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Gheban-Roșca IA, Gheban BA, Pop B, Mironescu DC, Siserman VC, Jianu EM, Drugan T, Bolboacă SD. Immunohistochemical and Morphometric Analysis of Lung Tissue in Fatal COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:914. [PMID: 38732328 PMCID: PMC11082993 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the lungs are type I pneumocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. We aimed to identify lung cells targeted by SARS-CoV-2 using viral nucleocapsid protein staining and morphometric features on patients with fatal COVID-19. We conducted a retrospective analysis of fifty-one autopsy cases of individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Demographic and clinical information were collected from forensic reports, and lung tissue was examined for microscopic lesions and the presence of specific cell types. Half of the evaluated cohort were older than 71 years, and the majority were male (74.5%). In total, 24 patients presented diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and 50.9% had comorbidities (56.9% obesity, 33.3% hypertension, 15.7% diabetes mellitus). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a similar pattern of infected macrophages, infected type I pneumocytes, and endothelial cells, regardless of the presence of DAD (p > 0.5). The immunohistochemical reactivity score (IRS) was predominantly moderate but without significant differences between patients with and without DAD (p = 0.633 IRS for type I pneumocytes, p = 0.773 IRS for macrophage, and p = 0.737 for IRS endothelium). The nucleus/cytoplasm ratio shows lower values in patients with DAD (median: 0.29 vs. 0.35), but the difference only reaches a tendency for statistical significance (p = 0.083). Our study confirms the presence of infected macrophages, type I pneumocytes, and endothelial cells with a similar pattern in patients with and without diffuse alveolar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Andreea Gheban-Roșca
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.-A.G.-R.); (T.D.)
- Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Alexandru Gheban
- County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Histology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Pop
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela-Cristina Mironescu
- Forensic Institute, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.-C.M.); (V.C.S.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vasile Costel Siserman
- Forensic Institute, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.-C.M.); (V.C.S.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elena Mihaela Jianu
- Department of Histology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Tudor Drugan
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.-A.G.-R.); (T.D.)
| | - Sorana D. Bolboacă
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.-A.G.-R.); (T.D.)
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Yao Y, Miethe S, Kattler K, Colakoglu B, Walter J, Schneider-Daum N, Herr C, Garn H, Ritzmann F, Bals R, Beisswenger C. Mutual Regulation of Transcriptomes between Murine Pneumocytes and Fibroblasts Mediates Alveolar Regeneration in Air-Liquid Interface Cultures. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:203-214. [PMID: 38051640 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0078oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type 2 and club cells are part of the stem cell niche of the lung and their differentiation is required for pulmonary homeostasis and tissue regeneration. A disturbed crosstalk between fibroblasts and epithelial cells contributes to the loss of lung structure in chronic lung diseases. Therefore, it is important to understand how fibroblasts and lung epithelial cells interact during regeneration. Here, we analyzed the interaction of fibroblasts and the alveolar epithelium modeled in air-liquid interface cultures. Single-cell transcriptomics showed that cocultivation with fibroblasts leads to increased expression of type 2 markers in pneumocytes, activation of regulons associated with the maintenance of alveolar type 2 cells (e.g., Etv5), and transdifferentiation of club cells toward pneumocytes. This was accompanied by an intensified transepithelial barrier. Vice versa, the activation of NF-κB pathways and the CEBPB regulon and the expression of IL-6 and other differentiation factors (e.g., fibroblast growth factors) were increased in fibroblasts cocultured with epithelial cells. Recombinant IL-6 enhanced epithelial barrier formation. Therefore, in our coculture model, regulatory loops were identified by which lung epithelial cells mediate regeneration and differentiation of the alveolar epithelium in a cooperative manner with the mesenchymal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sarah Miethe
- Translational Inflammation Research Division and Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics and
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- The Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Betül Colakoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Holger Garn
- Translational Inflammation Research Division and Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics and
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- The Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Ritzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
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Kassab G, Doran K, Mo Y, Zheng G. Inhalable Gene Therapy and the Lung Surfactant Problem. Nano Lett 2023; 23:10099-10102. [PMID: 37930273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung-targeting RNA-carrying lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are often intravenously administered and accumulate in the pulmonary endothelium. However, most respiratory diseases are localized in the airway or the alveolar epithelium. Inhalation has been explored as a more direct delivery method, but it presents its own challenges. We believe that one reason LNPs have failed to transfect RNA into alveolar epithelial cells is their interaction with the lung surfactant (LS). We propose that inhalable LNP design should take inspiration from biological agents and other nanoparticles to overcome this barrier. Screening should first focus on LS penetration and then be optimized for cell uptake and endosomal release. This will enable more efficient applications of RNA-LNPs in lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Kassab
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Katie Doran
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Yulin Mo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Richalet JP, Jeny F, Callard P, Bernaudin JF. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: the intercellular network hypothesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37401779 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00292.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema is currently attributed to exacerbated heterogenous hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. However, other cellular mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved but still poorly understood. In this review we focused on cells of acinar area known to be responders to acute hypoxia, notably through many humoral or tissue factors that connect this intercellular network within the alveolo-capillary barrier. Hypoxia could drive alveolar edema by: (i) damaging the fluid reabsorption capacity of alveolar epithelial cells, (ii) increasing the endothelial permeability, (iii) triggering the inflammation induced by alveolar macrophages, (iv) increasing interstitial water accumulation by disruption of extracellular matrix architecture and tight junctions, (v) inducing pulmonary vasoconstriction through an orchestrate response of pulmonary arterial endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Hypoxia also alters the function of fibroblast and pericyte cells that contribute to the inter-connection of the alveolar-capillary barrier. Due to its complex intercellular network and delicate pressure gradient equilibrium, the alveolar-capillary barrier is simultaneously affected by acute hypoxia in all its components, leading to rapid accumulation of water in the alveoli. ast and pericyte cells that contribute to the inter-connection of the alveolar-capillary barrier.Due to its complex intercellular network and delicate pressure gradient equilibrium, the alveolar-capillary barrier is simultaneously affected by acute hypoxia in all its components, leading to rapid accumulation of water in the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Richalet
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UMR INSERM U1272 Hypoxie and Poumon, Bobigny, France
| | - Florence Jeny
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UMR INSERM U1272 Hypoxie and Poumon, Bobigny, France
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Avicenne, HUPSSD, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Jean-François Bernaudin
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UMR INSERM U1272 Hypoxie and Poumon, Bobigny, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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5
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Altalhi W, Wu T, Wojtkiewicz GR, Jeffs S, Miki K, Ott HC. Intratracheally injected human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived pneumocytes and endothelial cells engraft in the distal lung and ameliorate emphysema in a rat model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 166:e23-e37. [PMID: 36933786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar units and reduced gas exchange capacity. In the present study, we aimed to deliver induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells and pneumocytes to repair and regenerate distal lung tissue in an elastase-induced emphysema model. METHODS We induced emphysema in athymic rats via intratracheal injection of elastase as previously reported. At 21 and 35 days after elastase treatment, we suspended 80 million induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells and 20 million induced pluripotent stem cell-derived pneumocytes in hydrogel and injected the mixture intratracheally. On day 49 after elastase treatment, we performed imaging, functional analysis, and collected lungs for histology. RESULTS Using immunofluorescence detection of human-specific human leukocyte antigen 1, human-specific CD31, and anti--green fluorescent protein for the reporter labeled pneumocytes, we found that transplanted cells engrafted in 14.69% ± 0.95% of the host alveoli and fully integrated to form vascularized alveoli together with host cells. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the incorporation of the transplanted human cells and the formation of a blood-air barrier. Human endothelial cells formed perfused vasculature. Computed tomography scans revealed improved vascular density and decelerated emphysema progression in cell-treated lungs. Proliferation of both human and rat cell was higher in cell-treated versus nontreated controls. Cell treatment reduced alveolar enlargement, improved dynamic compliance and residual volume, and improved diffusion capacity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived distal lung cells can engraft in emphysematous lungs and participate in the formation of functional distal lung units to ameliorate the progression of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Altalhi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Sydney Jeffs
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kenji Miki
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Harald C Ott
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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6
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Farooqui AA, Farooqui T, Sun GY, Lin TN, Teh DBL, Ong WY. COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041181. [PMID: 37189799 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation induced by COVID-19 may contribute to increased risk and severity of thromboses, the underlying mechanism(s) remain to be understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of blood lipids in association with thrombosis events observed in COVID-19 patients. Among different types of phospholipases A2 that target cell membrane phospholipids, there is increasing focus on the inflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 IIA (sPLA2-IIA), which is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Analysis indicates increased sPLA2-IIA levels together with eicosanoids in the sera of COVID patients. sPLA2 could metabolise phospholipids in platelets, erythrocytes, and endothelial cells to produce arachidonic acid (ARA) and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid in platelets is metabolised to prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A2, known for their pro-coagulation and vasoconstrictive properties. Lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, could be metabolised by autotaxin (ATX) and further converted to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Increased ATX has been found in the serum of patients with COVID-19, and LPA has recently been found to induce NETosis, a clotting mechanism triggered by the release of extracellular fibres from neutrophils and a key feature of the COVID-19 hypercoagulable state. PLA2 could also catalyse the formation of platelet activating factor (PAF) from membrane ether phospholipids. Many of the above lipid mediators are increased in the blood of patients with COVID-19. Together, findings from analyses of blood lipids in COVID-19 patients suggest an important role for metabolites of sPLA2-IIA in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Teng-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11929, Taiwan
| | - Daniel B L Teh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Research Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Research Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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7
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Hernandez-Morfa M, Reinoso-Vizcaíno NM, Olivero NB, Zappia VE, Cortes PR, Jaime A, Echenique J. Host Cell Oxidative Stress Promotes Intracellular Fluoroquinolone Persisters of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0436422. [PMID: 36445159 PMCID: PMC9769771 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04364-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persisters represent a small subpopulation that tolerates high antibiotic concentrations without acquiring heritable resistance, and it may be generated by environmental factors. Here, we report the first antibiotic persistence mechanism in Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is induced by oxidative stress conditions and allows the pneumococcus to survive in the presence of fluoroquinolones. We demonstrated that fluoroquinolone persistence is prompted by both the impact of growth arrest and the oxidative stress response induced by H2O2 in bacterial cells. This process protected pneumococci against the deleterious effects of high ROS levels induced by fluoroquinolones. Importantly, S. pneumoniae develops persistence during infection, and is dependent on the oxidative stress status of the host cells, indicating that its transient intracellular life contributes to this mechanism. Furthermore, our findings suggest persistence may influence the outcome of antibiotic therapy and be part of a multistep mechanism in the evolution of fluoroquinolone resistance. IMPORTANCE In S. pneumoniae, different mechanisms that counteract antibiotic effects have been described, such as vancomycin tolerance, heteroresistance to penicillin and fluoroquinolone resistance, which critically affect the therapeutic efficacy. Antibiotic persistence is a type of antibiotic tolerance that allows a bacterial subpopulation to survive lethal antimicrobial concentrations. In this work, we used a host-cell infection model to reveal fluoroquinolone persistence in S. pneumoniae. This mechanism is induced by oxidative stress that the pneumococcus must overcome to survive in host cells. Many fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, have a broad spectrum of activity against bacterial pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia, and they are used to treat pneumococcal diseases. However, the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains complicates antibiotic treatment of invasive infections. Consequently, antibiotic persistence in S. pneumoniae is clinically relevant due to prolonged exposure to fluoroquinolones likely favors the acquisition of mutations that generate antibiotic resistance in persisters. In addition, this work contributes to the knowledge of antibiotic persistence mechanisms in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirelys Hernandez-Morfa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás M. Reinoso-Vizcaíno
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nadia B. Olivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria E. Zappia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paulo R. Cortes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Jaime
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Echenique
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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8
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Christenson JL, Williams MM, Richer JK. The underappreciated role of resident epithelial cell populations in metastatic progression: contributions of the lung alveolar epithelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1777-C1790. [PMID: 36252127 PMCID: PMC9744653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00181.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is difficult to treat and is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. After cancer cells initiate metastasis and successfully seed a distant site, resident cells in the tissue play a key role in determining how metastatic progression develops. The lung is the second most frequent site of metastatic spread, and the primary site of metastasis within the lung is alveoli. The most abundant cell type in the alveolar niche is the epithelium. This review will examine the potential contributions of the alveolar epithelium to metastatic progression. It will also provide insight into other ways in which alveolar epithelial cells, acting as immune sentinels within the lung, may influence metastatic progression through their various interactions with cells in the surrounding microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Christenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michelle M Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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9
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Giussani E, Binatti A, Calabretto G, Gasparini VR, Teramo A, Vicenzetto C, Barilà G, Facco M, Coppe A, Semenzato G, Bortoluzzi S, Zambello R. Lack of Viral Load Within Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorder of Natural Killer Cells: What Is Outside the Leukemic Clone? Front Oncol 2021; 10:613570. [PMID: 33585237 PMCID: PMC7873950 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.613570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Large granular lymphocyte leukemias (LGLL) are sustained by proliferating cytotoxic T cells or NK cells, as happens in Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorder of Natural Killer cells (CLPD-NK), whose etiology is only partly understood. Different hypotheses have been proposed on the original events triggering NK cell hyperactivation and transformation, including a role of viral agents. In this perspective, we revise the lines of evidence that suggested a pathogenetic role in LGLL of the exposure to retroviruses and that identified Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) in other NK cell leukemias and lymphomas and focus on the contrasting data about the importance of viral agents in CLPD-NK. EBV was detected in aggressive NK leukemias but not in the indolent CLPD-NK, where seroreactivity against HTLV-1 retrovirus envelope BA21 protein antigens has been reported in patients, although lacking clear evidence of HTLV infection. We next present original results of whole exome sequencing data analysis that failed to identify viral sequences in CLPD-NK. We recently demonstrated that proliferating NK cells of patients harbor several somatic lesions likely contributing to sustain NK cell proliferation. Thus, we explore whether "neoantigens" similar to the BA21 antigen could be generated by aberrancies present in the leukemic clone. In light of the literature and new data, we evaluated the intriguing hypothesis that NK cell activation can be caused by retroviral agents located outside the hematopoietic compartment and on the possible mechanisms involved with the prospects of immunotherapy-based approaches to limit the growth of NK cells in CLPD-NK disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Giussani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Binatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Calabretto
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rebecca Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Teramo
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Vicenzetto
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Gregorio Barilà
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Facco
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Coppe
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Bortoluzzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Renato Zambello
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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10
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Lamers MM, van der Vaart J, Knoops K, Riesebosch S, Breugem TI, Mykytyn AZ, Beumer J, Schipper D, Bezstarosti K, Koopman CD, Groen N, Ravelli RBG, Duimel HQ, Demmers JAA, Verjans GMGM, Koopmans MPG, Muraro MJ, Peters PJ, Clevers H, Haagmans BL. An organoid-derived bronchioalveolar model for SARS-CoV-2 infection of human alveolar type II-like cells. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105912. [PMID: 33283287 PMCID: PMC7883112 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), which may result in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan failure, and death. The alveolar epithelium is a major target of the virus, but representative models to study virus host interactions in more detail are currently lacking. Here, we describe a human 2D air–liquid interface culture system which was characterized by confocal and electron microscopy and single‐cell mRNA expression analysis. In this model, alveolar cells, but also basal cells and rare neuroendocrine cells, are grown from 3D self‐renewing fetal lung bud tip organoids. These cultures were readily infected by SARS‐CoV‐2 with mainly surfactant protein C‐positive alveolar type II‐like cells being targeted. Consequently, significant viral titers were detected and mRNA expression analysis revealed induction of type I/III interferon response program. Treatment of these cultures with a low dose of interferon lambda 1 reduced viral replication. Hence, these cultures represent an experimental model for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and can be applied for drug screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart M Lamers
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelte van der Vaart
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Samra Riesebosch
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim I Breugem
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Schipper
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Bezstarosti
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Raimond B G Ravelli
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Q Duimel
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A A Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J Peters
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Hekman RM, Hume AJ, Goel RK, Abo KM, Huang J, Blum BC, Werder RB, Suder EL, Paul I, Phanse S, Youssef A, Alysandratos KD, Padhorny D, Ojha S, Mora-Martin A, Kretov D, Ash PEA, Verma M, Zhao J, Patten JJ, Villacorta-Martin C, Bolzan D, Perea-Resa C, Bullitt E, Hinds A, Tilston-Lunel A, Varelas X, Farhangmehr S, Braunschweig U, Kwan JH, McComb M, Basu A, Saeed M, Perissi V, Burks EJ, Layne MD, Connor JH, Davey R, Cheng JX, Wolozin BL, Blencowe BJ, Wuchty S, Lyons SM, Kozakov D, Cifuentes D, Blower M, Kotton DN, Wilson AA, Mühlberger E, Emili A. Actionable Cytopathogenic Host Responses of Human Alveolar Type 2 Cells to SARS-CoV-2. Mol Cell 2020; 80:1104-1122.e9. [PMID: 33259812 PMCID: PMC7674017 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causative pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic, exerts a massive health and socioeconomic crisis. The virus infects alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AT2s), leading to lung injury and impaired gas exchange, but the mechanisms driving infection and pathology are unclear. We performed a quantitative phosphoproteomic survey of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived AT2s (iAT2s) infected with SARS-CoV-2 at air-liquid interface (ALI). Time course analysis revealed rapid remodeling of diverse host systems, including signaling, RNA processing, translation, metabolism, nuclear integrity, protein trafficking, and cytoskeletal-microtubule organization, leading to cell cycle arrest, genotoxic stress, and innate immunity. Comparison to analogous data from transformed cell lines revealed respiratory-specific processes hijacked by SARS-CoV-2, highlighting potential novel therapeutic avenues that were validated by a high hit rate in a targeted small molecule screen in our iAT2 ALI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Hekman
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raghuveera Kumar Goel
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristine M Abo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessie Huang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blum
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhiannon B Werder
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen L Suder
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Indranil Paul
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sadhna Phanse
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed Youssef
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantinos D Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dzmitry Padhorny
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sandeep Ojha
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Dmitry Kretov
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter E A Ash
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mamta Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Patten
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dante Bolzan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carlos Perea-Resa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther Bullitt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Hinds
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Tilston-Lunel
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Farhangmehr
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Julian H Kwan
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark McComb
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avik Basu
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentina Perissi
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Burks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Layne
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Davey
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Wolozin
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan Wuchty
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Miami Institute of Data Science and Computing, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shawn M Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dima Kozakov
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Cifuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Blower
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew A Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew Emili
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Katsura H, Sontake V, Tata A, Kobayashi Y, Edwards CE, Heaton BE, Konkimalla A, Asakura T, Mikami Y, Fritch EJ, Lee PJ, Heaton NS, Boucher RC, Randell SH, Baric RS, Tata PR. Human Lung Stem Cell-Based Alveolospheres Provide Insights into SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Interferon Responses and Pneumocyte Dysfunction. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:890-904.e8. [PMID: 33128895 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection causes diffuse alveolar damage leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The absence of ex vivo models of human alveolar epithelium is hindering an understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis. Here, we report a feeder-free, scalable, chemically defined, and modular alveolosphere culture system for the propagation and differentiation of human alveolar type 2 cells/pneumocytes derived from primary lung tissue. Cultured pneumocytes express the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor type-2 (ACE2) and can be infected with virus. Transcriptome and histological analysis of infected alveolospheres mirror features of COVID-19 lungs, including emergence of interferon (IFN)-mediated inflammatory responses, loss of surfactant proteins, and apoptosis. Treatment of alveolospheres with IFNs recapitulates features of virus infection, including cell death. In contrast, alveolospheres pretreated with low-dose IFNs show a reduction in viral replication, suggesting the prophylactic effectiveness of IFNs against SARS-CoV-2. Human stem cell-based alveolospheres, thus, provide novel insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis and can serve as a model for understanding human respiratory diseases.
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13
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Icardo JM, Capillo G, Lauriano ER, Kuciel M, Aragona M, Guerrera MC, Zaccone G. The gas bladder of Pantodon buchholzi: Structure and relationships with the vertebrae. J Morphol 2020; 281:1588-1597. [PMID: 33034403 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report here on the histological and structural characteristics of the gas bladder, the vertebral morphology, and the bladder-vertebra relationships of the butterfly fish, Pantodon buchholzi. The bladder opens at the boundary between the pharynx and the esophagus by a middle slit. A pneumatic duct is absent. The bladder shows a dorsolateral wall that adapts to the anfractuosities of the coelomic cavity and a ventral wall in contact with the abdominal organs. The vertebral bodies are formed by an hourglass shaped autocentrum, and by an arcocentrum reduced to several longitudinal ridges. The transverse processes adopt the structure of a cage whose walls are formed by bone trabeculae of variable size and distribution pattern. The dorsolateral wall of the bladder is a membrane that covers the kidney, adapts to the irregular shape of the vertebrae, and invades the transverse processes at several points before extending laterally. However, invasion of the vertebral bodies, the presence of a labyrinth, or the formation of respiratory parenchyma were not observed. The luminal surface of this wall is a thin respiratory barrier containing a single epithelial cell type. In addition, the wall contains numerous eosinophils that may be implicated in immune defense. The bladder ventral wall is a membrane rich in collagen, vessels, smooth muscle, and nerves that lacks a respiratory barrier. Its luminal surface contains ciliated and nonciliated cells. The two cell types appear implicated in surfactant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia R Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michal Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Crakow, Poland
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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14
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Tolkach PG, Basharin VA, Chepur SV, Gorshkov AN, Sizova DT. Ultrastructural Changes in the Air-Blood Barrier of Rats in Acute Intoxication with Furoplast Pyrolysis Products. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 169:270-5. [PMID: 32651825 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rats were exposed to fluoroplast-4 pyrolysis products (sample weight 2.6 g, pyrolysis temperature 440-750°C, pyrolysis duration 4 min) containing perfluoroisobutylene over 15 min. Lung tissue samples for histological and electron microscopic examination were isolated in 3 and 30 min after intoxication and processed routinely. Histological examination revealed no structural changes in the lungs. In ultrathin sections of rat lungs, some changes in the structure of type I pneumocytes were detected in 3 min after the exposure: detachment of cytoplasmic processes and the appearance of transcytosis pores. These changes attested to impaired cell-cell interactions and their adhesion to the basement membrane, where structural disorganization and edema of the collagen matrix were observed. In 30 min following exposure, the signs of damage to type I pneumocytes became more pronounced. The increase in the equivalents of transcellular and paracellular permeability in the alveolar lining profile was observed. No changes in the pulmonary capillary endotheliocytes were detected, which suggest that type I pneumocytes are the primary target of the toxic effect of perfluoroisobutylene. The vulnerability of a particular cell population, in view of specific metabolism of these cells, can be the key to deciphering of the mechanisms of the toxic effect of pyrolysis products of fluorinated polymer materials.
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15
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Liu Y, Davis AS, Ma L, Bishop L, Cissé OH, Kutty G, Kovacs JA. MUC1 mediates Pneumocystis murina binding to airway epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13182. [PMID: 32017380 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Pneumocystis binds to pneumocytes, but the proteins responsible for binding have not been well defined. Mucins are the major glycoproteins present in mucus, which serves as the first line of defence during airway infection. MUC1 is the best characterised membrane-tethered mucin and is expressed on the surface of most airway epithelial cells. Although by electron microscopy Pneumocystis primarily binds to type I pneumocytes, it can also bind to type II pneumocytes. We hypothesized that Pneumocystis organisms can bind to MUC1 expressed by type II pneumocytes. Overexpression of MUC1 in human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells increased Pneumocystis binding, while knockdown of MUC1 expression by siRNA in A549 cells, a human adenocarcinoma-derived alveolar type II epithelial cell line, decreased Pneumocystis binding. Immunofluorescence labelling indicated that MUC1 and Pneumocystis were co-localised in infected mouse lung tissue. Incubation of A549 cells with Pneumocystis led to phosphorylation of ERK1/2 that increased with knockdown of MUC1 expression by siRNA. Pneumocystis caused increased IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by A549 cells, and knockdown of MUC1 further increased their secretion in A549 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that binding of Pneumocystis to MUC1 expressed by airway epithelial cells may facilitate establishment of productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Liu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - A Sally Davis
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa Bishop
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ousmane H Cissé
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Geetha Kutty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Yadegari M, Sellami M, Riahy S, Mirdar S, Hamidian G, Saeidi A, Abderrahman AB, Hackney AC, Zouhal H. Supplementation of Adiantum capillus-veneris Modulates Alveolar Apoptosis under Hypoxia Condition in Wistar Rats Exposed to Exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070401. [PMID: 31340610 PMCID: PMC6681305 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Several studies have reported that some conditions such as exercise and hypoxia induce DNA damage and dysfunction and apoptosis. Some plant foods contain numerous bioactive compounds and anti-inflammatory properties that can help fight DNA damage. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effect of supplementation of Adiantum capillus-veneris (ACV) extract on Bax/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) ratio apoptotic index and remodeling of pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells in lung tissue of healthy Wistar rats during stressful conditions (hypoxia). Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven Wistar male rats (four-week old, 72 ± 9 g) were randomly assigned into three groups: normoxic, sedentary, and not-supplemented (NG, n = 9); exercise and hypoxia and not-supplemented (HE, n = 9); and exercise and hypoxia and supplemented group (HS, n = 9). The NG remained sedentary in the normoxia environment for nine weeks. The HE group participated in a high-intensity (IT) program for six weeks, then remained sedentary in the hypoxia environment for three weeks. The low-pressure chamber simulated a ~2800 M altitude 24 h/d. HS participated in IT, then entered and remained sedentary in the hypoxia environment for three weeks, and they consumed 500 mg per kg of body weight ACV extract. Results: The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio of the HE group increased significantly (+50.27%, p ≤ 0.05), the average number of type I pneumocytes was reduced significantly (−18.85%, p ≤ 0.05), and the average number of type II pneumocytes was increased significantly (+14.69%, p ≤ 0.05). Also, after three weeks of consuming the ACV extract, the HS group in comparison with the HE group had their Bax/Bcl-2 ratio reduced significantly (−24.27%, p ≤ 0.05), the average number of type I pneumocytes increased significantly (+10.15%, p ≤ 0.05), and the average number of type II pneumocytes reduced significantly (−7.18%, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The findings show that after three weeks of hypoxia following six weeks of high-intensity interval training in Wistar rats, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the number of type II pneumocytes were increased and the number of type I pneumocytes was reduced significantly. These results strongly suggest that an apoptosis state was induced in the lung parenchyma, and consuming ACV extract modulated this state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Yadegari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 4741613534, Iran
| | - Maha Sellami
- Sport Science Program (SSP), College of Arts and Sciences (CAS), Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Simin Riahy
- Faculty of Aerospace Medicine and Subsurface, Army Medical University, Tehran 611/14185, Iran
| | - Shadmehr Mirdar
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 4741613534, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | | | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire M2S, University of Rennes, EA 1274, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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17
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Mokhtar DM, Hussein MT, Hussein MM, Abd-Elhafez EA, Kamel G. New Insight into the Development of the Respiratory Acini in Rabbits: Morphological, Electron Microscopic Studies, and TUNEL Assay. Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:769-785. [PMID: 30761973 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the histomorphological features of developing rabbit respiratory acini during the postnatal period. On the 1st day of postnatal life, the epithelium of terminal bronchiole consisted of clear cells which intercalated between few ciliated and abundant non-ciliated (Clara) cells. At this age, the rabbit lung was in the alveolar stage. The terminal bronchioles branched into several alveolar ducts, which opened into atria that communicated to alveolar sacs. All primary and secondary inter-alveolar septa were thick and showed a double-capillary network (immature septa). The primitive alveoli were lined largely by type-I pneumocytes and mature type-II pneumocytes. The type-I pneumocytes displayed an intimate contact with the endothelial cells of the blood capillaries forming the blood-air barrier (0.90 ± 0.03 µm in thickness). On the 3rd day, we observed intense septation and massive formation of new secondary septa giving the alveolar sac a crenate appearance. The mean thickness of the air-blood barrier decreased to reach 0.78 ± 0.14 µm. On the 7th day, the terminal bronchiole epithelium consisted of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. The non-ciliated cells could be identified as Clara cells and serous cells. New secondary septa were formed, meanwhile the inter-alveolar septa become much thinner and the air-blood barrier thickness was 0.66 ± 0.03 µm. On the 14th day, the terminal bronchiole expanded markedly and the pulmonary alveoli were thin-walled. Inter-alveolar septa become much thinner and single capillary layers were observed. In the 1st month, the secondary septa increased in length forming mature cup-shaped alveoli. In the 2nd month, the lung tissue grew massively to involve the terminal respiratory unit. In the 3rd month, the pulmonary parenchyma appeared morphologically mature. All inter-alveolar septa showed a single-capillary layer, and primordia of new septa were also observed. The thickness of the air-blood barrier was much thinner; 0.56 ± 0.16 µm. TUNEL assay after birth revealed that the apoptotic cells were abundant and distributed in the epithelium lining of the pulmonary alveoli and the interstitium of the thick interalveolar septa. On the 7th day, and onward, the incidence of apoptotic cells decreased markedly. This study concluded that the lung development included two phases: the first phase (from birth to the 14th days) corresponds to the period of bulk alveolarization and microvascular maturation. The second phase (from the 14th days to the full maturity) corresponds to the lung growth and late alveolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Assiut University,71526, Assiut,Egypt
| | - Manal T Hussein
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Assiut University,71526, Assiut,Egypt
| | - Marwa M Hussein
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Assiut University,71526, Assiut,Egypt
| | - Enas A Abd-Elhafez
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Assiut University,71526, Assiut,Egypt
| | - Gamal Kamel
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Assiut University,71526, Assiut,Egypt
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Canella R, Martini M, Cavicchio C, Cervellati F, Benedusi M, Valacchi G. Involvement of the TREK-1 channel in human alveolar cell membrane potential and its regulation by inhibitors of the chloride current. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17704-17713. [PMID: 30805940 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
K+ channels of the alveolar epithelium control the driving force acting on the ionic and solvent flow through the cell membrane contributing to the maintenance of cell volume and the constitution of epithelial lining fluid. In the present work, we analyze the effect of the Cl- channel inhibitors: (4-[(2-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-inden-5-yl)oxy] butanoic acid (DCPIB) and 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (9-AC) on the total current in a type II pneumocytes (A549 cell line) model by patch clamp, immunocytochemical, and gene knockdown techniques. We noted that DCPIB and 9-AC promote the activation of K conductance. In fact, they significantly increase the intensity of the current and shift its reversal potential to values more negative than the control. By silencing outward rectifier channel in its anoctamin 6 portion, we excluded a direct involvement of Cl- ions in modulation of IK and, by means of functional tests with its specific inhibitor spadin, we identified the TREK-1 channel as the presumable target of both drugs. As the activity of TREK-1 has a key role for the correct functioning of the alveolar epithelium, the identification of DCPIB and 9-AC molecules as its activators suggests their possible use to build new pharmacological tools for the modulation of this channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Canella
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Martini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Cavicchio
- Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
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Haider C, Ferk F, Bojaxhi E, Martano G, Stutz H, Bresgen N, Knasmüller S, Alija A, Eckl PM. Effects of β-Carotene and Its Cleavage Products in Primary Pneumocyte Type II Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020037. [PMID: 28531132 PMCID: PMC5488017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene has been shown to increase the risk of developing lung cancer in smokers and asbestos workers in two large scale trails, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) and the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Trial (ATBC). Based on this observation, it was proposed that genotoxic oxidative breakdown products may cause this effect. In support of this assumption, increased levels of sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei, and chromosomal aberrations were found in primary hepatocyte cultures treated with a mixture of cleavage products (CPs) and the major product apo-8′carotenal. However, because these findings cannot directly be transferred to the lung due to the exceptional biotransformation capacity of the liver, potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of β-carotene under oxidative stress and its CPs were investigated in primary pneumocyte type II cells. The results indicate that increased concentrations of β-carotene in the presence of the redox cycling quinone dimethoxynaphthoquinone (DMNQ) exhibit a cytotoxic potential, as evidenced by an increase of apoptotic cells and loss of cell density at concentrations > 10 µM. On the other hand, the analysis of micronucleated cells gave no clear picture due to the cytotoxicity related reduction of mitotic cells. Last, although CPs induced significant levels of DNA strand breaks even at concentrations ≥ 1 µM and 5 µM, respectively, β-carotene in the presence of DMNQ did not cause DNA damage. Instead, β-carotene appeared to act as an antioxidant. These findings are in contrast with what was demonstrated for primary hepatocytes and may reflect different sensitivities to and different metabolism of β-carotene in the two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Haider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg A-A-5020, Austria.
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine 1, Medical University of Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Ekramije Bojaxhi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg A-A-5020, Austria.
| | - Giuseppe Martano
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg A-A-5020, Austria.
| | - Siegfried Knasmüller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine 1, Medical University of Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Avdulla Alija
- Department of Biology, University of Prishtina, Xhorxh Bush, n.n., Prishtina 10000, Kosova.
| | - Peter M Eckl
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg A-A-5020, Austria.
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Brockmann H, Schwarting A, Kriegsmann J, Petrow P, Gaumann A, Müller KM, Galle PR, Mayet W. Proteinase-3 as the major autoantigen of c-ANCA is strongly expressed in lung tissue of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Res 2002; 4:220-5. [PMID: 12010574 PMCID: PMC111026 DOI: 10.1186/ar410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2001] [Revised: 12/17/2001] [Accepted: 01/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-3 (PR-3) is a neutral serine proteinase present in azurophil granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and serves as the major target antigen of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with a cytoplasmic staining pattern (c-ANCA) in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). The WG disease appears as severe vasculitis in different organs (e.g. kidney, nose and lung). Little is known about the expression and distribution of PR-3 in the lung. We found that PR-3 is expressed in normal lung tissue and is upregulated in lung tissue of patients with WG. Interestingly, the parenchymal cells (pneumocytes type I and II) and macrophages, and not the neutrophils, express PR-3 most strongly and may contribute to lung damage in patients with WG via direct interaction with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antobodies (ANCA). These findings suggest that the PR-3 expression in parenchymal cells of lung tissue could be at least one missing link in the etiopathogenesis of pulmonary pathology in ANCA-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Petrow
- Institute of Pathology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Michael Müller
- Institute of Pathology, Professional Associations Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Werner Mayet
- Center of Internal Medicine, Nordwest Hospital, Sanderbusch, Germany
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Abstract
The voltage-activated H+ selective conductance of rat alveolar epithelial cells was studied using whole-cell and excised-patch voltage-clamp techniques. The effects of substituting deuterium oxide, D2O, for water, H2O, on both the conductance and the pH dependence of gating were explored. D+ was able to permeate proton channels, but with a conductance only about 50% that of H+. The conductance in D2O was reduced more than could be accounted for by bulk solvent isotope effects (i.e., the lower mobility of D+ than H+), suggesting that D+ interacts specifically with the channel during permeation. Evidently the H+ or D+ current is not diffusion limited, and the H+ channel does not behave like a water-filled pore. This result indirectly strengthens the hypothesis that H+ (or D+) and not OH- is the ionic species carrying current. The voltage dependence of H- channel gating characteristically is sensitive to pH0 and pHi and was regulated by pD0 and pDi in an analogous manner. shifting 40 mV/U change in the pD gradient. The time constant of H+ current activation was about three times slower (T(act) was larger) in D2O than in H2O. The size of the isotope effect is consistent with deuterium isotope effects for proton abstraction reactions, suggesting that H+ channel activation requires deprotonation of the channel. In contrast, deactivation (T(tail)) was slowed only by a factor < or = 1.5 in D2O. The results are interpreted within the context of a model for the regulation of H+ channel gating by mutually exclusive protonation at internal and external sites (Cherny, V.V., V.S. Markin, and T.E. DeCoursey. 1995. J. Gen. Physiol. 105:861-896). Most of the kinetic effects of D2O can be explained if the pKa of the external regulatory site is approximately 0.5 pH U higher in D2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E DeCoursey
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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