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Abdel-Bakky MS, Aldakhili ASA, Ali HM, Babiker AY, Alhowail AH, Mohammed SAA. Evaluation of Cisplatin-Induced Acute Renal Failure Amelioration Using Fondaparinux and Alteplase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:910. [PMID: 37513824 PMCID: PMC10383028 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a deleterious condition with increased mortality or healthcare costs or dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease. The study aims to compare prophylaxis with fondaparinux (Fund) vs. treatment with alteplase (Alt) in ameliorating cisplatin (Cis)-induced ARF. Sixty male mice were equally divided randomly into six groups of control, Cis, Alt, and Cis + Alt groups receiving normal saline for 10 days. All four groups except for the control received Cis (30 mg/kg, i.p.) on day 7, and 6 h later, both the Alt groups received Alt (0.9 mg/kg, i.v.). The animal groups Fund and Fund + Cis received Fund (5 mg/kg, i.p.) for 10 days, and the Fund + Cis group on day 7 received Cis. All the animal groups were euthanized 72 h after the Cis dose. The Fund + Cis group showed significantly increased expression levels of platelet count, retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-α) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in addition to decreased levels of urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), relative kidney body weight, kidney injury score, glucose, prothrombin (PT), A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases-10 (ADAM10), extracellular matrix deposition, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), and fibrinogen expression when compared to the Cis-only group. Meanwhile, the Cis + Alt group showed increased caspase-3 expression in addition to decreased levels of urea, BUN, uric acid, WBCs, RBCs, glucose, platelet count and PT expression with a marked decrease in PAR-2 protein expression compared to the Cis group. The creatinine levels for both the Fund + Cis and Cis + Alt groups were found to be comparable to those of the Cis-only group. The results demonstrate that the coagulation system's activation through the stimulation of PAR-2 and fibrinogen due to Cis-induced ADAM10 protein expression mediated the apoptotic pathway, as indicated by caspase-3 expression through the p-Akt pathway. This is normally accompanied by the loss of RXR-α distal and proximal tubules as lipid droplets. When the animals were pre-treated with the anticoagulant, Fund, the previous deleterious effect was halted while the fibrinolytic agent, Alt, most of the time failed to treat Cis-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Abdel-Bakky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Anas S A Aldakhili
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ali Y Babiker
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman A A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Tu NH, Inoue K, Chen E, Anderson BM, Sawicki CM, Scheff NN, Tran HD, Kim DH, Alemu RG, Yang L, Dolan JC, Liu CZ, Janal MN, Latorre R, Jensen DD, Bunnett NW, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Schmidt BL. Cathepsin S Evokes PAR 2-Dependent Pain in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients and Preclinical Mouse Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4697. [PMID: 34572924 PMCID: PMC8466361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) pain is more prevalent and severe than pain generated by any other form of cancer. We previously showed that protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) contributes to oral SCC pain. Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine protease released during injury and disease that can activate PAR2. We report here a role for cathepsin S in PAR2-dependent cancer pain. We report that cathepsin S was more active in human oral SCC than matched normal tissue, and in an orthotopic xenograft tongue cancer model than normal tongue. The multiplex immunolocalization of cathepsin S in human oral cancers suggests that carcinoma and macrophages generate cathepsin S in the oral cancer microenvironment. After cheek or paw injection, cathepsin S evoked nociception in wild-type mice but not in mice lacking PAR2 in Nav1.8-positive neurons (Par2Nav1.8), nor in mice treated with LY3000328 or an endogenous cathepsin S inhibitor (cystatin C). The human oral SCC cell line (HSC-3) with homozygous deletion of the gene for cathepsin S (CTSS) with CRISPR/Cas9 provoked significantly less mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, as did those treated with LY3000328, compared to the control cancer mice. Our results indicate that cathepsin S is activated in oral SCC, and that cathepsin S contributes to cancer pain through PAR2 on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huu Tu
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Kenji Inoue
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Elyssa Chen
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Bethany M. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Caroline M. Sawicki
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Nicole N. Scheff
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
- Hillman Cancer Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Hung D. Tran
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Dong H. Kim
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Robel G. Alemu
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Lei Yang
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
| | - John C. Dolan
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Cheng Z. Liu
- Pathology Department, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Malvin N. Janal
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Rocco Latorre
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (R.L.); (N.W.B.)
| | - Dane D. Jensen
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (R.L.); (N.W.B.)
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (R.L.); (N.W.B.)
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Laura E. Edgington-Mitchell
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Brian L. Schmidt
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University (NYU) College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; (N.H.T.); (K.I.); (E.C.); (C.M.S.); (N.N.S.); (H.D.T.); (D.H.K.); (R.G.A.); (L.Y.); (J.C.D.); (D.D.J.)
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Madkhali Y, Rondon AMR, Featherby S, Maraveyas A, Greenman J, Ettelaie C. Factor VIIa Regulates the Level of Cell-Surface Tissue Factor through Separate but Cooperative Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153718. [PMID: 34359618 PMCID: PMC8345218 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Under normal conditions, blood coagulation is suppressed to prevent thrombosis. However, during inflammatory conditions such as injury or disease conditions, the protein “tissue factor (TF)” is expressed on the surface of the cells and is also released into the bloodstream within cell-derived vesicles called “microvesicles”. TF appears first at the site of trauma which makes TF suitable for determining the extent of damage and instructing cells to proliferate and repair, or if severely damaged, to die. The relationship between cancer and thrombosis was reported in the early part of the 19th century. Cancer cells and particularly those with aggressive tendencies have the ability to produce, and then optimise the amount of TF on the cell, in order to maximise the pro-survival and proliferative properties of this protein. This study has demonstrated some of the mechanisms by which cells control excessive amounts of TF, to levels ideal for tumour survival and growth. Abstract Procoagulant activity of tissue factor (TF) in response to injury or inflammation is accompanied with cellular signals which determine the fate of cells. However, to prevent excessive signalling, TF is rapidly dissipated through release into microvesicles, and/or endocytosis. To elucidate the mechanism by which TF signalling may become moderated on the surface of cells, the associations of TF, fVII/fVIIa, PAR2 and caveolin-1 on MDA-MB-231, BxPC-3 and 786-O cells were examined and compared to that in cells lacking either fVII/fVIIa or TF. Furthermore, the localisation of labelled-recombinant TF with cholesterol-rich lipid rafts was explored on the surface of primary human blood dermal endothelial cells (HDBEC). Finally, by disrupting the caveolae on the surface of HDBEC, the outcome on TF-mediated signalling was examined. The association between TF and PAR2 was found to be dependent on the presence of fVIIa. Interestingly, the presence of TF was not pre-requisite for the association between fVII/fVIIa and PAR2 but was significantly enhanced by TF, which was also essential for the proliferative signal. Supplementation of HDBEC with exogenous TF resulted in early release of fVII/fVIIa from caveolae, followed by re-sequestration of TF-fVIIa. Addition of labelled-TF resulted in the accumulation within caveolin-1-containing cholesterol-rich regions and was also accompanied with the increased assimilation of cell-surface fVIIa. Disruption of the caveolae/rafts in HDBEC using MβCD enhanced the TF-mediated cellular signalling. Our data supports a hypothesis that cells respond to the exposure to TF by moderating the signalling activities as well as the procoagulant activity of TF, through incorporation into the caveolae/lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Madkhali
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (Y.M.); (S.F.); (J.G.)
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, P.O. Box 66, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Araci M. R. Rondon
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sophie Featherby
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (Y.M.); (S.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | - John Greenman
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (Y.M.); (S.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Camille Ettelaie
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (Y.M.); (S.F.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1482-465-528; Fax: +44-(0)1482-465-458
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Tu NH, Jensen DD, Anderson BM, Chen E, Jimenez-Vargas NN, Scheff NN, Inoue K, Tran HD, Dolan JC, Meek TA, Hollenberg MD, Liu CZ, Vanner SJ, Janal MN, Bunnett NW, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Schmidt BL. Legumain Induces Oral Cancer Pain by Biased Agonism of Protease-Activated Receptor-2. J Neurosci 2021; 41:193-210. [PMID: 33172978 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1211-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most painful cancers, which interferes with orofacial function including talking and eating. We report that legumain (Lgmn) cleaves protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in the acidic OSCC microenvironment to cause pain. Lgmn is a cysteine protease of late endosomes and lysosomes that can be secreted; it exhibits maximal activity in acidic environments. The role of Lgmn in PAR2-dependent cancer pain is unknown. We studied Lgmn activation in human oral cancers and oral cancer mouse models. Lgmn was activated in OSCC patient tumors, compared with matched normal oral tissue. After intraplantar, facial or lingual injection, Lgmn evoked nociception in wild-type (WT) female mice but not in female mice lacking PAR2 in NaV1.8-positive neurons (Par2Nav1.8), nor in female mice treated with a Lgmn inhibitor, LI-1. Inoculation of an OSCC cell line caused mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia that was reversed by LI-1. Par2Nav1.8 and Lgmn deletion attenuated mechanical allodynia in female mice with carcinogen-induced OSCC. Lgmn caused PAR2-dependent hyperexcitability of trigeminal neurons from WT female mice. Par2 deletion, LI-1, and inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase or protein kinase A (PKA) prevented the effects of Lgmn. Under acidified conditions, Lgmn cleaved within the extracellular N terminus of PAR2 at Asn30↓Arg31, proximal to the canonical trypsin activation site. Lgmn activated PAR2 by biased mechanisms in HEK293 cells to induce Ca2+ mobilization, cAMP formation, and PKA/protein kinase D (PKD) activation, but not β-arrestin recruitment or PAR2 endocytosis. Thus, in the acidified OSCC microenvironment, Lgmn activates PAR2 by biased mechanisms that evoke cancer pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most painful cancers. We report that legumain (Lgmn), which exhibits maximal activity in acidic environments, cleaves protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) on neurons to produce OSCC pain. Active Lgmn was elevated in OSCC patient tumors, compared with matched normal oral tissue. Lgmn evokes pain-like behavior through PAR2 Exposure of pain-sensing neurons to Lgmn decreased the current required to generate an action potential through PAR2 Inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA) prevented the effects of Lgmn. Lgmn activated PAR2 to induce calcium mobilization, cAMP formation, and activation of protein kinase D (PKD) and PKA, but not β-arrestin recruitment or PAR2 endocytosis. Thus, Lgmn is a biased agonist of PAR2 that evokes cancer pain.
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Maruyama-Fumoto K, McGuire JJ, Fairlie DP, Shinozuka K, Kagota S. Activation of protease-activated receptor 2 is associated with blood pressure regulation and proteinuria reduction in metabolic syndrome. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 48:211-220. [PMID: 33124085 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of kidney disease. In SHRSP.Z-Leprfa /IzmDmcr (SHRSP.ZF) rats with MetS, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2)-mediated vasorelaxation is preserved in the aorta at 20 weeks of age (weeks) via enhancement of nitric oxide production but impaired at 30 weeks by oxidative stress. However, impairment of PAR2-mediated vasorelaxation of renal arteries and its possible implications for kidney disease are unclear. We used organ baths to assess PAR2-mediated vasorelaxation of isolated renal arteries, colorimetric methods to measure urinary protein levels as an index of renal function, and western blot to determine expression of PAR2 and nephrin proteins in the kidneys of SHRSP.ZF rats at 10, 20, and 30 weeks. We assessed renal arteries and kidney function for effects of orally administered GB88, a pathway-dependent PAR2 antagonist, from 10 to 18 weeks, and azilsartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, from 13 to 23 weeks. PAR2-mediated vasorelaxation was slightly lower at 20 weeks and attenuated significantly at 30 weeks compared with those at 10 weeks. Urinary protein levels were increased at 20 and 30 weeks. Decreased protein expression of PAR2 and nephrin in the kidney were observed at 30 weeks. Administration of GB88 increased blood pressure (BP) and proteinuria. Azilsartan reduced the high BP and the impaired PAR2-mediated vasorelaxation, but did not restore the increase in urinary protein levels and decreased PAR2 and nephrin protein expression in the kidney. PAR2 activation in the kidney may be associated with maintenance of BP and urinary protein excretion in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Maruyama-Fumoto
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - John J McGuire
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Buhl T, Ikoma A, Kempkes C, Cevikbas F, Sulk M, Buddenkotte J, Akiyama T, Crumrine D, Camerer E, Carstens E, Schön MP, Elias P, Coughlin SR, Steinhoff M. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Regulates Neuro-Epidermal Communication in Atopic Dermatitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1740. [PMID: 32903402 PMCID: PMC7435019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been implicated in inflammation, pruritus, and skin barrier regulation, all characteristics of atopic dermatitis (AD), as well as Netherton syndrome which has similar characteristics. However, understanding the precise role of PAR2 on neuro-immune communication in AD has been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal models. Methods: We used a recently established mouse model with epidermal overexpression of PAR2 (PAR2OE) and littermate WT mice to study the impact of increased PAR2 expression in epidermal cells on spontaneous and house dust mite (HDM)-induced skin inflammation, itch, and barrier dysfunction in AD, in vivo and ex vivo. Results: PAR2OE newborns displayed no overt abnormalities, but spontaneously developed dry skin, severe pruritus, and eczema. Dermatological, neurophysiological, and immunological analyses revealed the hallmarks of AD-like skin disease. Skin barrier defects were observed before onset of skin lesions. Application of HDM onto PAR2OE mice triggered pruritus and the skin phenotype. PAR2OE mice displayed an increased density of nerve fibers, increased nerve growth factor and endothelin-1 expression levels, alloknesis, enhanced scratching (hyperknesis), and responses of dorsal root ganglion cells to non-histaminergic pruritogens. Conclusion: PAR2 in keratinocytes, activated by exogenous and endogenous proteases, is sufficient to drive barrier dysfunction, inflammation, and pruritus and sensitize skin to the effects of HDM in a mouse model that mimics human AD. PAR2 signaling in keratinocytes appears to be sufficient to drive several levels of neuro-epidermal communication, another feature of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Akihiko Ikoma
- Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Dermatology and UCD Charles Institute for Translational Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cordula Kempkes
- Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ferda Cevikbas
- Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mathias Sulk
- Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tasuku Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple Itch Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Debbie Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Earl Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Elias
- Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shaun R Coughlin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Dermatology and UCD Charles Institute for Translational Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Kim SJ, Zhang X, Cho SB, Kim CH, Park HC, Moon SJ. Uremic solutes of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol enhance protease-activated receptor-2 expression in vitro and in vivo in keratinocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:113-123. [PMID: 32757783 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120945758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Uremic pruritus is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The retention of uremic solutes is thought to be associated with uremic pruritus. Meanwhile, activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) has been suggested to play an important role in pruritus. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of uremic solutes on the expression of PAR-2 in the skin. METHODS Indoxyl sulfate (IS), p-cresol (PC), and uremic sera from CKD patients were used to stimulate PAR-2 expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Also, NHEKs were additionally pretreated with soybean trypsin inhibitor to evaluate its inhibitory effect on PAR-2 expression. Patterns of cutaneous PAR-2 expression were investigated in skin samples from five CKD patients and CKD mice. RESULTS In NHEKs, IS, PC, and sera from CKD patients significantly induced PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression. Soybean trypsin inhibitor significantly decreased PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression in NHEKs treated with IS, PC, and CKD sera. NHEKs treated with IS and PC exhibited significant increases in protease activity. Skin from both CKD patients and mice exhibited marked upregulation of PAR-2 expression compared to control skin. CONCLUSIONS Results from the present study suggest that uremic solutes either directly or indirectly affect PAR-2 expression in the skin of CKD subjects, potentially playing an important role in the pathogenesis of uremic pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational & Clinical Research, 395886International St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea.,The Graduate School, 37991Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, 159436Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China.,Department of Pathology, 159436Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China.,Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, 37991Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S B Cho
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, 37991Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - C H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational & Clinical Research, 395886International St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
| | - H C Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, 65655Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S J Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational & Clinical Research, 395886International St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
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8
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Wang Ms J, Kang Ms X, Huang Ms ZQ, Shen Ms L, Luo Md Q, Li Ms MY, Luo Ms LP, Tu Ms JH, Han Ms M, Ye J. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Decreased Zonula Occlidens-1 and Claudin-1 Expression and Induced Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Allergic Rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 35:26-35. [PMID: 32551923 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420932486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-modulated tight junctions (TJs) have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, immunopathogenesis remains to be investigated among patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the role of PAR-2 in the modulation of epithelial barrier function and the expression of TJs in the nasal mucosa of AR patients. METHODS The expression of TJs and PAR-2 of the nasal mucosa in AR patients and control subjects by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blotting. In vitro, Primary human nasal epithelial cells (pHNECs) of AR patients were stimulated by Der p1 to analyze the correlation between PAR-2 and TJs expression. Der p1-induced pHNECs were treated with the PAR-2 agonist SLIGRL-NH2 and antagonist FSLLRY-NH2. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa detection was employed as an indicator of epithelial permeability. RESULTS Lower expression levels of TJs in the nasal epithelium of AR patients were observed in comparison with that in control subjects. The PAR-2 level was markedly increased following treatment with 1,000 ng/mL of Der p1 for 24 hours in a cellular model of AR. The expression of PAR-2 was increased in Der p1-induced pHNECs of AR patients and correlated inversely with zonula occlidens (ZO)-1 and claudin-1. Treatment with Der p1 further downregulated TJs expression and promoted an increased epithelial permeability in Der p1-induced pHNECs. CONCLUSIONS PAR-2 could downregulate the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1, which is involved in epithelial barrier dysfunction in AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Kang Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jiangxi Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi-Qun Huang Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li Shen Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Luo Md
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meng-Yue Li Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Ping Luo Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jiangxi Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun-Hao Tu Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mei Han Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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9
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Hara T, Phuong PT, Fukuda D, Yamaguchi K, Murata C, Nishimoto S, Yagi S, Kusunose K, Yamada H, Soeki T, Wakatsuki T, Imoto I, Shimabukuro M, Sata M. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Plays a Critical Role in Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Circulation 2019; 138:1706-1719. [PMID: 29700120 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.033544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coagulation system is closely linked with vascular inflammation, although the underlying mechanisms are still obscure. Recent studies show that protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a major receptor of activated factor X, is expressed in both vascular cells and leukocytes, suggesting that PAR-2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Here we investigated the role of PAR-2 in vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. METHODS We generated apolipoprotein E-deficient ( ApoE-/-) mice lacking systemic PAR-2 expression ( PAR-2-/- ApoE-/-). ApoE-/- mice, which lack or express PAR-2 only in bone marrow (BM) cells, were also generated by BM transplantation. Atherosclerotic lesions were investigated after 20 weeks on a Western-type diet by histological analyses, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. In vitro experiments using BM-derived macrophages were performed to confirm the proinflammatory roles of PAR-2. The association between plasma activated factor X level and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was also examined in humans who underwent coronary intervention. RESULTS PAR-2-/- ApoE-/- mice showed reduced atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch ( P<0.05) along with features of stabilized atherosclerotic plaques, such as less lipid deposition ( P<0.05), collagen loss ( P<0.01), macrophage accumulation ( P<0.05), and inflammatory molecule expression ( P<0.05) compared with ApoE-/- mice. Systemic PAR2 deletion in ApoE-/-mice significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory molecules in the aorta. The results of BM transplantation experiments demonstrated that PAR-2 in hematopoietic cells contributed to atherogenesis in ApoE-/- mice. PAR-2 deletion did not alter metabolic parameters. In vitro experiments demonstrated that activated factor X or a specific peptide agonist of PAR-2 significantly increased the expression of inflammatory molecules and lipid uptake in BM-derived macrophages from wild-type mice compared with those from PAR-2-deficient mice. Activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling was involved in PAR-2-associated vascular inflammation and macrophage activation. In humans who underwent coronary intervention, plasma activated factor X level independently correlated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis as determined by Gensini score ( P<0.05) and plaque volume ( P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS PAR-2 signaling activates macrophages and promotes vascular inflammation, increasing atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. This signaling pathway may also participate in atherogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hara
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Pham Tran Phuong
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.,Cardio-Diabetes Medicine (D.F., M.Shimabukuro), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Chie Murata
- Human Genetics (C.M., I.I.), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nishimoto
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | | | - Kenya Kusunose
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Yamada
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tetsuzo Wakatsuki
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Human Genetics (C.M., I.I.), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Michio Shimabukuro
- Cardio-Diabetes Medicine (D.F., M.Shimabukuro), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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10
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Madkhali Y, Featherby S, Collier ME, Maraveyas A, Greenman J, Ettelaie C. The Ratio of Factor VIIa:Tissue Factor Content within Microvesicles Determines the Differential Influence on Endothelial Cells. TH Open 2019; 3:e132-e145. [PMID: 31259295 PMCID: PMC6598090 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF)-positive microvesicles from various sources can promote cellular proliferation or alternatively induce apoptosis, but the determining factors are unknown. In this study the hypothesis that the ratio of fVIIa:TF within microvesicles determines this outcome was examined. Microvesicles were isolated from HepG2, BxPC-3, 786-O, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 cell lines and microvesicle-associated fVIIa and TF antigen and activity levels were measured. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were incubated with these purified microvesicles, or with combinations of fVIIa-recombinant TF, and cell proliferation/apoptosis was measured. Additionally, by expressing mCherry-PAR2 on HCAEC surface, PAR2 activation was quantified. Finally, the activation of PAR2 on HCAEC or the activities of TF and fVIIa in microvesicles were blocked prior to addition of microvesicles to cells. The purified microvesicles exhibited a range of fVIIa:TF ratios with HepG2 and 786-O cells having the highest (54:1) and lowest (10:1) ratios, respectively. The reversal from proapoptotic to proliferative was estimated to occur at a fVIIa:TF molar ratio of 15:1, but HCAEC could not be rescued at higher TF concentrations. The purified microvesicles induced HCAEC proliferation or apoptosis according to this ruling. Blocking PAR2 activation on HCAEC, or inhibiting fVIIa or TF-procoagulant function on microvesicles prevented the influence on HCAEC. Finally, incubation of HCAEC with recombinant TF resulted in increased surface exposure of fVII. The induction of cell proliferation or apoptosis by TF-positive microvesicles is dependent on the ratio of fVIIa:TF and involves the activation of PAR2. At lower TF concentrations, fVIIa can counteract the proapoptotic stimulus and induce proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Madkhali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, KSA, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Featherby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Collier
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Ettelaie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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11
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Shanshan H, Lan X, Xia L, Huang W, Meifang Z, Ling Y. Inhibition of protease-activated receptor-2 induces apoptosis in cervical cancer by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:1330-1338. [PMID: 30700181 PMCID: PMC6421370 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518820440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study explored how the inhibition of protease-activated
receptor-2 (PAR-2) induced proliferation and apoptosis in
cervical cancer in vitro and in
vivo. Methods mRNA and protein expression of PAR2 and signal transducer and
activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) was determined by
quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. The
proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells were
assayed by the cell counting kit-8 kit, flow cytometry, and
western blotting. The effects of PAR2 inhibition on cervical
cancer were also examined in BALB/c nude mice in
vivo. Results SLIGRL-NH2 (SL), a selective PAR-2 agonist, promoted proliferation
and inhibited apoptosis of healthy cervical cancer cells and
HeLa cells, while the PAR-2 antagonist FSLLRY-NH2 (FS) inhibited
proliferation and led to apoptosis. SL also promoted the
activation of STAT-3, while FS inhibited it and inhibited cancer
growth in vivo. Conclusion FS inhibited cervical cancer by reducing proliferation and inducing
apoptosis by interfering with STAT-3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Shanshan
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Lan
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Wang Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Zuo Meifang
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Ling
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
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12
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Yee MC, Nichols HL, Polley D, Saifeddine M, Pal K, Lee K, Wilson EH, Daines MO, Hollenberg MD, Boitano S, DeFea KA. Protease-activated receptor-2 signaling through β-arrestin-2 mediates Alternaria alkaline serine protease-induced airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L1042-L1057. [PMID: 30335499 PMCID: PMC6337008 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00196.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is a fungal allergen associated with severe asthma and asthma exacerbations. Similarly to other asthma-associated allergens, Alternaria secretes a serine-like trypsin protease(s) that is thought to act through the G protein-coupled receptor protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) to induce asthma symptoms. However, specific mechanisms underlying Alternaria-induced PAR2 activation and signaling remain ill-defined. We sought to determine whether Alternaria-induced PAR2 signaling contributed to asthma symptoms via a PAR2/β-arrestin signaling axis, identify the protease activity responsible for PAR2 signaling, and determine whether protease activity was sufficient for Alternaria-induced asthma symptoms in animal models. We initially used in vitro models to demonstrate Alternaria-induced PAR2/β-arrestin-2 signaling. Alternaria filtrates were then used to sensitize and challenge wild-type, PAR2-/- and β-arrestin-2-/- mice in vivo. Intranasal administration of Alternaria filtrate resulted in a protease-dependent increase of airway inflammation and mucin production in wild-type but not PAR2-/- or β-arrestin-2-/- mice. Protease was isolated from Alternaria preparations, and select in vitro and in vivo experiments were repeated to evaluate sufficiency of the isolated Alternaria protease to induce asthma phenotype. Administration of a single isolated serine protease from Alternaria, Alternaria alkaline serine protease (AASP), was sufficient to fully activate PAR2 signaling and induce β-arrestin-2-/--dependent eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment in vivo. In conclusion, Alternaria filtrates induce airway inflammation and mucus hyperplasia largely via AASP using the PAR2/β-arrestin signaling axis. Thus, β-arrestin-biased PAR2 antagonists represent novel therapeutic targets for treating aeroallergen-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yee
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Heddie L Nichols
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Danny Polley
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Kyu Lee
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Emma H Wilson
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Michael O Daines
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Scott Boitano
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kathryn A DeFea
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
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13
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Klinngam W, Fu R, Janga SR, Edman MC, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Cathepsin S Alters the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MMP-9, Partially through Protease-Activated Receptor-2, in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3530. [PMID: 30423938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity is increased in tears of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) patients. This elevated CTSS may contribute to ocular surface inflammation. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T cells) were treated with recombinant human CTSS at activity comparable to that in SS patient tears for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. Acute CTSS significantly increased HCE-T cell gene and protein expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from 2 to 4 h, while matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), CTSS, and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) were increased by chronic CTSS (24 h). To investigate whether the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteases were induced by CTSS activation of PAR-2, HCE-T cells were transfected with PAR-2 siRNA, reducing cellular PAR-2 by 45%. Cells with reduced PAR-2 expression showed significantly reduced release of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMP-9 into culture medium in response to acute CTSS, while IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-9 were reduced in culture medium, and IL-6 and MMP-9 in cell lysates, after chronic CTSS. Moreover, cells with reduced PAR-2 expression showed reduced ability of chronic CTSS to induce gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteases. CTSS activation of PAR-2 may represent a potential therapeutic target for amelioration of ocular surface inflammation in SS patients.
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14
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McCulloch K, McGrath S, Huesa C, Dunning L, Litherland G, Crilly A, Hultin L, Ferrell WR, Lockhart JC, Goodyear CS. Rheumatic Disease: Protease-Activated Receptor-2 in Synovial Joint Pathobiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:257. [PMID: 29875735 PMCID: PMC5974038 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is one member of a small family of transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are activated via cleavage of their N terminus by serine proteases (e.g., tryptase), unveiling an N terminus tethered ligand which binds to the second extracellular loop of the receptor. Increasing evidence has emerged identifying key pathophysiological roles for PAR2 in both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Importantly, this includes both pro-inflammatory and destructive roles. For example, in murine models of RA, the associated synovitis, cartilage degradation, and subsequent bone erosion are all significantly reduced in the absence of PAR2. Similarly, in experimental models of OA, PAR2 disruption confers protection against cartilage degradation, subchondral bone osteosclerosis, and osteophyte formation. This review focuses on the role of PAR2 in rheumatic disease and its potential as an important therapeutic target for treating pain and joint degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal McCulloch
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Institute of Immunity, Infection & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Huesa
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette Dunning
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Litherland
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Crilly
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Hultin
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - William R. Ferrell
- Institute of Immunity, Infection & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Lockhart
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: John C. Lockhart, ; Carl S. Goodyear,
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Immunity, Infection & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: John C. Lockhart, ; Carl S. Goodyear,
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15
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Zuo P, Zuo Z, Zheng Y, Wang X, Zhou Q, Chen L, Ma G. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerotic Lesion Progression and Instability in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:647. [PMID: 28959204 PMCID: PMC5603739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. Accumulating evidence suggests that protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 contributes to the pathophysiology of chronic inflammation on the vasculature. To directly examine the role of PAR-2 in atherosclerosis, we generated apolipoprotein E/PAR-2 double-deficient mice. Mice were fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks starting at ages of 6 weeks. PAR-2 deficiency attenuated atherosclerotic lesion progression with reduced total lesion area, reduced percentage of stenosis and reduced total necrotic core area. PAR-2 deficiency increased fibrous cap thickness and collagen content of plaque. Moreover, PAR-2 deficiency decreased smooth muscle cell content, macrophage accumulation, matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression and neovascularization in plaque. Relative quantitative PCR assay using thoracic aorta revealed that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. In vitro experiment, we found that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in macrophage under unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated conditions. These results suggest that PAR-2 deficiency attenuates the progression and instability of atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yueyue Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qianxing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
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16
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Chen J, Xie L, Zheng Y, Liu C. Effects of silenced PAR-2 on cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis of esophageal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4115-4121. [PMID: 28943918 PMCID: PMC5604181 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) on cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in the esophageal EC109 cell line. Two short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression plasmids were constructed based on the PAR-2 mRNA sequence in humans, and they were transfected into the EC109 esophageal cancer cell line, and the stable interference cell line (shRNA-PAR-2 EC109) was obtained by puromycin selection. Following transfection of PAR-2 shRNA-1, PAR-2 expression was significantly downregulated in mRNA level and protein level in EC109 cells (P<0.05). The proliferation of EC109 cells transfected with PAR-2 shRNA was significantly lower than the negative control group (P<0.05). At 24, 48 and 72 h, the ratio of proliferation inhibition was 15.92, 24.89 and 32.28%, respectively. Compared with the control group, S-phase arrest was observed in cells transfected with shRNA-PAR-2. The ratio of cells in the S phase was 32.79±4.06, 26.54±1.37 and 33.45±2.46% at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. For invasion, the number of invasive cells was significantly lower in shRNA-PAR2-2 cells compared with the control group (P<0.05). For metastasis assay, the number of invasive cells was significantly lower in shRNA-PAR2-2 cells compared with the control group (P<0.01). In the present study, the PAR-2 shRNA plasmid was constructed successfully, which can significantly downregulate PAR-2 expression in EC109 cells. Subsequent to silencing of PAR-2, the proliferation of EC109 cells was inhibited and the capabilities of invasion and migration were reduced. It is indicated that PAR-2 may be a potential target in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
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Bardou O, Menou A, François C, Duitman JW, von der Thüsen JH, Borie R, Sales KU, Mutze K, Castier Y, Sage E, Liu L, Bugge TH, Fairlie DP, Königshoff M, Crestani B, Borensztajn KS. Membrane-anchored Serine Protease Matriptase Is a Trigger of Pulmonary Fibrogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:847-60. [PMID: 26599507 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201502-0299oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease that remains refractory to current therapies. OBJECTIVES To characterize the expression and activity of the membrane-anchored serine protease matriptase in IPF in humans and unravel its potential role in human and experimental pulmonary fibrogenesis. METHODS Matriptase expression was assessed in tissue specimens from patients with IPF versus control subjects using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting, while matriptase activity was monitored by fluorogenic substrate cleavage. Matriptase-induced fibroproliferative responses and the receptor involved were characterized in human primary pulmonary fibroblasts by Western blot, viability, and migration assays. In the murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, the consequences of matriptase depletion, either by using the pharmacological inhibitor camostat mesilate (CM), or by genetic down-regulation using matriptase hypomorphic mice, were characterized by quantification of secreted collagen and immunostainings. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Matriptase expression and activity were up-regulated in IPF and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In cultured human pulmonary fibroblasts, matriptase expression was significantly induced by transforming growth factor-β. Furthermore, matriptase elicited signaling via protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), and promoted fibroblast activation, proliferation, and migration. In the experimental bleomycin model, matriptase depletion, by the pharmacological inhibitor CM or by genetic down-regulation, diminished lung injury, collagen production, and transforming growth factor-β expression and signaling. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate increased matriptase expression and activity in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in human IPF and in an experimental mouse model. Overall, targeting matriptase, or treatment by CM, which is already in clinical use for other diseases, may represent potential therapies for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bardou
- 1 Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,2 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Awen Menou
- 1 Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,2 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Charlène François
- 1 Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,2 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Jan Willem Duitman
- 3 Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Raphaël Borie
- 2 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France.,5 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pulmonology A, Competence Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- 6 Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,7 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kathrin Mutze
- 8 Member of the German Center of Lung Research, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yves Castier
- 9 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Denis Diderot University and Medical School Paris VII, France
| | - Edouard Sage
- 10 Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; and
| | - Ligong Liu
- 11 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- 6 Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David P Fairlie
- 11 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mélanie Königshoff
- 8 Member of the German Center of Lung Research, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Crestani
- 1 Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,2 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France.,5 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pulmonology A, Competence Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Keren S Borensztajn
- 1 Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,2 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
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Wu L, Oshima T, Shan J, Sei H, Tomita T, Ohda Y, Fukui H, Watari J, Miwa H. PAR-2 activation enhances weak acid-induced ATP release through TRPV1 and ASIC sensitization in human esophageal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G695-702. [PMID: 26294672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00162.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal visceral hypersensitivity has been proposed to be the pathogenesis of heartburn sensation in nonerosive reflux disease. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is expressed in human esophageal epithelial cells and is believed to play a role in inflammation and sensation. PAR-2 activation may modulate these responses through adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, which is involved in transduction of sensation and pain. The transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are both acid-sensitive nociceptors. However, the interaction among these molecules and the mechanisms of heartburn sensation are still not clear. We therefore examined whether ATP release in human esophageal epithelial cells in response to acid is modulated by TRPV1 and ASICs and whether PAR-2 activation influences the sensitivity of TRPV1 and ASICs. Weak acid (pH 5) stimulated the release of ATP from primary human esophageal epithelial cells (HEECs). This effect was significantly reduced after pretreatment with 5-iodoresiniferatoxin (IRTX), a TRPV1-specific antagonist, or with amiloride, a nonselective ASIC blocker. TRPV1 and ASIC3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection also decreased weak acid-induced ATP release. Pretreatment of HEECs with trypsin, tryptase, or a PAR-2 agonist enhanced weak acid-induced ATP release. Trypsin treatment led to the phosphorylation of TRPV1. Acid-induced ATP release enhancement by trypsin was partially blocked by IRTX, amiloride, or a PAR-2 antagonist. Conversely, acid-induced ATP release was augmented by PAR-2 activation through TRPV1 and ASICs. These findings suggested that the pathophysiology of heartburn sensation or esophageal hypersensitivity may be associated with the activation of PAR-2, TRPV1, and ASICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Jing Shan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Hiroo Sei
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Yoshio Ohda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Jiro Watari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
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Sherwood CL, Daines MO, Price TJ, Vagner J, Boitano S. A highly potent agonist to protease-activated receptor-2 reveals apical activation of the airway epithelium resulting in Ca2+-regulated ion conductance. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C718-26. [PMID: 25143347 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00257.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium provides a barrier that separates inhaled air and its various particulates from the underlying tissues. It provides key physiological functions in both sensing the environment and initiating appropriate innate immune defenses to protect the lung. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is expressed both apically and basolaterally throughout the airway epithelium. One consequence of basolateral PAR2 activation is the rapid, Ca(2+)-dependent ion flux that favors secretion in the normally absorptive airway epithelium. However, roles for apically expressed PAR2 activation have not been demonstrated, in part due to the lack of specific, high-potency PAR2 ligands. In the present study, we used the newly developed PAR2 ligand 2at-LIGRLO(PEG3-Pam)-NH2 in combination with well-differentiated, primary cultured airway epithelial cells from wild-type and PAR2 (-/-) mice to examine the physiological role of PAR2 in the conducting airway after apical activation. Using digital imaging microscopy of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration changes, we verified ligand potency on PAR2 in primary cultured airway cells. Examination of airway epithelial tissue in an Ussing chamber showed that apical activation of PAR2 by 2at-LIGRLO(PEG3-Pam)-NH2 resulted in a transient decrease in transepithelial resistance that was due to increased apical ion efflux. We determined pharmacologically that this increase in ion conductance was through Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) and large-conductance K(+) channels that were blocked with a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel inhibitor and clotrimazole, respectively. Stimulation of Cl(-) efflux via PAR2 activation at the airway epithelial surface can increase airway surface liquid that would aid in clearing the airway of noxious inhaled agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Sherwood
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael O Daines
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Pediatrics, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Josef Vagner
- The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Scott Boitano
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Physiology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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20
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Shi K, Queiroz KCS, Stap J, Richel DJ, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor-2 induces migration of pancreatic cancer cells in an extracellular ATP-dependent manner. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1892-902. [PMID: 23899344 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor suggested to play an important role in the proliferation and migration of tumor cells of epithelial origin. However, the role of PAR-2 in the setting of pancreatic cancer remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES To understand the importance of PAR-2 in pancreatic cancer cell migration. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study shows that PAR-2 does not affect pancreatic cancer cell proliferation but significantly induces the migration of pancreatic cancer cells in scratch assays. Interestingly, PAR-2 does not affect migration in a trans-well setting. This apparent discrepancy depends on extracellular ATP release in the scratch assays and the addition of exogenous (ATP)-induced PAR-2-dependent migration in trans-well assays, whereas a specific P2Y11 receptor antagonist prevents PAR-2-driven migration in scratch assays. In the scratch assays, inhibitors of Src, Rac, protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, p38, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor blocked PAR-2-driven migration, whereas they did not affect fetal calf serum-driven wound closure. CONCLUSION Taken together, PAR-2 activation drives pancreatic cancer cell migration via an EGF-Src-Rac-p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/EGF1/2 signaling pathway, which is facilitated by extracellular ATP. Targeting the PAR-2/ATP-driven signaling pathway may therefore limit cell migration, which could inhibit pancreatic cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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de Boer JD, Van't Veer C, Stroo I, van der Meer AJ, de Vos AF, van der Zee JS, Roelofs JJTH, van der Poll T. Protease-activated receptor-2 deficient mice have reduced house dust mite-evoked allergic lung inflammation. Innate Immun 2013; 20:618-25. [PMID: 24048772 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913503387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is abundantly expressed in the pulmonary compartment. House dust mite (HDM) is a common cause of allergic asthma and contains multiple PAR2 agonistic proteases. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PAR2 in HDM-induced allergic lung inflammation. For this, the extent of allergic lung inflammation was studied in wild type (Wt) and PAR2 knockout (KO) mice after repeated airway exposure to HDM. HDM exposure of Wt mice resulted in a profound influx of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and accumulation of eosinophils in lung tissue, which both were strongly reduced in PAR2 KO mice. PAR2 KO mice demonstrated attenuated lung pathology and protein leak in the bronchoalveolar space, accompanied by lower BALF levels of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. This study reveals, for the first time, an important role for PAR2 in allergic lung inflammation induced by the clinically relevant allergens contained in HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daan de Boer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Van't Veer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Stroo
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne J van der Meer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaring S van der Zee
- Department of Pulmonology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Larsen AK, Kristiansen K, Sylte I, Seternes OM, Bang BE. Differences in PAR-2 activating potential by king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), salmon (Salmo salar), and bovine (Bos taurus) trypsin. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:281. [PMID: 23870109 PMCID: PMC3733831 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmon trypsin is shown to increase secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-8 from human airway epithelial cells through activation of PAR-2. Secretion of IL-8 induced by king crab trypsin is observed in a different concentration range compared to salmon trypsin, and seems to be only partially related to PAR-2 activation. This report aim to identify differences in the molecular structure of king crab trypsin (Paralithodes camtschaticus) compared to salmon (Salmo salar) and bovine trypsin (Bos taurus) that might influence the ability to activate protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). RESULTS During purification king crab trypsin displayed stronger binding capacity to the anionic column used in fast protein liquid chromatography compared to fish trypsins, and was identified as a slightly bigger molecule. Measurements of enzymatic activity yielded no obvious differences between the trypsins tested. Molecular modelling showed that king crab trypsin has a large area with strong negative electrostatic potential compared to the smaller negative areas in bovine and salmon trypsins. Bovine and salmon trypsins also displayed areas with strong positive electrostatic potential, a feature lacking in the king crab trypsin. Furthermore we have identified 3 divergent positions (Asp196, Arg244, and Tyr247) located near the substrate binding pocket of king crab trypsin that might affect the binding and cleavage of PAR-2. CONCLUSION These preliminary results indicate that electrostatic interactions could be of importance in binding, cleavage and subsequent activation of PAR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett K Larsen
- Department of Occupational- and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kurt Kristiansen
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole-Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Berit E Bang
- Department of Occupational- and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Weithauser A, Bobbert P, Antoniak S, Böhm A, Rauch BH, Klingel K, Savvatis K, Kroemer HK, Tschope C, Stroux A, Zeichhardt H, Poller W, Mackman N, Schultheiss HP, Rauch U. Protease-activated receptor-2 regulates the innate immune response to viral infection in a coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:1737-45. [PMID: 23871888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to evaluate the role of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis. BACKGROUND An infection with CVB3 leads to myocarditis. PAR2 modulates the innate immune response. Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) is crucial for the innate immune response by inducing the expression of the antiviral cytokine interferon-beta (IFNβ). METHODS To induce myocarditis, wild-type (wt) and PAR2 knockout (ko) mice were infected with 10(5) plaque-forming units CVB3. Mice underwent hemodynamic measurements with a 1.2-F microconductance catheter. Wt and PAR2ko hearts and cardiac cells were analyzed for viral replication and immune response with plaque assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with wt mice, PAR2ko mice and cardiomyocytes exhibited a reduced viral load and developed no myocarditis after infection with CVB3. Hearts and cardiac fibroblasts from PAR2ko mice expressed higher basal levels of IFNβ than wt mice did. Treatment with CVB3 and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid led to higher IFNβ expression in PAR2ko than in wt fibroblasts and reduced virus replication in PAR2ko fibroblasts was abrogated by neutralizing IFNβ antibody. Overexpression of PAR2 reduced the basal IFNβ expression. Moreover, a direct interaction between PAR2 and Toll-like receptor 3 was observed. PAR2 expression in endomyocardial biopsies of patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy was positively correlated with myocardial inflammation and negatively with IFNβ expression and left ventricular ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS PAR2 negatively regulates the innate immune response to CVB3 infection and contributes to myocardial dysfunction. The antagonism of PAR2 is of therapeutic interest to strengthen the antiviral response after an infection with a cardiotropic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Mason
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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25
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Lee SE, Kim JM, Jeong SK, Jeon JE, Yoon HJ, Jeong MK, Lee SH. Protease-activated receptor-2 mediates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and matrix metalloproteinases in keratinocytes in response to Propionibacterium acnes. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302:745-56. [PMID: 20697725 PMCID: PMC2970807 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) has been known to produce various exogenous proteases, however, their role in acne pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Proteases elicit cellular responses, at least in part, via proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), which is known to mediate inflammation and immune response. In this study, we investigated whether proteases from P. acnes could activate PAR-2 on keratinocytes and induce pro-inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via PAR-2 signaling. We examined PAR-2 expression and protease activity in acne lesions using immunofluorescence staining and in situ zymography. The effect of the culture supernatant of P. acnes on Ca(2+) signaling in immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) was measured using a fluorescence method. HaCaT cells were treated with P. acnes strain ATCC 6919 culture supernatant, with or without pretreatment with serine protease inhibitor or selective PAR-2 antagonist and the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, AMPs, and MMPs was detected using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We found that the protease activity and PAR-2 expression were increased in acne lesions. The P. acnes culture supernatant induced calcium signaling in keratinocytes via PAR-2 and stimulated the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1α, -8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, human beta defensin (hBD)-2, LL-37, MMP-1, -2, -3, -9, and -13 in keratinocytes, which was significantly inhibited by serine protease inhibitor as well as selective PAR-2 specific antagonist. These results indicate that PAR-2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acne by inducing inflammatory mediators in response to proteases secreted from P. acnes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 712 Eonjuro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720 Korea
- Human Barrier Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Min Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 712 Eonjuro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720 Korea
- Human Barrier Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Hyun-Ju Yoon
- Technology Support Part, Central Research Laboratories, Aekyung, Taejon, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 712 Eonjuro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720 Korea
- Human Barrier Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 712 Eonjuro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720 Korea
- Human Barrier Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Abstract
Skin, as the outermost organ in the human body, continuously confronts the external environment and serves as a primary defense system. The protective functions of skin include UV-protection, anti-oxidant and antimicrobial functions. In addition to these protections, skin also acts as a sensory organ and the primary regulator of body temperature. Within these important functions, the epidermal permeability barrier, which controls the transcutaneous movement of water and other electrolytes, is probably the most important. This permeability barrier resides in the stratum corneum, a resilient layer composed of corneocytes and stratum corneum intercellular lipids. Since the first realization of the structural and biochemical diversities involved in the stratum corneum, a tremendous amount of work has been performed to elucidate its roles and functions in the skin, and in humans in general. The perturbation of the epidermal permeability barrier, previously speculated to be just a symptom involved in skin diseases, is currently considered to be a primary pathophysiologic factor for many skin diseases. In addition, much of the evidence provides support for the idea that various protective functions in the skin are closely related or even co-regulated. In this review, the recent achievements of skin researchers focusing on the functions of the epidermal permeability barrier and their importance in skin disease, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea.
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27
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Abstract
The protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is cleaved and activated by trypsin. We investigated the expression of PAR-2 and the role of trypsin in cell proliferation in human colon cancer cell lines. A total of 10 cell lines were tested for expression of PAR-2 mRNA by Northern blot and RT-PCR. PAR-2 protein was detected by immunofluorescence. Trypsin and the peptide agonist SLIGKV (AP2) were tested for their ability to induce calcium mobilization and to promote cell proliferation on serum-deprived cells. PAR-2 mRNA was detected by Northern blot analysis in 6 out of 10 cell lines [HT-29, Cl.19A, Caco-2, SW480, HCT-8 and T84]. Other cell lines expressed low levels of transcripts, which were detected only by RT-PCR. Further results were obtained with HT-29 cells: (1) PAR-2 protein is expressed at the cell surface; (2) an increase in intracellular calcium concentration was observed upon trypsin (1-100 nM) or AP2 (10-100 microM) challenges; (3) cells grown in serum-deprived media supplemented with trypsin (0.1-1 nM) or AP2 (1-300 microM) exhibited important mitogenic responses (3-fold increase of cell number). Proliferative effects of trypsin or AP2 were also observed in other cell lines expressing PAR-2. These data show that subnanomolar concentrations of trypsin, acting at PAR-2, promoted the proliferation of human colon cancer cells. The results of this study indicate that trypsin could be considered as a growth factor and unravel a new mechanism whereby serine proteases control colon tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Darmoul
- Neuroendocrinologie et Biologie Cellulaire Digestives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U410, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichât, Paris, 75018, France
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