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Anjum V, Bagale U, Kadi A, Malinin A, Potoroko I, Alharbi AH, Khafaga DS, AlMetwally M, Qenawy AST, Anjum A, Ali F. Process Optimization of Tinospora cordifolia Extract-Loaded Water in Oil Nanoemulsion Developed by Ultrasound-Assisted Homogenization. Molecules 2024; 29:1797. [PMID: 38675617 PMCID: PMC11052499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are gaining interest in a variety of products as a means of integrating easily degradable bioactive compounds, preserving them from oxidation, and increasing their bioavailability. However, preparing stable emulsion compositions with the desired characteristics is a difficult task. The aim of this study was to encapsulate the Tinospora cordifolia aqueous extract (TCAE) into a water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion and identify its critical process and formulation variables, like oil (27-29.4 mL), the surfactant concentration (0.6-3 mL), and sonication amplitude (40% to 100%), using response surface methodology (RSM). The responses of this formulation were studied with an analysis of the particle size (PS), free fatty acids (FFAs), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). In between, we have studied a fishbone diagram that was used to measure risk and preliminary research. The optimized condition for the formation of a stable nanoemulsion using quality by design was surfactant (2.43 mL), oil concentration (27.61 mL), and sonication amplitude (88.6%), providing a PS of 171.62 nm, FFA content of 0.86 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.597 Pa.s for the blank sample compared to the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion with a PS of 243.60 nm, FFA content of 0.27 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.22 Pa.s. The EE increases with increasing concentrations of TCAE, from 56.88% to 85.45%. The RSM response demonstrated that both composition variables had a considerable impact on the properties of the W/O nanoemulsion. Furthermore, after the storage time, the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion showed better stability over the blank nanoemulsion, specially the FFAs, and the blank increased from 0.142 to 1.22 meq/kg oil, while TCAE showed 0.266 to 0.82 meq/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varisha Anjum
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (U.B.); (A.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Uday Bagale
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (U.B.); (A.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Ammar Kadi
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (U.B.); (A.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Artem Malinin
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (U.B.); (A.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Irina Potoroko
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (U.B.); (A.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Amal H. Alharbi
- Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Doaa Sami Khafaga
- Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Marawa AlMetwally
- Intelligent Systems and Machine Learning Lab, Shenzhen 518000, China; (M.A.); (A.-S.T.Q.)
| | - Al-Seyday T. Qenawy
- Intelligent Systems and Machine Learning Lab, Shenzhen 518000, China; (M.A.); (A.-S.T.Q.)
| | - Areefa Anjum
- Department of Ilmul Advia, School of Unani Medical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Faraat Ali
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
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Myśliwiec P, Kubit A, Szawara P. Optimization of 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Friction Stir Welding Using Random Forest, XGBoost, and MLP Machine Learning Techniques. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1452. [PMID: 38611968 PMCID: PMC11012866 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This study optimized friction stir welding (FSW) parameters for 1.6 mm thick 2024T3 aluminum alloy sheets. A 3 × 3 factorial design was employed to explore tool rotation speeds (1100 to 1300 rpm) and welding speeds (140 to 180 mm/min). Static tensile tests revealed the joints' maximum strength at 87% relative to the base material. Hyperparameter optimization was conducted for machine learning (ML) models, including random forest and XGBoost, and multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) models, using grid search. Welding parameter optimization and extrapolation were then carried out, with final strength predictions analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The ML models achieved over 98% accuracy in parameter regression, demonstrating significant effectiveness in FSW process enhancement. Experimentally validated, optimized parameters resulted in an FSW joint efficiency of 93% relative to the base material. This outcome highlights the critical role of advanced analytical techniques in improving welding quality and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Myśliwiec
- Department of Materials Forming and Processing, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powst. Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kubit
- Department of Manufacturing and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powst. Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Paulina Szawara
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powst. Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Ioannou GD, Ioannou KA, Christou A, Stavrou IJ, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. The Utilization of an Aloe Vera Rind By-Product: Deep Eutectic Solvents as Eco-Friendly and Recyclable Extraction Media of Polyphenolic Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:162. [PMID: 38397760 PMCID: PMC10886410 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, an optimized environmentally friendly procedure was employed to enhance the sustainable utilization of phenolic antioxidants derived from aloe vera rind by-products. The procedure involved the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in combination with deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Eleven different DESs and three conventional solvents were employed as extraction media for polyphenolic compounds. Choline chloride-citric acid (ChCl-CA) was selected as the most suitable extractant, considering its extraction efficiency in relation to the total phenolic content. The operating conditions of UAE were optimized and modeled by the use of response surface methodology in order to maximize the yield of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity. The optimal operational parameters for the UAE procedure were determined to be 16.5 min, 74% (v/v) DES in water, and a solvent-to-solid ratio equal to 192. HPLC analysis, which was performed on the optimum extract, revealed significant levels of phenolics present in the aloe rind. Efficient recovery of the extracted antioxidants was obtained by the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and polyamide cartridges. The ChCl-CA DES exhibited excellent recycling capability with a yield of over 90% through SPE. Finally, the greenness of the method was evaluated using the green AGREE and AGREEprep metrics. The results highlighted the sustainability and the greenness of the proposed extraction procedure for the aloe by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D. Ioannou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; (G.D.I.); (K.A.I.); (A.C.)
| | - Katerina A. Ioannou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; (G.D.I.); (K.A.I.); (A.C.)
| | - Atalanti Christou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; (G.D.I.); (K.A.I.); (A.C.)
| | - Ioannis J. Stavrou
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus;
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WANG J, XU S, SUN Y, LEI H, CHENG Y, WANG X, ZHANG Z. [Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction of organophosphorus flame retardants in soil based on response surface methodology]. Se Pu 2024; 42:64-74. [PMID: 38197207 PMCID: PMC10782277 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2023.04018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used in commercial products owing to their exceptional flame-retarding and plasticizing properties. However, OPFRs are also well recognized as emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because of their environmental persistence, biological concentration, and potential toxicity. Thus, the accurate detection of OPFRs in environmental media is critical for analyzing their fate, transport, and ecological risk. However, very few OPFR detection methods are currently available, and the types of OPFRs detected may vary from site to site. In this study, matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction (MSPD), a simple, rapid, and versatile technique for preparing solid, semisolid, liquid, and viscous samples, was combined for the first time with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to analyze 10 OPFRs in soil, namely, tripropyl phosphate (TPrP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), and trimethylphenyl phosphate (TCP). The GC-MS/MS system was equipped with a Bruker-5MS capillary column coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Prior to detection, a mixed standard solution was fortified with 10 ng of13C-PCB208 as an internal standard. The optimal conditions under which MSPD could achieve high selectivity for OPFRs were determined. In addition, single-factor analysis was used to examine the influence of the sorbent (i. e., C18, PSA, Florisil, GCB, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)) as well as the dosage, type, and volume of the eluent on the extraction efficiency of the method for the 10 OPFRs. When GCB and ethyl acetate were used as the adsorbent and solvent, respectively, during elution, high extraction recoveries for the OPFRs were achieved. Optimization via response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to further analyze the impact of three key factors, namely, the adsorbent dosage, eluent volume, and grinding time, as well as their interactions, on OPFR recoveries. Under the optimal conditions of 0.3 g of GCB as the adsorbent, 10 mL of ethyl acetate as the eluent, and 5 min of grinding time, the relative average recovery of the OPFRs was 87.5%. Furthermore, the 10 OPFRs showed good linear relationships under five concentration gradients, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.998. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were calculated as signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of 3 and 10, respectively, and found to be in the ranges of 0.006-0.161 and 0.020-0.531 ng/g, respectively. The performance of the proposed method was verified by determining the recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the OPFRs in soils spiked at low, medium, and high levels (10, 20, and 100 ng/g, respectively). The recoveries of the OPFRs ranged from 70.4% to 115.4%, with RSDs ranging from 0.7% to 6.7%. Compared with the conventional accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method, MSPD presents higher efficiency, simpler operation, and less solvent requirements. The developed method was applied to determine OPFRs in soil samples collected from different sites in Suzhou, including an electronics factory, an auto-repair factory, a paddy field, and a school field. The results revealed that the contents of OPFRs in the soils from the electronics and auto-repair factories were significantly higher than those in the soils from the paddy and school fields. The main pollutants in the soil samples collected from the electronics and auto-repair factories were TCIPP, TPPO, TCEP, and TDCPP. Moreover, the contents of these compounds were 5.30, 4.44, 4.54, and 4.20 ng/g, in soils from the electronics factory and 2.70, 3.93, 7.60, and 5.04 ng/g, in soils from the auto-repair factory. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to determine high concentrations of TPPO in industrial soils. Thus, the combination of MSPD and GC-MS/MS adopted in this study can provide useful insights into the detection of the 10 OPFRs in soil.
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Parisis V, Tsave O, Papanikolaou C, Pantazopoulou E, Chatzidoukas C. Comprehensive Exploration of the Growth and Lipid Synthesis Phases of T. oleaginosus Cultures Implementing Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1359. [PMID: 38135950 PMCID: PMC10741121 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon oleaginosus is an unconventional oleaginous yeast distinguished by its remarkable capacity to accumulate lipids in excess of 70% of its dry weight, particularly when cultivated in nitrogen-restricted conditions with ample carbon sources. A pivotal question that arises pertains to the nutrient dynamics in the culture medium, which give rise to both the excessive lipid content and corresponding lipid concentration. While previous research has predominantly focused on evaluating the impact of the initial carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio on lipid production, the precise critical thresholds of glucose and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) at which growth and intracellular lipid production are either stimulated or impeded remain inadequately defined. This study employs an experimental design and response surface methodology to investigate the complex mechanism of lipid accumulation and its interaction with cellular growth. Application of the aforementioned methodologies resulted in the production of 10.6 g/L of microbial oil in batch cultures under conditions that correspond to a C/N ratio of 76. However, the primary objective is to generate knowledge to facilitate the development of efficient fed-batch cultivation strategies that optimize lipid production exclusively employing inorganic nitrogen sources by finely adjusting carbon and nitrogen levels. The intricate interaction between these levels is comprehensively addressed in the present study, while it is additionally revealed that as glucose levels rise within a non-inhibitory range, lipid-free biomass production decreases while lipid accumulation simultaneously increases. These findings set the stage for further exploration and the potential development of two-stage cultivation approaches, aiming to fully decouple growth and lipid production. This advancement holds the promise of bringing microbial oil production closer to commercial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christos Chatzidoukas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.P.); (O.T.); (C.P.); (E.P.)
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El-Sayed SE, Abdelaziz NA, Ali AA, Alshahrani MY, Aboshanab KM, El-Housseiny GS. Identification, Characterization, and Production Optimization of 6-Methoxy-1H-Indole-2-Carboxylic Acid Antifungal Metabolite Produced by Bacillus toyonensis Isolate OQ071612. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2835. [PMID: 38137979 PMCID: PMC10745709 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections currently pose a real threat to human lives. In the current study, soil bacterial isolates were screened for the production of antifungal compounds to combat human fungal pathogens. Notably, the bacterial F1 isolate exhibited antimycotic action towards the Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger clinical isolates. By employing phenotypic and molecular techniques, we identified the F1 isolate as the Bacillus toyonensis isolate OQ071612. The purified extract showed stability within a pH range of 6-7 and at temperatures of up to 50 °C. It demonstrated potential antifungal activity in the presence of various surfactants, detergents, and enzymes. The purified extract was identified as 6-methoxy-1H-Indole-2-carboxylic acid using advanced spectroscopic techniques. To optimize the antifungal metabolite production, we utilized response surface methodology (RSM) with a face-centered central composite design, considering nutritional and environmental variables. The optimal conditions were as follows: starch (5 g/L), peptone (5 g/L), agitation rate of 150 rpm, pH 6, and 40 °C temperature. A confirmatory experiment validated the accuracy of the optimization process, resulting in an approximately 3.49-fold increase in production. This is the first documented report on the production and characterization of 6-methoxy-1H-Indole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA) antifungal metabolite from Bacillus toyonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed E. El-Sayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12566, Egypt; (S.E.E.-S.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Neveen A. Abdelaziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12566, Egypt; (S.E.E.-S.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Amer Al Ali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Y. Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Ghadir S. El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
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Christou A, Parisis NA, Venianakis T, Barbouti A, Tzakos AG, Gerothanassis IP, Goulas V. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Taro Leaf Antioxidants Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: An Eco-Friendly Strategy for the Valorization of Crop Residues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1801. [PMID: 37891880 PMCID: PMC10604219 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colocasia esculenta L. leaves are considered a by-product of taro cultivation and are discarded as environmental waste, despite their valuable phenolic composition. Their valorization to obtain value-added substances for medicinal, food, and cosmetic applications is the aim of the current work. An ultrasound-assisted extraction was developed for the environmentally friendly and sustainable isolation of taro leaf antioxidants using natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs). Among the utilized solvents, the NaDES based on betaine and ethylene glycol provided the best extraction efficiencies in terms of polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity. Multi-response optimization suggested a solvent-to-solid ratio of 10 mL g-1, a processing time of 60 min, an extraction temperature of 60 °C, and a water content of 33.8% (w/w) as optimal extraction parameters. Leaf extract obtained under these optimum operational parameters demonstrated a strong radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (65.80 ± 0.87%), a high ferric reducing antioxidant power (126.62 ± 1.92 μmol TE g-1 sample), and significant protection against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. The chromatographic characterization of the optimum extract revealed its richness in flavonoids (flavones and flavonols). The outcomes of the present study suggest that the proposed method could serve as a highly efficient and green alternative for the recovery of polyphenols from agricultural wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atalanti Christou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos 3603, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos A. Parisis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.A.P.); (T.V.); (A.G.T.); (I.P.G.)
| | - Themistoklis Venianakis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.A.P.); (T.V.); (A.G.T.); (I.P.G.)
| | - Alexandra Barbouti
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Andreas G. Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.A.P.); (T.V.); (A.G.T.); (I.P.G.)
| | - Ioannis P. Gerothanassis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.A.P.); (T.V.); (A.G.T.); (I.P.G.)
| | - Vlasios Goulas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos 3603, Cyprus
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Jamoussi B, Chakroun R, Al-Mur BA, Halawani RF, Aloufi FA, Chaabani A, Aljohani NS. Design of a New Phthalocyanine-Based Ion-Imprinted Polymer for Selective Lithium Recovery from Desalination Plant Reverse Osmosis Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3847. [PMID: 37765702 PMCID: PMC10537805 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel technique is introduced that involves the combination of an ion-imprinted polymer and solid-phase extraction to selectively adsorb lithium ions from reverse osmosis brine. In the process of synthesizing ion-imprinted polymers, phthalocyanine acrylate acted as the functional monomer responsible for lithium chelation. The structural and morphological characteristics of the molecularly imprinted polymers and non-imprinted polymers were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption data for Li on an ion-imprinted polymer showed an excellent fit to the Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of 3.2 mg·g-1. Comprehensive chemical analyses revealed a significant Li concentration with a higher value of 45.36 mg/L. Through the implementation of a central composite design approach, the adsorption and desorption procedures were systematically optimized by varying the pH, temperature, sorbent mass, and elution volume. This systematic approach allowed the identification of the most efficient operating conditions for extracting lithium from seawater reverse osmosis brine using ion-imprinted polymer-solid-phase extraction. The optimum operating conditions for the highest efficiency of adsorbing Li+ were determined to be a pH of 8.49 and a temperature of 45.5 °C. The efficiency of ion-imprinted polymer regeneration was evaluated through a cycle of the adsorption-desorption process, which resulted in Li recoveries of up to 80%. The recovery of Li from the spiked brine sample obtained from the desalination plant reverse osmosis waste through the ion-imprinted polymer ranged from 62.8% to 71.53%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Jamoussi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Radhouane Chakroun
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Bandar A. Al-Mur
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Riyadh F. Halawani
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Fahed A. Aloufi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Anis Chaabani
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Naif S. Aljohani
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
- Saline Water Conversion Corporation, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
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Sellamuthu S, Chowdhury ZZ, Khalid K, Shibly SM, Rahman MM, Rana M, Badruddin IA, Khaleed HMT, Kamangar S, Johan MRB, Hussein M, Mitra A, Faisal AN. Mathematical Modelling and Optimization for Facile Synthesis of Structured Activated Carbon (ACs) from Adansonia kilima ( Baobab) Wood Chips Integrating Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis for the Elimination of Lead (II) Cations from Wastewater Effluents. Molecules 2023; 28:6640. [PMID: 37764415 PMCID: PMC10536714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from ligno-cellulosic residues of Adansonia kilima (Baobab) wood chips (AKTW) using two-step semi-carbonization and subsequent pyrolysis using microwave-induced heating (MWP) in the presence of a mild activating agent of K2CO3. The influence of process input variables of microwave power (x1), residence time (y1), and amount of K2CO3 (z1) were analysed to yield superior quality carbon having maximum removal efficiencies (R1) for lead (II) cations from waste effluents, fixed carbon percentages (R2), and carbon yield percentages (R3). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to develop relevant mathematical models, with an appropriate statistical assessment of errors. Level factorial response surface methodology (RSM) relying on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was implemented for the experimental design. The surface area and porous texture of the samples were determined using Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) adsorption/desorption curves based on the N2 isotherm. Surface morphological structure was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to observe the thermal stability of the sample. Change in the carbon content of the samples was determined using ultimate analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to observe the crystalline and amorphous texture of the samples. The retention of a higher proportion of fixed carbon (80.01%) ensures that the synthesized adsorbent (AKTWAC) will have a greater adsorption capacity while avoiding unwanted catalytic activity for our synthesized final sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhana Sellamuthu
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Zaira Zaman Chowdhury
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Khalisanni Khalid
- Malaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Shahjalal Mohd. Shibly
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Md Mahfujur Rahman
- Institute of Halal Management, Islamic Business School, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah 06010, Malaysia
| | - Masud Rana
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Irfan Anjum Badruddin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - H. M. T. Khaleed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University, Madinah Munawwarra 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Kamangar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Rafie Bin Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Mohamed Hussein
- Department of Chiemistry, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajita Mitra
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Abu Nasser Faisal
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (A.M.); (A.N.F.)
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10
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Tüfekçi S, Özkal SG. The Optimization of Hybrid (Microwave-Conventional) Drying of Sweet Potato Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Foods 2023; 12:3003. [PMID: 37628002 PMCID: PMC10453211 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid microwave-hot air (MW-HA) drying of sweet potatoes was optimized using a face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) with response surface methodology through the desirability function. The independent variables were drying temperature (50-70 °C) and microwave power (0-180 W), while the investigated responses were the drying time (Dt), the rehydration ratio (RR), the water-holding capacity (WHC), the antioxidant activity change (AA-PC), the total phenolic content change (TPC-PC), and the beta-carotene content change (BC-PC). The main criteria for the optimization of hybrid drying of sweet potatoes was to produce dried potatoes in the shortest drying time with a maximum RR and WHC and with minimum bioactive content (AA, TPC, and BC) loss. The optimum conditions were found to be a drying temperature of 54.36 °C with a microwave power of 101.97 W. At this optimum point, the Dt, RR, WHC, AA-PC, TPC-PC, and BC-PC were 61.76 min, 3.29, 36.56, 31.03%, -30.50%, and -79.64%, respectively. The results of this study provide new information about the effect of the hybrid drying method (MW-HA) on the rehydration ability and bioactive compounds of sweet potatoes, as well as the optimum values of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Tüfekçi
- Department of Food Processing, Vocational School of Acıpayam, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20800, Türkiye;
| | - Sami Gökhan Özkal
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20160, Türkiye
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11
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Qronfla MM, Jamoussi B, Chakroun R, Al-Mur BA, Halawani RF, Aloufi FA. Synthesis of a New Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and Optimisation of Phenylglyoxylic Acid Extraction from Human Urine Samples Using a Central Composite Design within the Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3279. [PMID: 37571173 PMCID: PMC10422317 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Styrene, a chemical widely used in various industries, undergoes metabolic breakdown in the human body, resulting in the production of phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA). A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesised for selective extraction and enrichment of PGA in urine samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. The MIP employed in this research was a 4-vinylpyridine molecularly imprinted polymer (4-VPMIP) prepared via mass polymerisation using a noncovalent method. The structural and morphological characteristics of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The efficiency of the molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) process was optimised by investigating critical variables such as sample pH, sorbent mass, sample flow rate, and volume of the elution solvent. A central composite design (CCD) within the response surface methodology was utilised to develop separate models for the adsorption and desorption steps. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the excellent fit of the experimental data to the proposed response models. Under the optimised conditions, the molecularly imprinted polymers exhibited a higher degree of selectivity and affinity for PGA, with a relative selectivity coefficient (α) of 2.79 against hippuric acid. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for PGA were determined to be 0.5 mg/L and 1.6 mg/L, respectively. The recoveries of PGA ranged from 97.32% to 99.06%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 4.6%. Furthermore, MIP(4VP)SPE demonstrated the potential for recycling up to three times without significant loss in analyte recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bassem Jamoussi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.Q.); (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.)
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12
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Pournamdari E, Niknam L, Davoudi S, Khazali F. Response surface methodology, and artificial neural network model for removal of textile dye Reactive Yellow 105 from wastewater using Zeolitic Imidazolate-67 modified by Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles. Int J Phytoremediation 2023; 26:98-113. [PMID: 37390844 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2226217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of Zeolitic Imidazolate-67, Modified by Fe3O4 Nanoparticles, was studied for removing textile dye Reactive yellow 105 from wastewater by adsorption method using response surface methodology (RSM). For the adsorption characterization of the adsorbent used in HE-4G dye adsorption, BET, FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses were performed. The impacts of variables, including initial HE-4G dye concentration (X1), pH (X2), adsorbent dosage (X3), and sonication time (X4), the highest removal efficiency as 98%, 10 mg/L initial concentration, pH 6, 0.025 g adsorbent dosage, and 6.0 min time respectively. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data it, that data were for the Langmuir isotherm, pseudo-second-order kinetics, and maximum adsorption capacity (105.0 mg/g), respectively. Thermodynamic parameters indicated HE-4G dye adsorption is feasible, spontaneous and exothermic. Promising treatment capabilities of the ZIF-67-Fe3O4NPs have been during the comparative adsorption removal of HE-4G dye from DI water against spiked natural water samples and synthetic Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ solutions. The observed outcome is the suitability of the artificial neural network model as a tool for mean square error, (MSEANN = 0.53, and R2 = 0.9926) for removing HE-4G dye. Results that ZIF-67-Fe3O4NPs, like being recyclable, and cost-efficient made it a promising absorbent for wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Pournamdari
- Department of Chemistry, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Leila Niknam
- Department of Chemistry, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Davoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran
| | - Fereydoon Khazali
- Department of Chemistry, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran
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13
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Wang X, Wei Z, Hu P, Xia W, Liao Z, Assani I, Yang G, Pan Y. Optimization of Neferine Purification Based on Response Surface Methodology and Its Anti-Metastasis Mechanism on HepG2 Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:5086. [PMID: 37446748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer continues to be a focus of scientific research due to its low five-year survival rate. One of its main core issues is the high metastasis of cells, for which there is no effective treatment. Neferine was originally isolated from Plumula nelumbinis and demonstrated to have a good antitumor effect. In order to extract high-purity Neferine in a more efficient and environmentally friendly manner, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the isolation and purification procedures in this study. The extract conditions of a 7:3 ratio for the eluent of dichloromethane: methanol, 1:60 for the mass ratio of the extract amount: silica gel, and 3 mL/min of the elution flow rate were shown to be the optimal conditions. These conditions resulted in the highest yield of 6.13 mg per 66.60 mg of starting material, with productivity of 8.76% and purity of 87.04%. Compared with the previous methods, this method can prepare Neferine in large quantities more quickly. We subsequently evaluated the antitumor activity of the purified Neferine against HepG2 hepatic cancer cells. The purified Neferine was found to inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells through the CCK-8 assay, with an IC50 of 33.80 μM in 24 h, 29.47 μM in 48 h, 24.35 μM in 72 h and 2.78 μM in 96 h of treatment. Neferine at a concentration of 3 μM could significantly inhibit the migration and invasion abilities of the HepG2 cells in vitro. We also explored the mechanism of action of Neferine via Western blot. We showed that Neferine could reduce RhoA expression by effectively inhibiting the phosphorylation of MYPT1, thereby effectively exerting anti-metastasis activity against HepG2 cells. Thus, we have optimized the isolation procedures for highly pure Neferine by response surface methodology (RSM) in this study, and purified Neferine is shown to play an essential role in the anti-metastasis process of liver cancer cells. The Neferine purification procedure may make a wide contribution to the follow-up development of other anti-metastasis lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenhuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Po Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weibo Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhixin Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Israa Assani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Guangming Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
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Ruby-Figueroa R, Morelli R, Conidi C, Cassano A. Red Fruit Juice Concentration by Osmotic Distillation: Optimization of Operating Conditions by Response Surface Methodology. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:membranes13050496. [PMID: 37233557 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic distillation (OD) was implemented at laboratory scale to concentrate a red fruit juice produced from a blend of blood orange, prickly pear, and pomegranate juice. The raw juice was clarified by microfiltration and then concentrated by using an OD plant equipped with a hollow fiber membrane contactor. The clarified juice was recirculated on the shell side of the membrane module, while calcium chloride dehydrate solutions, used as extraction brine, were recirculated on the lumen side in a counter-current mode. The influence of different process parameters, such as brine concentration (20, 40, and 60% w/w), juice flow rate (0.3, 2.0, and 3.7 L min-1), and brine flow rate (0.3, 2.0, and 3.7 L min-1) on the performance of the OD process in terms of evaporation flux and increase in juice concentration, was investigated according to the response surface methodology (RSM). From the regression analysis, the evaporation flux and juice concentration rate were expressed with quadratic equations of juice and brine flow rates, as well as the brine concentration. The desirability function approach was applied to analyse the regression model equations in order to maximize the evaporation flux and juice concentration rate. The optimal operating conditions were found to be 3.32 L min-1 brine flow rate, 3.32 L min-1 juice flow rate, and an initial brine concentration of 60% w/w. Under these conditions, the average evaporation flux and the increase in the soluble solid content of the juice resulted in 0.41 kg m-2 h-1 and 12.0 °Brix, respectively. Experimental data on evaporation flux and juice concentration, obtained in optimized operating conditions, resulted in good agreement with the predicted values of the regression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Ruby-Figueroa
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile
| | - Rosanna Morelli
- Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via Pietro Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Carmela Conidi
- Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via Pietro Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cassano
- Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via Pietro Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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Obluchinskaya ED, Pozharitskaya ON, Shevyrin VA, Kovaleva EG, Flisyuk EV, Shikov AN. Optimization of Extraction of Phlorotannins from the Arctic Fucus vesiculosus Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their HPLC Profiling with Tandem High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:263. [PMID: 37233457 PMCID: PMC10223229 DOI: 10.3390/md21050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlorotannins are secondary metabolites produced mainly by brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) and belong to the class of polyphenolic compounds with diverse bioactivities. The key factors in the extraction of polyphenols are the selection of a suitable solvent, method of extraction and selection of optimal conditions. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is one of the advanced energy-saving methods suitable for the extraction of labile compounds. Methanol, acetone, ethanol and ethyl acetate are the most commonly used solvents for polyphenol extraction. As alternatives to toxic organic solvents, a new class of green solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), has been proposed for the efficient extraction of a wide range of natural compounds including polyphenols. Several NADES were screened previously for the extraction of phlorotannins; however, the extraction conditions were not optimized and chemical profiling of NADES extract was not performed. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of selected extraction parameters on the phlorotannin content in NADES extract from Fucus vesiculosus, optimization of extraction conditions and chemical profiling of phlorotannins in the NADES extract. A fast and green NADES-UAE procedure was developed for the extraction of phlorotannins. Optimization was performed through an experimental design and showed that NADES (lactic acid:choline chloride; 3:1) provides a high yield (137.3 mg phloroglucinol equivalents per g dry weight of algae) of phlorotannins under the following extraction conditions: extraction time 23 min, 30.0% water concentration and 1:12 sample to solvent ratio. The antioxidant activity of the optimized NADES extract was equal to that of EtOH extract. In total, 32 phlorotannins have been identified (one trimer, two tetramers, six pentamers, four hexamers, six heptamers, six octamers and seven nonamers) in NADES extracts from arctic F. vesiculosus using the HPLC-HRMS and MS/MS technique. It was noted that all the above-mentioned phlorotannins were identified in both EtOH and NADES extracts. Our results suggest that NADES could be considered as an alternative to the conventional techniques for the effective extraction of phlorotannins from F. vesiculosus with high antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya
- Research Group of Biochemistry and Technology of Hydrobionts of Algae and Invertebrates, Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI RAS), 17 Vladimirskaya Str., 183010 Murmansk, Russia; (E.D.O.); (O.N.P.)
| | - Olga N. Pozharitskaya
- Research Group of Biochemistry and Technology of Hydrobionts of Algae and Invertebrates, Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI RAS), 17 Vladimirskaya Str., 183010 Murmansk, Russia; (E.D.O.); (O.N.P.)
| | - Vadim A. Shevyrin
- Scientific, Educational and Innovation Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin (UrFU), 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (V.A.S.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Elena G. Kovaleva
- Scientific, Educational and Innovation Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin (UrFU), 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (V.A.S.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Elena V. Flisyuk
- Department of Technology of Pharmaceutical Formulations, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 14a Prof. Popov Str., 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Shikov
- Research Group of Biochemistry and Technology of Hydrobionts of Algae and Invertebrates, Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI RAS), 17 Vladimirskaya Str., 183010 Murmansk, Russia; (E.D.O.); (O.N.P.)
- Department of Technology of Pharmaceutical Formulations, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 14a Prof. Popov Str., 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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16
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Ismail UM, Onaizi SA, Vohra MS. Aqueous Pb(II) Removal Using ZIF-60: Adsorption Studies, Response Surface Methodology and Machine Learning Predictions. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1402. [PMID: 37110986 PMCID: PMC10141474 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are increasingly gaining attention in many application fields due to their outstanding porosity and thermal stability, among other exceptional characteristics. However, in the domain of water purification via adsorption, scientists have mainly focused on ZIF-8 and, to a lesser extent, ZIF-67. The performance of other ZIFs as water decontaminants is yet to be explored. Hence, this study applied ZIF-60 for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions; this is the first time ZIF-60 has been used in any water treatment adsorption study. The synthesized ZIF-60 was subjected to characterization using FTIR, XRD and TGA. A multivariate approach was used to investigate the effect of adsorption parameters on lead removal and the findings revealed that ZIF-60 dose and lead concentration are the most significant factors affecting the response (i.e., lead removal efficiency). Further, response surface methodology-based regression models were generated. To further explore the adsorption performance of ZIF-60 in removing lead from contaminated water samples, adsorption kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic investigations were conducted. The findings revealed that the obtained data were well-fitted by the Avrami and pseudo-first-order kinetic models, suggesting that the process is complex. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was predicted to be 1905 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies revealed an endothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. Finally, the experimental data were aggregated and used for machine learning predictions using several algorithms. The model generated by the random forest algorithm proved to be the most effective on the basis of its significant correlation coefficient and minimal root mean square error (RMSE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman M. Ismail
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sagheer A. Onaizi
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad S. Vohra
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Gürtekin E. Optimization of synthetic domestic wastewater treatment performance in anoxic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor with zeolite addition. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2023; 58:525-537. [PMID: 37073446 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2199655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, treatment performance was investigated based on chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) parameters in a zeolite-added anoxic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to model treatment performance, determine the impact of operating conditions, and optimize them. The effect of zeolite size, dosage and COD/NH4+-N (C/N) ratio as operating parameters were evaluated in the central composite design (CCD). Variance analysis (ANOVA) results of the quadratic model, high coefficients of determination and low values of the root mean square error (RMSE) for dependent variables indicated the validity of the model in predicting experimental results. The desirability function showed that optimum conditions were 0.80 mm for zeolite size, 3.05 g/L for zeolite dosage and 9.8 for C/N. Under these conditions, the maximum COD, NH4+-N, TIN removal efficiencies and SND efficiency were 92.85%, 93.3%, 77.33% and 82.96%, respectively. The results of the study showed that the most effective independent variable on dependent variables was the C/N ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Gürtekin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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18
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Al-Rajabi MM, Teow YH. Temperature-Responsive Hydrogel for Silver Sulfadiazine Drug Delivery: Optimized Design and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040329. [PMID: 37102941 PMCID: PMC10137830 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimise a temperature-responsive hydrogel formulation synthesised via the direct incorporation of biocellulose, which was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) using the PF127 method. The optimised temperature-responsive hydrogel formulation was found to contain 3.000 w/v% biocellulose percentage and 19.047 w/v% PF127 percentage. The optimised temperature-responsive hydrogel provided excellent LCST near to the human body surface temperature, with high mechanical strength, drug release duration, and inhibition zone diameter against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity testing against human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the optimised formula. It was found that silver sulfadiazine (SSD)-loaded temperature-responsive hydrogel can be used as a safe replacement for the commercial SSD cream with no toxic effect on HaCaT cells. Last, but not least, in vivo (animal) dermal testing-both dermal sensitization and animal irritation-were conducted to evaluate the safety and biocompatibility of the optimised formula. No sensitization effects were detected on the skin applied with SSD-loaded temperature-responsive hydrogel indicating no irritant response for topical application. Therefore, the temperature-responsive hydrogel produced from OPEFB is ready for the next stage of commercialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Mohammad Al-Rajabi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yeit Haan Teow
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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19
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Wang J, Cheng S, Liu N, Lu N, Shang K, Jiang N, Li J, Wu Y. Degradation of toluene by tube-tube coaxial dielectric barrier discharge: power characteristics and power factor optimization. Environ Technol 2023; 44:897-910. [PMID: 34612791 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1987531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the power characteristics and power factor optimization were investigated in a coaxial tube-tube dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The effects of several parameters, including discharge voltage, discharge length, discharge frequency and gas flow rate on discharge power and power factor have been evaluated. The experiment results showed that higher discharge power can be obtained by increasing the discharge voltage, discharge frequency and electrode length. But for the power factor, with the increase of discharge frequency, the power factor increased firstly and then decreased. Moreover, with the discharge length increased, the discharge frequency when the power factor reached the maximum value reduced. The response surface method (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to optimize the power factor, and their results were relatively consistent. The result of the ANN showed that when discharge voltage was 9.58 kV, discharge frequency was 8.69 kHz, discharge length was 15.8 cm, and gas flow rate was 1.5 L/min, the power factor reached the maximum value of 0.362. The degradation experiment of toluene was carried out in the reactor and its degradation effect was analyzed. The toluene degradation rate is positively correlated with the power factor, and the discharge voltage, gas flow rate and initial concentration are also the key parameters to determine the degradation of toluene. When the discharge voltage, gas flow rate, and initial concentration are 10 kV, 70 mL/min, and 50 ppm, respectively, the power factor and toluene degradation rate reach 0.34 and 74.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiye Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefeng Shang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Tahir H, Saad M, Attala OA, El-Saoud WA, Attia KA, Jabeen S, Zeb J. Sustainable Synthesis of Iron-Zinc Nanocomposites by Azadirachta indica Leaves Extract for RSM-Optimized Sono-Adsorptive Removal of Crystal Violet Dye. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16031023. [PMID: 36770029 PMCID: PMC9918168 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has exacerbated the availability of clean water to mankind. In this study, Azadirachta indica leaf extract was used for sustainable synthesis of Fe-Zn nanocomposites (IZNC). The instrumental techniques of Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the structural and chemical composition. The overall surface was mildly acidic in nature, as the pHPZC was observed to be 6.00. The ultrasonicated adsorption experiments were designed by central composite design (CCD). The best responses, which proposed a contaminants removal of 80.39%, were assessed using the response surface methodology (RSM). By repeating experimental runs at the expected optimum operating parameters (OOP), the method was experimentally affirmed with the %mean error and %RSD9 being 2.695% and 1.648%, respectively. The interaction of CV dye and the nanocomposite showed tremendous adsorption efficiency towards crystal violet (CV) dye, as revealed by isotherm studies. Fitting kinetics and isotherm models were affirmed by root mean square error (RMSE), χ2, and a Pearson regression coefficient. Thermodynamic studies proved spontaneity of the CV dye adsorption over the nanocomposites. The values for ΔGo, ΔHo, and ΔSo were observed to be -1.089 kJ/mol, 28.59 kJ/mol, and -3.546 kJ/mol, respectively. Recovery of CV dye was carried out in a variety of media, including NaOH, NaCl, and CH3COOH. The maximum CV recovery was achieved in an acidic media. The robustness of adsorption was affirmed by the interference of various matrix ions, including KCl, LiCl, NaCl, and MgCl2, which did not significantly affect the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at a low concentration of LiCl. The results show that a green synthesis approach for nanocomposite synthesis might be an effective and economical way to remove organic contaminants from wastewater. Moreover, it is also effective for effluent treatment plants (ETP) for waste management purposes, in which it may be coupled with chlorine as a disinfectant to purify water that can be used for domestic and irrigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajira Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Osama A. Attala
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed A. El-Saoud
- Natural Hazards Research Unit, Department of Environmental and Health Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal A. Attia
- Biology Department, Al-Jammoum University College, Umm-Alqura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaista Jabeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Jahan Zeb
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Hosni S, Gani SSA, Orsat V, Hassan M, Abdullah S. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants from Melastoma malabathricum Linn.: Modeling and Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020487. [PMID: 36677546 PMCID: PMC9863510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study presents modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of Melastoma malabathricum with the objective of evaluating its phytochemical properties. This one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) procedure was conducted to screen for optimization variables whose domains included extraction temperature (XET), ultrasonic time (XUT), solvent concentration (XSC), and sample-to-liquid ratio (XSLR). Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to establish optimum conditions for maximum antioxidant extraction. Modeling and optimization conditions of UAE at 37 kHz, XET 32 °C for XUT 16 min and dissolved in an XSC 70% ethanol concentration at a XSLR 1:10 ratio yielded scavenging effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) at 96% ± 1.48 and recorded values of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) at 803.456 ± 32.48 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g, and 102.972 ± 2.51 mg QE (quercetin equivalents)/g, respectively. The presence of high flavonoid compounds was verified using TWIMS-QTOFMS. Chromatic evaluation of phytochemicals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of 14 phytocompounds widely documented to play significant roles in human health. This study provides a comparative evaluation with other studies and may be used for validation of the species' potential for its much-acclaimed medicinal and cosmeceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzziyana Hosni
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Salwa Abd Gani
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Biosceince, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Valérie Orsat
- Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC 21111, Canada
| | - Masriana Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sumaiyah Abdullah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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22
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Trawczyńska I, Kwiatkowska-Marks S. Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of the Biosorption Process from Copper-Containing Wastewater. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36615635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper-containing wastewater is a significant problem in the water industry. In this work, biosorption of copper ions on alginate beads have been considered as a promising solution. The effective diffusion coefficient De is the parameter describing the diffusion of copper ions in calcium alginate granules. Granules with a wide spectrum of alginate content from several to several dozen percent (0.6-20%) were tested. The granules with an alginate content of 20% were produced by a new method. The conductometric method was used to determine De. The study determined the De values depending on the process parameters (temperature and pH of copper solutions) and the alginate content in the granules. The RSM method was used to analyze the obtained results. The conducted research proved that all analyzed factors significantly affect the value of the diffusion coefficient (R2 = 0.98). The optimum operating conditions for biosorption of copper ions from CuCl2 salt, on alginate beads obtained by RSM were as follows: 0.57% of alginate content in the granules, temperature of 60.2 °C, and pH of 2. The maximum value of De was found to be 2.42·10-9 m2/s.
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23
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Zhang X, Du L, Jin W. Screening and Optimization of Conditions for the Adsorption of Cd 2+ in Serpentine by Using Response Surface Methodology. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16848. [PMID: 36554733 PMCID: PMC9779493 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the optimal conditions for the adsorption of Cd2+ in serpentine, this paper studied the adsorption of simulated cadmium solutions with serpentine as an adsorbent. On the basis of a single factor experiment, four factors including the amount of serpentine, initial pH, the initial concentration of solutions, and adsorption time were selected as the influencing factors, and the adsorption quantity and adsorption rate of serpentine to Cd2+ were double response values using the Box-Behnken design. Response surface analyses were used to study the effects of four factors on the adsorption quantity and adsorption rate of serpentine on cadmium, and the interaction between various factors. The results showed that the optimum adsorption conditions were as follows: the amount of serpentine was 1%, the initial pH was 5.5, the initial solution concentration was 40.83 mg·L-1, and the adsorption time was 26.78 h. Under these conditions, the theoretical adsorption quantity and adsorption rate of serpentine to Cd2+ were 3.99 mg·g-1 and 95.24%, respectively. At the same time, after three repeated experiments, the actual adsorption quantity and adsorption rate of serpentine to Cd2+ were 3.91 mg·g-1 and 94.68%, respectively, and the theoretical value was similar to the actual value. Therefore, it was proved that the experimental design of the regression model is reliable, and it is feasible to use the response surface method to optimize the adsorption conditions of serpentine on Cd2+.
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24
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Mhemid RKS, Salman MS, Mohammed NA. Comparing the efficiency of N-doped TiO 2 and commercial TiO 2 as photo catalysts for amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin photo-degradation under solar irradiation. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2022; 57:813-829. [PMID: 36073063 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2117960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have gained traction as alternative solutions for eliminating pollutants from pharmaceutical wastewater for reuse. In this research, the performance of two photo-catalysts (Commercial TiO2 and synthesis N-doped TiO2) were compared in terms of the degradation of amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin from an aqueous solution using a photo-catalytic batch system under solar irradiation. The influence of five operating factors is: pH (5-11), H2O2 concentrations (200-600) mg/L, catalyst concentrations (25-100 mg/L), Antibiotic concentration (25-100) mg/L and reaction time (30-120 min), on the oxidation of the listed above pollutants were investigated using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The catalyst of N-doping TiO2 was synthesized by sol-gel method, using the urea (CH4N2O) as a nitrogen source. The resulting material was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, it can be observed from the analysis of the characteristics of N-doped TiO2 the homogenous dispersion of nitrogen molecules, small particle sizes, and energy-gap reduction, prompting a 6% increase in antibiotic degradation compared with Com. TiO2. In the RSM analysis, the ideal conditions were found to be a pH of 5, H2O2 conc. of 400 mg/L, catalyst conc. of 50 mg, and antibiotics conc. of 25 mg/L for an antibiotics reduction rate of 89.31% (AMOX/Com. TiO2/Solar), 90.2 (CFX/Com. TiO2/Solar), 95.8% (AMOX/N-TiO2/Solar) and 97.3% (CFX/N-TiO2/Solar). Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions because the predicted R2 matched well with the adjusted R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Khalid Sabri Mhemid
- Department of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | | | - Noor A Mohammed
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Emam MF, El-Ashmawy AA, Mursi NM, Emara LH. Optimization of Meloxicam Solid Dispersion Formulations for Dissolution Enhancement and Storage Stability Using 3 3 Full Factorial Design Based on Response Surface Methodology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:248. [PMID: 36056201 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to formulate and optimize solid-dispersion of meloxicam (MX) employing response-surface-methodology (RSM). RSM allowed identification of the main effects and interactions between studied factors on MX dissolution and acceleration of the optimization process. 33 full factorial design with 27 different formulations was proposed. Effects of drug loading percentage (A), carriers' ratio (B), method of preparation (C), and their interactions on percent MX dissolved after 10 and 30 min (Q10min & Q30min) from fresh and stored samples were studied in distilled water. The considered levels were 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% (factor A), three ratios of Soluplus®/Poloxamer-407 (factor B). Physical mixture (PM), fusion method (FM), and hot-melt-extrusion (HME) were considered factor (C). Stability studies were carried out for 3 months under stress conditions. The proposed optimization design was validated by 3-extra checkpoints formulations. The optimized formulation was selected via numerical optimization and investigated by DSC, XRD, PLM, and in vitro dissolution study. Results showed that HME technique gave the highest MX dissolution rate compared to other techniques (FM & PM). At constant level of factor (C), the amount of MX dissolved increased by decreasing MX loading and increasing Soluplus in carriers' ratio. Actual responses of the optimized formulation were in close consistency with predicted data. Amorphous form of MX in the optimized formulation was proved by DSC, XRD, and PLM. Selected factors and their levels of the optimization design were significantly valuable for demonstrating and adapting the expected formulation characteristics for rapid dissolution of MX (Q10min= 89.09%) from fresh and stored samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha F Emam
- Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 10014618), 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A El-Ashmawy
- Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 10014618), 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Mursi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Laila H Emara
- Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 10014618), 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, Egypt
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26
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Luan G, Yang M, Nan X, Lv H, Liu Q, Wang Y, Li Y. Optimization and Comparative Study of Different Extraction Methods of Sixteen Fatty Acids of Potentilla anserina L. from Twelve Different Producing Areas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Molecules 2022; 27:5443. [PMID: 36080209 PMCID: PMC9457940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were applied to explore the most suitable extraction method for fatty acids of Potentilla anseris L. from 12 different producing areas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, the important experimental parameters that influence the extraction process were investigated and optimized via a Box-Behnken design (BBD) for response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimal extraction conditions, 16 fatty acids of Potentilla anserina L. were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, using 2-(4-amino)-phenyl-1-hydrogen-phenanthrene [9,10-d] imidazole as the fluorescence reagent. The results showed that the amounts of total fatty acids in sample 6 by applying SFE, UAE, and MAE were, respectively, 16.58 ± 0.14 mg/g, 18.11 ± 0.13 mg/g, and 15.09 ± 0.11 mg/g. As an environmental protection technology, SFE removed higher amounts of fatty acids than did MAE, but lower amounts of fatty acids than did UAE. In addition, the contents of the 16 fatty acids of Potentilla anserina L. from the 12 different producing areas Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were significantly different. The differences were closely related to local altitudes and to climatic factors that corresponded to different altitudes (e.g., annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation, annual evaporation, annual sunshine duration, annual solar radiation.). The temperature indices, photosynthetic radiation, ultraviolet radiation, soil factors, and other factors were different due to the different altitudes in the growing areas of Potentilla anserina L., which resulted in different nutrient contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxiang Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xingmei Nan
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Huiling Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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27
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Boakye PG, Okyere AY, Kougblenou I, Kowalski R, Ismail BP, Annor GA. Optimizing the extrusion conditions for the production of expanded intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) products. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3496-3512. [PMID: 35781707 PMCID: PMC9541489 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In this study, the effects of extrusion conditions such as feed moisture content (20%, 24%, and 28%), screw speed (200, 300, and 400 rpm), and extrusion temperature (130, 150, and 170°C) on the physical and functional properties (moisture content, expansion ratio, bulk density, hardness, water absorption index [WAI], water solubility index [WSI]) of intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) were investigated for the first time. Response surface methodology was used to model and optimize the extrusion conditions to produce expanded IWG. The model coefficient of determination (R2) was high for all the responses (0.87–0.98). All the models were found to be significant (p < 0.05) and were validated with independent experiments. Generally, all the extrusion conditions were found to have significant effects on the IWG properties measured. Increasing the screw speed and decreasing the extrusion temperature resulted in IWG extrudates with a high expansion ratio. This also resulted in IWG extrudates with generally low hardness and bulk density. Screw speed was found to have the most significant effect on the WAI and WSI, with increasing screw speed resulting in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in WAI and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in WSI. The optimum conditions for obtaining an IWG extrudate with a high expansion ratio and WAI were found to be 20% feed moisture, 200 –356 rpm screw speed, and 130–154°C extrusion temperature. Practical Application Extrusion cooking was employed in the production of expanded IWG. This research could provide a foundation to produce expanded IWG, which can potentially be used as breakfast cereals and snacks. This is critical in the efforts to commercialize IWG for mainstream food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince G Boakye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Akua Y Okyere
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ibilola Kougblenou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan Kowalski
- CW Brabender Instruments Inc, South Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Baraem P Ismail
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - George A Annor
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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28
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Appana PM, Mohammed BS, Abdulkadir I, Ali MOA, Liew MS. Mechanical, Microstructural and Drying Shrinkage Properties of NaOH-Pretreated Crumb Rubber Concrete: RSM-Based Modeling and Optimization. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:2588. [PMID: 35407920 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary causes of the low mechanical properties of rubberized concrete is the weak bond between crumb rubber (CR) and hardened cement paste. Many CR pretreatment techniques have been researched in an attempt to mitigate this problem. The NaOH pretreatment method is one of the most widely used, although the reported results are inconsistent due to the absence of standardized NaOH pretreatment concentrations and CR replacement levels. This study aims to develop models for predicting the mechanical and shrinkage properties of NaOH-pretreated CR concrete (NaOH-CRC) and conduct multi-objective optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM generated experimental runs using three levels (0, 5, and 10%) of both NaOH pretreatment concentration and the CR replacement level of fine aggregate by volume as the input factors. At 28 days, the concrete’s compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths (CS, FS, and TS), as well as its drying shrinkage (S), were evaluated as the responses. The results revealed that higher CR replacements led to lower mechanical strengths and higher shrinkage. However, the strength loss and the shrinkage significantly reduced by 22%, 44%, 43%, and 60% for CS, FS, TS, and S, respectively, after the pretreatment. Using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), the microstructural investigation indicated a significantly reduced interfacial transition zone (ITZ) with increasing NaOH pretreatment. The developed RSM models were evaluated using ANOVA and found to have high R2 values ranging from 78.7% to 98%. The optimization produced NaOH and CR levels of 10% and 2%, respectively, with high desirability of 71.4%.
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29
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Kalvandi S, Garousin H, Pourbabaee AA, Alikhani HA. Formulation of a Culture Medium to Optimize the Production of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant by a New Isolate of Bacillus sp.: A Soil Heavy Metal Mitigation Approach. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:785985. [PMID: 35387088 PMCID: PMC8979173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.785985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to optimize a lipopeptide biosurfactant produced from Bacillus sp. SHA302 due to its high efficiency of heavy metal release in soil. The results demonstrated that the metal release capacity of the lipopeptide biosurfactant alone increased with increasing the biosurfactant concentration. Among treatments with different biosurfactant concentrations plus acid, the highest metal release rates of 53.8% ± 1.4 and 39.3% ± 1.7 for Zn and Pb, respectively, were observed in the critical micelle concentration (CMC) + HCl treatment. The results of a factorial experiment designed for optimizing biosurfactant production showed that among five inexpensive carbon sources and six mineral nitrogen sources, sugar beet molasses (1%) and ammonium chloride (0.1%) were the most efficient sources in lowering the surface tension (ST) of the culture media to 32.2 ± 0.76 mN/m. The second step of the experiment was a Plackett-Burman design with 11 factors and showed that the four factors of pH, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and molasses significantly affected (P < 0.05) the changes in ST and biosurfactant production. The third step of the experiment was done using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design. The results showed that a pH of 7.3, 1.5 g/l of ammonium chloride, 0.3 g/l of magnesium sulfate, and 10% of sugar beet molasses yielded values of 29.2 ± 0.71 mN/m and 5.74 ± 0.52 g/l for the two variables of ST and biosurfactant production, respectively, which reached their most optimal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmad Ali Pourbabaee
- Biology and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Soil Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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30
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Irfan M, Waqas S, Arshad U, Khan JA, Legutko S, Kruszelnicka I, Ginter-Kramarczyk D, Rahman S, Skrzypczak A. Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network Modelling of Membrane Rotating Biological Contactors for Wastewater Treatment. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:1932. [PMID: 35269163 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling is a major hindrance to widespread wastewater treatment applications. This study optimizes operating parameters in membrane rotating biological contactors (MRBC) for maximized membrane fouling through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). MRBC is an integrated system, embracing membrane filtration and conventional rotating biological contactor in one individual bioreactor. The filtration performance was optimized by exploiting the three parameters of disk rotational speed, membrane-to-disk gap, and organic loading rate. The results showed that both the RSM and ANN models were in good agreement with the experimental data and the modelled equation. The overall R2 value was 0.9982 for the proposed network using ANN, higher than the RSM value (0.9762). The RSM model demonstrated the optimum operating parameter values of a 44 rpm disk rotational speed, a 1.07 membrane-to-disk gap, and a 10.2 g COD/m2 d organic loading rate. The optimization of process parameters can eliminate unnecessary steps and automate steps in the process to save time, reduce errors and avoid duplicate work. This work demonstrates the effective use of statistical modeling to enhance MRBC system performance to obtain a sustainable and energy-efficient treatment process to prevent human health and the environment.
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He S, Wang X, Chen J, Li X, Gu W, Zhang F, Cao G, Yu J. Optimization of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Technology of Steroidal Saponins from Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl and Evaluating Its Quality Planted in Different Areas. Molecules 2022; 27:1463. [PMID: 35268565 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl is one of the famous traditional Chinese herbs with satisfactory therapeutic effects on invigorating Qi, nourishing Yin and moistening lungs, in which steroidal saponins are one class of important active substances. The main purpose is to determine the optimal extraction technology of steroidal saponins and evaluate the quality of P. kingianum planted in five different areas. The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technology was established by using single-factor experiments and the response surface methodology (RSM), and the determination method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for dioscin and diosgenin, two primary types of acid-hydrolyzed steroidal saponins, was constructed with good linear range and precision. The results showed that UAE was an efficient extraction method for steroidal saponins, and the extraction yield was significantly affected by the liquid-solid ratio. The optimal extraction technology was generated following a liquid-solid ratio of 10:1 (mL/g), an ethanol concentration of 85% (v/v), an extraction time of 75 min, an extraction temperature of 50 °C and three extractions, of which these parameters were in line with the predicted values calculated by RSM. Considering only dioscin and diosgenin, the quality of P. kingianum planted at five sample plots presented non-significant difference. However, the content of diosgenin in Pingbian Prefecture (PB) was higher than that of the other four areas with a value of 0.46 mg/g. Taken together, the optimal UAE technology for P. kingianum steroidal saponins was determined via RSM. The quality evaluation revealed that there was a non-significant difference among P. kingianum planted in different areas based on the contents of the sum of dioscin and diosgenin. This work has important reference value for the exploitation and utilization of P. kingianum.
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Rahim NI, Mohammed BS, Abdulkadir I, Dahim M. Effect of Crumb Rubber, Fly Ash, and Nanosilica on the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Response Surface Methodology. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15041501. [PMID: 35208049 PMCID: PMC8877931 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Producing high-strength self-compacting concrete (SCC) requires a low water-cement ratio (W/C). Hence, using a superplasticizer is necessary to attain the desired self-compacting properties at a fresh state. The use of low W/C results in very brittle concrete with a low deformation capacity. This research aims to investigate the influence of crumb rubber (CR), fly ash (FA), and nanosilica (NS) on SCC's workability and mechanical properties. Using response surface methodology (RSM), 20 mixes were developed containing different levels and proportions of FA (10-40% replacement of cement), CR (5-15% replacement of fine aggregate), and NS (0-4% addition) as the input variables. The workability was assessed through the slump flow, T500, L-box, and V-funnel tests following the guidelines of EFNARC 2005. The compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths were determined at 28 days and considered as the responses for the response surface methodology (RSM) analyses. The results revealed that the workability properties were increased with an increase in FA but decreased with CR replacement and the addition of NS. The pore-refining effect and pozzolanic reactivity of the FA and NS increased the strengths of the composite. Conversely, the strength is negatively affected by an increase in CR, however ductility and deformation capacity were significantly enhanced. Response surface models of the mechanical strengths were developed and validated using ANOVA and have high R2 values of 86-99%. The optimization result produced 36.38%, 4.08%, and 1.0% for the optimum FA, CR, and NS replacement levels at a desirability value of 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Izzati Rahim
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (N.I.R.); (I.A.)
| | - Bashar S. Mohammed
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (N.I.R.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isyaka Abdulkadir
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (N.I.R.); (I.A.)
- Civil Engineering Department, Bayero University, Kano 700241, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Dahim
- Civil Engineering Department, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
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Goyal KK, Sharma N, Dev Gupta R, Singh G, Rani D, Banga HK, Kumar R, Pimenov DY, Giasin K. A Soft Computing-Based Analysis of Cutting Rate and Recast Layer Thickness for AZ31 Alloy on WEDM Using RSM-MOPSO. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15020635. [PMID: 35057352 PMCID: PMC8781928 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, the AZ31 alloy is machined by wire-cut electric discharge machining (WEDM). The experiments were designed according to the Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The input process variables, namely servo feed (SF), pulse on-time (Ton), servo voltage (SV), and pulse off-time (Toff), were planned by BBD, and experiments were performed to investigate the cutting rate (CR) and recast layer thickness (RCL). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the influence of machining variables on response characteristics. The empirical models developed for CR and RCL were solved using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). Pareto optimal front is used for the collective optimization of CR and RCL. The optimal solution suggested by the hybrid approach of RSM-MOPSO is further verified using a confirmation test on the random setting indicated by the hybrid algorithm. It is found that the minimum RCL (6.34 µm) is obtained at SF: 1700; SV: 51 V; Toff: 10.5 µs; and Ton: 0.5 µs. However, maximum CR (3.18 m/min) is predicted at SF: 1900; SV: 40 V; Toff: 7 µs; and Ton: 0.9 µs. The error percentage of ±5.3% between the experimental results and predicted solutions confirms the suitability of the proposed hybrid approach for WEDM of AZ31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil K. Goyal
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144805, India;
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, India; (N.S.); (R.D.G.)
| | - Rahul Dev Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, India; (N.S.); (R.D.G.)
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Automobile Engineering, Amity Institute of Technology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India;
| | - Deepika Rani
- Department of Mathematics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144805, India;
| | - Harish Kumar Banga
- Fashion and Lifestyle Accessory Design Department, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Mumbai 410210, India;
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana 141006, India
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Danil Yurievich Pimenov
- Department of Automated Mechanical Engineering, South Ural State University, Lenin Prosp.76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia;
| | - Khaled Giasin
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (K.G.)
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Fuse K, Chaudhari R, Vora J, Patel VK, de Lacalle LNL. Multi-Response Optimization of Abrasive Waterjet Machining of Ti6Al4V Using Integrated Approach of Utilized Heat Transfer Search Algorithm and RSM. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7746. [PMID: 34947337 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Machining of Titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V) becomes more vital due to its essential role in biomedical, aerospace, and many other industries owing to the enhanced engineering properties. In the current study, a Box–Behnken design of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the performance of the abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) of Ti6Al4V. For process parameter optimization, a systematic strategy combining RSM and a heat-transfer search (HTS) algorithm was investigated. The nozzle traverse speed (Tv), abrasive mass flow rate (Af), and stand-off distance (Sd) were selected as AWJM variables, whereas the material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR), and kerf taper angle (θ) were considered as output responses. Statistical models were developed for the response, and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was executed for determining the robustness of responses. The single objective optimization result yielded a maximum MRR of 0.2304 g/min (at Tv of 250 mm/min, Af of 500 g/min, and Sd of 1.5 mm), a minimum SR of 2.99 µm, and a minimum θ of 1.72 (both responses at Tv of 150 mm/min, Af of 500 g/min, and Sd of 1.5 mm). A multi-objective HTS algorithm was implemented, and Pareto optimal points were produced. 3D and 2D plots were plotted using Pareto optimal points, which highlighted the non-dominant feasible solutions. The effectiveness of the suggested model was proved in predicting and optimizing the AWJM variables. The surface morphology of the machined surfaces was investigated using the scanning electron microscope. The confirmation test was performed using optimized cutting parameters to validate the results.
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Mohd Basri MS, Mustapha F, Mazlan N, Ishak MR. Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Binder: Compressive Strength, Optimize Composition, FTIR Spectroscopy, Microstructural, and Potential as Fire-Retardant Material. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4373. [PMID: 34960924 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Compressive strength is an important property in construction material, particularly for thermal insulation purposes. Although the insulation materials possess high fire-retardant characteristics, their mechanical properties are relatively poor. Moreover, research on the correlation between fire-retardant and compressive strength of rice husk ash (RHA)-based geopolymer binder (GB) is rather limited. In addition, previous studies on RHA-based GB used the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. In understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on the compressive strength, it was deemed necessary to employ statistical analysis and a regression coefficient model (mathematical model). The objective of the study is to determine the effect of different material behavior, namely brittle and ductile, on the compressive strength properties and the optimum material formulation that can satisfy both compressive strength and fire-retardant properties. The factors chosen for this study were the rice husk ash/activated alkaline solution (RHA/AA) ratio and the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration. Compressive strength and fire-retardant tests were conducted as part of the experiments, which were designed and analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructure of geopolymer samples was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that RHA/AA ratio was highly significant (p < 0.000) followed by NaOH concentration (p < 0.024). When the RHA/AA ratio was at 0.7 to 0.8 and the NaOH concentration was between 12 and 14 M, high compressive strength above 28 MPa was recorded. Optimum compressive strength of approximately 47 MPa was achieved when the RHA/AA ratio and NaOH concentration were 0.85 and 14 M, respectively. Brittle samples with low Si/Al ratio of 88.95 were high in compressive strength, which is 33.55 MPa, and showed a high degree of geopolymerization. Inversely, ductile samples showed low compressive strength and degree of geopolymerization. Water content within the geopolymer binder had a major effect on its fire-retardant properties. Semi-ductile GB showed the best fire-retardant properties, followed by semi-brittle and brittle GB. Using RHA as an aluminosilicate source has proven to be a promising alternative.
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Liu XS, Gao B, Dong ZD, Qiao ZA, Yan M, Han WW, Li WN, Han L. Chemical Compounds, Antioxidant Activities, and Inhibitory Activities Against Xanthine Oxidase of the Essential Oils From the Three Varieties of Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) Receptacles. Front Nutr 2021; 8:737157. [PMID: 34869517 PMCID: PMC8641733 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.737157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Essential oils of sunflower receptacles (SEOs) have antibacterial and antioxidant potential. However, the differences of biological activities from the different varieties of sunflowers have not been studied till now. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of chemical compounds, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase (XO) of SEOs from the three varieties of sunflowers including LD5009, SH363, and S606. Methods: SEOs were extracted by using the optimal extraction conditions selected by response surface methodology (RSM). Chemical compounds of SEOs were identified from the three varieties of sunflowers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities of SEOs were detected by 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and iron ion reduction ability. Inhibitory activities of SEOs against XO were measured by using UV spectrophotometer. XO inhibitors were selected from the main chemical compounds of SEOs by the high-throughput selections and molecular simulation docking. Results: The extraction yields of SEOs from LD5009, SH363, and S606 were 0.176, 0.319, and 0.580%, respectively. A total of 101 chemical compounds of SEOs were identified from the three varieties of sunflowers. In addition, the results of inhibitory activities against XO showed that SEOs can reduce uric acid significantly. Eupatoriochromene may be the most important chemical compounds of SEOs for reducing uric acid. The results of antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities against XO showed that SEOs of LD5009 had the strongest antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r > 0.95) showed that γ-terpinene, (E)-citral, and L-Bornyl acetate were highly correlated with the antioxidant activities and XO inhibitory ability. Conclusion: SEOs had antioxidant activities and XO inhibitory ability. It would provide more scientific information for utilization and selection of varieties of sunflowers, which would increase the food quality of sunflowers and incomes of farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Sheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Zhan-De Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi-An Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei-Wei Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Wan-Nan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
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Fuse K, Dalsaniya A, Modi D, Vora J, Pimenov DY, Giasin K, Prajapati P, Chaudhari R, Wojciechowski S. Integration of Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods for Wire Electric Discharge Machining of Titanium (Ti6Al4V) Alloy Using RSM. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7408. [PMID: 34885563 PMCID: PMC8658822 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys exhibit numerous uses in aerospace, automobile, biomedical and marine industries because of their enhanced mechanical properties. However, the machinability of titanium alloys can be cumbersome due to their lower density, high hardness, low thermal conductivity, and low elastic modulus. The wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process is an effective choice for machining titanium and its alloys due to its unique machining characteristics. The present work proposes multi-objective optimization of WEDM on Ti6Al4V alloy using a fuzzy integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. The use of MCDM has become an active area of research due to its proven ability to solve complex problems. The novelty of the present work is to use integrated fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal situation (TOPSIS) to optimize the WEDM process. The experiments were systematically conducted adapting the face-centered central composite design approach of response surface methodology. Three independent factors-pulse-on time (Ton), pulse-off time (Toff), and current-were chosen, each having three levels to monitor the process response in terms of cutting speed (VC), material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (SR). To assess the relevance and significance of the models, an analysis of variance was carried out. The optimal process parameters after integrating fuzzy AHP coupled with fuzzy TOPSIS approach found were Ton = 40 µs, Toff = 15 µs, and current = 2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Fuse
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Arrown Dalsaniya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Dhananj Modi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Jay Vora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Danil Yurievich Pimenov
- Department of Automated Mechanical Engineering, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia;
| | - Khaled Giasin
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK;
| | - Parth Prajapati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Rakesh Chaudhari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Szymon Wojciechowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Rico D, Peñas E, del Carmen García M, Rai DK, Martínez-Villaluenga C, Frias J, Martín-Diana AB. Development of Antioxidant and Nutritious Lentil ( Lens culinaris) Flour Using Controlled Optimized Germination as a Bioprocess. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122924. [PMID: 34945474 PMCID: PMC8700479 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Germination is an efficient and natural strategy that allows the modification of the nutritional value and the nutraceutical properties of seeds, enabling one to tailor the process according to its final use. This study aimed at optimization of germination conditions to produce novel lentil flours with improved nutritional and functional features. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to model the effect of temperature (15–27 °C) and time (1–5 days) on different nutritional and quality parameters of lentil flours including proximate composition, content and profile of fatty acids, content of phytic acid, ascorbic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), content and profile of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, expected glycemic index (GI) and color during germination. As shown by RSM polynomial models, sprouting promoted the reduction of phytic acid content and enhanced the levels of ascorbic acid, GABA, insoluble phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and expected GI, and modified the color of the resultant lentil flours. RSM optimization of germination temperature and time using desirability function revealed that the optimal process conditions to maximize the nutritional, bioactive and quality properties of sprouted lentil flours were 21 °C for 3.5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rico
- Subdirection of Research and Technology, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Finca de Zamadueñas, 47171 Valladolid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.d.C.G.)
| | - Elena Peñas
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.); (C.M.-V.); (J.F.)
| | - María del Carmen García
- Subdirection of Research and Technology, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Finca de Zamadueñas, 47171 Valladolid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.d.C.G.)
| | - Dilip K. Rai
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Cristina Martínez-Villaluenga
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.); (C.M.-V.); (J.F.)
| | - Juana Frias
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.); (C.M.-V.); (J.F.)
| | - Ana B. Martín-Diana
- Subdirection of Research and Technology, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Finca de Zamadueñas, 47171 Valladolid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.d.C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-98-310-366
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Lv H, Han P, Li X, Mu Z, Zuo Y, Wang X, Tan Y, He G, Jin H, Sun C, Wei H, Ma L. Electrocatalytic Degradation of Levofloxacin, a Typical Antibiotic in Hospital Wastewater. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14226814. [PMID: 34832216 PMCID: PMC8621070 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Presently, in the context of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, several antibiotics are overused in hospitals, causing heavy pressure on the hospital’s wastewater treatment process. Therefore, developing stable, safe, and efficient hospital wastewater treatment equipment is crucial. Herein, a bench-scale electrooxidation equipment for hospital wastewater was used to evaluate the removal effect of the main antibiotic levofloxacin (LVX) in hospital wastewater using response surface methodology (RSM). During the degradation process, the influence of the following five factors on total organic carbon (TOC) removal was discussed and the best reaction condition was obtained: current density, initial pH, flow rate, chloride ion concentration, and reaction time of 39.6 A/m2, 6.5, 50 mL/min, 4‰, and 120 min, respectively. The TOC removal could reach 41% after a reaction time of 120 min, which was consistent with the result predicted by the response surface (40.48%). Moreover, the morphology and properties of the electrode were analyzed. The degradation pathway of LVX was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Subsequently, the bench-scale electrooxidation equipment was changed into onboard-scale electrooxidation equipment, and the onboard-scale equipment was promoted to several hospitals in Dalian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (G.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Peiwei Han
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (G.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Zhao Mu
- Institute of Applied Chemical Technology for Oilfield, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China;
| | - Yuan Zuo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (G.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Xu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (G.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Yannan Tan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Guangxiang He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (G.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Haibo Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (G.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Chenglin Sun
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Huangzhao Wei
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.T.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Lei Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (G.H.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.M.)
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Mohd Basri MS, Mustapha F, Mazlan N, Ishak MR. Rice-Husk-Ash-Based Geopolymer Coating: Fire-Retardant, Optimize Composition, Microstructural, Thermal and Element Characteristics Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3747. [PMID: 34771303 PMCID: PMC8587038 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Geopolymer using aluminosilicate sources, such as fly ash, metakaolin and blast furnace slag, possessed excellent fire-retardant properties. However, research on the fire-retardant properties and thermal properties of geopolymer coating using rice husk ash (RHA) is rather limited. Additionally, the approach adopted in past studies on geopolymer coating was the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). A better approach is to employ statistical analysis and a regression coefficient model (mathematical model) in understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on fire-retardant and thermal properties of the geopolymer coating. This study aims to elucidate the significance of rice husk ash/activated alkaline solution (RHA/AA) ratio and NaOH concentration on the fire-retardant and thermal properties of RHA-based geopolymer coating, determine the optimum composition and examine the microstructure and element characteristics of the RHA-based geopolymer coating. The factors chosen for this study were the RHA/AA ratio and the NaOH concentration. Rice husk was burnt at a temperature of approximately 600 °C for 24 h to produce RHA. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments and conduct the analyses. Fire-retardant tests and thermal and element characteristics analysis (TGA, XRD, DSC and CTE) were conducted. The microstructure of the geopolymer samples was investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the RHA/AA ratio had the strongest effect on the temperature at equilibrium (TAE) and time taken to reach 300 °C (TT300). For the optimization process using RSM, the optimum value for TAE and TT300 could be attained when the RHA/AA ratio and NaOH concentration were 0.30 and 6 M, respectively. SEM micrographs of good fire-resistance properties showed a glassy appearance, and the surface coating changed into a dense geopolymer gel covered with thin needles when fired. It showed high insulating capacity and low thermal expansion; it had minimal mismatch with the substrate, and the coating had no evidence of crack formation and had a low dehydration rate. Using RHA as an aluminosilicate source has proven to be a promising alternative. Using it as coating materials can potentially improve fire safety in the construction of residential and commercial buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faizal Mustapha
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
| | - Norkhairunnisa Mazlan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridzwan Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
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Er ÖF, Ulaş B, Demir Kivrak H. Remarkable bismuth-gold alloy decorated on MWCNT for glucose electrooxidation: the effect of bismuth promotion and optimization via response surface methodology. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:1173-1188. [PMID: 34707427 PMCID: PMC8520398 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2102-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the carbon nanotube supported gold, bismuth, and gold-bismuth(Au/MWCNT, Bi/MWCNT, and Au-Bi/MWCNT) nanocatalysts were prepared with NaBH4 reduction method at varying molar atomic ratio for glucose electrooxidation (GAEO). The synthesized nanocatalysts at different Au: Bi atomic ratios are characterized via
x
-
ray diffraction
(XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 adsorption-desorption. For the performance of AuBi/MWCNT for GAEO, electrochemical measurements are performed by using different electrochemical techniques namely cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Monometallic Au/MWCNT exhibits higher activity than Bi/MWCNT with 256.57 mA/mg (0.936 mA/cm2) current density. According to CV results, Au80Bi20/MWCNT nanocatalyst has the highest GAEO activity with the mass activity of 320.15 mA/mg (1.133 mA/cm2). For Au80Bi20/MWCNT, central composite design (CCD) is utilized for optimum conditions of the electrode preparation. Au80Bi20/MWCNT nanocatalysts are promising anode nanocatalysts for direct glucose fuel cells (DGFCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Faruk Er
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van Turkey
| | - Berdan Ulaş
- Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van Turkey
| | - Hilal Demir Kivrak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir Turkey
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Hadidi N, Shahbahrami Moghadam N, Pazuki G, Parvin P, Shahi F. In Vitro Evaluation of DSPE-PEG (5000) Amine SWCNT Toxicity and Efficacy as a Novel Nanovector Candidate in Photothermal Therapy by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Cells 2021; 10:2874. [PMID: 34831097 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, finding a novel, effective, biocompatible, and minimally invasive cancer treatment is of great importance. One of the most promising research fields is the development of biocompatible photothermal nanocarriers. PTT (photothermal therapy) with an NIR (near-infrared) wavelength range (700–2000 nm) would cause cell death by increasing intercellular and intracellular temperature. PTT could also be helpful to overcome drug resistance during cancer treatments. In this study, an amine derivative of phospholipid poly ethylene glycol (DSPE-PEG (5000) amine) was conjugated with SWCNTs (single-walled carbon nanotubes) to reduce their intrinsic toxicity. Toxicity studies were performed on lung, liver, and ovarian cancer cell lines that were reported to show some degree of drug resistance to cisplatin. Toxicity results suggested that DSPE-PEG (5000) amine SWCNTs might be biocompatible photothermal nanocarriers in PTT. Therefore, our next step was to investigate the effect of DSPE-PEG (5000) amine SWCNT concentration, cell treatment time, and laser fluence on the apoptosis/necrosis of SKOV3 cells post-NIR exposure by RSM and experimental design software. It was concluded that photothermal efficacy and total apoptosis would be dose-dependent in terms of DSPE-PEG (5000) amine SWCNT concentration and fluence. Optimal solutions which showed the highest apoptosis and lowest necrosis were then achieved.
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Saeed H, Nadeem N, Zahid M, Yaseen M, Noreen S, Jilani A, Shahid I. Mixed metal ferrite (Mn 0.6Zn 0.4Fe 2O 4) intercalated g-C 3N 4nanocomposite: efficient sunlight driven photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:505714. [PMID: 34544069 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Visible active mixed metal ferrite intercalated semiconductor photocatalyst Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4/g-C3N4was prepared via facile hydrothermal and liquid assembly method for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. The prepared samples were well characterized in term of their functional groups, crystallinity, elemental analysis, surface morphology using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The optical response of catalysts was checked by estimating the energy band gap (Eg) of semiconductor photocatalysts using UV-vis spectroscopy. The photoluminescence spectroscopy was also performed to estimate the reduction in emission intensity after insertion of g-C3N4into Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4.The novel composition of Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4with g-C3N4,improved the optical response of pristine photocatalysts due to the reduction in the energy band gap and insertion of heterojunction. The surface area analysis of Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4and Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4/g-C3N4were acquired by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Point zero charge was also determined to observe the surface behavior of composite under different solution pH. Various parameters such as pH, catalyst dose, oxidant dose, irradiation time and initial dye concentration were optimized, and their effects were studied in photo-Fenton process. It was observed that 98% MB dye was degraded under optimized conditions (pH = 8, composite dose = 50 mg/100 ml, oxidant dose = 7 mM, initial dye conc. = 10 ppm, and irradiation time = 120 min). The results showed that when the ferrites of mixed metals (Mn, Zn) were used with g-C3N4their photocatalytic activity enhanced due to mutual effect of both mixed metals ferrite and g-C3N4, which is considerably higher than their individual effect already reported. Furthermore, the combined effect of independent variables was evaluated by response surface methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Noreen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asim Jilani
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shahid
- Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha PO Box 2713, Qatar
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Kumar S, Baniwal P, Nayik GA, Prasad K, Khan KA, Ghramh HA, Kumar H, Karabagias IK. Optimization and Development of Ready to Eat Chocolate Coated Roasted Flaked Rice as Instant Breakfast Food. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071658. [PMID: 34359528 PMCID: PMC8305464 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to optimize and develop ready-to-eat rice-based functional breakfast food using response surface methodology. The levels of ingredients viz. skim milk powder, guar gum, and ferrous sulfate were pre-optimized and remained constant, whereas jaggery and dark chocolate were taken as independent variables. The optimum levels of jaggery and dark chocolate for chocolate-coated roasted flaked rice (CCRFR) were 8.49 g and 25.43 g, respectively. The physical, pasting, textural, functional, morphological, optical, and sensory characteristics of CCRFR and uncoated roasted flaked rice (RFR) were also studied. CCRFR had significantly higher mineral (iron and calcium) and total polyphenolic contents. Furthermore, the dimensional, sensory, and functional properties were also improved. The changes in morphological structure were also observed between the CCRFR and uncoated product using scanning electron microscopy. The coating adds nutritional value to the roasted rice and renders it an essential functional RTE convenience gluten-free cereal breakfast item.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal 148106, India; (S.K.); (P.B.)
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Poonam Baniwal
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal 148106, India; (S.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Government Degree College, Shopian 192303, India;
| | - Kamlesh Prasad
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal 148106, India; (S.K.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (I.K.K.)
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.K.); (H.A.G.)
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A. Ghramh
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.K.); (H.A.G.)
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India;
| | - Ioannis Konstantinos Karabagias
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (I.K.K.)
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Lye HL, Mohammed BS, Wahab MMA, Liew MS. Bond Relationship of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Strengthened Steel Plates Exposed to Service Temperature. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:3761. [PMID: 34279334 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging as a new technology, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been introduced to rehabilitate and strengthen steel structures using an adhesive agent. However, the outdoor service temperature is potentially degrading to the mechanical strength of the adhesive, as well as affecting the bonding of the strengthened steel structure. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the bond relationship of CFRP-strengthened steel plates exposed to service temperatures. Two types of experiments were conducted to determine the tensile and flexural performance of CFRP-strengthened steel plates. The experiments were designed using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) by considering three parameters: service temperature (25 °C, 45 °C and 70 °C), number of CFRP layers (one, three and five layers) and bond length (40, 80 and 120 mm). The findings show the dominant failure mode transformed from adhesion failure between steel and adhesive interfaces to adhesion failure between CFRP and adhesive interfaces as the service temperature increased. The tensile strength improved by 25.62% when the service temperature increased. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis proved that the strength enhancement is due to the densification and reduction of the adhesive particle microstructure gaps through the softening effect at service temperature. However, service temperature is found to have less impact on flexural strength. Incorporating the experimental results in RSM, two quadratic equations were developed to estimate the tensile and flexural strength of CFRP-strengthened steel plates. The high coefficient of determination, R2, yields at 0.9936 and 0.9846 indicate the high reliability of the models. Hence, it can be used as an estimation tool in the design stage.
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Murali M, Mohammed BS, Abdulkadir I, Liew MS, Alaloul WS. Utilization of Crumb Rubber and High-Volume Fly Ash in Concrete for Environmental Sustainability: RSM-Based Modeling and Optimization. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14123322. [PMID: 34208431 PMCID: PMC8235180 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Waste tire and fly ash (FA) are two waste materials whose disposal and rapid rate of accumulation are among the pressing sources of concern and threat to the environment. Although much research exists on the use of these materials in cementitious composites, very little literature is available on the effectiveness of combining them in high volumes for concrete production. This work aimed to utilize crumb rubber (CR) from waste tires as a partial replacement of fine aggregate at 15%, 22.25%, and 30% by volume, and high-volume fly ash (HVFA) replacement of cement at 50%, 60%, and 70% (by weight of cementitious materials) to produce high-volume fly ash–crumb rubber concrete (HVFA–CRC). Using the central composite design (CCD) option of the response surface methodology (RSM), 13 mixes were produced with different combinations and levels of the CR and FA (the input factors) on which the responses of interest (compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths) were experimentally investigated. Furthermore, the composite influence of CR and HVFA on the workability of the concrete was assessed using the slump test. The results showed a decline in the mechanical properties with increasing replacement levels of the CR and HVFA. However, up to 22.25% and 60% of CR and HVFA replacements, respectively, produced a structural HVFA–CRC with a compressive strength of more than 20 MPa at 28 days. Response predictive models were developed and validated using ANOVA at a 95% confidence level. The models had high R2 values ranging from 95.26 to 97.74%. Multi-objective optimization was performed and validated with less than 5% error between the predicted and experimental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugineysh Murali
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (M.M.); (I.A.); (M.S.L.); (W.S.A.)
| | - Bashar S. Mohammed
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (M.M.); (I.A.); (M.S.L.); (W.S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isyaka Abdulkadir
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (M.M.); (I.A.); (M.S.L.); (W.S.A.)
- Civil Engineering Department, Bayero University, Kano 700241, Nigeria
| | - M. S. Liew
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (M.M.); (I.A.); (M.S.L.); (W.S.A.)
| | - Wesam Salah Alaloul
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (M.M.); (I.A.); (M.S.L.); (W.S.A.)
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Senevirathna SSJ, Ramli NS, Azman EM, Juhari NH, Karim R. Optimization of the Drum Drying Parameters and Citric Acid Level to Produce Purple Sweet Potato ( Ipomoea batatas L.) Powder Using Response Surface Methodology. Foods 2021; 10:1378. [PMID: 34203622 PMCID: PMC8232198 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple sweet potato (PSP) is a rich source of anthocyanins, but the anthocyanin content and color can be affected by the drying method and processing condition. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to investigate the effects of citric acid (CA) concentration, steam pressure (SP) and rotation speed (DS) on the physicochemical and functional properties of drum-dried purple sweet potato powder (PSPP). The anthocyanins of the PSPP were analyzed using mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization and twelve anthocyanins were identified. The results indicated that the moisture content (4.80 ± 0.17-9.97 ± 0.03%) and water activity (0.290 ± 0.004-0.47 ± 0.001) (p < 0.05) decreased with increasing drum temperature as well as with reduced drum rotating speed. CA had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the color and total anthocyanin content (101.83 ± 2.20-124.09 ± 2.89 mg/100 g) of the PSPP. High SP and low DS negatively affected the antioxidant properties of the PSPP. DPPH value of the PSPP ranged from 20.41 ± 0.79 to 30.79 ± 1.00 μmol TE/g. The optimal parameters were achieved at 0.59% CA, 499.8 kPa SP and 3 rpm DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Sampath Janaka Senevirathna
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.S.J.S.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Nurul Shazini Ramli
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Ezzat Mohamad Azman
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.S.J.S.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Nurul Hanisah Juhari
- Department of Food Service and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Roselina Karim
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.S.J.S.); (E.M.A.)
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Yao H, Yang J, Zhan J, Lu Q, Su M, Jiang Y. Preparation, amino acid composition, and in Vitro antioxidant activity of okra seed meal protein hydrolysates. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3059-3070. [PMID: 34136171 PMCID: PMC8194734 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the utilization of okra seed, acidic and enzymatic hydrolyses of producing protein hydrolysates were respectively optimized by orthogonal experiment and response surface methodology using the degree of hydrolysis (DH) as evaluating index. Amino acid composition and antioxidant capacity in vitro of two kinds of hydrolysates were both analyzed. The degree of acidic hydrolysis was 58.53 ± 1.92% under the following optimized condition: hydrolyzing time 40 hr, temperature 95°C, ratio of acid solution to okra seed meal (OSM) powder was 5:1 (V:W/ml:g), and hydrochloric acid concentration was 18% (W/W). The degree of enzymatic hydrolysis was 16.26 ± 0.56% under the optimized condition: hydrolyzing time 8.20 hr, ratio of buffer to OSM powder was 10:1, and enzyme dosage was 3,100 International Units (IU) g-1. Enzymatic hydrolysates had a fuller range of amino acids and antioxidant capacity than acidic hydrolysates. The results provide technical support for the expansion of okra seed utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Yao
- Department of Food ScienceJinling Institute of TechnologyNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jiani Yang
- Department of Food ScienceJinling Institute of TechnologyNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jiajia Zhan
- Department of Food ScienceJinling Institute of TechnologyNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Qu Lu
- Department of Food ScienceJinling Institute of TechnologyNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Min Su
- Department of Food ScienceJinling Institute of TechnologyNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Yaojiong Jiang
- Department of Food ScienceJinling Institute of TechnologyNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
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Wrona O, Rafińska K, Krakowska-Sieprawska A, Buszewski B. Comparative Studies of Selected Criteria Enabling Optimization of the Extraction of Polar Biologically Active Compounds from Alfalfa with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Molecules 2021; 26:2994. [PMID: 34069978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to provide crucial and useful data about the selection of the optimization criteria of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of alfalfa at a quarter-technical plant. The correlation between more general output, including total phenolics and flavonoids content, and a more specified composition of polar constituents was extensively studied. In all alfalfa extracts, polar bioactive constituents were analyzed by both spectrometric (general output) and chromatographic (detailed output) analyses. Eight specific phenolic acids and nine flavonoids were determined. The most dominant were salicylic acid (221.41 µg g−1), ferulic acid (119.73 µg g−1), quercetin (2.23 µg g−1), and apigenin (2.60 µg g−1). For all seventeen analyzed compounds, response surface methodology and analysis of variance were used to provide the optimal conditions of supercritical fluid extraction for each individual constituent. The obtained data have shown that eight of those compounds have a similar range of optimal process parameters, being significantly analogous for optimization based on total flavonoid content.
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Ismail-Suhaimy NW, Gani SSA, Zaidan UH, Halmi MIE, Bawon P. Optimizing Conditions for Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Barleria lupulina Lindl. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:682. [PMID: 33916193 PMCID: PMC8067139 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Barleria lupulina Lindl. (Acanthaceae) as an ornamental plant has been widely used in folklore medicine due to its abundancy in polyphenolic compounds. The present study examined conditions for optimal extraction of antioxidants from B. lupulina leaf extracts by using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The effects of ethanol concentrations, microwave power, and extraction time on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were investigated by single-factor experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to observe interactions of three independent variables (ethanol concentrations, microwave power, and extraction time) on the dependent variables (TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS) to establish optimal extraction conditions. Quadratic polynomial equations in all experimental models yielded favorably with fitted models with R2 and R2adj of more than 0.90 and a non-significant lack of fit at p > 0.05. The optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidant activity were established at 80% (v/v) ethanol, 400 W, and 30 s with TPC (238.71 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample), TFC (58.09 mg QE/g sample), DPPH (87.95%), and ABTS (89.56%). Analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS) successfully identified four new phenylethanoid glycoside compounds in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Wahida Ismail-Suhaimy
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Salwa Abd Gani
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Paiman Bawon
- Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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