant groups in Antarctic benthic assemblages; thus, recording the evolutionary patterns of this group is crucial to improve our current understanding of the assembly of this polar ocean. We studied the genetic variation within Cnemidocarpa verrucosa sensu lato, one of the most widely distributed abundant and studied ascidian species in Antarctica. Using a mitochondrial and a nuclear gene (COI and 18S), the phylogeography of fifteen populations distributed along the West Antarctic Peninsula and Burdwood Bank/MPA Namuncurá (South American shelf) was characterized, where the distribution of the genetic distance suggested the existence of, at least, two species within nominal C. verrucosa. When reevaluating morphological traits to distinguish between genetically defined species, the presence of a basal disk in one of the genotypes could be a diagnostic morphological trait to differentiate the species. These results are surprising due to the large research that has been carried out with the conspicuous C. verrucosa with no differentiation between species. Furthermore, it provides important tools to distinguish species in the field and laboratory. But also, these results give new insights into patterns of differentiation between closely related species that are distributed in sympatry, where the permeability of species boundaries still needs to be well understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela B. Ruiz
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)CórdobaArgentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y NaturalesDepartamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Ecología MarinaUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Anabela Taverna
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)CórdobaArgentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y NaturalesDepartamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Ecología MarinaUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Natalia Servetto
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)CórdobaArgentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y NaturalesDepartamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Ecología MarinaUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Ricardo Sahade
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)CórdobaArgentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y NaturalesDepartamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Ecología MarinaUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Christoph Held
- Section Functional Ecology, Evolutionary MacroecologyAlfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐ und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ríos‐Orjuela JC, Camacho‐Bastidas JS, Jerez A. Appendicular morphology and locomotor performance of two morphotypes of continental anoles: Anolis heterodermus and Anolis tolimensis. J Anat 2020; 236:252-273. [PMID: 31724173 PMCID: PMC6956434 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anolis lizards have been a model of study in ecomorphology in the Caribbean islands because species with the same type of microhabitat share similar morphological features. But despite their great diversity, little is known about continental species. We analyzed the relationship between the anatomical characteristics of the appendicular skeleton and the locomotor performance of two Anolis species found in Colombia that have different use of habitat. Anolis heterodermus, a strictly arboreal species, was compared with Anolis tolimensis, which inhabits the lower strata of vegetation. These two species differ in their body plan not only in body shape and external morphological features, but also in the skeleton and appendicular musculature. The results highlight the muscle and bone specializations associated with the use of habitat in this genus, such as the presence of more robust bones to enlarge the surface of muscle insertion, the thickening and loss of carpal parts, thickening of tendons associated with the manus, and greater development of muscle mass in the forelimbs by A. heterodermus with respect to A. tolimensis. These differences are related to the use of the microhabitat and the locomotor style of each species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Ríos‐Orjuela
- Laboratorio de Ecología EvolutivaDepartamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Adriana Jerez
- Laboratorio de Ecología EvolutivaDepartamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dragić M, Zarić M, Mitrović N, Nedeljković N, Grković I. Two Distinct Hippocampal Astrocyte Morphotypes Reveal Subfield-Different Fate during Neurodegeneration Induced by Trimethyltin Intoxication. Neuroscience 2019; 423:38-54. [PMID: 31682945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes comprise a heterogenic group of glial cells, which perform homeostatic functions in the central nervous system. These cells react to all kind of insults by changing the morphology and function that result in a transition from the quiescent to a reactive phenotype. Trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication, which reproduces pathological events in the hippocampus similar to those associated with seizures and cognitive decline, has been proven as a useful model for studying responses of the glial cells to neurodegeneration. In the present study, we have explored morphological varieties of astrocytes in the hippocampal subregions of ovariectomized female rats exposed to TMT. We have demonstrated an early loss of neurons in CA1 and DG subfields. Distinct morphotypes of protoplasmic astrocytes observed in CA1/CA3 and the hilus of control animals developed different responses to TMT intoxication, as assessed by GFAP-immunohistochemistry. In CA1 subregion, GFAP+ astrocytes preserved their domain organization and responded with typical hypertrophy, while the hilar GFAP+ astrocytes developed atrophy-like phenotype and increased expression of vimentin and nestin 7 days after the exposure. Both reactive and atrophied-like astrocytes expressed Kir4.1 in CA1/CA3 and the hilus of DG, respectively, indicating that these cells did not change their potential for normal activity at this time point of pathology. Together, the results demonstrate the persistence of two protoplasmic morphotypes of astrocytes, with distinct appearance, function, and fate after TMT-induced neurodegeneration, suggesting their pleiotropic roles in the hippocampal response to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Dragić
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marina Zarić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadežda Nedeljković
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fernández-Arjona MDM, Grondona JM, Fernández-Llebrez P, López-Ávalos MD. Microglial Morphometric Parameters Correlate With the Expression Level of IL-1β, and Allow Identifying Different Activated Morphotypes. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:472. [PMID: 31708746 PMCID: PMC6824358 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages in the brain. Traditionally, two forms of microglia have been described: one considered as a resting/surveillant state in which cells have a highly branched morphology, and another considered as an activated state in which they acquire a de-ramified or amoeboid form. However, many studies describe intermediate microglial morphologies which emerge during pathological processes. Since microglial form and function are closely related, it is of interest to correlate microglial morphology with the extent of its activation. To address this issue, we used a rat model of neuroinflammation consisting in a single injection of the enzyme neuraminidase (NA) within the lateral ventricle. Sections from NA-injected animals were co-immunolabeled with the microglial marker IBA1 and the cytokine IL-1β, which highlight features of the cell’s shape and inflammatory activation, respectively. Activated (IL-1β positive) microglial cells were sampled from the dorsal hypothalamus nearby the third ventricle. Images of single microglial cells were processed in two different ways to obtain (1) an accurate measure of the level of expression of IL-1β (indicating the degree of activation), and (2) a set of 15 morphological parameters to quantitatively and objectively describe the cell’s shape. A simple regression analysis revealed a dependence of most of the morphometric parameters on IL-1β expression, demonstrating that the morphology of microglial cells changes progressively with the degree of activation. Moreover, a hierarchical cluster analysis pointed out four different morphotypes of activated microglia, which are characterized not only by morphological parameters values, but also by specific IL-1β expression levels. Thus, these results demonstrate in an objective manner that the activation of microglial cells is a gradual process, and correlates with their morphological change. Even so, it is still possible to categorize activated cells according to their morphometric parameters, each category presenting a different activation degree. The physiological relevance of those activated morphotypes is an issue worth to be assessed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús M Grondona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Llebrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - María D López-Ávalos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bastos Záchia NR, Piana M, Dos Santos Siqueira F, da Silva Jesus R, Athayde ML, Essi L, de Campos MMA. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant and antimycobacterial activity of Colletia paradoxa from Brazil. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:802-806. [PMID: 30990070 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1598987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Esc. (Rhamnaceae, Colletieae) is a medicinal plant, threatened with extinction in Brazil, presenting great morphological variability. Our objective is to investigate the phytochemical components, antioxidant capacity and antimycobacterial activity of different morphotypes of C. paradoxa in different environments. For this, the crude extract of the leaves and branches of the individuals sampled was used. The elimination capacity of the free radicals was determined by the DPPH method, the antimycobacterial activity by the broth microdilution method and the phenolic content by the spectrophotometric method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and by HPLC. The extracts of C. paradoxa and its morphotypes showed significant amounts of phenolic compounds, including quercetin, quercitrin and rutin, besides considerable antioxidant and antimycobacterial activity No connection was detected between the phytochemical composition and different morphotypes of C. paradoxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelci Rolim Bastos Záchia
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Piana
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fallon Dos Santos Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta da Silva Jesus
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Margareth Linde Athayde
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Liliana Essi
- Department of Biology Plant Genetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bhat MA, Shakoor SA, Badgal P, Soodan AS. Taxonomic Demarcation of Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., S. verticillata (L.) P. Beauv., and S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv. (Cenchrinae, Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae) From Phytolith Signatures. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:864. [PMID: 29988487 PMCID: PMC6024613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims: The role and significance of phytoliths in taxonomic diagnosis of grass species has been well documented with a focus on the types found in foliar epidermis and the synflorescence. The present paper is an attempt to broaden the scope of phytoliths in species diagnosis of grasses by developing phytolith signatures of some species of the foxtail genus Setaria P. Beauv. through in situ location and physico-chemical analysis of various phytolith morphotypes in different parts of the plant body. Methods: Clearing solution and dry ashing extraction methods were employed for in situ location and isolation of phytolith morphotypes respectively. Ultrastructural details were worked out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Morphometric and frequency data of phytolith morphotypes were also recorded. Biochemical architecture of various phytolith types was worked out through SEM-EDX, XRD, and FTIR analysis. Data were analyzed through Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis. Key Results:In situ location of phytoliths revealed species specific epidermal patterns. The presence of cystoliths (calcium oxalate crystals) in the costal regions of adaxial leaf surface of S. verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. is the first report for the genus Setaria. Our results revealed marked variations in epidermal ornamentation and undulation patterns with a novel "Λ" (Lamda) type of undulated ornamentation reported in S. verticillata. Dry ashing method revealed species specific clusters of phytolith morphotypes. Conclusions: The study revealed that phytoliths can play a significant role in resolution of taxonomic identity of three species of Setaria. Each species was marked out by a unique assemblage of phytolith morphotypes from various parts of the plant body. Apart from in situ location and epidermal patterning, diagnostic shapes, frequency distribution, size dimensions, and biochemical architecture emerged as complementary traits that help in developing robust phytolith signatures for plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amarjit S. Soodan
- Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Braunsdorf C, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Modulation of the Fungal-Host Interaction by the Intra-Species Diversity of C. albicans. Pathogens 2018; 7:E11. [PMID: 29342100 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human infections caused by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is on the rise due to increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients. The importance of the immune system in preventing overgrowth of the colonizing fungus and thereby limiting infection is well recognized and host protective mechanisms widely investigated. Only recently, it was recognized that the natural diversity in the fungal species could also influence the outcome of the interaction between the fungus and the host. C. albicans strain-specific differences are complex and their regulation at the genomic, genetic, and epigenetic level and by environmental factors is only partially understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the natural diversity of C. albicans and discuss how it impacts host-fungal interactions and thereby affects the balance between commensalism versus disease.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bertuzzi M, Hayes GE, Icheoku UJ, van Rhijn N, Denning DW, Osherov N, Bignell EM. Anti-Aspergillus Activities of the Respiratory Epithelium in Health and Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E8. [PMID: 29371501 PMCID: PMC5872311 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory epithelia fulfil multiple roles beyond that of gaseous exchange, also acting as primary custodians of lung sterility and inflammatory homeostasis. Inhaled fungal spores pose a continual antigenic, and potentially pathogenic, challenge to lung integrity against which the human respiratory mucosa has developed various tolerance and defence strategies. However, respiratory disease and immune dysfunction frequently render the human lung susceptible to fungal diseases, the most common of which are the aspergilloses, a group of syndromes caused by inhaled spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Inhaled Aspergillus spores enter into a multiplicity of interactions with respiratory epithelia, the mechanistic bases of which are only just becoming recognized as important drivers of disease, as well as possible therapeutic targets. In this mini-review we examine current understanding of Aspergillus-epithelial interactions and, based upon the very latest developments in the field, we explore two apparently opposing schools of thought which view epithelial uptake of Aspergillus spores as either a curative or disease-exacerbating event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Gemma E Hayes
- Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust, North Devon District Hospital, Raleigh Park, Barnstaple EX31 4JB, UK.
| | - Uju J Icheoku
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Norman van Rhijn
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - David W Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
| | - Nir Osherov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Elaine M Bignell
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shadwick JDL, Silberman JD, Spiegel FW. Variation in the SSUrDNA of the Genus Protostelium Leads to a New Phylogenetic Understanding of the Genus and of the Species Concept for Protostelium mycophaga (Protosteliida, Amoebozoa). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:331-344. [PMID: 29044743 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Protostelium (including P. mycophaga, P. nocturnum, and P. okumukumu) are protosteloid amoebae commonly found in terrestrial habitats on dead plant matter. They, along with the closely allied nominal genus Planoprotostelium, containing the single species Pl. aurantium, all have an amoeboid trophic stage with acutely pointed subpseudopodia and orange lipid droplets in the granuloplasm. These amoebae form stalked fruiting bodies topped with a single, usually deciduous spore. The species are identified based on their fruiting body morphologies except for Pl. aurantium which looks similar to P. mycophaga in fruiting morphology, but has amoebae that can make flagella in liquid medium. We built phylogenetic trees using nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of 35 isolates from the genera Protostelium and Planoprotostelium and found that (1) the nonflagellated P. nocturnum and P. okumukumu branch basally in the genus Protostelium, (2) the flagellate, Pl. aurantium falls within the genus Protostelium in a monophyletic clade with the nominal variety, P. mycophaga var. crassipes, (3) the cultures initially identified as Protostelium mycophaga can be divided into at least three morphologically recognizable taxa, P. aurantium n. comb., P. apiculatum n. sp., and P. m. rodmani n. subsp., as well as a paraphyletic assemblage that includes the remainder of the P. mycophaga morphotype. These findings have implications for understanding the ecology, evolution, and diversity of these amoeboid organisms and for using these amoebae as models for other amoeboid groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D L Shadwick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building Room 601, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
| | - Jeffery D Silberman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building Room 601, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
| | - Frederick W Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building Room 601, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jónsson JE, Afton AD. Do foraging methods in winter affect morphology during growth in juvenile snow geese? Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7656-7670. [PMID: 30128119 PMCID: PMC6093151 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exertion during growth can affect ultimate size and density of skeletal structures. Such changes from different exercise regimes may explain morphological differences between groups, such as those exhibited by lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens; hereafter snow geese) foraging in southwest Louisiana. In rice‐prairie habitats (hereafter rice‐prairies), snow geese bite off or graze aboveground vegetation, whereas they dig or grub for subterranean plant parts in adjacent coastal marshes. Grubbing involves considerably more muscular exertion than does grazing. Thus, we hypothesized that rates of bone formation and growth would be lower for juveniles wintering in rice‐prairies than those in coastal marshes, resulting in smaller bill and skull features at adulthood. First, we tested this exertion hypothesis by measuring bills, skulls, and associated musculature from arrival to departure (November–February) in both habitats in southwest Louisiana, using both banded birds and collected specimens. Second, we used the morphological data to test an alternative hypothesis, which states that smaller bill dimensions in rice‐prairies evolved because of hybridization with Ross's geese (C. rossii). Under the exertion hypothesis, we predicted that bill and skull bones of juveniles would grow at different rates between habitats. However, we found that bill and skull bones of juveniles grew similarly between habitats, thus failing to support the exertion hypothesis. Morphometrics were more likely to differ by sex or change with sampling date than to differ by habitat. We predicted that significant, consistent skewness toward smaller birds could indicate hybridization with Ross's geese, but no skewness was observed in our morphological data, which fails to support the hybridization hypothesis. Further research is needed to clarify whether snow geese wintering in Louisiana represent a single polymorphic population that segregates into individually preferred habitats, which we believe at present to be more likely as an explanation than two ecologically and spatially distinct morphotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jón Einar Jónsson
- Research Centre at Snæfellsnes University of Iceland Stykkishólmur Iceland
| | - Alan D Afton
- U.S. Geological Survey Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manni M, Lima KM, Guglielmino CR, Lanzavecchia SB, Juri M, Vera T, Cladera J, Scolari F, Gomulski L, Bonizzoni M, Gasperi G, Silva JG, Malacrida AR. Relevant genetic differentiation among Brazilian populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae). Zookeys 2015:157-73. [PMID: 26798258 PMCID: PMC4714068 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.540.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a population genetic approach to detect the presence of genetic diversity among six populations of Anastrephafraterculus across Brazil. To this aim, we used Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers, which may capture the presence of differentiative processes across the genome in distinct populations. Spatial analyses of molecular variance were used to identify groups of populations that are both genetically and geographically homogeneous while also being maximally differentiated from each other. The spatial analysis of genetic diversity indicates that the levels of diversity among the six populations vary significantly on an eco-geographical basis. Particularly, altitude seems to represent a differentiating adaptation, as the main genetic differentiation is detected between the two populations present at higher altitudes and the other four populations at sea level. The data, together with the outcomes from different cluster analyses, identify a genetic diversity pattern that overlaps with the distribution of the known morphotypes in the Brazilian area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosè Manni
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Kátia Manuela Lima
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Beatriz Lanzavecchia
- Instituto Genética EA Favret, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 1686 Hurlingham, Provincia Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Juri
- Instituto Genética EA Favret, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 1686 Hurlingham, Provincia Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Teresa Vera
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Florentino Ameghino s/n (4000), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jorge Cladera
- Instituto Genética EA Favret, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 1686 Hurlingham, Provincia Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ludvik Gomulski
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Bonizzoni
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Gasperi
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Janisete Gomes Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, 45650-000 - Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Anna Rodolfa Malacrida
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Canal NA, Hernández-Ortiz V, Salas JOT, Selivon D. Morphometric study of third-instar larvae from five morphotypes of the Anastrepha fraterculus cryptic species complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). Zookeys 2015:41-59. [PMID: 26798253 PMCID: PMC4714063 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.540.6012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of cryptic species among economically important fruit flies strongly affects the development of management tactics for these pests. Tools for studying cryptic species not only facilitate evolutionary and systematic studies, but they also provide support for fruit fly management and quarantine activities. Previous studies have shown that the South American fruit fly, Anastrephafraterculus, is a complex of cryptic species, but few studies have been performed on the morphology of its immature stages. An analysis of mandible shape and linear morphometric variability was applied to third-instar larvae of five morphotypes of the Anastrephafraterculus complex: Mexican, Andean, Ecuadorian, Peruvian and Brazilian-1. Outline geometric morphometry was used to study the mouth hook shape and linear morphometry analysis was performed using 24 linear measurements of the body, cephalopharyngeal skeleton, mouth hook and hypopharyngeal sclerite. Different morphotypes were grouped accurately using canonical discriminant analyses of both the geometric and linear morphometry. The shape of the mandible differed among the morphotypes, and the anterior spiracle length, number of tubules of the anterior spiracle, length and height of the mouth hook and length of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton were the most significant variables in the linear morphometric analysis. Third-instar larvae provide useful characters for studies of cryptic species in the Anastrephafraterculus complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson A Canal
- Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Altos de Santa Helena, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia, CP 73000629
| | - Vicente Hernández-Ortiz
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Red de Interacciones Multitróficas. Carretera antigua a Coatepec # 351, El Haya. Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, México
| | - Juan O Tigrero Salas
- Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Departamento Ciencias de la Vida, Carrera de Ciencias Agropecuarias (IASA I), Laboratorio de Entomología, PO Box 171-5-231-B, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Denise Selivon
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The transition from rod to filamentous cell morphology has been identified as a response to stressful conditions in many bacterial species and has been ascribed to confer certain survival advantages. Filamentation of Campylobacter jejuni was demonstrated to occur spontaneously on entry in to stationary phase distinguishing it from many other bacteria where a reduction in size is more common. The aim of this study was to investigate the cues that give rise to filamentation of C. jejuni and C. coli and gain insights into the process. Using minimal medium, augmentation of filamentation occurred and it was observed that this morphological change was wide spread amongst C. jejuni strains tested but was not universal in C. coli strains. Filamentation did not appear to be due to release of diffusible molecules, toxic metabolites, or be in response to oxidative stress in the medium. Separated filaments exhibited greater intracellular ATP contents (2.66 to 17.4 fg) than spiral forms (0.99 to 1.7 fg) and showed enhanced survival in water at 4 and 37°C compared to spiral cells. These observations support the conclusion that the filaments are adapted to survive extra-intestinal environments. Differences in cell morphology and physiology need to be considered in the context of the design of experimental studies and the methods adopted for the isolation of campylobacters from food, clinical, and environmental sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nacheervan M Ghaffar
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough UK
| | - Phillippa L Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough UK
| | - Ian F Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schmidt B, Sánchez LA, Fretschner T, Kreps G, Ferrero MA, Siñeriz F, Szewzyk U. Isolation of Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix strains from iron bacteria communities in Tierra del Fuego wetlands. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:454-66. [PMID: 25098830 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheath-forming iron- and manganese-depositing bacteria belonging to the Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group (SLG) are widespread in natural and artificial water systems. Known requirements for their growth include the presence of organic substrates and molecular oxygen. High concentrations of reduced iron or manganese, although not necessary for most species, make their growth a noticeable phenomenon. Such microbial communities have been studied mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we present descriptions of diverse ochre-depositing microbial communities in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, using a combined approach of microscopical examination, clone library construction and cultivation focused on SLG bacteria. To date, only few SLG type strains are available. The present work increases the number and diversity of cultivated SLG bacteria by obtaining isolates from biofilms and sediment samples of wetlands in Tierra del Fuego. Thirty isolates were selected based on morphological features such as sheath formation and iron/manganese deposition. Five operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were deduced. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes showed that one OTU is identical to the Leptothrix mobilis Feox-1(T) -sequence while the four remaining OTUs show similarity values related to previously described type strains. Similarity values ranged from 96.5% to 98.8%, indicating possible new species and subspecies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Schmidt
- Umweltmikrobiologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Păun D, Gherlan I, Popescu I, Procopiuc C, Dumitrescu C, Brehar A, Dinu D, Neamtu C, Poiana C, Dumitrache C. Phenotypic spectrum and hormonal profile in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Med Life 2014; 7:42-5. [PMID: 24653756 PMCID: PMC3956095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is characterized by inappropriately low serum concentration of LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulated hormone) in the setting of hypogonadism. A number of pathologic processes cause Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism but it can also occur as a part of various congenital syndromes. Objectives. To characterize the morphotypes and the hormonal profile of the HH patients enrolled in the COST Action BM1105 within "C.I. Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology from May 2012 onward. Methods. The eligible patients were selected by using a general protocol that included: a detailed familial and personal history; a clinical evaluation focusing on genital development; a hormonal evaluation that aimed to exclude the acquired causes of HH and to characterize the basal/stimulated (triptoreline) profile of gonadotropins; a DNA extraction for genetic studies. RESULTS We examinated the medical records of patients admitted in our institute with the diagnosis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism from May 2012 onward. There were 19 patients: 12 males and 7 females, age at diagnosis 28.03 ± 11.45 years (13.4-56 years). The phenotypic expressions were variable and the hormonal evaluation showed low values of basal and stimulated gonadotropins. CONCLUSIONS Although hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a rare disease, the monospeciality profile of National Institute of Endocrinology enable the enrolment of a high number of patients in order to create clinical guidelines for evaluation/diagnosis and for treating GnRH deficient patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Păun
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| | - I Gherlan
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| | - I Popescu
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| | - C Procopiuc
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| | - C Dumitrescu
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| | - A Brehar
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| | - D Dinu
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| | - C Neamtu
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| | - C Poiana
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| | - C Dumitrache
- ”C.I. Parhon” National Institutue of Endocrinology, Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Quantitative approaches dealing with soft- and hard-part morphological variability of ostracods are very rare for most species. Here we present intraspecific limb and shell variability of the Neotropical freshwater ostracod species assumed as Cytheridella ilosvayi. For the first time such an analysis considered adult females and males, as well as juveniles. Variability of the appendages included the antennule, second antenna as well as the first and second thoracopod and was analysed in terms of ratios of podomeres, setae and limbs. Limb variability of adult and juvenile individuals (down to A-3) is generally low. The highest variation is shown in podomere proportions of the antennas, while thoracopods and setae provide minor and/or non-significant influence on the variability. Based on discrimination analyses shell parameters (i.e., shell length, position of the transversal sulcus) emerge to be more important for differentiation of groups than limb ratios. Adult females exhibit a large size range in which two clearly separated morphotypes exist. Although differences in limbs are small their existence can be proven also on the basis of proportions between podomeres of the antennas. Males and juveniles, however, do not display a separation into corresponding subgroups or morphotypes. The presence of two morphologically similar females and only one type of males indicates the coexistence of female morphotypes which may represent either two (cryptic) species or a mixed reproduction population in which parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction coexists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wrozyna
- University of Graz, Institute of Earth Sciences, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 26, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Werner E. Piller
- University of Graz, Institute of Earth Sciences, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 26, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gross
- Universalmuseum Joanneum, Department for Geology & Palaeontology, Weinzöttlstrasse 16, A-8045 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|