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Saiz A, Graus F. Neuronal antibodies in nonparaneoplastic autoimmune cerebellar ataxias. Curr Opin Neurol 2024; 37:322-328. [PMID: 38483149 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe relevant advances in nonparaneoplastic autoimmune cerebellar ataxias (ACA) with neuronal antibodies. RECENT FINDINGS Apart from metabotropic glutamate receptor 1(mGluR1) antibodies, in recent years, the number of neuronal antibodies against surface antigens in ACA has increased with the description of glutamate kainate receptor subunit 2 (GluK2) antibodies in young patients with cerebellitis. Around 20% of patients with contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) encephalitis also present prominent cerebellar ataxia. However, isolate cerebellar ataxia is unusual (<4%). Outcome in patients with neuronal antibodies against surface antigens remains suboptimal despite the cerebellar ataxia probably is antibody-mediated.Concerning neuronal antibodies against intracellular antigens, up to 25% of patients with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies present transient episodes of vertigo or diplopia that antedate the development of the ACA. There is in-vitro evidence that septin-5 is partially exposed to the membrane and the antibodies may interfere with septin-5 function. The clinical significance of the remaining antibodies against intracellular antigens remains unclear. SUMMARY The number of antibodies against surface antigens is increasing in ACA, but the response to the immunotherapy remains suboptimal. More studies are needed to clarify the role of most of the antibodies against intracellular antigens described in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Saiz
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic
- Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Graus
- Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Hadjivassiliou M, Blackburn D, O'Malley R, Hoggard N. IgG4 Disease-Related Ataxia. Cerebellum 2024; 23:1231-1234. [PMID: 37558930 PMCID: PMC11102366 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe a male patient presenting with cerebellar ataxia and behavioural frontotemporal dementia in whom imaging showed cerebellar atrophy. He had significantly low N-acetyl aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) area ratio on MR spectroscopy of the cerebellum, primarily affecting the vermis. CT body scan showed extensive abnormal tissue within the mesentery, the retroperitoneum and perinephric areas. PET-CT showed increased tracer uptake within the wall of the aorta suggestive of an aortitis and within the perinephric tissue bilaterally. Biopsy of the perinephric tissue confirmed IgG4 disease. Treatment with steroids and mycophenolate improved his clinical state, but he developed symptoms attributed to pericardiac effusion that necessitated treatment initially with drainage and subsequently with pericardial window. After a course of rituximab, he had an episode of sepsis that did not respond to appropriate treatment and died as a result. Both the imaging findings and neurological presentation with cerebellar ataxia and behavioural frontotemporal dementia are novel in the context of IgG4 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK.
| | - Daniel Blackburn
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Ronan O'Malley
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Nigel Hoggard
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Manto M, Mitoma H. Immune Ataxias: The Continuum of Latent Ataxia, Primary Ataxia and Clinical Ataxia. J Integr Neurosci 2024; 23:79. [PMID: 38682229 DOI: 10.31083/j.jin2304079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical category of immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias (IMCAs) is now recognized after 3 decades of clinical and experimental research. The cerebellum gathers about 60% of neurons in the brain, is enriched in numerous plasticity mechanisms, and presents a large variety of antigens at the neuroglial level: ion channels and related proteins, synaptic adhesion/organizing proteins, transmitter receptors, and glial cells. Cerebellar circuitry is especially vulnerable to immune attacks. After the loss of immune tolerance, IMCAs present in an acute or subacute manner with various combinations of a vestibulocerebellar syndrome (VCS), a cerebellar motor syndrome (CMS), and a cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome/Schmahmann's syndrome (CCAS/SS). IMCAs include gluten ataxia (GA), post-infectious cerebellitis (PIC), Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD), opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) ataxia, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy (GFAP-A). In addition, multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Behçet disease, and collagen-vascular disorders may also present with cerebellar symptoms when lesions involve cerebellar afferences/efferences. Patients whose clinical profiles do not fit with IMCAs are now gathered in the group of primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxias (PACAs). Latent auto-immune cerebellar ataxia (LACA) refers to a clinical stage with a slow progressive course and a lack of obvious auto-immune background. At a pre-symptomatic stage, patients remain asymptomatic, whereas at the prodromal stage aspecific symptoms occur, announcing the symptomatic neuronal loss. LACA corresponds to a time-window where an intervention could lead to preservation of plasticity mechanisms. Patients may evolve from LACA to PACA and typical IMCAs, highlighting a continuum. Immune ataxias represent a model to elucidate the sequence of events leading to destruction of cerebellar neuronal reserve and develop novel strategies aiming to restore plasticity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, 160-0023 Tokyo, Japan
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Wang J, Qiu Z, Li D, Dong H, Hao J, Liu Z. Anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia: A case report and literature review. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 353:577515. [PMID: 33640718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-associated disease is expanding and the involvement of cerebellum was reported in the past few years. We report a 45-year-old male with chronically progressive cerebellar ataxia. CASPR2 antibodies were detected in his serum and cerebellar atrophy was observed on MRI. His symptoms improved prominently with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. 23 cases with CASPR2 antibodies and cerebellar ataxia were identified from previous publications. Most of patients showed acute or subacute onset with other typical presentations of anti-CASPR2 antibody-associated disease, such as limbic encephalitis. Immunotherapy was effective in the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Zhandong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Huiqing Dong
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China.
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Landa J, Guasp M, Petit-Pedrol M, Martínez-Hernández E, Planagumà J, Saiz A, Ruiz-García R, García-Fernández L, Verschuuren J, Saunders-Pullman R, Ramirez-Gómez L, Geschwind MD, Dalmau J, Sabater L, Graus F. Seizure-related 6 homolog like 2 autoimmunity: Neurologic syndrome and antibody effects. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021; 8:e916. [PMID: 33144342 PMCID: PMC7641326 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical syndrome of 4 new patients with seizure-related 6 homolog like 2 antibodies (SEZ6L2-abs), study the antibody characteristics, and evaluate their effects on neuronal cultures. METHODS SEZ6L2-abs were initially identified in serum and CSF of a patient with cerebellar ataxia by immunohistochemistry on rat brain sections and immunoprecipitation from rat cerebellar neurons. We used a cell-based assay (CBA) of HEK293 cells transfected with SEZ6L2 to test the serum of 95 patients with unclassified neuropil antibodies, 331 with different neurologic disorders, and 10 healthy subjects. Additional studies included characterization of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and the effects of SEZ6L2-abs on cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. RESULTS In addition to the index patient, SEZ6L2-abs were identified by CBA in 3/95 patients with unclassified neuropil antibodies but in none of the 341 controls. The median age of the 4 patients was 62 years (range: 54-69 years), and 2 were female. Patients presented with subacute gait ataxia, dysarthria, and mild extrapyramidal symptoms. Initial brain MRI was normal, and CSF pleocytosis was found in only 1 patient. None improved with immunotherapy. SEZ6L2-abs recognized conformational epitopes. IgG4 SEZ6L2-abs were found in all 4 patients, and it was the predominant subclass in 2. SEZ6L2-abs did not alter the number of total or synaptic SEZ6L2 or the AMPA glutamate receptor 1 (GluA1) clusters on the surface of hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSIONS SEZ6L2-abs associate with a subacute cerebellar syndrome with frequent extrapyramidal symptoms. The potential pathogenic effect of the antibodies is not mediated by internalization of the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Landa
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mar Guasp
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mar Petit-Pedrol
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Hernández
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jesús Planagumà
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Albert Saiz
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Raquel Ruiz-García
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lorena García-Fernández
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jan Verschuuren
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Liliana Ramirez-Gómez
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Josep Dalmau
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lidia Sabater
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francesc Graus
- From the Neuroimmunology Program (J.L., M.G., M.P.-P., E.M.-H., J.P., A.S., J.D., L.S., F.G.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Service of Neurology (M.G., E.M.-H., A.S., J.D.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (M.G., J.D., L.S.), Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Immunology Department (R.R.-G.), Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Neurology Department (L.G.-F.), Hospital General San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; Leiden University Medical Center (J.V.), Leiden, The Netherlands; Icahn School of Medicine (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York; Massachussetts General Hospital (L.R.-G.), Department of Neurology, Boston; UCSF Department of Neurology Memory and Aging Center (M.D.G.), San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; and Dr. Petit-Pedrol is now with Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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Bien CG, Braig S, Bien CI. Antibodies against metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 in a toddler with acute cerebellitis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577366. [PMID: 32861169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1) have been described in adults with paraneoplastic or non-paraneoplastic subacute cerebellitis. Patients responded to immunotherapy depending on disease duration. Here, we report on a 3 years 2 months old male toddler with acute onset ataxia and mGluR1 antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). He was started on prednisolone 4 weeks after disease onset and remitted largely within half a year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Bien
- Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Laboratory Krone, Bad Salzuflen, Germany.
| | - Sonja Braig
- Klinikum Bayreuth, Dept. of Pediatrics, Bayreuth, Germany
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Dade M, Berzero G, Izquierdo C, Giry M, Benazra M, Delattre JY, Psimaras D, Alentorn A. Neurological Syndromes Associated with Anti-GAD Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3701. [PMID: 32456344 PMCID: PMC7279468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an intracellular enzyme whose physiologic function is the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system. GAD antibodies (Ab) have been associated with multiple neurological syndromes, including stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, and limbic encephalitis, which are all considered to result from reduced GABAergic transmission. The pathogenic role of GAD Ab is still debated, and some evidence suggests that GAD autoimmunity might primarily be cell-mediated. Diagnosis relies on the detection of high titers of GAD Ab in serum and/or in the detection of GAD Ab in the cerebrospinal fluid. Due to the relative rarity of these syndromes, treatment schemes and predictors of response are poorly defined, highlighting the unmet need for multicentric prospective trials in this population. Here, we reviewed the main clinical characteristics of neurological syndromes associated with GAD Ab, focusing on pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Dade
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Giulia Berzero
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Izquierdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Marine Giry
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Marion Benazra
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Jean-Yves Delattre
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Dimitri Psimaras
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Agusti Alentorn
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013 Paris, France; (M.D.); (G.B.); (J.-Y.D.); (D.P.)
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
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8
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Muñiz-Castrillo S, Ambati A, Dubois V, Vogrig A, Joubert B, Rogemond V, Picard G, Lin L, Fabien N, Mignot E, Honnorat J. Primary DQ effect in the association between HLA and neurological syndromes with anti-GAD65 antibodies. J Neurol 2020; 267:1906-1911. [PMID: 32152690 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary cause of neurological syndromes with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65-Ab) is unknown, but genetic predisposition may exist as it is suggested by the co-occurrence in patients and their relatives of other organ-specific autoimmune diseases, notably type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and by the reports of a few familial cases. We analyzed the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in 32 unrelated patients and compared them to an ethnically matched sample of 137 healthy controls. Four-digit resolution HLA alleles were imputed from available Genome Wide Association data, and full HLA next-generation sequencing-based typing was also performed. HLA DQA1*05:01-DQB1*02:01-DRB1*03:01 was the most frequent class II haplotype in patients (13/32, 41%). DQB1*02:01 was the only allele found to be significantly more common in patients than in controls (20/137, 15%, corrected p = 0.03, OR 3.96, 95% CI [1.54-10.09]). There was also a trend towards more frequent DQA1*05:01 among patients compared to controls (22/137, 16%; corrected p = 0.05, OR 3.54, 95% CI [1.40-8.91]) and towards a protective effect of DQB1*03:01 (2/32, 6% in patients vs. 42/137, 31% in control group; corrected p = 0.05, OR 0.15, 95% CI [0.02-0.65]). There was no significant demographic or clinical difference between DQ2 and non-DQ2 carriers (p > 0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest a primary DQ effect on GAD65-Ab neurological diseases, partially shared with other systemic organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as T1DM. However, it is likely that other non-HLA loci are involved in the genetic predisposition of GAD65-Ab neurological syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Muñiz-Castrillo
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France
- SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Aditya Ambati
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Valérie Dubois
- HLA Laboratory, French Blood Service, EFS Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Lyon, France
| | - Alberto Vogrig
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France
- SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bastien Joubert
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France
- SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Rogemond
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France
- SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Geraldine Picard
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France
- SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Ling Lin
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Fabien
- Department of Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France.
- SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart K Chwalisz
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., J.D.S.), Radiology (B.R.B.), and Pathology (W.R.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., J.D.S.), Radiology (B.R.B.), and Pathology (W.R.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Bradley R Buchbinder
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., J.D.S.), Radiology (B.R.B.), and Pathology (W.R.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., J.D.S.), Radiology (B.R.B.), and Pathology (W.R.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., J.D.S.), Radiology (B.R.B.), and Pathology (W.R.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., J.D.S.), Radiology (B.R.B.), and Pathology (W.R.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Wesley R Samore
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., J.D.S.), Radiology (B.R.B.), and Pathology (W.R.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., J.D.S.), Radiology (B.R.B.), and Pathology (W.R.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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10
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Mitoma H, Manto M, Hampe CS. Immune-mediated Cerebellar Ataxias: Practical Guidelines and Therapeutic Challenges. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:33-58. [PMID: 30221603 PMCID: PMC6341499 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180917105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias (IMCAs), a clinical entity reported for the first time in the 1980s, include gluten ataxia (GA), paraneoplastic cerebellar degenerations (PCDs), antiglutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD) antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia, post-infectious cerebellitis, and opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS). These IMCAs share common features with regard to therapeutic approaches. When certain factors trigger immune processes, elimination of the antigen( s) becomes a priority: e.g., gluten-free diet in GA and surgical excision of the primary tumor in PCDs. Furthermore, various immunotherapeutic modalities (e.g., steroids, immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis, immunosuppressants, rituximab) should be considered alone or in combination to prevent the progression of the IMCAs. There is no evidence of significant differences in terms of response and prognosis among the various types of immunotherapies. Treatment introduced at an early stage, when CAs or cerebellar atrophy is mild, is associated with better prognosis. Preservation of the "cerebellar reserve" is necessary for the improvement of CAs and resilience of the cerebellar networks. In this regard, we emphasize the therapeutic principle of "Time is Cerebellum" in IMCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Address correspondence to this author at the Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan;, E-mail:
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Yaguchi H, Yabe I, Takahashi H, Watanabe M, Nomura T, Kano T, Watanabe M, Hatakeyama S. Anti-Sez6l2 antibody detected in a patient with immune-mediated cerebellar ataxia inhibits complex formation of GluR1 and Sez6l2. J Neurol 2018; 265:962-965. [PMID: 29423613 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science Center, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masashi Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taichi Nomura
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science Center, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kano
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Nanri K, Okuma M, Sato S, Yoneda M, Taguchi T, Mitoma H, Yamada J, Unezaki S, Nagatani T, Otsubo S, Sugawara M, Tanaka N, Mizusawa H. Prevalence of Autoantibodies and the Efficacy of Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Cerebellar Ataxia. Intern Med 2016; 55:449-54. [PMID: 26935362 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoimmune cerebellar ataxias were recently reported to be treatable. However, the proportion of patients with cortical cerebellar atrophy of unknown etiology with autoimmune-associated cerebellar ataxia and the actual effectiveness of immunotherapy in these diseases remain unknown. METHODS We measured the level of autoantibodies (including anti-gliadin antibody, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody, and anti-thyroid antibody) in 58 Japanese patients with cerebellar ataxia, excluding those with multiple system atrophy, hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia, cancer, or those who were receiving phenytoin, and the efficacy of immunotherapy was assessed. RESULTS Thirty-one of 58 (53%) patients were positive for anti-GAD antibody, anti-gliadin antibody, or anti-thyroid antibody. Seven of the 12 anti-gliadin antibody-positive patients, three of the four anti-GAD antibody-positive patients, and three of the six anti-thyroid antibody-positive patients responded well to immunotherapy, indicating that 59% of patients with ataxia-associated antibody-positive cerebellar ataxia undergoing immunotherapy responded well. CONCLUSION Some patients with cerebellar ataxia have autoimmune conditions and diagnosing autoimmune cerebellar ataxia is therefore an important component in the care of patients with this disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nanri
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Japan
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Folli F, Daniele G, Werner S, Kamath S, Munera JV, Abboud H, Fanti P. Membranous nephropathy and cerebellar degeneration with anti-GAD antibodies in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:897-903. [PMID: 25753172 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the potential pathogenic significance of the coexistence of membranous nephropathy, cerebellar degeneration and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies in patients with diabetes. METHODS We performed a direct immunocytochemistry on human kidney slides, electron microscopy on human kidney biopsy, direct immunofluorescence on human kidney biopsy. Baboon and rat kidney cell lines were fractionated and subjected to western blotting with antibodies to GAD. RESULTS In this patient we demonstrate the presence of autoantibodies to GAD, which is highly enriched in podocytes plasma membrane and tubular cells of the kidney as well as sub-endothelial IgG and complement C3 deposits in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize the existence in this patient of a common autoimmune pathogenic mechanism with GAD as the autoantigenic determinant, underlying cerebellar degeneration and membranous nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Folli
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas (FCM), Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, S.P., Brazil.
| | - Giuseppe Daniele
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Sherry Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Subash Kamath
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jose Velez Munera
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hanna Abboud
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Jarius S, Wildemann B. 'Medusa head ataxia': the expanding spectrum of Purkinje cell antibodies in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. Part 2: Anti-PKC-gamma, anti-GluR-delta2, anti-Ca/ARHGAP26 and anti-VGCC. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:167. [PMID: 26377184 PMCID: PMC4574118 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological testing for anti-neural autoantibodies is important in patients presenting with idiopathic cerebellar ataxia, since these autoantibodies may indicate cancer, determine treatment and predict prognosis. While some of them target nuclear antigens present in all or most CNS neurons (e.g. anti-Hu, anti-Ri), others more specifically target antigens present in the cytoplasm or plasma membrane of Purkinje cells (PC). In this series of articles, we provide a detailed review of the clinical and paraclinical features, oncological, therapeutic and prognostic implications, pathogenetic relevance, and differential laboratory diagnosis of the 12 most common PC autoantibodies (often referred to as 'Medusa head antibodies' due their characteristic somatodendritic binding pattern when tested by immunohistochemistry). To assist immunologists and neurologists in diagnosing these disorders, typical high-resolution immunohistochemical images of all 12 reactivities are presented, diagnostic pitfalls discussed and all currently available assays reviewed. Of note, most of these antibodies target antigens involved in the mGluR1/calcium pathway essential for PC function and survival. Many of the antigens also play a role in spinocerebellar ataxia. Part 1 focuses on anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 1-, anti-Homer protein homolog 3-, anti-Sj/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor- and anti-carbonic anhydrase-related protein VIII-associated autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA); part 2 covers anti-protein kinase C gamma-, anti-glutamate receptor delta-2-, anti-Ca/RhoGTPase-activating protein 26- and anti-voltage-gated calcium channel-associated ACA; and part 3 reviews the current knowledge on anti-Tr/delta notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor-, anti-Nb/AP3B2-, anti-Yo/cerebellar degeneration-related protein 2- and Purkinje cell antibody 2-associated ACA, discusses differential diagnostic aspects, and provides a summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - B Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Jarius S, Wildemann B. 'Medusa head ataxia': the expanding spectrum of Purkinje cell antibodies in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. Part 3: Anti-Yo/CDR2, anti-Nb/AP3B2, PCA-2, anti-Tr/DNER, other antibodies, diagnostic pitfalls, summary and outlook. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:168. [PMID: 26377319 PMCID: PMC4573944 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological testing for anti-neural autoantibodies is important in patients presenting with idiopathic cerebellar ataxia, since these autoantibodies may indicate cancer, determine treatment and predict prognosis. While some of them target nuclear antigens present in all or most CNS neurons (e.g. anti-Hu, anti-Ri), others more specifically target antigens present in the cytoplasm or plasma membrane of Purkinje cells (PC). In this series of articles, we provide a detailed review of the clinical and paraclinical features, oncological, therapeutic and prognostic implications, pathogenetic relevance, and differential laboratory diagnosis of the 12 most common PC autoantibodies (often referred to as 'Medusa head antibodies' due to their characteristic somatodendritic binding pattern when tested by immunohistochemistry). To assist immunologists and neurologists in diagnosing these disorders, typical high-resolution immunohistochemical images of all 12 reactivities are presented, diagnostic pitfalls discussed and all currently available assays reviewed. Of note, most of these antibodies target antigens involved in the mGluR1/calcium pathway essential for PC function and survival. Many of the antigens also play a role in spinocerebellar ataxia. Part 1 focuses on anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 1-, anti-Homer protein homolog 3-, anti-Sj/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor- and anti-carbonic anhydrase-related protein VIII-associated autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA); part 2 covers anti-protein kinase C gamma-, anti-glutamate receptor delta-2-, anti-Ca/RhoGTPase-activating protein 26- and anti-voltage-gated calcium channel-associated ACA; and part 3 reviews the current knowledge on anti-Tr/delta notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor-, anti-Nb/AP3B2-, anti-Yo/cerebellar degeneration-related protein 2- and Purkinje cell antibody 2-associated ACA, discusses differential diagnostic aspects and provides a summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - B Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Jarius S, Wildemann B. 'Medusa-head ataxia': the expanding spectrum of Purkinje cell antibodies in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. Part 1: Anti-mGluR1, anti-Homer-3, anti-Sj/ITPR1 and anti-CARP VIII. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:166. [PMID: 26377085 PMCID: PMC4574226 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological testing for anti-neural autoantibodies is important in patients presenting with idiopathic cerebellar ataxia, since these autoantibodies may indicate cancer, determine treatment and predict prognosis. While some of them target nuclear antigens present in all or most CNS neurons (e.g. anti-Hu, anti-Ri), others more specifically target antigens present in the cytoplasm or plasma membrane of Purkinje cells (PC). In this series of articles, we provide a detailed review of the clinical and paraclinical features, oncological, therapeutic and prognostic implications, pathogenetic relevance, and differential laboratory diagnosis of the 12 most common PC autoantibodies (often referred to as 'Medusa-head antibodies' due to their characteristic somatodendritic binding pattern when tested by immunohistochemistry). To assist immunologists and neurologists in diagnosing these disorders, typical high-resolution immunohistochemical images of all 12 reactivities are presented, diagnostic pitfalls discussed and all currently available assays reviewed. Of note, most of these antibodies target antigens involved in the mGluR1/calcium pathway essential for PC function and survival. Many of the antigens also play a role in spinocerebellar ataxia. Part 1 focuses on anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 1-, anti-Homer protein homolog 3-, anti-Sj/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor- and anti-carbonic anhydrase-related protein VIII-associated autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA); part 2 covers anti-protein kinase C gamma-, anti-glutamate receptor delta-2-, anti-Ca/RhoGTPase-activating protein 26- and anti-voltage-gated calcium channel-associated ACA; and part 3 reviews the current knowledge on anti-Tr/delta notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor-, anti-Nb/AP3B2-, anti-Yo/cerebellar degeneration-related protein 2- and Purkinje cell antibody 2-associated ACA, discusses differential diagnostic aspects and provides a summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - B Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Nanri K, Okuma M, Sato S, Taguchi T, Tanaka N. [Autoimmune cerebellar ataxia]. Nihon Rinsho 2015; 73 Suppl 7:632-637. [PMID: 26480769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Jiang YY, Cao BB, Wang XQ, Peng YP, Qiu YH. Cerebellar ataxia induced by 3-AP affects immunological function. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2015; 36:246-256. [PMID: 26313392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously showed that the cerebellum modulates the immune system. Here we determined whether cerebellar ataxia alters immunological function to further demonstrate an involvement of the cerebellum in immune modulation. METHODS Neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) was intraperitoneally injected in rats to induce cerebellar ataxia. Behavior and motor coordination were tested on day 7 following 3-AP injection. Nissl staining and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine neuronal loss and neurotransmitter contents, respectively, in all the three cerebellar nuclei, fastigial nucleus (FN), interposed nucleus (IN) and dentate nucleus (DN). T and B lymphocyte differentiation and function were measured by flow cytometry, Western blot and ELISA. RESULTS 3-AP induced motor discoordination and locomotor reduction. In all the three cerebellar nuclei, FN, IN and DN, there was a neuronal loss and a decrease in contents of glutamate and GABA (but not glycine) after 3-AP injection. Importantly, CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, were increased by the 3-AP treatment. Moreover, interferon (IFN)-γ-producing cells and interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells were decreased in cerebellar ataxia rats, but IL-4-producing cells and CD25-expressing cells were increased. Expression of the T helper (Th)1- and Th17-related cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17 and IL-22, was downregulated in CD4+ cells in cerebellar ataxia rats, while expression of the Th2 and regulatory T (Treg)-related cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, was upregulated. Furthermore, B lymphocyte number and anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) IgM and IgG antibody levels were elevated in cerebellar ataxia. CONCLUSION Cerebellar ataxia alters cellular and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ying Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bei-Bei Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Fancellu R, Corsini E, Bernardi G, Buzzo P, Ferrari ML, Lamantea E, Garaventa A, Truini M, Salvarani S. Paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-Hu antibodies and benign ganglioneuroma. Funct Neurol 2014; 29:277-280. [PMID: 25764259 PMCID: PMC4370442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a case of cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-Hu antibodies and benign ganglioneuroma. A 28-year-old woman developed progressive ataxia with hyporeflexia at the age of 19. Brain MRI showed progressive cerebellar atrophy. Neurophysiological studies, screening of immune-mediated ataxias, oncological markers, vitamin E and genetic tests for spinocerebellar ataxia types 1,2,3, Friedreich ataxia and POLG1 were negative. Anti-Hu antibodies were positive in Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence (1:640). Total-body computed tomography revealed a mediastinum mass; the histological diagnosis was maturing ganglioneuroma. Immunohistochemistry showed a mild reaction between the tumor and the patient's serum, and no reaction between the tumor and control serum. After surgery, serum anti-Hu titer decreased, while ataxic symptoms initially worsened and then stabilized. Ganglioneuroma is a benign tumor, usually derived from the maturation of a neuroblastoma. The benign histology and the presence of anti-Hu antibodies could be related to the positive oncological prognosis and to the slow clinical course mimicking a degenerative ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Corsini
- Unit of Laboratory Analysis, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bernardi
- Unit of Laboratory Analysis, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Buzzo
- Unit of General Medicine, Villa Scassi Hospital ASL3, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Lamantea
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Garaventa
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Truini
- Unit of Pathological Anatomy and Cytohistology, IRCCS S. Martino University Hospital – IST National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
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Soós Z, Salamon M, Erdei K, Kaszás N, Folyovich A, Szücs A, Barcs G, Arányi Z, Skaliczkis J, Vadasdi K, Winkler G. LADA type diabetes, celiac diasease, cerebellar ataxia and stiff person syndrome. A rare association of autoimmune disorders. Ideggyogy Sz 2014; 67:205-209. [PMID: 25087381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease--in its typical form--is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy with typical clinical symptoms that develops against gliadin content of cereal grains, and is often associated with other autoimmune diseases. In cases of atypical manifestation classic symptoms may be absent or mild, and extra-intestinal symptoms or associated syndromes dominate clinical picture. The authors present a longitudinal follow-up of such a case. A 63-years old woman was diagnosed with epilepsy at the age of 19, and with progressive limb ataxia at the age of 36, which was initially thought to be caused by cerebellar atrophy, later probably by stiff person syndrome. At the age 59, her diabetes mellitus manifested with type 2 diabetic phenotype, but based on GAD positivity later was reclassified as type 1 diabetes. Only the last check-up discovered the celiac disease, retrospectively explaining the entire disease course and neurological symptoms. By presenting this case, the authors would like to draw attention to the fact that one should think of the possibility of celiac disease when cerebellar ataxia, progressive neurological symptoms and diabetes are present at the same time. An early diagnosis may help to delay the progression of disease and help better treatment.
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Chen WH, Chen CH, Chui C, Lui CC, Chen CJ, Yin HL. Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebellar ataxia: a clinical analysis and literature review. Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:283-90. [PMID: 24714067 DOI: 10.1159/000354614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it has been established that antiphospholipid antibodies (APAbs) bind to and modulate the signaling of cerebellar neurons in vitro, the clinical correlation between increased APAbs and cerebellar ataxia has rarely been investigated. METHODS We reviewed 10 patients presenting with cerebellar ataxia with increased blood APAbs from our database along with 3 APAb-associated cerebellar ataxia patients in the literature. RESULTS Of these 10 patients, 4 exhibited a subacute onset of progressive ataxia, and there were no significant structural changes in their brains that appeared to be responsible for the symptoms. Another 6 showed a chronic course of ataxia, and shared similar morphological changes that included symmetrical lesions in bilateral hemispheres, periventricular lucency and central and temporal atrophy of varying severity; the cerebellum was spared. The predominant APAbs for subacute and chronic ataxia were the anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibody and anticardiolipin antibody, respectively. Cancer was found in 1 patient with subacute ataxia and in 4 with chronic ataxia. The removal of the cancer, the plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy successfully abolished the ataxia and increased APAb levels in all 5 patients. CONCLUSIONS The relation between APAbs and nonvascular neurological disorders, such as cerebellar ataxia, should be further studied. APAbs may mediate neurological deficits via different mechanisms such as structural damage or functional neurotoxicity. Clinically, the examination of blood APAb levels is recommended for patients with cerebellar ataxia without a determined cause, and the further survey of systemic cancers in the case of APAb positivity is also recommended. Finally, plasmapheresis is a reasonable and effective treatment for APAb-associated cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, , Kaohsiung, Taiwan (ROC)
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Simon NG, Vucic S, Joffe R, Kiernan MC. Cortical dysfunction in cerebellar ataxia with antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase. J Neurol 2013; 261:238-9. [PMID: 24292643 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil G Simon
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia,
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Mitoma H, Nanri K. [Autoantibodies associated with autoimmune-mediated cerebellar ataxia]. Brain Nerve 2013; 65:355-364. [PMID: 23568983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Various autoantibodies are associated with autoimmune-mediated cerebellar ataxia. Anti-Yo, -Zic, -CARPVIII, -Tr, -Ri, -Hu, -Ma, -CRMP-5, -ANNA-3, -PCA-2, -VGCC, and -mGluR antibodies (Abs) are found in paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia, whereas anti-GAD, -thyroid, and -gliadin Abs are found in non-paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia. Most of these antibodies are not pathogenic but are diagnostic markers. However, anti-VGCC, anti-mGluR, and anti-GAD Abs have been shown to cause cerebellar ataxia, because administration of these Abs mimics cerebellar ataxia in vivo. Experiments using in vitro preparations show that anti-VGCC Ab depresses excitatory synaptic transmissions, and anti-GAD Ab suppresses inhibitory synaptic transmissions. Anti-mGluR Ab interferes with the induction of synaptic plasticity. These results suggest that pathogenic Abs elicit cerebellar synaptic dysfunction, and thereby cause ataxia in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
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Murakami H, Iijima S, Kawamura M, Takahashi Y, Ichikawa H. [A case of acute cerebellar ataxia following infectious mononucleosis accompanied by intrathecal anti-glutamate receptor δ2 antibody]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2013; 53:555-558. [PMID: 23892968 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.53.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An 18-year-old woman was admitted because of sore throat and pain in the epigastric region. On admission, she presented with swollen tonsils and hepatosplenomegaly. Blood examinations revealed the presence of atypical lymphocytes, liver damage and anti-VCA IgM and IgG antibodies. These findings led to diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. After admission, her condition improved, but on hospital day 4, she suddenly developed cerebellar ataxia in the trunk and four limbs. Cranial MRI findings were normal. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected on hospital day 6 showed normal cell counts and normal concentrations of protein and glucose. EB virus DNA and anti-VCA IgM and IgG antibodies were negative and glutamate receptor δ2 antibody was positive in CSF collected on hospital day 11. We diagnosed acute cerebellar ataxia (ACA) and performed methylprednisolone pulse therapy. After this therapy, her cerebellar ataxia improved over a few days. This is the first reported case of ACA after EB virus infection presenting with glutamate receptor δ2 antibody in CSF. The glutamate receptor δ2 subunit is expressed on cerebellar Purkinje cells. Therefore, the presence of the antibody may be associated with cerebellar dysfunction. In the present case, secondary immune reactions after EB virus infection may have produced the antibody.
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Le Ber I, Dürr A, Brice A. Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias with oculomotor apraxia. Handb Clin Neurol 2012; 103:333-341. [PMID: 21827898 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Le Ber
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France.
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Krauthausen M, Ellis SL, Zimmermann J, Sarris M, Wakefield D, Heneka MT, Campbell IL, Müller M. Opposing roles for CXCR3 signaling in central nervous system versus ocular inflammation mediated by the astrocyte-targeted production of IL-12. Am J Pathol 2011; 179:2346-59. [PMID: 21925471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CXCR3 and its ligands are important for the trafficking of activated CD4(+) T(H)1 T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and natural killer cells during inflammation. Recent functional studies demonstrate a more diverse role of CXCR3 in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). We examined the impact of CXCR3 on a less complex interferon-γ-dependent, type 1 cell-mediated immune response in the CNS, induced in mice by the transgenic production of glial fibrillary acidic protein IL-12 (GF-IL12) by astrocytes and retinal Müller cells. GF-IL12 mice develop ataxia because of severe cerebellar inflammation but have little overt ocular disease. Surprisingly, CXCR3-deficient GF-IL12 mice (GF-IL12/CXCR3KO) have drastically reduced ataxia but developed cataracts, severe ocular inflammation, and eye atrophy. Most GF-IL12/CXCR3KO mice had minimal cerebellar inflammation but severe retinal disorganization, loss of photoreceptors, and lens destruction in the eye. The number of CD3(+), CD11b(+), and natural killer 1.1(+) cells were reduced in the CNS but highly increased in the eyes of GF-IL12/CXCR3KO compared with GF-IL12 mice. High levels of interferon-γ, IL-1, tumor necrosis factor α, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5 were found in GF-IL12 cerebelli and GF-IL12/CXCR3KO eyes. Our findings demonstrate key but paradoxical functions for CXCR3 in IL-12-induced immune disease in the CNS, promoting inflammation in the brain yet restricting it in the eye. We conclude that the function of CXCR3 in cellular immune disease is driven by a common trigger and is controlled by tissue-specific factors.
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Usui D, Mitsuda N, Hosokawa T, Fujieda M, Takahashi Y, Wakiguchi H. [A case of persistent cerebellar ataxia complicated by conversion disorder--confirmed by positive cerebrospinal fluid glutamate receptor delta2 and epsilon2 antibodies]. No To Hattatsu 2011; 43:41-45. [PMID: 21400931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We recently encountered a 13-year-old girl who developed persistent cerebellar symptoms one month after mixed measles/rubella vaccination, making it difficult to distinguish this condition from conversion disorders. Severe truncal ataxia was the initial manifestation in this case. The patient had no abnormalities in objective tests but began to show extraordinary circadian variations in certain parameters. Her cerebellar symptoms were thus considered to possibly be associated with conversion disorders. Later, she tested positive for cerebrospinal fluid anti-glutamic acid receptor (GluR) delta2 antibody. The lymphocyte stimulation test yielded a positive reaction to GluRdelta2 antigen. In addition, in the chronic stage SPECT revealed reduced cerebellar blood flow. She was thus diagnosed as having persistent cerebellar ataxia due to autoimmune mechanisms and modification of cerebellar symptoms due to secondary conversion disorders. Our experience with this case suggests that checking cerebrospinal fluid for anti-GluRdelta2 antibody is possibly useful for distinguishing between conversion disorders and cerebellar ataxia due to autoimmune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Usui
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nangoku, Kochi.
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Liu CS, Soong BW, Lee YC, Chen WL, Kuo CL, Cheng WL, Huang CS, Lin WT. Gluten sensitivity: associated sporadic cerebellar ataxia in Taiwan. Acta Neurol Taiwan 2010; 19:263-269. [PMID: 21210327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gluten sensitivity (GS) is related to the pathogenesis of sporadic or hereditary ataxia. METHODS Total of 194 healthy controls and patients with either hereditary ataxia (n=207) or sporadic ataxia (n=361) were tested for the circulating gluten-related autoantibodies which serve as biomarkers to interpret the existence of GS. RESULTS The incidences of GS in each population were 1% in normal subjects, 2% in hereditary ataxia patients and 9% in sporadic ataxia patients. High serum level of anti-gliadin IgG/IgA and t-transglutaminase IgA were disclosed at the sporadic ataxia patients compared with normal subjects. However, the anti-gliadin IgG is more specific to the disease of sporadic ataxia. CONCLUSION Relatively higher incidence of GS was found in the population of sporadic ataxia patients but not in either normal subjects or hereditary ataxia patients in Taiwan. Anti-gliadin IgG still is a very powerful indicator to implicate the immune-related sporadic ataxia and we conclude that GS-related sporadic ataxia exists in Taiwan with linkage to autoimmune events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-San Liu
- Department of Neurology, Vascular and Genomics Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135, Nanhsiao Street, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
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Noguchi S, Kaga Y, Takahashi Y, Aoyagi K, Nakamura K, Kamiya Y, Nakane T, Kanemura H, Sugita K, Aihara M. [A case of recurrent paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia with antibodies to GluR epsilon 2 causally related to ganglioneuroma]. No To Hattatsu 2010; 42:297-301. [PMID: 20666137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute cerebellar ataxia (ACA) in childhood following viral infection is a self-limited disease. We present a boy with recurrent episodes of paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia associated with a ganglioneuroma. A 20-month-old boy developed the first episode of cerebellar ataxia after nonspecific respiratory tract infections. During this episode he showed a wide gait and truncal ataxia with intention tremor and horizontal nystagmus. Our initial diagnosis was ACA, and gradual improvement of ataxia was observed thereafter. At 2 years and 6 months, similar cerebellar symptoms recurred after respiratory tract infections. Speech difficulty and cognitive problems developed thereafter. We suspected paraneoplastic syndrome. Computed tomography revealed a retroperitoneal tumor, and autoantibodies against GluR epsilon 2 were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. After the tumor resection, the cerebellar symptoms did not recur and speech difficulty and cognitive problems improved gradually. Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have revealed that cerebellar function contributes to higher brain functions including cognition and learning. We will follow up this patient's long-term cognitive function and consider special educational support and programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Noguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi University, Chuo, Yamanashi
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Aberg HE, Herbai GL, Westerberg CE. Recurrent and reversible cerebellar ataxia with concomitant episodes of hyperthyroidism: a new autoimmune syndrome. Acta Med Scand 2009; 199:331-4. [PMID: 1266669 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1976.tb06743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new disorder with possible autoimmune background is described in a 67-year-old man. He had experienced episodes of cerebellar ataxia induced by infections over the last 40 years. In 1963 he had thyrotoxicosis. The patient underwent bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy. Recently it has been possible to detect involvement also of his remaining thyroid gland, with findings compatible with hyperthyroidism concomitant with his cerebellar atixia.
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Virgilio R, Corti S, Agazzi P, Santoro D, Lanfranconi S, Candelise L, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Bersano A. Effect of steroid treatment in cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80:95-6. [PMID: 19091718 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.142745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Nanri K, Okita M, Takeguchi M, Taguchi T, Ishiko T, Saito H, Otsuka T, Mitoma H, Koizumi K. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for autoantibody-positive cerebellar ataxia. Intern Med 2009; 48:783-90. [PMID: 19443972 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been reported that autoimmune cerebellar ataxias, such as anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-antibody-positive cerebellar ataxia and gluten ataxia, are treatable. Here, we examined the therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) on autoantibody-positive cerebellar ataxia. PATIENTS AND METHODS IVIg therapy was administered in seven autoantibody-positive cerebellar ataxia patients. Therapeutic efficacy was examined in terms of its effects on clinical symptoms and changes in brain perfusion using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). RESULTS Treatment was effective in four cerebellar cortical atrophy patients (two anti-GAD antibody-positive and two anti-gliadin antibody-positive) and in one anti-thyroid antibody-positive spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) patient, but not in two multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients. All four IVIg effective patients who underwent SPECT showed apparent increases in cerebellar perfusion. CONCLUSION If cerebellar ataxia with an autoimmune mechanism is suspected and radiological findings do not reveal MSA, it is worth considering immunotherapy including IVIg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nanri
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo.
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Ishida K, Mitoma H, Mizusawa H. Reversibility of cerebellar GABAergic synapse impairment induced by anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies. J Neurol Sci 2008; 271:186-90. [PMID: 18534624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GAD-Abs) are found in some patients with cerebellar ataxia. We reported previously that CSF IgGs depress cerebellar GABAergic synaptic transmissions by a presynaptic mechanism. Using whole-cell recordings from rat cerebellar slices, we found in the present study that CSF IgG-induced depressive effects were abolished by absorption of GAD-Abs using recombinant GAD. Furthermore, forskolin, an activator of cAMP, recovered the CSF IgG-induced reduction of GABA release. Our results provide evidence that GAD-Abs in the CSF elicited physiopathological effects on cerebellar GABA synapses in vitro and that such synaptic impairment was reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ishida
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Bonnan M, Cabre P, Olindo S, Signate A, Saint-Vil M, Smadja D. [Steroid treatment in four cases of anti-GAD cerebellar ataxia]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2008; 164:427-33. [PMID: 18555874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few neurological diseases are linked with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD-ab); stiff man syndrome is an example. Cerebellar ataxia is a new feature of this expanding spectrum. No therapeutic trial is yet available in these diseases. We here report on four patients suffering from cerebellar ataxia linked with GAD-ab and review the data in the literature on this recently described syndrome. METHOD We conducted an open trial with monthly pulsed steroids. Steroid pulses were given six months followed with placebo for another six months. Main clinical and biological parameters were monitored monthly (International Cooperative Cerebellar Ataxia Rating Scale [ICARS] and GAD-ab). RESULT The clinical response was found limited and inconstant. Transient decline in GAD-ab level was noted in two patients. Moreover, GAD-ab level was found highly variable and did not correlate with clinical parameters. DISCUSSION Cerebellar ataxia with GAD-ab is an increasingly described syndrome. Outcome can be severe, leading to definitive cerebellar atrophy. Diagnosis is supported by high level of serum GAD-ab with intrathecal secretion. Experimental data have suggested a direct excitotoxic effect of GAD-ab on Purkinje cells. Response to various treatments is often disappointing. Improvement has been obtained with veinoglobulins in individual patients. A weak clinical and biological response was associated with monthly steroid pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonnan
- Service de neurologie, hôpital Pierre-Zobda-Quitman, centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, B.P. 632, 97261 Fort-de-France cedex, France.
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Shiihara T, Kato M, Konno A, Takahashi Y, Hayasaka K. Acute cerebellar ataxia and consecutive cerebellitis produced by glutamate receptor delta2 autoantibody. Brain Dev 2007; 29:254-6. [PMID: 17049194 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acute cerebellar ataxia is usually a self-limited benign disease, which may develop in children after certain viral infections or vaccinations. There are several reports of acute cerebellar ataxia associated with autoantibodies. Glutamate receptor delta2, a member of the glutamate receptor family, is predominantly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells and plays a crucial role in cerebellar functions. To date anti-GluRdelta2 autoantibody was detected in a patient with chronic cerebellitis. Herein, an 18-month-old boy presented with cerebellar ataxia 9 days following a mild respiratory tract infection. Although cerebellar ataxia gradually improved, it worsened yet again following mumps and varicella virus infection. Cerebro-spinal fluid examination and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated pleocytosis and meningeal enhancement, respectively. Furthermore, glutamate receptor delta2 autoantibody was detected in serum and cerebro-spinal fluid. Thus, we believe that the glutamate receptor delta2 autoantibody may play a role in cerebellar ataxia and consecutive cerebellitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Kim JY, Chung EJ, Kim JH, Jung KY, Lee WY. Response to steroid treatment in anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia, stiff person syndrome and polyendocrinopathy. Mov Disord 2007; 21:2263-4. [PMID: 17013903 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Zambito Marsala S, Ferracci F, Cecotti L, Gentile M, Conte F, Candeago RM, Marchini C. Post-malaria neurological syndrome: clinical and laboratory findings in one patient. Neurol Sci 2007; 27:442-4. [PMID: 17205233 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-006-0728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Post-malaria neurological syndrome (PMNS) is a rare complication of malaria. It follows recovery from an episode of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and is characterised by symptoms and signs of encephalopathy. Patients usually improve without any specific treatment. The pathogenesis is unknown, but it is probably immunologically mediated. The objective of this case study is to describe the first Italian patient with PMNS. A 60-year-old Italian man developed acute P. falciparum malaria after a stay in French Guinea. Twenty days after recovering from malaria, he became confused, developed generalised weakness, limb tremors, shivering and dizziness. These symptoms continued for three days, then resolved spontaneously. Neuroimaging was normal. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed breakdown of the blood/brain barrier, without oligoclonal bands and normal IgG index. Our patient presented a mild diffuse encephalopathy suggestive of a generic activation of the immune system without any specific reaction against antigens within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zambito Marsala
- Unità Operativa di Neurologia, Ospedale San Martino di Belluno, Viale Europa 22, I-32100 Belluno, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zuliani
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut d' Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies are described in stiff-person syndrome and also in other neurological syndromes, including cerebellar ataxia and epilepsy. This paper reports the case of a patient who had chronic focal epilepsy, upbeat nystagmus and cerebellar ataxia, associated with a polyautoimmune response including anti-GAD antibodies. Both gait and nystagmus improved markedly after immunosuppressive treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine. After the introduction of benzodiazepines, previously refractory seizures were completely controlled. Anti-GAD antibodies should be actively sought out in pharmacoresistant epilepsy, particularly if other neurological abnormalities are present. Combined treatment with immunosuppressants and gammahydroxybutyric acidergic agents may be highly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vulliemoz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ishida K, Mitoma H, Wada Y, Oka T, Shibahara J, Saito Y, Murayama S, Mizusawa H. Selective loss of Purkinje cells in a patient with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78:190-2. [PMID: 17119008 PMCID: PMC2077656 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody is associated with the development of progressive cerebellar ataxia and slowly progressive insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Previously, the neurophysiological characteristics of IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated progressive cerebellar ataxia and slowly progressive insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were reported. Using a voltage-gated whole-cell recording technique, it was observed that the IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patient selectively suppressed the inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the Purkinje cells. The patient died from aspiration pneumonia. Postmortem examination showed almost complete depletion of the Purkinje cells with Bergmann gliosis. Therefore, the main cause of cerebellar ataxia observed in this case may be attributed to the near-complete depletion of the Purkinje cells. In this paper, the pathomechanisms underlying Purkinje cell damage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ishida
- Department of Neurology, Tamagawa Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Birand B, Cabre P, Bonnan M, Olindo S, Smadja D. Un nouveau cas d'ataxie cérébelleuse à anticorps anti-GAD traité par corticoïdes et initialement séronégatif. Rev Med Interne 2006; 27:616-9. [PMID: 16797794 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebellar ataxia with antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD-ab) is an exceptional newly recognized autoimmune disorder. The cerebellar ataxia may occur in isolation or be associated with stiff man syndrome another rare GAD-Ab induced disorder of central nervous system. EXEGESIS A 38-year-old woman with a past history of Graves disease presented with insidious cerebellar symptoms including ataxic gait, dysmetria, dysarthria, and oscillopsia. A thorough survey of markers of paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia and collagen diseases was negative. Her serum contained high level of GAD-ab (647.2 U/ml) and MRI evidenced pure cerebellar atrophy leading to diagnosis of autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. Under corticosteroids, cerebellar symptoms partially improved, but serum GAD-ab titre dramatically decreased. CONCLUSION Testing for GAD-ab may be indicated in patients with idiopathic cerebellar ataxia, particularly mature women with organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Corticosteroids must be started to prevent irreversible cerebellar atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Birand
- Service de neurologie, hôpital Pierre-Zobda-Quitmann, CHU de Fort-de-France, 97261 Fort-de-France, France
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Coppens T, Van den Bergh P, Duprez TJ, Jeanjean A, De Ridder F, Sindic CJM. Paraneoplastic rhombencephalitis and brachial plexopathy in two cases of amphiphysin auto-immunity. Eur Neurol 2006; 55:80-3. [PMID: 16567945 DOI: 10.1159/000092307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphysin, a synaptic vesicle protein, is an auto-immune target in rare cases of paraneoplastic neurological disorders. We report two additional cases with distinct neurological syndromes and paraneoplastic anti-amphiphysin antibodies. The first patient, a 59-year-old man, presented with cerebellar and cranial nerve dysfunction and small cell lung carcinoma. The second, a 77-year- old woman, presented with left brachial plexopathy followed by sensorimotor neuropathy and breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Coppens
- Service de Neurologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgique
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Abstract
The authors found serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) autoantibody in a patient with typical acute cerebellar ataxia (ACA) and identified the antigen molecule as triosephosphate isomerase (TPI). TPI antigenicity to the patient's antibody was the highest in the cerebellar tissue. Eight of 23 patients with ACA had increased IgM anti-TPI antibody titers vs those of healthy controls. Preceding Epstein-Barr virus infection was confirmed serologically in all 8 patients. Anti-TPI antibody decreased with clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Uchibori
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gluten ataxia refers to the association of idiopathic ataxia despite exhaustive investigations with gluten sensitivity defined by anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) presence in blood. This is a controversial concept. PATIENTS AND METHODS We screened 33 patients, who were hospitalized in 2003 and had subacute or chronic ataxia for presence of circulating AGA. Twelve patients were positive and their clinical and biological features were studied. RESULTS Among the twelve patients, we concluded that gluten ataxia was present in only eight, including one case of celiac disease. Among these eight patients, five had the usual features of gluten ataxia (progressive cerebellar ataxia affecting mainly lower limbs), but one patient presented unusual left cerebellar hemisyndrome and the two others displayed polyneuropathy with proprioceptive ataxia. Cerebellar atrophy was confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging in five cases and association with other antibodies was found in six cases. Among the four other patients positive for AGA, investigations revealed one case of multiple sclerosis, one case of late-onset Friedreich ataxia, one case of basilar tuberculous meningitis and one case of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Screening for AGA presence should be systematically performed at presentation of patients with unknown etiology ataxia; in the event AGA are present without any other etiology, treatment with gluten-free diet must be discussed. However, the responsibility of AGA in the pathogenesis of neurological signs is highly debatable and further experimental work is required. Two pathophysiological hypotheses are suggested: (1) overexpression of cerebellar epitopes, in case of primary cerebellar pathology, leading to excessive immune response directed against these epitopes; and (2) molecular mimicry with cross-reactivity of antigens usually directed against gliadin, but also recognizing Purkinje cells epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anheim
- Service des Maladies du Système Nerveux et du Muscle, Clinique Neurologique, Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Strasbourg.
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Ihara M, Makino F, Sawada H, Mezaki T, Mizutani K, Nakase H, Matsui M, Tomimoto H, Shimohama S. Gluten sensitivity in Japanese patients with adult-onset cerebellar ataxia. Intern Med 2006; 45:135-40. [PMID: 16508226 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gluten sensitivity is associated with multiple neurological abnormalities including gluten ataxia, motor neuron disease-like neuropathy, small fiber type neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and even parkinsonism. We investigated whether or not gluten sensitivity is involved in Japanese patients with idiopathic cerebellar ataxia with extracerebellar presentation. PATIENTS OR MATERIALS Fourteen patients with idiopathic cerebellar ataxia with extracerebellar presentation (autonomic instability, parkinsonism, or pyramidal dysfunction in varying combinations) were screened for anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) to analyze for the presence or absence of gluten sensitivity. Patients with typical MR findings of multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type were excluded. As disease controls without cerebellar ataxia, 9 patients with Parkinson's disease and 18 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were screened for AGA. Forty-seven normal controls were also screened for AGA. RESULTS We found a high prevalence of AGA in 5 (36%) of 14 cerebellar ataxia patients, but in only 1 (4%) of 27 disease controls without cerebellar ataxia (odds ratio, 14.4; 95% CI, 1.41147; p<0.05) and in only 1 (2%) of 47 normal controls (odds ratio, 25.6; 95% CI, 2.66246; p<0.001). Among the cerebellar ataxia patients, atypical features such as sensorimotor neuropathy and/or mild cognitive impairment were more prevalent in the AGA-positive group (60%) than in the AGA-negative group (0%). In one of the ataxic patients with AGA, a gluten-free diet had positive effects on neurological symptoms and nutritional status. CONCLUSION Gluten sensitivity is involved in at least some of the unexplained neurological symptoms of Japanese patients with adult-onset, sporadic cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto
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Lock RJ, Tengah DP, Williams AJ, Ward JJ, Bingley PJ, Wills AJ, Unsworth DJ. Cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, "gluten sensitivity" and anti-neuronal autoantibodies. Clin Lab 2006; 52:589-92. [PMID: 17175889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
"Gluten sensitive" neurological syndromes (ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and other conditions) have been hypothesised in patients with various idiopathic neuropathologies, detectable anti-gliadin antibodies and HLA-DQ2 or DQ7. Further investigation of these cases has suggested a high incidence of anti-neuronal antibodies (anti-Purkinje, anti- neuronal nuclear, anti-GAD). This study investigates this contentious area. Over a two-year period, from a local UK population base of two million, seeing over 5000 general neurology referrals per year, we collected 20 cases with idiopathic ataxia, and 32 with idiopathic peripheral neuropathy, and referred them all for blinded antibody testing. 30 adult healthy blood donors, and 7 cases of hereditary ataxia were used as control subjects. Anti-gliadin antibodies (IgG and or IgA) were found in 40% of cases with idiopathic ataxia, 34% with idiopathic peripheral neuropathy, 17% healthy blood donors and 43% with hereditary ataxia. None was positive for antiPurkinje cell or anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies. Only two patients with idiopathic ataxia were positive for antiGAD antibodies (one also being anti-gliadin positive). We were unable to confirm the findings of other groups. First, cases of so-called "gluten sensitive" neurological syndromes were extremely rare in our centre. Second, our idiopathic cases, whether they be gliadin antibody seropositive or not (i.e. "gluten sensitive" or not) were rarely neuronal autoantibody positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lock
- Immunology and Immunogenetics, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Bae JS, Kim BJ. Cerebellar ataxia and acute motor axonal neuropathy associated with Anti GD1b and Anti GM1 antibodies. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12:808-10. [PMID: 16054817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The anti-GD1b antibody is known to bind to the cerebellar granular layer or spinocerebellar Ia fibers. A few cases of anti-GD1b positive acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with prominent cerebellar ataxia were reported. Recently, we encountered a middle-aged woman with Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) with severe cerebellar ataxia and relatively mild motor weakness. Anti-GD1b Ig G antibody and anti-GM1 Ig G antibody titers were markedly elevated in her serum. She was diagnosed with acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) with prominent cerebellar ataxia based on the results of the serial nerve conduction study suggesting axonal neuropathy. This case presents the clinico-pathogenic role of autoantibodies to the GD1b and the GM1 in acute inflammatory neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Medical Center School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Balegno S, Ceroni M, Corato M, Franciotta D, Giometto B, Marinu-Aktipu K, Nano R. Antibodies to cerebellar nerve fibres in two patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia. Anticancer Res 2005; 25:3211-4. [PMID: 16101129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize two new atypical anti-neuronal antibodies using an immunohistochemical method on rat cerebellum and Western blot techniques with primate cerebellar tissue and with recombinant neuronal proteins. Atypical sera from two patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes associated with different tumours were detected. Case number 1 presented cerebellar degeneration and Merkel cell carcinoma and case number 2 paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. By immunohistochemistry, the two new atypical antibodies showed a similar fibrillar positivity in the molecular and granular layers and around the Purkinje cells. The dot blot with recombinant neuronal proteins (HuD, NOVA-1, CDR62/Yo, Amphiphysin) was negative, whereas the Western blot with neuronal antigens of primate cerebellum identified two different proteins with molecular weights (64 kD in case number 1, and 70 kD in case number 2). In conclusion, the two new antibody reactivities against nerve fibres should be integrated into the diagnostic paraneoplastic neurological syndromes guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Balegno
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-Ab) have recently been described in a few patients with progressive cerebellar ataxia, suggesting an autoimmune physiopathologic mechanism. OBJECTIVE To determine the exact role of GAD-Ab and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of cerebellar ataxia. DESIGN Case report. SETTING University neurological hospital. PATIENT We report the case of a patient with subacute cerebellar ataxia associated with GAD-Ab showing periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN). INTERVENTION Baclofen, a GABAergic medication, was given to the patient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Eye movement recording of spontaneous nystagmus and postrotatory vestibular responses. RESULTS Baclofen was effective in suppressing PAN and improving postrotatory vestibular responses but not for improving cerebellar ataxia. CONCLUSION The presence of PAN and the response to baclofen provide a unique opportunity to suggest a direct role of GAD-Ab in cerebellar dysfunction in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tilikete
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France.
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