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Zabirnyk A, Evensen D, Kvitting JPE, Kaljusto ML, Stensløkken KO, Vaage J. Hyperglycemia-simulating environment attenuated experimentally induced calcification in cultured human aortic valve interstitial cells. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2024; 58:2353070. [PMID: 38757904 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2024.2353070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: The role of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the development of calcific aortic valve disease has not been fully clarified. Aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) have been suggested to be crucial for calcification of the valve. Induced calcification in cultured VICs is a good in vitro model for aortic valve calcification. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether increased glucose levels increase experimentally induced calcification in cultured human VICs. Design: VICs were isolated from explanted calcified aortic valves after valve replacement. Osteogenic medium induced calcification of cultured VICs at different glucose levels (5, 15, and 25 mM). Calcium deposits were visualized using Alizarin Red staining and measured spectrophotometrically. Results: The higher the glucose concentration, the lower the level of calcification. High glucose (25 mM) reduced calcification by 52% compared with calcification at a physiological (5 mM) glucose concentration (correlation and regression analysis: r = -0.55, p = .025 with increased concentration of glucose). Conclusions: In vitro hyperglycemia-like conditions attenuated calcification in VICs. High glucose levels may trigger a series of events that secondarily stimulate calcification of VICs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsenii Zabirnyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daria Evensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - John-Peder Escobar Kvitting
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari-Liis Kaljusto
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Jover E, Martín-Núñez E, Garaikoetxea M, Matilla L, Blanco-Colio LM, Pérez-Sáez JM, Navarro A, Fernández-Celis A, Gainza A, Álvarez V, Sádaba R, Tamayo I, Rabinovich GA, Martín-Ventura JL, López-Andrés N. Sex-dependent expression of galectin-1, a cardioprotective β-galactoside-binding lectin, in human calcific aortic stenosis. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23447. [PMID: 38329326 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301832rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to analyze sex-related differences in galectin-1 (Gal-1), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, in aortic stenosis (AS) and its association with the inflammatory and fibrocalcific progression of AS. Gal-1 was determined in serum and aortic valves (AVs) from control and AS donors by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Differences were validated by ELISA and qPCR in AS samples. In vitro experiments were conducted in primary cultured valve interstitial cells (VICs). Serum Gal-1 was not different neither between control and AS nor between men and women. There was no association between circulating and valvular Gal-1 levels. The expression of Gal-1 in stenotic AVs was higher in men than women, even after adjusting for confounding factors, and was associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix remodeling, fibrosis, and osteogenesis. Gal-1 (LGALS1) mRNA was enhanced within fibrocalcific areas of stenotic AVs, especially in men. Secretion of Gal-1 was up-regulated over a time course of 2, 4, and 8 days in men's calcifying VICs, only peaking at day 4 in women's VICs. In vitro, Gal-1 was associated with similar mechanisms to those in our clinical cohort. β-estradiol significantly up-regulated the activity of an LGALS1 promoter vector and the secretion of Gal-1, only in women's VICs. Supplementation with rGal-1 prevented the effects elicited by calcific challenge including the metabolic shift to glycolysis. In conclusion, Gal-1 is up-regulated in stenotic AVs and VICs from men in association with inflammation, oxidative stress, matrix remodeling, and osteogenesis. Estrogens can regulate Gal-1 expression with potential implications in post-menopause women. Exogenous rGal-1 can diminish calcific phenotypes in both women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jover
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ernesto Martín-Núñez
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mattie Garaikoetxea
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lara Matilla
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis M Blanco-Colio
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez-Díaz-Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Pérez-Sáez
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adela Navarro
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alicia Gainza
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Virginia Álvarez
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Sádaba
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ibai Tamayo
- Research Methodology Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José L Martín-Ventura
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez-Díaz-Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
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3
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Wang G, Qin M, Zhang B, Yan Y, Yang F, Chen Q, Liu Y, Qiao F, Ni Y. Decreased expression of RPL15 and RPL18 exacerbated the calcification of valve interstitial cells during aortic valve calcification. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1749-1759. [PMID: 37431269 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common valvular heart disease, with an increasing prevalence due to an aging population. The pathobiology of CAVD is a multifaceted and actively regulated process, but the detailed mechanisms have not been elucidated. The present study aims to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in calcified aortic valve tissues, and to analyze the correlation between DEGs and clinical features in CAVD patients. The DEGs were screened by microarray in normal and CAVD groups (n = 2 for each group), and confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in normal (n = 12) and calcified aortic valve tissues (n = 34). A total of 1048 DEGs were identified in calcified aortic valve tissues, including 227 upregulated mRNAs and 821 downregulated mRNAs. Based on multiple bioinformatic analyses, three 60S ribosomal subunit components (RPL15, RPL18, and RPL18A), and two 40S ribosomal subunit components (RPS15 and RPS21) were identified as the top 5 hub genes in the protein-protein interaction network of DEGs. The expression of RPL15 and RPL18 was also found significantly decreased in calcified aortic valve tissues (both p < .01), and negatively correlated with the osteogenic differentiation marker OPN in CAVD patients (both p < .01). Moreover, inhibition of RPL15 or RPL18 exacerbated the calcification of valve interstitial cells under osteogenic induction conditions. The present study proved that decreased expression of RPL15 and RPL18 was closely associated with aortic valve calcification, which provided valuable clues to find therapeutic targets for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, No.903 Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Ni
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Kopytek M, Ząbczyk M, Mazur P, Undas A, Natorska J. PAI-1 Overexpression in Valvular Interstitial Cells Contributes to Hypofibrinolysis in Aortic Stenosis. Cells 2023; 12:1402. [PMID: 37408236 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) is associated with hypofibrinolysis, but its mechanism is poorly understood. We investigated whether LDL cholesterol affects plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) expression, which may contribute to hypofibrinolysis in AS. Stenotic valves were obtained from 75 severe AS patients during valve replacement to assess lipids accumulation, together with PAI-1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression. Five control valves from autopsy healthy individuals served as controls. The expression of PAI-1 in valve interstitial cells (VICs) after LDL stimulation was assessed at protein and mRNA levels. PAI-1 activity inhibitor (TM5275) and NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7082) were used to suppress PAI-1 activity or NF-κB pathway. Clot lysis time (CLT) was performed to assess fibrinolytic capacity in VICs cultures. Solely AS valves showed PAI-1 expression, the amount of which was correlated with lipid accumulation and AS severity and co-expressed with NF-κB. In vitro VICs showed abundant PAI-1 expression. LDL stimulation increased PAI-1 levels in VICs supernatants and prolonged CLT. PAI-1 activity inhibition shortened CLT, while NF-κB inhibition decreased PAI-1 and SERPINE1 expression in VICs, its level in supernatants and shortened CLT. In severe AS, valvular PAI-1 overexpression driven by lipids accumulation contributes to hypofibrinolysis and AS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kopytek
- Thromboembolic Disorders Department, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Krakow Centre for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Ząbczyk
- Thromboembolic Disorders Department, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Krakow Centre for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Mazur
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anetta Undas
- Thromboembolic Disorders Department, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Krakow Centre for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Natorska
- Thromboembolic Disorders Department, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Krakow Centre for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland
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Goode D, Dhaliwal R, Mohammadi H. Valve interstitial cells under impact load, a mechanobiology study. J Med Eng Technol 2023; 47:54-66. [PMID: 35856893 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2022.2097328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between mechanobiology and the biosynthetic activities of the valve interstitial cells (VICs) in health and disease under severe dynamic loading conditions is of particular interest. The purpose of this study is to further understand the mechanobiology of heart valve leaflet tissue and the VICs under impact forces. Two novel computational and experimental platforms were developed to study the effect of impact load on the VICs to monitor for apoptosis. The first objective was to design and develop an apparatus to experimentally study viability (apoptosis) of the porcine heart valve leaflet tissue VICs in the aortic position under controlled impact forces. Apoptosis was assessed based on terminal transferase dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay. The second objective was to develop a computational platform to estimate the stress and strain fields in the vicinity of VICs when the tissue experiences impact forces. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model with an anisotropic, hyperelastic and heterogeneous material model for the matrix and cells was developed. Preliminary results confirm that interstitial cells are successfully resistant to impact loads up to 30 times more than normal physiological conditions. Additionally, the structure and composition of heart valve leaflet tissue provides a mechanical shield for VICs protecting them from excessive mechanical forces such as impact loads. Although, the entire tissue may experience excessive stresses, which may lead to structural damage, the stresses around and near VICs remain consistency low. Results of this study may be used for heart valve leaflet tissue-engineering, as well as further understanding the mechanobiology of the VICs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Goode
- Heart Valve Performance Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Ruby Dhaliwal
- Heart Valve Performance Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Hadi Mohammadi
- Heart Valve Performance Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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Semenova D, Zabirnyk A, Lobov A, Boyarskaya N, Kachanova O, Uspensky V, Zainullina B, Denisov E, Gerashchenko T, Kvitting JPE, Kaljusto ML, Thiede B, Kostareva A, Stensløkken KO, Vaage J, Malashicheva A. Multi-omics of in vitro aortic valve calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1043165. [PMID: 36407442 PMCID: PMC9669078 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1043165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart valve calcification is an active cellular and molecular process that partly remains unknown. Osteogenic differentiation of valve interstitial cells (VIC) is a central mechanism in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Studying mechanisms in CAVD progression is clearly needed. In this study, we compared molecular mechanisms of osteogenic differentiation of human VIC isolated from healthy donors or patients with CAVD by RNA-seq transcriptomics in early timepoint (48 h) and by shotgun proteomics at later timepoint (10th day). Bioinformatic analysis revealed genes and pathways involved in the regulation of VIC osteogenic differentiation. We found a high amount of stage-specific differentially expressed genes and good accordance between transcriptomic and proteomic data. Functional annotation of differentially expressed proteins revealed that osteogenic differentiation of VIC involved many signaling cascades such as: PI3K-Akt, MAPK, Ras, TNF signaling pathways. Wnt, FoxO, and HIF-1 signaling pathways were modulated only at the early timepoint and thus probably involved in the commitment of VIC to osteogenic differentiation. We also observed a significant shift of some metabolic pathways in the early stage of VIC osteogenic differentiation. Lentiviral overexpression of one of the most upregulated genes (ZBTB16, PLZF) increased calcification of VIC after osteogenic stimulation. Analysis with qPCR and shotgun proteomics suggested a proosteogenic role of ZBTB16 in the early stages of osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Semenova
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Center Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arsenii Zabirnyk
- Heart Physiology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arseniy Lobov
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Olga Kachanova
- Almazov National Medical Research Center Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Uspensky
- Almazov National Medical Research Center Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bozhana Zainullina
- Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny Denisov
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - John-Peder Escobar Kvitting
- Heart Physiology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bernd Thiede
- Heart Physiology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Center Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Heart Physiology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Heart Physiology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Walker CJ, Batan D, Bishop CT, Ramirez D, Aguado BA, Schroeder ME, Crocini C, Schwisow J, Moulton K, Macdougall L, Weiss RM, Allen MA, Dowell R, Leinwand LA, Anseth KS. Extracellular matrix stiffness controls cardiac valve myofibroblast activation through epigenetic remodeling. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10394. [PMID: 36176599 PMCID: PMC9472021 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a progressive fibrotic disease that is caused by thickening and stiffening of valve leaflets. At the cellular level, quiescent valve interstitial cells (qVICs) activate to myofibroblasts (aVICs) that persist within the valve tissue. Given the persistence of myofibroblasts in AVS, epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated. Here, we studied changes that occur in VICs during myofibroblast activation by using a hydrogel matrix to recapitulate different stiffnesses in the valve leaflet during fibrosis. We first compared the chromatin landscape of qVICs cultured on soft hydrogels and aVICs cultured on stiff hydrogels, representing the native and diseased phenotypes respectively. Using assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-Seq), we found that open chromatin regions in aVICs were enriched for transcription factor binding motifs associated with mechanosensing pathways compared to qVICs. Next, we used RNA-Seq to show that the open chromatin regions in aVICs correlated with pro-fibrotic gene expression, as aVICs expressed higher levels of contractile fiber genes, including myofibroblast markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), compared to qVICs. In contrast, chromatin remodeling genes were downregulated in aVICs compared to qVICs, indicating qVICs may be protected from myofibroblast activation through epigenetic mechanisms. Small molecule inhibition of one of these remodelers, CREB Binding Protein (CREBBP), prevented qVICs from activating to aVICs. Notably, CREBBP is more abundant in valves from healthy patients compared to fibrotic valves. Our findings reveal the role of mechanical regulation in chromatin remodeling during VIC activation and quiescence and highlight one potential therapeutic target for treating AVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cierra J. Walker
- Materials Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Dilara Batan
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Biochemistry DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Carrie T. Bishop
- Chemical and Biological Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Brian A. Aguado
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Megan E. Schroeder
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Claudia Crocini
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Jessica Schwisow
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Karen Moulton
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Laura Macdougall
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Robert M. Weiss
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Mary A. Allen
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Robin Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
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Wu S, Li Y, Zhang C, Tao L, Kuss M, Lim JY, Butcher J, Duan B. Tri-Layered and Gel-Like Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Anisotropic Features for Engineering Heart Valve Leaflets. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200053. [PMID: 35289986 PMCID: PMC10976923 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3D heterogeneous and anisotropic scaffolds that approximate native heart valve tissues are indispensable for the successful construction of tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs). In this study, novel tri-layered and gel-like nanofibrous scaffolds, consisting of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and poly(aspartic acid) (PASP), are fabricated by a combination of positive/negative conjugate electrospinning and bioactive hydrogel post-processing. The nanofibrous PLGA-PASP scaffolds present tri-layered structures, resulting in anisotropic mechanical properties that are comparable with native heart valve leaflets. Biological tests show that nanofibrous PLGA-PASP scaffolds with high PASP ratios significantly promote the proliferation and collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) secretions of human aortic valvular interstitial cells (HAVICs), compared to PLGA scaffolds. Importantly, the nanofibrous PLGA-PASP scaffolds are found to effectively inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of HAVICs. Two types of porcine VICs, from young and adult age groups, are further seeded onto the PLGA-PASP scaffolds. The adult VICs secrete higher amounts of collagens and GAGs and undergo a significantly higher level of osteogenic differentiation than young VICs. RNA sequencing analysis indicates that age has a pivotal effect on the VIC behaviors. This study provides important guidance and a reference for the design and development of 3D tri-layered, gel-like nanofibrous PLGA-PASP scaffolds for TEHV applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yiran Li
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Caidan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Litao Tao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Mitchell Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jung Yul Lim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Jonathan Butcher
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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9
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Matilla L, Garaikoetxea M, Arrieta V, García-Peña A, Fernández-Celis A, Navarro A, Gainza A, Álvarez V, Sádaba R, Jover E, López-Andrés N. Sex-Differences in Aortic Stenosis: Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Implications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:818371. [PMID: 35282345 PMCID: PMC8907577 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.818371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aim to analyse sex-specific differences in aortic valves (AVs) and valve interstitial cells (VICs) from aortic stenosis (AS) patients. Approach and Results 238 patients with severe AS undergoing surgical valve replacement were recruited. Two hundred and two AVs (39.1% women) were used for ex vivo analyses and 36 AVs (33.3% women) for in vitro experiments. AVs from men presented increased levels of the inflammatory molecules interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Rantes, and CD45. Oxidative stress (eNOS, myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and nitrotyrosine) was upregulated in male AVs. Concerning fibrosis, similar levels of collagen type I, decreased levels of collagen type III and enhanced fibronectin, active Lox-1 and syndecan-1 expressions were found in AVs from men compared with women. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling was characterized by reduced metalloproteinase-1 and 9 expression and increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 expression in male AVs. Importantly, osteogenic markers (bone morphogenetic protein-9, Rank-L, osteopontin, periostin, osteocalcin and Sox-9) and apoptosis (Bax, Caspase 3, p53, and PARP1) were enhanced in AVs from men as compared to women. Isolated male VICs presented higher myofibroblast-like phenotype than female VICs. Male VICs exhibited increased inflammatory, oxidative stress, fibrotic, apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation markers. Conclusions Our results suggest that the mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of AS could be different in men and women. Male AVs and isolated VICs presented more inflammation, oxidative stress, ECM remodeling and calcification as compared to those from women. A better knowledge of the pathophysiological pathways in AVs and VICs will allow the development of sex-specific options for the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Matilla
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mattie Garaikoetxea
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Arrieta
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia García-Peña
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela Navarro
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alicia Gainza
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Virginia Álvarez
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Sádaba
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Jover
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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10
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Tao Y, Geng Y, Dang W, Xu X, Zhao H, Zou L, Li Y. Mechanism of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway in the Osteogenic Phenotypic Transformation of Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:856331. [PMID: 35355558 PMCID: PMC8959129 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.856331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) is a crucial component of degenerative valvular disease in old age and with the increasing prevalence of the aging population. we hope that by modeling valvular osteogenesis and intervening with endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor TUDCA to observe the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress on valve osteogenesis. METHODS In this study, rabbit heart valvular interstitial cells (VICs) were isolated and cultured. They treated with ox-LDL (Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein) stimulation to establish a model of valvular osteogenic transformation. BMP2 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2), PERK (Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase), CHOP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein) and transcriptional regulatory factor ATF4 (Activating Transcription Factor 4 )were recorded after intervention with ER stress inhibitor TUDCA. The effects of er stress on valvular osteogenic transformation were analyzed. RESULT After stimulation of VICs with ox-LDL, the expression levels of BMP2, PERK, CHOP, and ATF4 increased. However, TUDCA treatment can alleviate the increased expression levels of BMP2, PERK ATF4, and CHOP under ox-LDL stimulation to a certain extent. CONCLUSION The endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway is involved in ox-LDL-induced calcification of rabbit valve interstitial cells. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress using TUDCA can improve the progression of rabbit aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Tao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yimin Geng
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenpei Dang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Emergency Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yongsheng Li,
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11
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Dharmarajan S, Speer MY, Pierce K, Lally J, Leaf EM, Lin ME, Scatena M, Giachelli CM. Role of Runx2 in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease in Mouse Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:687210. [PMID: 34778386 PMCID: PMC8585763 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.687210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Calcific aortic valve disease is common in the aging population and is characterized by the histological changes of the aortic valves including extracellular matrix remodeling, osteochondrogenic differentiation, and calcification. Combined, these changes lead to aortic sclerosis, aortic stenosis (AS), and eventually to heart failure. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is a transcription factor highly expressed in the calcified aortic valves. However, its definitive role in the progression of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) has not been determined. In this study, we utilized constitutive and transient conditional knockout mouse models to assess the molecular, histological, and functional changes in the aortic valve due to Runx2 depletion. Methods: Lineage tracing studies were performed to determine the provenance of the cells giving rise to Runx2+ osteochondrogenic cells in the aortic valves of LDLr-/- mice. Hyperlipidemic mice with a constitutive or temporal depletion of Runx2 in the activated valvular interstitial cells (aVICs) and sinus wall cells were further investigated. Following feeding with a diabetogenic diet, the mice were examined for changes in gene expression, blood flow dynamics, calcification, and histology. Results: The aVICs and sinus wall cells gave rise to Runx2+ osteochondrogenic cells in diseased mouse aortic valves. The conditional depletion of Runx2 in the SM22α+ aVICs and sinus wall cells led to the decreased osteochondrogenic gene expression in diabetic LDLr-/- mice. The transient conditional depletion of Runx2 in the aVICs and sinus wall cells of LDLr-/-ApoB100 CAVD mice early in disease led to a significant reduction in the aortic peak velocity, mean velocity, and mean gradient, suggesting the causal role of Runx2 on the progression of AS. Finally, the leaflet hinge and sinus wall calcification were significantly decreased in the aortic valve following the conditional and temporal Runx2 depletion, but no significant effect on the valve cusp calcification or thickness was observed. Conclusions: In the aortic valve disease, Runx2 was expressed early and was required for the osteochondrogenic differentiation of the aVICs and sinus wall cells. The transient depletion of Runx2 in the aVICs and sinus wall cells in a mouse model of CAVD with a high prevalence of hemodynamic valve dysfunction led to an improved aortic valve function. Our studies also suggest that leaflet hinge and sinus wall calcification, even in the absence of significant leaflet cusp calcification, may be sufficient to cause significant valve dysfunctions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Y Speer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kate Pierce
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jake Lally
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Leaf
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mu-En Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marta Scatena
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Chester AH, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Yacoub MH. Organ Culture Model of Aortic Valve Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:734692. [PMID: 34660737 PMCID: PMC8517236 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.734692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant amount of knowledge has been gained with the use of cell-based assays to elucidate the mechanisms that mediate heart valve calcification. However, cells used in these studies lack their association with the extra-cellular matrix or the influence of other cellular components of valve leaflets. We have developed a model of calcification using intact porcine valve leaflets, that relies upon a biological stimulus to drive the formation of calcified nodules within the valve leaflets. Alizarin Red positive regions were formed in response to lipopolysaccharide and inorganic phosphate, which could be quantified when viewed under polarized light. Point analysis and elemental mapping analysis of electron microscope images confirmed the presence of nodules containing calcium and phosphorus. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the development of these calcified regions corresponded with the expression of RUNX2, osteocalcin, NF-kB and the apoptosis marker caspase 3. The formation of calcified nodules and the expression of bone markers were both inhibited by adenosine in a concentration-dependent manner, illustrating that the model is amenable to pharmacological manipulation. This organ culture model offers an increased level of tissue complexity in which to study the mechanisms that are involved in heart valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H Chester
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann McCormack
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Ulloa LS, Perissinotto F, Rago I, Goldoni A, Santoro R, Pesce M, Casalis L, Scaini D. Carbon Nanotubes Substrates Alleviate Pro-Calcific Evolution in Porcine Valve Interstitial Cells. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11102724. [PMID: 34685165 PMCID: PMC8538037 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The quest for surfaces able to interface cells and modulate their functionality has raised, in recent years, the development of biomaterials endowed with nanocues capable of mimicking the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), especially for tissue regeneration purposes. In this context, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are optimal candidates, showing dimensions and a morphology comparable to fibril ECM constituents. Moreover, when immobilized onto surfaces, they demonstrated outstanding cytocompatibility and ease of chemical modification with ad hoc functionalities. In this study, we interface porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (pVICs) to multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) carpets, investigating the impact of surface nano-morphology on cell properties. The results obtained indicate that CNTs significantly affect cell behavior in terms of cell morphology, cytoskeleton organization, and mechanical properties. We discovered that CNT carpets appear to maintain interfaced pVICs in a sort of “quiescent state”, hampering cell activation into a myofibroblasts-like phenotype morphology, a cellular evolution prodromal to Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) and characterized by valve interstitial tissue stiffening. We found that this phenomenon is linked to CNTs’ ability to alter cell tensional homeostasis, interacting with cell plasma membranes, stabilizing focal adhesions and enabling a better strain distribution within cells. Our discovery contributes to shedding new light on the ECM contribution in modulating cell behavior and will open the door to new criteria for designing nanostructured scaffolds to drive cell functionality for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Severino Ulloa
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.S.U.); (F.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Fabio Perissinotto
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.S.U.); (F.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Ilaria Rago
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.S.U.); (F.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Rosaria Santoro
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Loredana Casalis
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Denis Scaini
- Area di Neuroscienze, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (D.S.)
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14
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Jiang Y, Chen J, Wei F, Wang Y, Chen S, Li G, Dong N. Micromechanical force promotes aortic valvular calcification. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 164:e313-e329. [PMID: 34507817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcified aortic valvular disease is known as an inflammation-related process related to force. The purpose of this study was to determine whether micromechanical force could induce valve calcification of porcine valvular interstitial cells and to examine the role of integrin αvβ3 in valvular calcification by using a novel method: magnetic twisting cytometry. METHODS Porcine valvular interstitial cells were cultured in vitro, and micromechanical force was applied to porcine valvular interstitial cells using magnetic twisting cytometry. Changes in calcification-related factors osteopontin and RUNX2 were detected. By using the calcification medium, the optimal magnetic twisting cytometry parameters for inducing valvular interstitial cell calcification were determined, and a magnetic twisting cytometry calcification promotion model was established. The role of αvβ3 in calcification was studied by using αvβ3 antagonists to block the function of αvβ3. RESULTS Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays showed that the expression of osteopontin was enhanced 30 minutes after 25G-1Hz 5 minutes of stimulation. Western blotting assays showed that the expression of osteopontin and RUNX2 was upregulated 24 hours after 25G-1Hz 5 minutes of stimulation. The optimal magnetic twisting cytometry parameter for inducing porcine valvular interstitial cell calcification was 25G-2Hz for 10 minutes. The expression of osteopontin and RUNX2 decreased significantly after the addition of αvβ3 antagonist. Clinically, patients with bicuspid aortic valves had high expression of RUNX2 and β3 in the aortic valve, and β3 significantly correlated with RUNX2. CONCLUSIONS By using magnetic twisting cytometry, we established a porcine valvular interstitial cell calcification model by micromechanical force stimulation and obtained the optimal parameters. Integrin αvβ3 plays a key role in the aortic valve calcification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefan Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjie Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fuxiang Wei
- Laboratory for Cellular Biomechanics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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15
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Chang HH, Lin IC, Wu CW, Hung CY, Liu WC, Wu CY, Cheng CL, Wu KLH. High fructose induced osteogenic differentiation of human valve interstitial cells via activating PI3K/AKT/mitochondria signaling. Biomed J 2021; 45:491-503. [PMID: 34229104 PMCID: PMC9421924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is a common, lethal cardiovascular disease. There is no cure except the valve replacement at last stage. Therefore, an understanding of the detail mechanism is imperative to prevent and intervene AS. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the major risk factors of AS whereas fructose overconsuming tops the list of MetS risk factors. However, whether the fructose under physiological level induces AS is currently unknown. Methods The human valve interstitial cells (hVICs), a crucial source to develop calcification, were co-incubated with fructose at 2 or 20 mM to mimic the serum fructose at fasting or post-fructose consumption, respectively, for 24 h. The cell proliferation was evaluated by WST-1 assays. The expressions of osteogenic and fibrotic proteins, PI3K/AKT signaling, insulin receptor substrate 1 and mitochondrial dynamic proteins were detected by Western blot analyses. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) was examined by Seahorse analyzer. Results hVICs proliferation was significantly suppressed by 20 mM fructose. The expressions of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin were enhanced concurrent with the upregulated PI3K p85, AKT, phospho(p)S473-AKT, and pS636-insulin receptor substrate 1 (p-IRS-1) by high fructose. Moreover, ATP production capacity and maximal respiratory capacity were enhanced in the high fructose groups. Synchronically, the expressions of mitochondrial fission 1 and optic atrophy type 1 were increased. Conclusions These results suggested that high fructose stimulated the osteogenic differentiation of hVICs via the activation of PI3K/AKT/mitochondria signaling at the early stage. These results implied that high fructose at physiological level might have a direct, hazard effect on the progression of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Huang Chang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Accounting and Information System, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Counseling, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ying Hung
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Liu
- Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Yi Wu
- Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Li Cheng
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Institute of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Kay L H Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Senior Citizen Services, National Tainan Institute of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan.
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16
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Garcia-Pena A, Ibarrola J, Navarro A, Sadaba A, Tiraplegui C, Garaikoetxea M, Arrieta V, Matilla L, Fernández-Celis A, Sadaba R, Alvarez V, Gainza A, Jover E, López-Andrés N. Activation of the Interleukin-33/ST2 Pathway Exerts Deleterious Effects in Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052310. [PMID: 33669101 PMCID: PMC7956196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve disease (MVD) is a frequent cause of heart failure and death worldwide, but its etiopathogenesis is not fully understood. Interleukin (IL)-33 regulates inflammation and thrombosis in the vascular endothelium and may play a role in the atherosclerotic process, but its role in mitral valve has not been investigated. We aim to explore IL-33 as a possible inductor of myxomatous degeneration in human mitral valves. We enrolled 103 patients suffering from severe mitral regurgitation due to myxomatous degeneration undergoing mitral valve replacement. Immunohistochemistry of the resected leaflets showed IL-33 and ST2 expression in both valve interstitial cells (VICs) and valve endothelial cells (VECs). Positive correlations were found between the levels of IL-33 and molecules implicated in the development of myxomatous MVD, such as proteoglycans, extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors), inflammatory and fibrotic markers. Stimulation of single cell cultures of VICs and VECs with recombinant human IL-33 induced the expression of activated VIC markers, endothelial–mesenchymal transition of VECs, proteoglycan synthesis, inflammatory molecules and extracellular matrix turnover. Our findings suggest that the IL-33/ST2 system may be involved in the development of myxomatous MVD by enhancing extracellular matrix remodeling.
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Lis GJ, Dubrowski A, Lis M, Solewski B, Witkowska K, Aleksandrovych V, Jasek-Gajda E, Hołda MK, Gil K, Litwin JA. Identification of CD34+/PGDFRα+ Valve Interstitial Cells (VICs) in Human Aortic Valves: Association of Their Abundance, Morphology and Spatial Organization with Early Calcific Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176330. [PMID: 32878299 PMCID: PMC7503258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) constitute a heterogeneous population involved in the maintenance of unique valvular architecture, ensuring proper hemodynamic function but also engaged in valve degeneration. Recently, cells similar to telocytes/interstitial Cajal-like cells described in various organs were found in heart valves. The aim of this study was to examine the density, distribution, and spatial organization of a VIC subset co-expressing CD34 and PDGFRα in normal aortic valves and to investigate if these cells are associated with the occurrence of early signs of valve calcific remodeling. We examined 28 human aortic valves obtained upon autopsy. General valve morphology and the early signs of degeneration were assessed histochemically. The studied VICs were identified by immunofluorescence (CD34, PDGFRα, vimentin), and their number in standardized parts and layers of the valves was evaluated. In order to show the complex three-dimensional structure of CD34+/PDGFRα+ VICs, whole-mount specimens were imaged by confocal microscopy, and subsequently rendered using the Imaris (Bitplane AG, Zürich, Switzerland) software. CD34+/PDGFRα+ VICs were found in all examined valves, showing significant differences in the number, distribution within valve tissue, spatial organization, and morphology (spherical/oval without projections; numerous short projections; long, branching, occasionally moniliform projections). Such a complex morphology was associated with the younger age of the subjects, and these VICs were more frequent in the spongiosa layer of the valve. Both the number and percentage of CD34+/PDGFRα+ VICs were inversely correlated with the age of the subjects. Valves with histochemical signs of early calcification contained a lower number of CD34+/PDGFRα+ cells. They were less numerous in proximal parts of the cusps, i.e., areas prone to calcification. The results suggest that normal aortic valves contain a subpopulation of CD34+/PDGFRα+ VICs, which might be involved in the maintenance of local microenvironment resisting to pathologic remodeling. Their reduced number in older age could limit the self-regenerative properties of the valve stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz J. Lis
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (E.J.-G.); (J.A.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrzej Dubrowski
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (M.K.H.)
| | - Maciej Lis
- Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland; (M.L.); (B.S.); (K.W.)
- HEART—Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernard Solewski
- Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland; (M.L.); (B.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Karolina Witkowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland; (M.L.); (B.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Veronika Aleksandrovych
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Kraków, Poland; (V.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Ewa Jasek-Gajda
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (E.J.-G.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Mateusz K. Hołda
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (M.K.H.)
- HEART—Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Kraków, Poland; (V.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Jan A. Litwin
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (E.J.-G.); (J.A.L.)
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18
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Chester AH, Grande-Allen KJ. Which Biological Properties of Heart Valves Are Relevant to Tissue Engineering? Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:63. [PMID: 32373630 PMCID: PMC7186395 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, the designs of tissue engineered heart valves have evolved considerably. An initial focus on replicating the mechanical and structural features of semilunar valves has expanded to endeavors to mimic the biological behavior of heart valve cells as well. Studies on the biology of heart valves have shown that the function and durability of native valves is underpinned by complex interactions between the valve cells, the extracellular matrix, and the mechanical environment in which heart valves function. The ability of valve interstitial cells to synthesize extracellular matrix proteins and remodeling enzymes and the protective mediators released by endothelial cells are key factors in the homeostasis of valve function. The extracellular matrix provides the mechanical strength and flexibility required for the valve to function, as well as communicating with the cells that are bound within. There are a number of regulatory mechanisms that influence valve function, which include neuronal mechanisms and the tight regulation of growth and angiogenic factors. Together, studies into valve biology have provided a blueprint for what a tissue engineered valve would need to be capable of, in order to truly match the function of the native valve. This review addresses the biological functions of heart valve cells, in addition to the influence of the cells' environment on this behavior and examines how well these functions are addressed within the current strategies for tissue engineering heart valves in vitro, in vivo, and in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H Chester
- Heart Science Centre, The Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
RATIONALE The transcription factor NFATC1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cell 1) has been implicated in cardiac valve formation in humans and mice, but we know little about the underlying mechanisms. To gain mechanistic understanding of cardiac valve formation at single-cell resolution and insights into the role of NFATC1 in this process, we used the zebrafish model as it offers unique attributes for live imaging and facile genetics. OBJECTIVE To understand the role of Nfatc1 in cardiac valve formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the zebrafish atrioventricular valve, we focus on the valve interstitial cells (VICs), which confer biomechanical strength to the cardiac valve leaflets. We find that initially atrioventricular endocardial cells migrate collectively into the cardiac jelly to form a bilayered structure; subsequently, the cells that led this migration invade the ECM (extracellular matrix) between the 2 endocardial cell monolayers, undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as marked by loss of intercellular adhesion, and differentiate into VICs. These cells proliferate and are joined by a few neural crest-derived cells. VIC expansion and a switch from a promigratory to an elastic ECM drive valve leaflet elongation. Functional analysis of Nfatc1 reveals its requirement during VIC development. Zebrafish nfatc1 mutants form significantly fewer VICs due to reduced proliferation and impaired recruitment of endocardial and neural crest cells during the early stages of VIC development. With high-speed microscopy and echocardiography, we show that reduced VIC formation correlates with valvular dysfunction and severe retrograde blood flow that persist into adulthood. Analysis of downstream effectors reveals that Nfatc1 promotes the expression of twist1b-a well-known regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS Our study sheds light on the function of Nfatc1 in zebrafish cardiac valve development and reveals its role in VIC formation. It also further establishes the zebrafish as a powerful model to carry out longitudinal studies of valve formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gunawan
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Sébastien Gauvrit
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
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20
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Liu H, Wang L, Pan Y, Wang X, Ding Y, Zhou C, Shah AM, Zhao G, Zhang M. Celastrol Alleviates Aortic Valve Calcification Via Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase 2 in Valvular Interstitial Cells. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 5:35-49. [PMID: 32043019 PMCID: PMC7000868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species–generating enzyme Nox2 is up-regulated in the leaflets of both rabbit and human with CAVD. Nox2 is markedly induced in cultured porcine AVICs after osteogenic stimulation. Knockdown of endogenous Nox2 substantially suppressed AVIC calcification. Celastrol, a natural compound capable of inhibiting Nox2 activity, significantly decreased AVIC calcification in vitro, and mitigated the severity of aortic valve fibrosis, calcification, and stenosis in a rabbit model of CAVD in vivo. The protective effects of celastrol may, in part, involve the inhibition of Nox2-mediated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta/β-catenin pathway.
This study sought to investigate whether reactive oxygen species (ROS)–generating reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (Nox2) contributes to calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) or whether celastrol, a natural Nox2 inhibitor, may provide potential therapeutic target for CAVD. CAVD is an active and cellular-driven fibrocalcific process characterized by differentiation of aortic valvular interstitial cells (AVICs) toward an osteogenic-like phenotype. ROS levels increase in calcified aortic valves, while the sources of ROS and their roles in the pathogenesis of CAVD are elusive. The roles of Nox2 and the effects of celastrol were studied using cultured porcine AVICs in vitro and a rabbit CAVD model in vivo. Nox2 proteins were significantly upregulated in human aortic valves with CAVD. In vitro, Nox2 was markedly induced upon stimulation of AVICs with osteogenic medium, along with the increases in ROS production and calcium nodule formation. Celastrol significantly decreased calcium deposition of AVICs by 35%, with a reduction of ROS generation. Knockdown of endogenous Nox2 substantially suppressed AVIC calcification by 39%, the inhibitory effect being similar to celastrol treatment. Mechanistically, either celastrol treatment or knockdown of Nox2 significantly inhibited glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta/β-catenin signaling, leading to attenuation of fibrogenic and osteogenic responses of AVICs. In a rabbit CAVD model, administration of celastrol significantly reduced aortic valve ROS production, fibrosis, calcification, and severity of aortic stenosis, with less left ventricular dilatation and better preserved contractile function. Upregulation of Nox2 is critically involved in CAVD. Celastrol is effective to alleviate CAVD, likely through the inhibition of Nox2-mediated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta/β-catenin pathway in AVICs.
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Key Words
- AV, aortic valve
- AVIC, aortic valvular interstitial cell
- CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease
- GSK3B, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- HC, high cholesterol
- LV, left ventricular
- Nox2
- Nox2, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2
- OGM, osteogenic medium
- OPN, osteopontin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Runx2, runt-related transcription factor 2
- fibrosis
- reactive oxygen species
- stenosis
- tripterine
- valve interstitial cells
- vitD2, vitamin D2
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Yating Pan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Xuehui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Chaoyuan Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Ajay M Shah
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guoan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Bensimon-Brito A, Ramkumar S, Boezio GLM, Guenther S, Kuenne C, Helker CSM, Sánchez-Iranzo H, Iloska D, Piesker J, Pullamsetti S, Mercader N, Beis D, Stainier DYR. TGF-β Signaling Promotes Tissue Formation during Cardiac Valve Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish. Dev Cell 2019; 52:9-20.e7. [PMID: 31786069 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac valve disease can lead to severe cardiac dysfunction and is thus a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. Its main treatment is valve replacement, which is currently greatly limited by the poor recellularization and tissue formation potential of the implanted valves. As we still lack suitable animal models to identify modulators of these processes, here we used adult zebrafish and found that, upon valve decellularization, they initiate a rapid regenerative program that leads to the formation of new functional valves. After injury, endothelial and kidney marrow-derived cells undergo cell cycle re-entry and differentiate into new extracellular matrix-secreting valve cells. The TGF-β signaling pathway promotes the regenerative process by enhancing progenitor cell proliferation as well as valve cell differentiation. These findings reveal a key role for TGF-β signaling in cardiac valve regeneration and establish the zebrafish as a model to identify and test factors promoting cardiac valve recellularization and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany.
| | - Srinath Ramkumar
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Giulia L M Boezio
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Christian S M Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Héctor Sánchez-Iranzo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Research Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Dijana Iloska
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Scientific Service Group Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Soni Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany.
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22
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Schnitzler JG, Ali L, Groenen AG, Kaiser Y, Kroon J. Lipoprotein(a) as Orchestrator of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E760. [PMID: 31766423 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is the most prevalent valvular heart disease in the Western World with exponentially increased incidence with age. If left untreated, the yearly mortality rates increase up to 25%. Currently, no effective pharmacological interventions have been established to treat or prevent AVS. The only treatment modality so far is surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (AVR). Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has been implicated as a pivotal player in the pathophysiology of calcification of the valves. Patients with elevated levels of Lp(a) have a higher risk of hospitalization or mortality due to the presence of AVS. Multiple studies indicated Lp(a) as a likely causal and independent risk factor for AVS. This review discusses the most important findings and mechanisms related to Lp(a) and AVS in detail. During the progression of AVS, Lp(a) enters the aortic valve tissue at damaged sites of the valves. Subsequently, autotaxin converts lysophosphatidylcholine in lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA) which in turn acts as a ligand for the LysoPA receptor. This triggers a nuclear factor-κB cascade leading to increased transcripts of interleukin 6, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and runt-related transcription factor 2. This progresses to the actual calcification of the valves through production of alkaline phosphatase and calcium depositions. Furthermore, this review briefly mentions potentially interesting therapies that may play a role in the treatment or prevention of AVS in the near future.
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23
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Anselmo W, Branchetti E, Grau JB, Li G, Ayoub S, Lai EK, Rioux N, Tovmasyan A, Fortier JH, Sacks MS, Batinic-Haberle I, Hazen SL, Levy RJ, Ferrari G. Porphyrin-Based SOD Mimic MnTnBu OE -2-PyP 5+ Inhibits Mechanisms of Aortic Valve Remodeling in Human and Murine Models of Aortic Valve Sclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e007861. [PMID: 30371255 PMCID: PMC6474974 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Aortic valve sclerosis (AVSc), the early asymptomatic presentation of calcific aortic valve (AV) disease, affects 25% to 30% of patients aged >65 years. In vitro and ex vivo experiments with antioxidant strategies and antagonists of osteogenic differentiation revealed that AVSc is reversible. In this study, we characterized the underlying changes in the extracellular matrix architecture and valve interstitial cell activation in AVSc and tested in vitro and in vivo the activity of a clinically approved SOD (superoxide dismutase) mimic and redox‐active drug MnTnBuOE‐2‐PyP5+ (BMX‐001). Methods and Results After receiving informed consent, samples from patients with AVSc, AV stenosis, and controls were collected. Uniaxial mechanical stimulation and in vitro studies on human valve interstitial cells were performed. An angiotensin II chronic infusion model was used to impose AV thickening and remodeling. We characterized extracellular matrix structures by small‐angle light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, histology, and mass spectrometry. Diseased human valves showed altered collagen fiber alignment and ultrastructural changes in AVSc, accumulation of oxidized cross‐linking products in AV stenosis, and reversible expression of extracellular matrix regulators ex vivo. We demonstrated that MnTnBuOE‐2‐PyP5+ inhibits human valve interstitial cell activation and extracellular matrix remodeling in a murine model (C57BL/6J) of AVSc by electron microscopy and histology. Conclusions AVSc is associated with architectural remodeling despite marginal effects on the mechanical properties in both human and mice. MnTnBuOE‐2‐PyP5+ controls AV thickening in a murine model of AVSc. Because this compound has been approved recently for clinical use, this work could shift the focus for the treatment of calcific AV disease, moving from AV stenosis to an earlier presentation (AVSc) that could be more responsive to medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan B Grau
- 2 Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Gen Li
- 3 Columbia University New York NY
| | | | - Eric K Lai
- 1 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
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Swaminathan G, Krishnamurthy VK, Sridhar S, Robson DC, Ning Y, Grande-Allen KJ. Hypoxia Stimulates Synthesis of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:156. [PMID: 31737648 PMCID: PMC6828964 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Aortic valve disease is commonly found in the elderly population. It is characterized by dysregulated extracellular matrix remodeling followed by extensive microcalcification of the aortic valve and activation of valve interstitial cells. The mechanism behind these events are largely unknown. Studies have reported expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α) in calcific nodules in aortic valve disease, therefore we investigated the effect of hypoxia on extracellular matrix remodeling in aged aortic valves. Approach and Results: Western blotting revealed elevated expression of HIF1α and the complex of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in aged porcine aortic valves cultured under hypoxic conditions. Consistently, immunofluorescence staining showed co-expression of MMP9 and NGAL in the fibrosa layer of these porcine hypoxic aortic valves. Gelatinase zymography demonstrated that the activity of MMP9-NGAL complex was significantly increased in aortic valves in 13% O2 compared to 20% O2. Importantly, the presence of ectopic elastic fibers in the fibrosa of hypoxic aortic valves, also detected in human diseased aortic valves, suggests altered elastin homeostasis due to hypoxia. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that hypoxia stimulates pathological extracellular matrix remodeling via expression of NGAL and MMP9 by valve interstitial cells.
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25
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Bogdanova M, Kostina A, Zihlavnikova Enayati K, Zabirnyk A, Malashicheva A, Stensløkken KO, Sullivan GJ, Kaljusto ML, Kvitting JP, Kostareva A, Vaage J, Rutkovskiy A. Inflammation and Mechanical Stress Stimulate Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1635. [PMID: 30524301 PMCID: PMC6256176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aortic valve calcification is an active proliferative process, where interstitial cells of the valve transform into either myofibroblasts or osteoblast-like cells causing valve deformation, thickening of cusps and finally stenosis. This process may be triggered by several factors including inflammation, mechanical stress or interaction of cells with certain components of extracellular matrix. The matrix is different on the two sides of the valve leaflets. We hypothesize that inflammation and mechanical stress stimulate osteogenic differentiation of human aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) and this may depend on the side of the leaflet. Methods: Interstitial cells isolated from healthy and calcified human aortic valves were cultured on collagen or elastin coated plates with flexible bottoms, simulating the matrix on the aortic and ventricular side of the valve leaflets, respectively. The cells were subjected to 10% stretch at 1 Hz (FlexCell bioreactor) or treated with 0.1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide, or both during 24 h. Gene expression of myofibroblast- and osteoblast-specific genes was analyzed by qPCR. VICs cultured in presence of osteogenic medium together with lipopolysaccharide, 10% stretch or both for 14 days were stained for calcification using Alizarin Red. Results: Treatment with lipopolysaccharide increased expression of osteogenic gene bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) (5-fold increase from control; p = 0.02) and decreased expression of mRNA of myofibroblastic markers: α-smooth muscle actin (ACTA2) (50% reduction from control; p = 0.0006) and calponin (CNN1) (80% reduction from control; p = 0.0001) when cells from calcified valves were cultured on collagen, but not on elastin. Mechanical stretch of VICs cultured on collagen augmented the effect of lipopolysaccharide. Expression of periostin (POSTN) was inhibited in cells from calcified donors after treatment with lipopolysaccharide on collagen (70% reduction from control, p = 0.001), but not on elastin. Lipopolysaccharide and stretch both enhanced the pro-calcific effect of osteogenic medium, further increasing the effect when combined for cells cultured on collagen, but not on elastin. Conclusion: Inflammation and mechanical stress trigger expression of osteogenic genes in VICs in a side-specific manner, while inhibiting the myofibroblastic pathway. Stretch and lipopolysaccharide synergistically increase calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bogdanova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Kostina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,ITMO University, Institute of Translational Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Arsenii Zabirnyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,ITMO University, Institute of Translational Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth John Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari-Liis Kaljusto
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - John-Peder Kvitting
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Woman and Children Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arkady Rutkovskiy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Scatena M, Jackson MF, Speer MY, Leaf EM, Wallingford MC, Giachelli CM. Increased Calcific Aortic Valve Disease in response to a diabetogenic, procalcific diet in the LDLr -/-ApoB 100/100 mouse model. Cardiovasc Pathol 2018; 34:28-37. [PMID: 29539583 PMCID: PMC5940574 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a major cause of aortic stenosis (AS) and cardiac insufficiency. Patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at heightened risk for CAVD, and their valves have greater calcification than nondiabetic valves. No drugs to prevent or treat CAVD exist, and animal models that might help identify therapeutic targets are sorely lacking. To develop an animal model mimicking the structural and functional features of CAVD in people with T2DM, we tested a diabetogenic, procalcific diet and its effect on the incidence and severity of CAVD and AS in the, LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mouse model. RESULTS LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mice fed a customized diabetogenic, procalcific diet (DB diet) developed hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, increased atherosclerosis, and obesity when compared with normal chow fed LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mice, indicating the development of T2DM and metabolic syndrome. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed that LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mice fed the DB diet had 77% incidence of hemodynamically significant AS, and developed thickened aortic valve leaflets and calcification in both valve leaflets and hinge regions. In comparison, normal chow (NC) fed LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mice had 38% incidence of AS, thinner valve leaflets and very little valve and hinge calcification. Further, the DB diet fed mice with AS showed significantly impaired cardiac function as determined by reduced ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In vitro mineralization experiments demonstrated that elevated glucose in culture medium enhanced valve interstitial cell (VIC) matrix calcium deposition. CONCLUSIONS By manipulating the diet we developed a new model of CAVD in T2DM, hyperlipidemic LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 that shows several important functional, and structural features similar to CAVD found in people with T2DM and atherosclerosis including AS, cardiac dysfunction, and inflamed and calcified thickened valve cusps. Importantly, the high AS incidence of this diabetic model may be useful for mechanistic and translational studies aimed at development of novel treatments for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Scatena
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Melissa F Jackson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mei Y Speer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Elizabeth M Leaf
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mary C Wallingford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Ayoub S, Lee CH, Driesbaugh KH, Anselmo W, Hughes CT, Ferrari G, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Sacks MS. Regulation of valve interstitial cell homeostasis by mechanical deformation: implications for heart valve disease and surgical repair. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20170580. [PMID: 29046338 PMCID: PMC5665836 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress is one of the major aetiological factors underlying soft-tissue remodelling, especially for the mitral valve (MV). It has been hypothesized that altered MV tissue stress states lead to deviations from cellular homeostasis, resulting in subsequent cellular activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. However, a quantitative link between alterations in the organ-level in vivo state and in vitro-based mechanobiology studies has yet to be made. We thus developed an integrated experimental-computational approach to elucidate MV tissue and interstitial cell responses to varying tissue strain levels. Comprehensive results at different length scales revealed that normal responses are observed only within a defined range of tissue deformations, whereas deformations outside of this range lead to hypo- and hyper-synthetic responses, evidenced by changes in α-smooth muscle actin, type I collagen, and other ECM and cell adhesion molecule regulation. We identified MV interstitial cell deformation as a key player in leaflet tissue homeostatic regulation and, as such, used it as the metric that makes the critical link between in vitro responses to simulated equivalent in vivo behaviour. Results indicated that cell responses have a delimited range of in vivo deformations that maintain a homeostatic response, suggesting that deviations from this range may lead to deleterious tissue remodelling and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ayoub
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chung-Hao Lee
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Kathryn H Driesbaugh
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wanda Anselmo
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connor T Hughes
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert C Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph H Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Rutkovskiy A, Malashicheva A, Sullivan G, Bogdanova M, Kostareva A, Stensløkken KO, Fiane A, Vaage J. Valve Interstitial Cells: The Key to Understanding the Pathophysiology of Heart Valve Calcification. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006339. [PMID: 28912209 PMCID: PMC5634284 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Rutkovskiy
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway .,Centre for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia.,ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gareth Sullivan
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Bogdanova
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia.,ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnt Fiane
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Wu S, Duan B, Liu P, Zhang C, Qin X, Butcher JT. Fabrication of Aligned Nanofiber Polymer Yarn Networks for Anisotropic Soft Tissue Scaffolds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:16950-60. [PMID: 27304080 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibrous scaffolds with defined architectures and anisotropic mechanical properties are attractive for many tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Here, a novel electrospinning system is developed and implemented to fabricate continuous processable uniaxially aligned nanofiber yarns (UANY). UANY were processed into fibrous tissue scaffolds with defined anisotropic material properties using various textile-forming technologies, i.e., braiding, weaving, and knitting techniques. UANY braiding dramatically increased overall stiffness and strength compared to the same number of UANY unbraided. Human adipose derived stem cells (HADSC) cultured on UANY or woven and knitted 3D scaffolds aligned along local fiber direction and were >90% viable throughout 21 days. Importantly, UANY supported biochemical induction of HADSC differentiation toward smooth muscle and osteogenic lineages. Moreover, we integrated an anisotropic woven fiber mesh within a bioactive hydrogel to mimic the complex microstructure and mechanical behavior of valve tissues. Human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVIC) and human aortic root smooth muscle cells (HASMC) were separately encapsulated within hydrogel/woven fabric composite scaffolds for generating scaffolds with anisotropic biomechanics and valve ECM like microenvironment for heart valve tissue engineering. UANY have great potential as building blocks for generating fiber-shaped tissues or tissue microstructures with complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University , No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Bin Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Penghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University , No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Caidan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University , No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaohong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University , No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Shanghai Micro & Nano Technology , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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Aggarwal A, Ferrari G, Joyce E, Daniels MJ, Sainger R, Gorman JH, Gorman R, Sacks MS. Architectural trends in the human normal and bicuspid aortic valve leaflet and its relevance to valve disease. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:986-98. [PMID: 24488233 PMCID: PMC4364391 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-0973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The bicuspid aortic valve (AV) is the most common cardiac congenital anomaly and has been found to be a significant risk factor for developing calcific AV disease. However, the mechanisms of disease development remain unclear. In this study we quantified the structure of human normal and bicuspid leaflets in the early disease stage. From these individual leaflet maps average fiber structure maps were generated using a novel spline based technique. Interestingly, we found statistically different and consistent regional structures between the normal and bicuspid valves. The regularity in the observed microstructure was a surprising finding, especially for the pathological BAV leaflets and is an essential cornerstone of any predictive mathematical models of valve disease. In contrast, we determined that isolated valve interstitial cells from BAV leaflets show the same in vitro calcification pathways as those from the normal AV leaflets. This result suggests the VICs are not intrinsically different when isolated, and that external features, such as abnormal microstructure and altered flow may be the primary contributors in the accelerated calcification experienced by BAV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Aggarwal
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th Street, ACES 5.438, One University Station, C0200, Austin, TX 78712-0027, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erin Joyce
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J. Daniels
- Division of Statistics & Scientific Computation and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Rachana Sainger
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph H. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th Street, ACES 5.438, One University Station, C0200, Austin, TX 78712-0027, USA
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Hung MY, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S. New therapeutic targets for calcific aortic valve stenosis: the lipoprotein(a)-lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2-oxidized phospholipid axis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63:478-80. [PMID: 24161316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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