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Dyson T, Thomas SJ, Townsend ML, Finch A, South A, Barkus E, Walter E, Mendonca C, Grenyer BFS, Pickard JA. Salivary testosterone and cortisol levels in borderline personality disorder before and after a 12-week group dialectical behavior therapy intervention. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1195187. [PMID: 37529315 PMCID: PMC10389657 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1195187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a chronic, debilitating, and difficult to treat condition. BPD has recently been linked to steroid hormone dysregulation and medical conditions characterized by disturbed androgen metabolism. This study aimed to investigate cortisol and testosterone levels in BPD, and changes in hormones following psychological treatment. Methods Participants with BPD (n = 33) completed a 12-week Dialectical Behavior Therapy group program. Pre and post salivary testosterone and cortisol were analyzed. Baseline hormones in the BPD group were compared to age-and-sex matched controls (n = 33). Non-parametric tests were utilized to investigate group differences, pre-post treatment hormone and symptom changes, and associations between symptoms and hormone levels. Results Participants with BPD had significantly higher testosterone levels than controls. Mean testosterone levels in females with BPD were double that of female controls. Testosterone and cortisol levels were related, and some BPD symptoms were associated with with hormone levels. BPD symptoms reduced significantly with treatment, however pre to post hormone levels did not change. Conclusions This study supports an association between BPD symptoms and neuroendocrine dysfunction at baseline, however we found no reduction in hormone dysfunction post treatment. Further research into relationships between stress signaling and neuroendocrine disturbances in BPD may inform aetiological and treatment models. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618000477224. Registered on 3 April 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori Dyson
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan J. Thomas
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Adam Finch
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra South
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, North East England, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Walter
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Carley Mendonca
- School of Psychology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brin F. S. Grenyer
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Judy A. Pickard
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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2
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Conte D, Kamarauskas P. Differences in Weekly Training Load, Well-Being, and Hormonal Responses between European- and National-Level Professional Male Basketball Players during the Pre-Season Phase. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15310. [PMID: 36430027 PMCID: PMC9690860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the weekly fluctuation in training load (sRPE-load), well-being (perceived fatigue, stress, mood, sleep, and muscle soreness), and hormonal responses [testosterone (T) and cortisol (C)] during the pre-season phase in European- and national-level professional male basketball players. Twenty-one professional male basketball players belonging to European-level (n = 11, age: 25.5 ± 3.6 yr; stature: 199.2 ± 7.1 cm; body mass: 94.1 ± 8.5 kg) and national-level (n = 10, age: 23.5 ± 4.7 yr; stature: 198.0 ± 5.6 cm; body mass: 94.0 ± 8.8 kg) teams were monitored during a 5-week pre-season phase. The European-level team showed higher sRPE-load in week 5 compared to week 3 (within-team difference, p = 0.049; ES = -1.44 [-2.38, -0.5], large) and week 1 (p = 0.018; ES = 1.62 [0.64, 2.61], large), week 4 (p = 0.005; ES = 1.79 [0.78, 2.81], large) and week 5 (p = 0.001; ES = 1.96 [0.92, 3.01], large) of the national-level team. The national-level team documented the lowest sRPE-load in week 5, which was statistically different compared to week 2 (p = 0.022; ES = 1.59 [0.61, 2.58], large) and week 4 (p = 0.001; ES = 1.94 [0.9, 2.98], large) of the European-level team. Moreover, higher stress (p < 0.001; ES = 1.94 [0.93, 2.95], large) and better mood (p = 0.003; ES = 1.79 [0.8, 2.78], large) were found in week 1 compared to week 5 within the European-level team. Additionally, higher values of salivary C were found in week 1 for the European-level team compared to week 2 (p = 0.020; ES = 1.6 [0.61, 2.58], large) and week 4 (p = 0.018; ES = 1.66 [0.64, 2.67], large) of the national-level team. Our results can provide reference values for basketball practitioners regarding the fluctuations of weekly load, well-being, and hormones across the pre-season period in professional male teams competing at European and national levels.
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Hough J, Leal D, Scott G, Taylor L, Townsend D, Gleeson M. Reliability of salivary cortisol and testosterone to a high-intensity cycling protocol to highlight overtraining. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2080-2086. [PMID: 33906585 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1918362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Athletes physically overload to improve performance. Unbalanced stress/recovery may induce overtraining, which is difficult to diagnosis as no diagnostic marker exists. Hormonal responses to a 55/80 cycle (30-min of alternating blocks of 1-min at 55% and 4-min at 80% maximum work rate) may highlight early-stage overtraining (overreaching), as blunted cortisol and testosterone responses to 55/80 follows intensified training. However, the reliability of hormonal responses to 55/80 when not overreached is unknown. Therefore, reported blunted hormonal responses could be due to inconsistent cortisol and testosterone responses to 55/80. Participants (n = 23) completed three 55/80 bouts, >7 days apart, with no exercise 24 h pre-trials. Pre-exercise urine osmolality and stress questionnaire responses were measured. Pre, post, and 30-min post-exercise saliva samples were collected for cortisol and testosterone assessment. Salivary cortisol and testosterone responses, osmolality and well-being were not different between trials. Salivary cortisol and testosterone elevated from pre- to post-exercise [by 4.2 nmol.L-1 (cortisol) and 307 pmol.L-1 (testosterone)], and 30 min post-exercise [by 160 pmol.L-1 (testosterone) only]. Intraclass correlation coefficients for pre to peak post-exercise cortisol (0.89; good) and testosterone (0.53; moderate) were calculated. This demonstrates that 55/80 induces reliable elevations of salivary cortisol and testosterone when in a healthy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hough
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.,School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Campus, Bedford, UK
| | - Diogo Leal
- School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Campus, Bedford, UK.,Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Gemma Scott
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,UK
| | - Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,UK.,Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia.,Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominic Townsend
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,UK
| | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,UK
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Rodriguez CM, Granger DA, Leerkes EM. Testosterone Associations With Parents' Child Abuse Risk and At-Risk Parenting: A Multimethod Longitudinal Examination. Child Maltreat 2021; 26:50-62. [PMID: 32500732 PMCID: PMC7718373 DOI: 10.1177/1077559520930819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation considered salivary testosterone as a potential biomarker of physical child abuse risk. Parents enrolled in a prospective, longitudinal, multimethod study beginning prenatally provided saliva when their toddlers were 18 months old. Mothers and fathers self-reported on their empathy, frustration tolerance, and child abuse risk, as well as completing analog tasks of frustration intolerance and child abuse risk and participating in structured parent-child interactions. In contrast to mothers, fathers' higher testosterone levels were associated with increased child abuse risk, less observed positive parenting, more observed negative parenting, and an analog task of frustration intolerance; such findings were reflected across time. Further, fathers' socioeconomic status moderated the association between testosterone levels and abuse risk. No evidence of partner effects was observed in dyadic analyses. The current findings suggest that higher testosterone levels reflect an increased likelihood that paternal physically abusive behavior may be expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas A Granger
- 8788University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA
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5
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Francavilla VC, Vitale F, Ciaccio M, Bongiovanni T, Marotta C, Caldarella R, Todaro L, Zarcone M, Muratore R, Bellia C, Francavilla G, Mazzucco W. Use of Saliva in Alternative to Serum Sampling to Monitor Biomarkers Modifications in Professional Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1828. [PMID: 30618836 PMCID: PMC6306404 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the correlation between serum and salivary concentrations of steroid hormones and IgA, and the variation in concentrations of these biomarkers, across a soccer competitive season in a sample of players playing for an Italian major League team. Thirty-five elite male soccer players were recruited and assessed for salivary hormones (cortisol, testosterone, T/C‰ and DHEA-S) and IgA at three different time-points: (t1) after the pre-season period and 16 official matches played; (t2) after a winter break and three official matches played; (t3) 2 days after the final match of the championship and 19 matches played. Players were also tested for blood biomarkers (ser-C, ser-T, ser-T/C‰, ser-IgA, ACTH) at two detection times (t1 and t3). Blood samples were collected immediately after saliva sampling. The Spearman’s rank correlation was used to explore the correlation between blood and salivary concentrations of cortisol, free testosterone and IgA in the different time points. One-way ANOVA and permutation test were performed to explore changes by time of hormones and IgA concentrations over the competitive season. We documented a positive correlation between serum and saliva concentrations for Cortisol at t1 (+58.2%; p-value = 0.002) and t3 (+54.2%; p-value = 0.018) and for Testosterone at t1 (+42.0%; p-value = 0.033). Moreover, a positive variation was documented across the season (D = t3–t1) for Cortisol (D = +6.83; SEM = ±2.70; Var% = +37.6; p-value = 0.032), Testosterone (D = +0.33; SEM = ±0.07; Var% = +27.3; p-value = 0.002) and DHEA-S (D = +44.48; SEM = ±18.54; Var% = +82.0; p-value = 0.042), while a decrease of sal-T/C ratio and no variation in salivary IgA concentrations were reported. In conclusion, our findings support for experimental use of saliva samples to monitor steroid hormones modifications in professional soccer players across a competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Science for Health Promotion and Mother to Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Nutrition, Hydration & Body Composition Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Marotta
- Department of Science for Health Promotion and Mother to Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Complex Unit of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Zarcone
- Clinical Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Unit, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Muratore
- Complex Unit of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Francavilla
- Department of Surgical, Anatomical and Oncological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Walter Mazzucco
- Department of Science for Health Promotion and Mother to Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Minuzzi LG, Rama L, Chupel MU, Rosado F, Kuga GK, Gaspar RC, Muñoz VR, Pauli JR, Paiva A, Teixeira AM. Immune-endocrine responses and physical performance of master athletes during the sports season. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5551-5557. [PMID: 30320909 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a training season (approximately 7 months) on physiological and salivary immune-endocrine markers in master athletes. Nine male master athletes were evaluated at the beginning of the season (M1) and a week after the main official competition at the end of the sports season (M2). The controlled variables included Maximal oxygen consumption, anthropometric, physiological, and salivary immune-endocrine markers. Master athletes presented a reduced percentage of fat mass and increased lean body mass at the end of the season. VO2max values were similar at M1 and M2, while the maximal heart rate and lactate were lower at M2. No differences were observed in Immunoglobulin A and cortisol levels between moments, whereas testosterone levels and the testosterone/cortisol ratio were significantly lower at the end of the season. The results suggest that maintaining regular training throughout life has positive effects on body composition and improves physiological fitness. However, care should be taken to avoid fatigue as indicated by lower testosterone levels at the end of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Rama
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matheus Uba Chupel
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fátima Rosado
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Keine Kuga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Calais Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Artur Paiva
- Flow Cytometry Unit-Clinical Pathology Service, University Hospital Centre of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Grotzinger AD, Mann FD, Patterson MW, Tackett JL, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP. Hair and Salivary Testosterone, Hair Cortisol, and Externalizing Behaviors in Adolescents. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:688-699. [PMID: 29443645 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617742981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although testosterone is associated with aggression in the popular imagination, previous research on the links between testosterone and human aggression has been inconsistent. This inconsistency might be because testosterone's effects on aggression depend on other moderators. In a large adolescent sample ( N = 984, of whom 460 provided hair samples), we examined associations between aggression and salivary testosterone, hair testosterone, and hair cortisol. Callous-unemotional traits, parental monitoring, and peer environment were examined as potential moderators of hormone-behavior associations. Salivary testosterone was not associated with aggression. Hair testosterone significantly predicted increased aggression, particularly at low levels of hair cortisol (i.e., Testosterone × Cortisol interaction). This study is the first to examine the relationship between hair hormones and externalizing behaviors and adds to the growing literature that indicates that androgenic effects on human behavior are contingent on aspects of the broader endocrine environment-in particular, levels of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank D Mann
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
| | | | | | - Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin.,3 Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
| | - K Paige Harden
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin.,3 Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
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8
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Abu-Samak MS, Mohammad BA, Abu-Taha MI, Hasoun LZ, Awwad SH. Associations Between Sleep Deprivation and Salivary Testosterone Levels in Male University Students: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Mens Health 2017; 12:411-419. [PMID: 29025356 PMCID: PMC5818117 DOI: 10.1177/1557988317735412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is a common health problem that is growing rapidly worldwide and it is associated with short- and long-term impacts on health. The aim of this study was to detect potential predictors of salivary testosterone (sT) association with sleep deprivation in Arab male university students. In this prospective cohort study, 77 university male students in the age range of 18 to 26 years were divided into two groups, sleep-deprived (SD) participants and non-sleep-deprived (NSD) participants. Sleep deprivation was defined as sleeping less than 5 hr per night. Blood samples and sT were collected from fasting participants to measure serum levels of glucose, lipid profile, leptin, serotonin, sT, and body mass index (BMI) values. The multiple linear correlation model of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), BMI, and serotonin was positively correlated with sT (r = .977, p < .05) in the SD group. No correlations were identified with sT in the NSD group. In the SD study group, the multiple linear regression model of HDL-C, BMI, and serotonin was significantly influenced by sT (R² = .955, p < .05). These predictors together explained approximately 96% of the variance in sT levels in the SD study group. No predictive variables for sT were reported in the NSD group. Results indirectly confirmed the presence of a positive association between sT and sleep deprivation in young men. This association is mediated by three factors, HDL-C, BMI, and serum serotonin, which are collectively considered as part of a significant physiological adaptation to sleep deprivation in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beisan Ali Mohammad
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - May Ibrahim Abu-Taha
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Luai Zidan Hasoun
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shady Helmi Awwad
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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HIROKAWA K, MIWA M, TANIGUCHI T, TSUCHIYA M, KAWAKAMI N. Moderating effects of salivary testosterone levels on associations between job demand and psychological stress response in Japanese medical workers. Ind Health 2016; 54:194-203. [PMID: 26632120 PMCID: PMC4939866 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2015-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Levels of job stress have been shown to be inversely associated with testosterone levels, but some inconsistent results have been documented. We investigated the moderating effects of testosterone levels on associations between job stress-factors and psychological stress responses in Japanese medical workers. The participants were 63 medical staff (20 males and 43 women; mean age: 30.6 years; SD=7.3) in Okayama, Japan. Their job-stress levels and psychological stress responses were evaluated using self-administered questionnaires, and their salivary testosterone collected. Multiple regression analyses showed that job demand was positively associated with stress responses in men and women. An interaction between testosterone and support from colleagues had a significant effect on depression and anxiety for women. In women with lower testosterone levels, a reducing effect of support from colleagues on depression and anxiety was intensified. In women with higher testosterone levels, depression and anxiety levels were identical regardless of support from colleagues. Testosterone may function as a moderator between perceived work environment and psychological stress responses for female medical workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi HIROKAWA
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Baika Women’s University, Japan
| | - Machiko MIWA
- Department of Nursing, Baika Women’s University, Japan
| | - Toshiyo TANIGUCHI
- Department of Welfare System and Health Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan
| | - Masao TSUCHIYA
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan
| | - Norito KAWAKAMI
- Department of Mental Health and Department of Psychiatric Nursing, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of salivary hormones and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and anxiety in winners and losers during an international judo competition. Twenty-three trained, male, national-level judo athletes provided three saliva samples during a competition day: morning, in anticipation of competition after an overnight fast, mid-competition, and post-competition within 15 min post-fight for determination of salivary cortisol, salivary testosterone, salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio, SIgA absolute concentrations, SIgA secretion rate and saliva flow rate. The competitive state anxiety inventory questionnaire was completed by the athletes (n = 12) after the first saliva collection for determination of somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. Winners were considered 1-3 ranking place (n = 12) and losers (n = 11) below third place in each weight category. Winners presented higher anticipatory salivary cortisol concentrations (p = 0.03) and a lower mid-competition salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio (p = 0.003) compared with losers with no differences for salivary testosterone. Winners tended to have higher SIgA secretion rates (p = 0.07) and higher saliva flow rates (p = 0.009) at mid-competition. Higher levels of cognitive anxiety (p = 0.02) were observed in the winners, without differences according to the outcome in somatic anxiety and self-confidence. The results suggest that winners experienced higher levels of physiological arousal and better psychological preparedness in the morning, and as the competition progressed, the winners were able to control their stress response better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Papacosta
- a Exercise Immunology Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
| | - George P Nassis
- b National Sports Medicine Programme-Excellence in Football Project , Aspetar , Doha , Qatar
| | - Michael Gleeson
- a Exercise Immunology Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
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11
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Cho J, Su X, Phillips V, Holditch-Davis D. Associations of Maternal and Infant Testosterone and Cortisol Levels With Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Infant Socioemotional Problems. Biol Res Nurs 2015; 18:31-42. [PMID: 25954021 DOI: 10.1177/1099800415585157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the associations of testosterone and cortisol levels with maternal depressive symptoms and infant socioemotional (SE) problems that are influenced by infant gender. A total of 62 mothers and their very-low-birth weight (VLBW) infants were recruited from a neonatal intensive care unit at a tertiary medical center in the southeast United States. Data were collected at three time points (before 40 weeks' postmenstrual age [PMA] and at 3 months and 6 months of age corrected for prematurity). Measures included infant medical record review, maternal interview, biochemical assays of salivary hormone levels in mother-VLBWinfant pairs, and standard questionnaires. Generalized estimating equations with separate analyses for boys and girls showed that maternal testosterone level was negatively associated with depressive symptoms in mothers of boys, whereas infant testosterone level was negatively associated with maternal report of infant SE problems in girls after controlling for characteristics of mothers and infants and number of days post birth of saliva collection. Not surprisingly, the SE problems were positively associated with a number of medical complications. Mothers with more depressive symptoms reported that their infants had more SE problems. Mothers with higher testosterone levels reported that girls, but not boys, had fewer SE problems. In summary, high levels of testosterone could have a protective role for maternal depressive symptoms and infant SE problems. Future research need to be directed toward clinical application of these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Cho
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiaogang Su
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Vivien Phillips
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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12
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Cho JI, Carlo WA, Su X, McCormick KL. Associations between salivary testosterone and cortisol levels and neonatal health and growth outcomes. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88:789-95. [PMID: 22633533 PMCID: PMC3601806 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Male vulnerability in health and growth outcomes has often been reported in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm neonates. On the basis of gender-difference theories, possible associations were explored between the levels of postnatal salivary testosterone/cortisol and the outcomes of neonatal health/growth. METHODS This study used an exploratory and comparative research design. One-hundred-one mother-VLBW preterm neonate pairs were recruited from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary medical center in the Southeastern, US. Demographic information, health and growth variables of neonates, and pregnancy and labor variables of mothers were obtained from the medical record reviews and interviews of mothers. Saliva samples from each pair were collected between 9 and 60 days of age. The levels of testosterone and cortisol were determined by using an enzyme immunoassay methodology. RESULTS Linear regression analysis showed that neonatal health problems were positively associated with the levels of postnatal salivary testosterone and cortisol, while growth delays were positively associated with the levels of postnatal salivary testosterone after adjusting for the characteristics of neonates and mothers and day of saliva sampling. The salivary levels of testosterone and cortisol were higher in neonates than in mothers. A positive correlation between the levels of testosterone and cortisol was found in neonates and in mothers. CONCLUSIONS The level of postnatal salivary testosterone is a more reliable marker in assessing neonatal health and growth outcomes compared to salivary cortisol. Further research on both testosterone and cortisol measurements at various stages during the neonatal period may elucidate further these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- June I. Cho
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NB 428B, 1530 3rd Ave. S., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 205 996 7843; fax: +1 205 996 7183. (J.I. Cho), (W.A. Carlo), (X. Su), (K.L. McCormick)
| | - Waldemar A. Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1700 6th Avenue South, 176F Suite 9380R, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xiaogang Su
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, GO1019D, 1530 3rd, Ave. S., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kenneth L. McCormick
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1601 4th Avenue South, 230 Children’s Park Place, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Stanton SJ, Schultheiss OC. Basal and dynamic relationships between implicit power motivation and estradiol in women. Horm Behav 2007; 52:571-80. [PMID: 17949722 PMCID: PMC8382952 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated basal and reciprocal relationships between implicit power motivation (n Power), a preference for having impact and dominance over others, and both salivary estradiol and testosterone in women. 49 participants completed the Picture Story Exercise, a measure of n Power. During a laboratory contest, participants competed in pairs on a cognitive task and contest outcome (win vs. loss) was experimentally varied. Estradiol and testosterone levels were determined in saliva samples collected at baseline and several times post-contest, including 1 day post-contest. n Power was positively associated with basal estradiol concentrations. The positive correlation between n Power and basal estradiol was stronger in single women, women not taking oral contraceptives, or in women with low-CV estradiol samples than in the overall sample of women. Women's estradiol responses to a dominance contest were influenced by the interaction of n Power and contest outcome: estradiol increased in power-motivated winners but decreased in power-motivated losers. For power-motivated winners, elevated levels of estradiol were still present the day after the contest. Lastly, n Power and estradiol did not correlate with self-reported dominance and correlated negatively with self-reported aggression. Self-reported dominance and aggression did not predict estradiol changes as a function of contest outcome. Overall, n Power did not predict basal testosterone levels or testosterone changes as a function of dominance contest outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Stanton
- Department of Psychology, 530 Church St., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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