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Borzyszkowska-Bukowska J, Górska J, Szczeblewski P, Laskowski T, Gabriel I, Jurasz J, Kozłowska-Tylingo K, Szweda P, Milewski S. Quest for the Molecular Basis of Improved Selective Toxicity of All-Trans Isomers of Aromatic Heptaene Macrolide Antifungal Antibiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810108. [PMID: 34576271 PMCID: PMC8468583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three aromatic heptaene macrolide antifungal antibiotics, Candicidin D, Partricin A (Gedamycin) and Partricin B (Vacidin) were subjected to controlled cis-trans→ all trans photochemical isomerization. The obtained all-trans isomers demonstrated substantially improved in vitro selective toxicity in the Candida albicans cells: human erythrocytes model. This effect was mainly due to the diminished hemotoxicity. The molecular modeling studies on interactions between original antibiotics and their photoisomers with ergosterol and cholesterol revealed some difference in free energy profiles of formation of binary antibiotic/sterol complexes in respective membrane environments. Moreover, different geometries of heptaene: sterol complexes and variations in polyene macrolide molecule alignment in cholesterol-and ergosterol-containing membranes were found. None of these effects are of the crucial importance for the observed improvement of selective toxicity of aromatic heptaene antifungals but each seems to provide a partial contribution.
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Mangmee S, Reamtong O, Kalambaheti T, Roytrakul S, Sonthayanon P. Antimicrobial Peptide Modifications against Clinically Isolated Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154654. [PMID: 34361810 PMCID: PMC8348142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are promising molecules to address the global antibiotic resistance problem, however, optimization to achieve favorable potency and safety is required. Here, a peptide-template modification approach was employed to design physicochemical variants based on net charge, hydrophobicity, enantiomer, and terminal group. All variants of the scorpion venom peptide BmKn-2 with amphipathic α-helical cationic structure exhibited an increased antibacterial potency when evaluated against multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates at a MIC range of 4–8 µM. They revealed antibiofilm activity in a dose-dependent manner. Sheep red blood cells were used to evaluate hemolytic and cell selectivity properties. Peptide Kn2-5R-NH2, dKn2-5R-NH2, and 2F-Kn2-5R-NH2 (variants with +6 charges carrying amidated C-terminus) showed stronger antibacterial activity than Kn2-5R (a variant with +5 charges bearing free-carboxyl group at C-terminus). Peptide dKn2-5R-NH2 (d-enantiomer) exhibited slightly weaker antibacterial activity with much less hemolytic activity (higher hemolytic concentration 50) than Kn2-5R-NH2 (l-enantiomer). Furthermore, peptide Kn2-5R with the least hydrophobicity had the lowest hemolytic activity and showed the highest specificity to Salmonella (the highest selectivity index). This study also explained the relationship of peptide physicochemical properties and bioactivities that would fulfill and accelerate progress in peptide antibiotic research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthee Mangmee
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (O.R.)
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (O.R.)
| | - Thareerat Kalambaheti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Piengchan Sonthayanon
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (O.R.)
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +66-2-354-9100 (ext. 1440)
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Wei H, Xie Z, Tan X, Guo R, Song Y, Xie X, Wang R, Li L, Wang M, Zhang Y. Temporin-Like Peptides Show Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activities against Streptococcus mutans with Reduced Hemolysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235724. [PMID: 33291521 PMCID: PMC7730238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, temporin-GHaR (GHaR) showed potent antimicrobial activity with strong hemolytic toxicity. To overcome its weakness, we designed GHaR6R, GHaR7R, GHaR8R, GHaR9R, and GHaR9W by changing the number of positive charges and the hydrophobic surface of GHaR. With the exception of GHaR7R, the hemolytic toxicity of the derived peptides had been reduced, and the antimicrobial activities remained close to the parent peptide (except for GHaR9R). GHaR6R, GHaR7R, GHaR8R, and GHaR9W exhibited a great bactericidal effect on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), which is one of the main pathogens causing dental caries. According to the membrane permeation and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, these derived peptides targeted to the cell membranes of planktonic bacteria, contributing to the disruption of the membrane integrity and leakage of the intracellular contents. Moreover, they inhibited the formation of biofilms and eradicated the mature biofilms of S. mutans. Compared with GHaR7R, the derived peptides showed less cytotoxicity to human oral epithelial cells (HOECs). The derived peptides are expected to be the molecular templates for designing antibacterial agents to prevent dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.W.); (Z.X.); (X.T.); (R.G.); (Y.S.); (X.X.); (R.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Zhipeng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.W.); (Z.X.); (X.T.); (R.G.); (Y.S.); (X.X.); (R.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiuchuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.W.); (Z.X.); (X.T.); (R.G.); (Y.S.); (X.X.); (R.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Ran Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.W.); (Z.X.); (X.T.); (R.G.); (Y.S.); (X.X.); (R.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Yanting Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.W.); (Z.X.); (X.T.); (R.G.); (Y.S.); (X.X.); (R.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Xi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.W.); (Z.X.); (X.T.); (R.G.); (Y.S.); (X.X.); (R.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.W.); (Z.X.); (X.T.); (R.G.); (Y.S.); (X.X.); (R.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Lushuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.W.); (Z.X.); (X.T.); (R.G.); (Y.S.); (X.X.); (R.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Manchuriga Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.W.); (Z.X.); (X.T.); (R.G.); (Y.S.); (X.X.); (R.W.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.Z.)
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Abstract
Engineered biocircuits designed with biological components have the capacity to expand and augment living functions. Here we demonstrate that proteases can be integrated into digital or analog biocircuits to process biological information. We first construct peptide-caged liposomes that treat protease activity as two-valued (i.e., signal is 0 or 1) operations to construct the biological equivalent of Boolean logic gates, comparators and analog-to-digital converters. We use these modules to assemble a cell-free biocircuit that can combine with bacteria-containing blood, quantify bacteria burden, and then calculate and unlock a selective drug dose. By contrast, we treat protease activity as multi-valued (i.e., signal is between 0 and 1) by controlling the degree to which a pool of enzymes is shared between two target substrates. We perform operations on these analog values by manipulating substrate concentrations and combine these operations to solve the mathematical problem Learning Parity with Noise (LPN). These results show that protease activity can be used to process biological information by binary Boolean logic, or as multi-valued analog signals under conditions where substrate resources are shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Alexander Holt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gabriel A Kwong
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- The Georgia Immunoengineering Consortium, Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Sow C, Laughhunn A, Girard YA, Lanteri MC, Amar El Dusouqui S, Stassinopoulos A, Grellier P. Inactivation of Plasmodium falciparum in whole blood using the amustaline and glutathione pathogen reduction technology. Transfusion 2020; 60:799-805. [PMID: 32129497 PMCID: PMC7187285 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk of transfusion-transmitted (TT) malaria is mainly associated with whole blood (WB) or red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Risk mitigation relies mostly on donor deferral while a limited number of countries perform blood testing, both negatively impacting blood availability. This study investigated the efficacy of the pathogen reduction system using amustaline and glutathione (GSH) to inactivate Plasmodium falciparum in WB. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS WB units were spiked with ring stage P. falciparum infected RBCs. Parasite loads were measured in samples at time of infection, after 24 hours at room temperature (RT), and after a 24-hour incubation at RT post-treatment with 0.2 mM amustaline and 2 mM GSH. Serial 10-fold dilutions of the samples were inoculated to RBC cultures and maintained up to 4 weeks. Parasitemia was quantified by cytometry. RESULTS The P. falciparum viability assay has a limit of detection of a single live parasite per sample. Input parasite titer was >5.7 log10 TCID50 per mL. A 24-hour incubation at RT paused parasite development in controls, but they retained viability and infectivity when tested in culture. In contrast, no infectious parasites were detected in the amustaline/GSH-treated sample after 4 weeks of culture. CONCLUSION A robust level of P. falciparum inactivation was achieved in WB using amustaline/GSH treatment. Parasite log reduction was >5.7 log10 TCID50 per mL. Development of such a pathogen reduction system may provide an opportunity to reduce the risk of TT malaria and improve blood availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cissé Sow
- MCAM, UMR 7245, Muséum National dʼHistoire Naturelle, CNRSParisFrance
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Grellier
- MCAM, UMR 7245, Muséum National dʼHistoire Naturelle, CNRSParisFrance
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Zeng W, Ma H, Fan W, Yang Y, Zhang C, Arnaud Kombe Kombe J, Fan X, Zhang Y, Dong Z, Shen Z, Zhou Y, Yang M, Jin T. Structure determination of CAMP factor of Mobiluncus curtisii and insights into structural dynamics. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1027-1036. [PMID: 31739050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common type of vaginal inflammation caused by a proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, among which Mobiluncus curtisii. In our previous studies on M. curtisii genome, we identified the presence of a genomic fragment encoding a 25 kDa pore-forming toxin, the CAMP factor, which is known to be involved in the synergistic lysis of erythrocytes namely CAMP reaction. However, whether this hypothetical gene product has hemolytic activity is unknown. Moreover, its relative structure and function are not yet solved. Here we found that the M. curtisii CAMP factor is a monomer at pH 4.4 and oligomer at pH > 4.6. Hemolysis assays showed that M. curtisii CAMP factor could lyse sheep red blood cells efficiently in pH 5.4-7.4. Negative staining electron microscope analysis of the CAMP factor revealed ring-like structures at pH above 4.6. Additionally, the crystal structure of M. curtisii CAMP factor, determineded at 1.85 Å resolution, reveals a 5 + 3 helix motif. Further functional analysis suggested that the structural rearrangement of the N-terminal domain might be required for protein function. In conclusion, this structure-function relationship study of CAMP factor provides a new perspective of the M. curtisii role in BV development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zeng
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Weirong Fan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunru Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - John Arnaud Kombe Kombe
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiaojiao Fan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Meixiang Yang
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China.
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
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Valderrama K, Soto-Dávila M, Segovia C, Vásquez I, Dang M, Santander J. Aeromonas salmonicida infects Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) erythrocytes. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1601-1608. [PMID: 31456227 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (hereafter A. salmonicida) is the aetiological agent of furunculosis in marine and freshwater fish. Once A. salmonicida invade the fish host through skin, gut or gills, it spreads and colonizes the head kidney, liver, spleen and brain. A. salmonicida infects leucocytes and exhibits an extracellular phase in the blood of the host; however, it is unknown whether A. salmonicida have an intraerythrocytic phase. Here, we evaluate whether A. salmonicida infects Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo. A. salmonicida did not kill primary S. salar erythrocytes, even in the presence of high bacterial loads, but A. salmonicida invaded the S. salar erythrocytes in the absence of evident haemolysis. Naïve Atlantic salmon smolts intraperitoneally infected with A. salmonicida showed bacteraemia 5 days post-infection and the presence of intraerythrocytic A. salmonicida. Our results reveal a novel intraerythrocytic phase during A. salmonicida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherinne Valderrama
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
| | - Manuel Soto-Dávila
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vásquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
| | - My Dang
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
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Mafi N, Yaglom HD, Levy C, Taylor A, O'Grady C, Venkat H, Komatsu KK, Roller B, Seville MT, Kusne S, Po JL, Thorn S, Ampel NM. Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in the White Mountains, Arizona, USA, 2013-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:649-653. [PMID: 30882304 PMCID: PMC6433026 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.181369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is a bacterial infection transmitted by tick bites that occurs in several different parts of the world, including the western United States. We describe 6 cases of TBRF acquired in the White Mountains of Arizona, USA, and diagnosed during 2013-2018. All but 1 case-patient had recurrent fever, and some had marked laboratory abnormalities, including leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated aminotransaminases. One patient had uveitis. Diagnosis was delayed in 5 of the cases; all case-patients responded to therapy with doxycycline. Two patients had Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions. The White Mountains of Arizona have not been previously considered a region of high incidence for TBRF. These 6 cases likely represent a larger number of cases that might have been undiagnosed. Clinicians should be aware of TBRF in patients who reside, recreate, or travel to this area and especially for those who sleep overnight in cabins there.
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Liu S, Li Z, Weng Z, Li Y, Shui L, Jiao Z, Chen Y, Luo A, Xing X, He S. Miniaturized optical fiber tweezers for cell separation by optical force. Opt Lett 2019; 44:1868-1871. [PMID: 30933168 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In advanced biomedicine and microfluidics, there is a strong desire to sort and manipulate various cells and bacteria based on miniaturized microfluidic chips. Here, by integrating fiber tweezers into a T-type microfluidic channel, we report an optofluidic chip to selectively trap Escherichia coli in human blood solution based on different sizes and shapes. Furthermore, we simulate the trapping and pushing regions of other cells and bacteria, including rod-shaped bacteria, sphere-shaped bacteria, and cancer cells based on finite-difference analysis. With the advantages of controllability, low optical power, and compact construction, the strategy may be possibly applied in the fields of optical separation, cell transportation, and water quality analysis.
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Akter J, Khoury DS, Aogo R, Lansink LIM, SheelaNair A, Thomas BS, Laohamonthonkul P, Pernold CPS, Dixon MWA, Soon MSF, Fogg LG, Engel JA, Elliott T, Sebina I, James KR, Cromer D, Davenport MP, Haque A. Plasmodium-specific antibodies block in vivo parasite growth without clearing infected red blood cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007599. [PMID: 30811498 PMCID: PMC6411214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites invade and multiply inside red blood cells (RBC). Through a cycle of maturation, asexual replication, rupture and release of multiple infective merozoites, parasitised RBC (pRBC) can reach very high numbers in vivo, a process that correlates with disease severity in humans and experimental animals. Thus, controlling pRBC numbers can prevent or ameliorate malaria. In endemic regions, circulating parasite-specific antibodies associate with immunity to high parasitemia. Although in vitro assays reveal that protective antibodies could control pRBC via multiple mechanisms, in vivo assessment of antibody function remains challenging. Here, we employed two mouse models of antibody-mediated immunity to malaria, P. yoelii 17XNL and P. chabaudi chabaudi AS infection, to study infection-induced, parasite-specific antibody function in vivo. By tracking a single generation of pRBC, we tested the hypothesis that parasite-specific antibodies accelerate pRBC clearance. Though strongly protective against homologous re-challenge, parasite-specific IgG did not alter the rate of pRBC clearance, even in the presence of ongoing, systemic inflammation. Instead, antibodies prevented parasites progressing from one generation of RBC to the next. In vivo depletion studies using clodronate liposomes or cobra venom factor, suggested that optimal antibody function required splenic macrophages and dendritic cells, but not complement C3/C5-mediated killing. Finally, parasite-specific IgG bound poorly to the surface of pRBC, yet strongly to structures likely exposed by the rupture of mature schizonts. Thus, in our models of humoral immunity to malaria, infection-induced antibodies did not accelerate pRBC clearance, and instead co-operated with splenic phagocytes to block subsequent generations of pRBC. Malaria occurs when Plasmodium parasites replicate inside red blood cells, with the number of parasitised cells (pRBC) correlating with disease severity. Antibodies are highly effective at controlling pRBC numbers in the bloodstream, and yet we know very little about how they function in vivo. Human in vitro studies predict that antibodies may function in a number of ways, including via phagocytes or different complement mechanisms. However, to date it has been challenging to explore how antibodies might control parasite numbers in vivo. Here, we have used a unique method in mice, where clearance and replication of a single cohort of pRBC was closely tracked in the presence of protective antibodies. Surprisingly, antibodies played no role whatsoever in accelerating the removal of pRBC. Instead, antibodies were highly effective at preventing parasites from progressing from one generation of pRBC to the next. This process partly depended on host phagocytes. However, we found no role for complement-mediated direct killing. Together, our in vivo data suggest in mouse models that naturally-acquired antibodies do not clear pRBC, and instead prevent transition from one red blood cell to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Akter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - David S. Khoury
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Kensington NSW, Australia
| | - Rosemary Aogo
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Kensington NSW, Australia
| | | | - Arya SheelaNair
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Bryce S. Thomas
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Matthew W. A. Dixon
- University of Melbourne, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan S. F. Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Lily G. Fogg
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Engel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Trish Elliott
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Kylie R. James
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Kensington NSW, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Kensington NSW, Australia
- * E-mail: (MPD); (AH)
| | - Ashraful Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (MPD); (AH)
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do Nascimento MS, Pina NDPV, da Silva ASB, Gomes LFDS, de Vasconcellos F, Brandão GC, do Nascimento MFA, de Oliveira AB, Barbosa WLR. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and identification, using tandem LC-MS, of alkaloids from Aspidosperma excelsum, a plant used to treat malaria in Amazonia. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 228:99-109. [PMID: 30201230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aspidosperma excelsum Benth. (Apocynaceae), a native tree in the Brazilian Amazonia, is traditionally used to treat various diseases, including malaria. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the chemical constitution, antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of samples obtained from A. excelsum trunk bark by different procedures aiming to evaluate their potential as an antimalarial phytomedicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hydroethanolic extract and alkaloid extracts were prepared and assayed for antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (W2 strain) and HepG2 cells, respectively. Taking into account the known occurrence and antimalarial activity of Aspidosperma monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIA), acid-base extractions were carried out and the fractions were assayed for antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity. All the samples were analysed by hyphenated chromatographic techniques, such as UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and HRMS (HPLC-MS MicroTOF), comparing their chemical composition to the literature data. RESULTS The hydroethanolic extract disclosed a moderate in vitro activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (W2 strain) with IC50 23.68 ± 3.08 µg/mL), low cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells (> 250 µg/mL) and good SI (> 10.56). A total of 20 known monoterpene indole alkaloids were identified, seven of which are here firstly described for A. excelsum. Known highly active alkaloids, namely demethylaspidospermine, aspidocarpine, and ochrolifuanine are present in active alkaloid fractions and might contribute to their observed antiplasmodial effect. An alkaloid fraction (Ae-Alk2), obtained directly from trunk bark by extraction with dil. aqueous HCl, pointed out for its activity (IC50 8.75±2.26 µg/mL, CC50 185.14±1.97 µg/mL, SI 21.16) and should be highlighted as the most promising out of the assayed samples. CONCLUSION The present results represent a preliminary support to the alleged antimalarial use of A. excelsum trunk bark and allowed to highlight alkaloid fractions as promising phytomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrth Soares do Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nayla di Paula Vieira Pina
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Andressa Santa Brigida da Silva
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luís Fabio Dos Santos Gomes
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Flávio de Vasconcellos
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Célio Brandão
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, R. Diogo de Vasconcelos, 122, Pilar, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Alves do Nascimento
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner Luiz Ramos Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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12
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Pariset E, Parent C, Fouillet Y, François B, Verplanck N, Revol-Cavalier F, Thuaire A, Agache V. Separation of Biological Particles in a Modular Platform of Cascaded Deterministic Lateral Displacement Modules. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17762. [PMID: 30531826 PMCID: PMC6288093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) has been extensively implemented in the last decade for size-based sample preparation, owing to its high separation performances for a wide range of particle dimensions. However, separating particles from 1 μm to 10 μm in one single DLD device is challenging because of the required diversity of pillar dimensions and inherent fabrication issues. This paper presents an alternative approach to achieve the extraction of E. coli bacteria from blood samples spiked with prostate cancer cells. Our approach consists in cascading individual DLD devices in a single automated platform, using flexible chambers that successively collect and inject the sample between each DLD stage without any external sample manipulation. Operating DLD separations independently enables to maximize the sorting efficiency at each step, without any disturbance from downstream stages. The proposed two-step automated protocol is applied to the separation of three types of components (bacteria, blood particles and cancer cells), with a depletion yield of 100% for cancer cells and 93% for red blood cells. This cascaded approach is presented for the first time with two DLD modules and is upscalable to improve the dynamic range of currently available DLD devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Pariset
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Charlotte Parent
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Yves Fouillet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Boizot François
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Verplanck
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Aurélie Thuaire
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Agache
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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13
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Carnevale GG, Vargas FS, Caiaffa-Filho HH, Acencio MMP, Marçal LJ, Sales RKB, Teixeira LR, Antonangelo L. Preanalytical conditions can interfere with M. tuberculosis detection by PCR in respiratory samples. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e410. [PMID: 30517280 PMCID: PMC6238817 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2017/e410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent infections in humans. Although culture is the reference for diagnosis, its sensitivity is compromised, especially in paucibacillary samples. Because polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies mycobacterial DNA, it is more sensitive than culture for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, its performance can be affected by intrinsic sample inhibitors and by the extraction/detection techniques used. METHODS We evaluated the influence of preanalytical conditions on Mtb detection in samples of sputum (SPU), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and pleural fluid (PF) using combinations of extraction/detection methods. Respiratory samples were prepared to contain different concentrations of red blood cells and nucleated cells to which increasing amounts of Mtb colonies were inoculated and submitted to PCR. RESULTS Up to 102 CFU/ml of Mtb were detected in the SPU in all methods, except for the Roche extraction/detection method, regardless of the preanalytical sample condition. In BAL samples, medium and high concentrations of cells and high concentrations of red blood cells contributed to a lower Mtb detection, regardless of the extraction method used. In PF, red blood cells were the variable that most interfered with Mtb detection, with better recovery (102 CFU/ml) observed with the Qiagen/Nanogen combination. CONCLUSION The choice of Mtb extraction and detection method is of fundamental importance for PCR analytical sensitivity, especially when paucibacillary samples and/or samples containing potential PCR inhibitors are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gaspar Carnevale
- Divisao Pulmonar, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM 03), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Francisco Suso Vargas
- Divisao Pulmonar, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Hélio Hehl Caiaffa-Filho
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM 03), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Milena Marques Pagliarelli Acencio
- Divisao Pulmonar, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Lia Junqueira Marçal
- Divisao Pulmonar, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Roberta Karla Barbosa Sales
- Divisao Pulmonar, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Lisete Ribeiro Teixeira
- Divisao Pulmonar, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Leila Antonangelo
- Divisao Pulmonar, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM 03), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail: /
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14
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Lehmann C, Tan MSY, de Vries LE, Russo I, Sanchez MI, Goldberg DE, Deu E. Plasmodium falciparum dipeptidyl aminopeptidase 3 activity is important for efficient erythrocyte invasion by the malaria parasite. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007031. [PMID: 29768491 PMCID: PMC5973627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite egress from infected erythrocytes and invasion of new red blood cells are essential processes for the exponential asexual replication of the malaria parasite. These two tightly coordinated events take place in less than a minute and are in part regulated and mediated by proteases. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidases (DPAPs) are papain-fold cysteine proteases that cleave dipeptides from the N-terminus of protein substrates. DPAP3 was previously suggested to play an essential role in parasite egress. However, little is known about its enzymatic activity, intracellular localization, or biological function. In this study, we recombinantly expressed DPAP3 and demonstrate that it has indeed dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity, but contrary to previously studied DPAPs, removal of its internal prodomain is not required for activation. By combining super resolution microscopy, time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy, we show that Plasmodium falciparum DPAP3 localizes to apical organelles that are closely associated with the neck of the rhoptries, and from which DPAP3 is secreted immediately before parasite egress. Using a conditional knockout approach coupled to complementation studies with wild type or mutant DPAP3, we show that DPAP3 activity is important for parasite proliferation and critical for efficient red blood cell invasion. We also demonstrate that DPAP3 does not play a role in parasite egress, and that the block in egress phenotype previously reported for DPAP3 inhibitors is due to off target or toxicity effects. Finally, using a flow cytometry assay to differentiate intracellular parasites from extracellular parasites attached to the erythrocyte surface, we show that DPAP3 is involved in the initial attachment of parasites to the red blood cell surface. Overall, this study establishes the presence of a DPAP3-dependent invasion pathway in malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehmann
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Ser Ying Tan
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mateo I. Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Edgar Deu
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Drew VJ, Barro L, Seghatchian J, Burnouf T. Towards pathogen inactivation of red blood cells and whole blood targeting viral DNA/RNA: design, technologies, and future prospects for developing countries. Blood Transfus 2017; 15:512-521. [PMID: 28488960 PMCID: PMC5649960 DOI: 10.2450/2017.0344-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over 110 million units of blood are collected yearly. The need for blood products is greater in developing countries, but so is the risk of contracting a transfusion-transmitted infection. Without efficient donor screening/viral testing and validated pathogen inactivation technology, the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections correlates with the infection rate of the donor population. The World Health Organization has published guidelines on good manufacturing practices in an effort to ensure a strong global standard of transfusion and blood product safety. Sub-Saharan Africa is a high-risk region for malaria, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus and syphilis. Southeast Asia experiences high rates of hepatitis C virus. Areas with a tropical climate have an increased risk of Zika virus, Dengue virus, West Nile virus and Chikungunya, and impoverished countries face economical limitations which hinder efforts to acquire the most modern pathogen inactivation technology. These systems include Mirasol® Pathogen Reduction Technology, INTERCEPT®, and THERAFLEX®. Their procedures use a chemical and ultraviolet or visible light for pathogen inactivation and significantly decrease the threat of pathogen transmission in plasma and platelets. They are licensed for use in Europe and are used in several other countries. The current interest in the blood industry is the development of pathogen inactivation technologies that can treat whole blood (WB) and red blood cell (RBC). The Mirasol system has recently undergone phase III clinical trials for treating WB in Ghana and has demonstrated some efficacy toward malaria inactivation and low risk of adverse effects. A 2nd-generation of the INTERCEPT® S-303 system for WB is currently undergoing a phase III clinical trial. Both methodologies are applicable for WB and components derived from virally reduced WB or RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Drew
- International PhD Program of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Lassina Barro
- International PhD Program of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- National Center of Blood Transfusion, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, United Kingdom
| | - Jerard Seghatchian
- International Consultancy in Blood Components Quality Improvement/Safety, Audit/Inspection and DDR Strategy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- International PhD Program of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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16
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Cubilla MP, Santos LC, de Moraes W, Cubas ZS, Leutenegger CM, Estrada M, Vieira RFC, Soares MJ, Lindsay LL, Sykes JE, Biondo AW. Occurrence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in non-human primates (Alouatta caraya, Sapajus nigritus and Callithrix jacchus) of southern Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 52:6-13. [PMID: 28673463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hemoplasmas, the erythrocyte-associated mycoplasmas, have been detected in several primates, causing mostly subclinical infection. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hemoplasma infection in captive and free-ranging monkeys from southern Brazil, as well as factors and hematological abnormalities associated with infection. Blood samples from 40 non-human primates (NHP) were tested for hemoplasmas and coinfections. An overall of 10/40 (25.0%) NHP tested positive for hemoplasmas using PCR-based assays, including 9/14 (64.3%) black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) and 1/24 (4.2%) black-horned capuchin (Sapajus nigritus). Infection was not statistically associated with anemia, but wild-born monkeys and male black howler monkeys were more likely to be positive when compared with captive-born animals and female black howler monkeys, respectively. The sequences from the black howler monkey hemoplasma were similar (94% identity) to the squirrel monkey hemoplasma ("Candidatus Mycoplasma kahanei") and were phylogenetically located in a different cluster when compared to the human hemoplasma ("Candidatus Mycoplasma haemohominis").
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Cubilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Parana, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, s/n., Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil; Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary, Itaipu Binacional, R. Teresina, 62, Foz do Iguacu, PR 85866-900, Brazil.
| | - Leonilda C Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Parana, R. dos Funcionarios, 1540, Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Wanderlei de Moraes
- Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary, Itaipu Binacional, R. Teresina, 62, Foz do Iguacu, PR 85866-900, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Parana, R. dos Funcionarios, 1540, Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Zalmir S Cubas
- Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary, Itaipu Binacional, R. Teresina, 62, Foz do Iguacu, PR 85866-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marko Estrada
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA
| | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Parana, R. dos Funcionarios, 1540, Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Maurilio J Soares
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz, Curitiba PR, 81350-010, Brazil
| | - LeAnn L Lindsay
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander W Biondo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Parana, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, s/n., Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Parana, R. dos Funcionarios, 1540, Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil
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17
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Conrad WH, Osman MM, Shanahan JK, Chu F, Takaki KK, Cameron J, Hopkinson-Woolley D, Brosch R, Ramakrishnan L. Mycobacterial ESX-1 secretion system mediates host cell lysis through bacterium contact-dependent gross membrane disruptions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1371-1376. [PMID: 28119503 PMCID: PMC5307465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620133114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum are thought to exert virulence, in part, through their ability to lyse host cell membranes. The type VII secretion system ESX-1 [6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6) secretion system 1] is required for both virulence and host cell membrane lysis. Both activities are attributed to the pore-forming activity of the ESX-1-secreted substrate ESAT-6 because multiple studies have reported that recombinant ESAT-6 lyses eukaryotic membranes. We too find ESX-1 of M. tuberculosis and M. marinum lyses host cell membranes. However, we find that recombinant ESAT-6 does not lyse cell membranes. The lytic activity previously attributed to ESAT-6 is due to residual detergent in the preparations. We report here that ESX-1-dependent cell membrane lysis is contact dependent and accompanied by gross membrane disruptions rather than discrete pores. ESX-1-mediated lysis is also morphologically distinct from the contact-dependent lysis of other bacterial secretion systems. Our findings suggest redirection of research to understand the mechanism of ESX-1-mediated lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Conrad
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Morwan M Osman
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Jonathan K Shanahan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust PhD Program in Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Chu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Kevin K Takaki
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - James Cameron
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | | | - Roland Brosch
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
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18
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Martorelli L, Garbaccio S, Vilte DA, Albanese AA, Mejías MP, Palermo MS, Mercado EC, Ibarra CE, Cataldi AA. Immune Response in Calves Vaccinated with Type Three Secretion System Antigens and Shiga Toxin 2B Subunit of Escherichia coli O157:H7. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169422. [PMID: 28046078 PMCID: PMC5207737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are the primary reservoir of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 and the main source of infection for humans. The aim of this study was to assess the immunogenic properties of a candidate vaccine consisting on the recombinant proteins of E. coli O157:H7 IntiminC280, the carboxy-terminal fraction of Intimin γ, EspB and the fusion protein between the B subunit of Stx2 and Brucella Lumazine Synthase (BLS)(BLS-Stx2B), in Holstein Fresian calves.To accomplish this goal we vaccinated calves with two doses of different vaccine formulations: 2 antigens (IntiminC280, EspB), 3 antigens (IntiminC280, EspB, BLS-Stx2B), BLS-Stx2B alone and a control non-vaccinated group. All antigens were expressed as recombinant proteins in E. coli. Specific IgG titres increased in vaccinated calves and the inclusion of BLS-Stx2B in the formulation seems to have a stimulatory effect on the humoral response to IntiminC280 and EspB after the booster. The neutralizing activity of antibodies against these two antigens was assessed in Red Blood Cell lysis assays and adherence to Hep-2 cells as a correlate of T3SS activity. Both sera from animals vaccinated with 2 or 3 antigens inhibited both virulence properties. Serological response to Stx2 was observed in animals vaccinated only with BLS-Stx2B and with 3 antigens and neutralization of Stx2 cytotoxicity was also observed in both groups. In conclusion, immunization of calves with BLS-Stx2B, IntiminC280 and EspB elicited a potent humoral response able to neutralize Shiga toxin 2 cytotoxity and the T3SS virulence properties in vitro. These results suggest that this formulation is a good candidate vaccine to reduce STEC shedding in cattle and needs to be further assessed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisina Martorelli
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Sergio Garbaccio
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Daniel A. Vilte
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Adriana A. Albanese
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P. Mejías
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis e Inmunología de Procesos Infecciosos, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, (IMEX), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)- Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina S. Palermo
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis e Inmunología de Procesos Infecciosos, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, (IMEX), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)- Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa C. Mercado
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Cristina E. Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel A. Cataldi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
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19
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Varbanets LD, Zdorovenko EA, Brovarskaya OS, Kalinichenko SV. [Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli 126]. Mikrobiologiia 2017; 86:54-61. [PMID: 30207143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli 126 was isolated and studied. The lipid A fatty acid composition of the investigated LPS was similar to that of other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The E. coli 126 LPS was more toxic than the LPSs of previously studied E. coli strains and of other members of the Enterobacteriaceae (Budvicia aquatica and Pragia fontium), and was less pyrogenic than pyrogenal. SDS-PAG electrophoresis showed a bimodal distribution typical of S-form LPSs. The LPS of E. coli 126 decreased the adhesive index indicating a possible competition between LPS molecules of E. coli 126 and adhesins of E. coli F-50 on rabbit erythrocytes. The LPS of E. coli 126 in a homologous system showed antigenic activity in the reactions of double immunodiffusion in agar by Ouchterlony. No serological cross-reaction of the LPS of other E. coli strains, as well as of that of the B. aquatica type strain, with the antiserum to E. coli 126 was observed. The structural components of the lipopolysaccharide obtained by mild acid hydrolysis were lipid A, the core oligosaccharide, and the O-specific polysaccharide. Based on the data of monosaccharide analysis and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy it was found that the O-specific polysaccharide had the structure characteristic of the representatives of E. coli serogroup O15.
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Mitchell AJ, Gray WD, Schroeder M, Yi H, Taylor JV, Dillard RS, Ke Z, Wright ER, Stephens D, Roback JD, Searles CD. Pleomorphic Structures in Human Blood Are Red Blood Cell-Derived Microparticles, Not Bacteria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163582. [PMID: 27760197 PMCID: PMC5070825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are a common, life-saving therapy for many patients, but they have also been associated with poor clinical outcomes. We identified unusual, pleomorphic structures in human RBC transfusion units by negative-stain electron microscopy that appeared identical to those previously reported to be bacteria in healthy human blood samples. The presence of viable, replicating bacteria in stored blood could explain poor outcomes in transfusion recipients and have major implications for transfusion medicine. Here, we investigated the possibility that these structures were bacteria. Results Flow cytometry, miRNA analysis, protein analysis, and additional electron microscopy studies strongly indicated that the pleomorphic structures in the supernatant of stored RBCs were RBC-derived microparticles (RMPs). Bacterial 16S rDNA PCR amplified from these samples were sequenced and was found to be highly similar to species that are known to commonly contaminate laboratory reagents. Conclusions These studies suggest that pleomorphic structures identified in human blood are RMPs and not bacteria, and they provide an example in which laboratory contaminants may can mislead investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Mitchell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Warren D. Gray
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Max Schroeder
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hong Yi
- Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeannette V. Taylor
- Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Dillard
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zunlong Ke
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Wright
- Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Stephens
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John D. Roback
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapy, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charles D. Searles
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Section of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tham WH, Lim NTY, Weiss GE, Lopaticki S, Ansell BRE, Bird M, Lucet I, Dorin-Semblat D, Doerig C, Gilson PR, Crabb BS, Cowman AF. Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins Play an Essential Role in Signalling and Activation of Invasion into Human Erythrocytes. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005343. [PMID: 26694741 PMCID: PMC4687929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The most severe form of malaria in humans is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The invasive form of malaria parasites is termed a merozoite and it employs an array of parasite proteins that bind to the host cell to mediate invasion. In Plasmodium falciparum, the erythrocyte binding-like (EBL) and reticulocyte binding-like (Rh) protein families are responsible for binding to specific erythrocyte receptors for invasion and mediating signalling events that initiate active entry of the malaria parasite. Here we have addressed the role of the cytoplasmic tails of these proteins in activating merozoite invasion after receptor engagement. We show that the cytoplasmic domains of these type 1 membrane proteins are phosphorylated in vitro. Depletion of PfCK2, a kinase implicated to phosphorylate these cytoplasmic tails, blocks P. falciparum invasion of red blood cells. We identify the crucial residues within the PfRh4 cytoplasmic domain that are required for successful parasite invasion. Live cell imaging of merozoites from these transgenic mutants show they attach but do not penetrate erythrocytes implying the PfRh4 cytoplasmic tail conveys signals important for the successful completion of the invasion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas T. Y. Lim
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sash Lopaticki
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan R. E. Ansell
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Bird
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isabelle Lucet
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Ruther HS, Phillips K, Ross D, Crawford A, Weidner MP, Sammra O, Lämmler C, McGee DJ. Smooth and Rough Biotypes of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Can Be Genetically Distinguished at the Arcanolysin Locus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137346. [PMID: 26382754 PMCID: PMC4575042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum is a Gram-positive, β-hemolytic emerging human pathogen that is classified into smooth or rough biotypes. This bacterial species is also a rare pathogen of animals. Smooth biotypes possess smooth colony edges, are moderate to strong in β-hemolysis, and predominately cause wound infections. In contrast, rough biotypes possess rough and irregular colony edges, have weak to no β-hemolytic activity, and predominately cause pharyngitis. Using horse erythrocytes we confirmed that smooth isolates are generally more hemolytic than rough isolates. A hemolysin from A. haemolyticum, arcanolysin (aln/ALN), was recently discovered and is a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family. PCR amplification of aln from all 36 smooth A. haemolyticum isolates yielded the expected 2.0 kb product. While 21 rough isolates yielded the 2.0 kb product, 16 isolates had a 3.2 kb product. The extra 1.2 kb segment was 99% identical to IS911 (insertion sequence) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the upstream region of aln revealed ~40 nucleotide polymorphisms among 73 clinical isolates from Finland, Denmark, Germany and United States (Nebraska). Remarkably, multi-sequence alignments of the aln upstream region demonstrated that ~90% of the isolates phylogenetically clustered as either smooths or roughs. Differential restriction enzyme analysis of the aln upstream region also demonstrated that the aln upstream region of most (~75%) smooth isolates was cleaved with ClaI while this region in most (~86%) rough isolates was cleaved with XcmI. We conclude that the aln upstream region can be used to genetically distinguish between smooth and rough biotypes of this important emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley S. Ruther
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kalyn Phillips
- Southwood High School, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dolores Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Crawford
- Southwood High School, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - M. Payton Weidner
- Southwood High School, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Osama Sammra
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie,Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lämmler
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie,Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - David J. McGee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tuigunov MM, Gashimova DT, Akhtareeva AA, Gabidullin YZ, Bulgakov AK, Davletshina GK, Idiatullina GA. [MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC OF ENTEROBACTERIA ADHESIVE ACTIVITY]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2015:3-6. [PMID: 26829846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study adhesive activity of enterobacteria in the model of hemagglutination reaction with animal and avian erythrocytes and clarify structures responsible for adhesion in enterobacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS 58 cultures of enterobacteria were used, of which: 21 Escherichia coli strains, 13 Citrobacter spp., 11 Morganella morganii, 9 Proteus spp., 4 Hafnia alvei. Erythrocytes of various animals and birds were used in hemagglutination reaction. Electron-microscopical studies were carried out in JEM-100B (Japan) electron microscope. RESULTS Use of avian erythrocytes as a target of adhesion determination, compared with animal erythrocytes, has shown that bacteria can cause D-mannose-sensitive hemagglutination reaction, linked with the presence of 110 - 420 nm long and 5.0 - 5.4 nm wide cilia in the microorganisms. CONCLUSION Adhesion of enterobacteria was shown to be a complex process, depending on the presence of certain fimbrial structures, use of those results in specific interaction of the microbe with certain host cell receptors. Avian erythrocytes are a model target cells.
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Schuplova EA, Fadeev SB, Bukharin OV. [INTRA-ERYTHROCYTE INVASION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF ANTI-HEMOGLOBIN ACTIVITY IN EXPERIMENT]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2015:40-44. [PMID: 26470417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study of intra-erythrocyte invasion of Escherichia coli strains with various levels of anti-hemoglobin activity on a model of generalized infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were carried out on 72 male mice. Generalized infection was induced by intravenous administration of E. coli strain day culture suspension with various values of hemolytic and anti-hemoglobin activity. The levels of hemoglobin in animal blood was determined by hemoglobin-cyanide method. Intra-erythrocyte invasion of E.coli was studied by using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). RESULTS The largest decline (p < 0.05) of hemoglobin levels was detected in animals, infected with E. coli strains with a high levels of antiHbA and HA (58.3 ± 0.6 g/l and 69.7 ± 1.1 g/l). Using LSCM, microogranisms with a high levels of antiHbA were established to penetrate erythrocytes more frequently (70 ± 3.4%), than with a low (5.5 ± 1.7%). CONCLUSION The largest frequency of bacteria detection in erythrocytes and the highest decline of blood hemoglobin levels were noted during infection of animals with E. coli strains with high anti-hemoglobin activity.
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Damgaard C, Magnussen K, Enevold C, Nilsson M, Tolker-Nielsen T, Holmstrup P, Nielsen CH. Viable bacteria associated with red blood cells and plasma in freshly drawn blood donations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120826. [PMID: 25751254 PMCID: PMC4353618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Infection remains a leading cause of post-transfusion mortality and morbidity. Bacterial contamination is, however, detected in less than 0.1% of blood units tested. The aim of the study was to identify viable bacteria in standard blood-pack units, with particular focus on bacteria from the oral cavity, and to determine the distribution of bacteria revealed in plasma and in the red blood cell (RBC)-fraction. Design Cross-sectional study. Blood were separated into plasma and RBC-suspensions, which were incubated anaerobically or aerobically for 7 days on trypticase soy blood agar (TSA) or blue lactose plates. For identification colony PCR was performed using primers targeting 16S rDNA. Setting Blood donors attending Capital Region Blood Bank, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Hvidovre, Denmark, October 29th to December 10th 2013. Participants 60 donors (≥50 years old), self-reported medically healthy. Results Bacterial growth was observed on plates inoculated with plasma or RBCs from 62% of the blood donations. Growth was evident in 21 (35%) of 60 RBC-fractions and in 32 (53%) of 60 plasma-fractions versus 8 of 60 negative controls (p = 0.005 and p = 2.6x10-6, respectively). Propionibacterium acnes was found in 23% of the donations, and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 38%. The majority of bacteria identified in the present study were either facultative anaerobic (59.5%) or anaerobic (27.8%) species, which are not likely to be detected during current routine screening. Conclusions Viable bacteria are present in blood from donors self-reported as medically healthy, indicating that conventional test systems employed by blood banks insufficiently detect bacteria in plasma. Further investigation is needed to determine whether routine testing for anaerobic bacteria and testing of RBC-fractions for adherent bacteria should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Damgaard
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Karin Magnussen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Blood Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Christian Enevold
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Nilsson
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Holmstrup
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Benz R, Maier E, Bauer S, Ludwig A. The deletion of several amino acid stretches of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin (HlyA) suggests that the channel-forming domain contains beta-strands. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112248. [PMID: 25463653 PMCID: PMC4251834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli α-hemolysin (HlyA) is a pore-forming protein of 110 kDa belonging to the family of RTX toxins. A hydrophobic region between the amino acid residues 238 and 410 in the N-terminal half of HlyA has previously been suggested to form hydrophobic and/or amphipathic α-helices and has been shown to be important for hemolytic activity and pore formation in biological and artificial membranes. The structure of the HlyA transmembrane channel is, however, largely unknown. For further investigation of the channel structure, we deleted in HlyA different stretches of amino acids that could form amphipathic β-strands according to secondary structure predictions (residues 71–110, 158–167, 180–203, and 264–286). These deletions resulted in HlyA mutants with strongly reduced hemolytic activity. Lipid bilayer measurements demonstrated that HlyAΔ71–110 and HlyAΔ264–286 formed channels with much smaller single-channel conductance than wildtype HlyA, whereas their channel-forming activity was virtually as high as that of the wildtype toxin. HlyAΔ158–167 and HlyAΔ180–203 were unable to form defined channels in lipid bilayers. Calculations based on the single-channel data indicated that the channels generated by HlyAΔ71–110 and HlyAΔ264–286 had a smaller size (diameter about 1.4 to 1.8 nm) than wildtype HlyA channels (diameter about 2.0 to 2.6 nm), suggesting that in these mutants part of the channel-forming domain was removed. Osmotic protection experiments with erythrocytes confirmed that HlyA, HlyAΔ71–110, and HlyAΔ264–286 form defined transmembrane pores and suggested channel diameters that largely agreed with those estimated from the single-channel data. Taken together, these results suggest that the channel-forming domain of HlyA might contain β-strands, possibly in addition to α-helical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Benz
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elke Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Bauer
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Hampel JA, Spath SN, Bergin IL, Lim A, Bolin SR, Dyson MC. Prevalence and diagnosis of hemotrophic mycoplasma infection in research sheep and its effects on hematology variables and erythrocyte membrane fragility. Comp Med 2014; 64:478-485. [PMID: 25527029 PMCID: PMC4275084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemotrophic mycoplasma (hemoplasma) infection in research sheep can confound experimental results and contribute to morbidity and mortality. Prevalence and clinicopathologic studies historically relied on blood-smear diagnosis, but systematic studies using current molecular techniques are warranted. Here we sought to report the prevalence of subclinical infection in our study population, compare diagnostic sensitivity and specificity between blood smears and a PCR assay, and determine the effects of infection on CBC variables and erythrocyte membrane fragility. We collected whole-blood samples from 111 convenience-sampled research sheep. All samples were tested for hemoplasmas by using a PCR assay, blood smears were evaluated for visual presence of hemoplasmas, and CBC and osmotic fragility assays were performed. Subclinical prevalence, according to PCR diagnosis, was 14.1% (14 of 99) in our study population. Relative to the PCR assay, blood-smear diagnosis was 8.3% sensitive and 100% specific for hemoplasma detection. Subclinical infection was associated with changes in MCV, MCHC, RBC distribution width, and absolute monocyte count. Acute infection was associated with changes in RBC mass, Hgb concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and absolute lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Acute infection was associated with increased mean erythrocyte fragility compared with that in uninfected control and treated sheep. We demonstrated that hemoplasma infection is common in our study population, blood-smear evaluation is insensitive at detecting infection, and infection is associated with changes in CBC variables and increased erythrocyte membrane fragility. These findings raise concerns regarding the suitability of hemoplasma-infected sheep for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Hampel
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Samantha N Spath
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid L Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ailam Lim
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven R Bolin
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Melissa C Dyson
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae depends on its adhesin VlhA to mediate cytadherence to sialylated host cell receptors. Allelic variants of VlhA arise through recombination between an assemblage of promoterless vlhA pseudogenes and a single transcription promoter site, creating lineages of M. synoviae that each express a different vlhA allele. The predicted full-length VlhA sequences adjacent to the promoter of nine lineages of M. synoviae varying in avidity of cytadherence were aligned with that of the reference strain MS53 and with a 60-a.a. hemagglutinating VlhA C-terminal fragment from a Tunisian lineage of strain WVU1853T. Seven different sequence variants of an imperfectly conserved, single-copy, 12-a.a. candidate cytadherence motif were evident amid the flanking variable residues of the 11 total sequences examined. The motif was predicted to adopt a short hairpin structure in a low-complexity region near the C-terminus of VlhA. Biotinylated synthetic oligopeptides representing four selected variants of the 12-a.a. motif, with the whole synthesized 60-a.a. fragment as a positive control, differed (P<0.01) in the extent they bound to chicken erythrocyte membranes. All bound to a greater extent (P<0.01) than scrambled or irrelevant VlhA domain negative control peptides did. Experimentally introduced branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) substitutions Val3Ile and Leu7Ile did not significantly alter binding, whereas fold-destabilizing substitutions Thr4Gly and Ala9Gly tended to reduce it (P<0.05). Binding was also reduced to background levels (P<0.01) when the peptides were exposed to desialylated membranes, or were pre-saturated with free sialic acid before exposure to untreated membranes. From this evidence we conclude that the motif P-X-(BCAA)-X-F-X-(BCAA)-X-A-K-X-G binds sialic acid and likely mediates VlhA-dependent M. synoviae attachment to host cells. This conserved mechanism retains the potential for fine-scale rheostasis in binding avidity, which could be a general characteristic of pathogens that depend on analogous systems of antigenically variable adhesins. The motif may be useful to identify previously unrecognized adhesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dylan W. Dunne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Suneeva SC, Prasanth R, Rajesh NG, Viswanathan P. Transformation of Brevibacillus, a soil microbe to an uropathogen with hemagglutination trait. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:1837-44. [PMID: 24464621 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An urinary tract infection (UTI) with Brevibacillus agri, an aerobic soil bacteria is discussed. The preliminary urine analysis tested negative for UTI, while the patient was diagnosed with focal pyelonephritis. The urine sample was analyzed for the presence of possible micro-organisms. The isolated micro-organism was phenotypically characterized and compared with a standard B. agri strain and an established uropathogen Eschericia coli, CFT073. Each experimental mouse was trans-urethrally infected using 2.5 × 10(8) c.f.u. for the generation of an UTI model. The kidney tissues were stored in buffered 10 % formaldehyde solution for histopathological analysis. The destruction of the glomerular and tubular morphology with prominent hemagglutination in the tubular region in the mouse kidneys were confirmed by light microscopic examination of the H&E stained sections. Hence, the identity of pathogen was confirmed using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The phylogenetic tree constructed using the 16S rRNA sequence obtained from the isolated microbial strain showed 99 % similarity with the strain, B. agri AB112716. Finally this study concludes based on the phenotypic characteristics, production of lipopolysaccharide, the ability to aggregate in the presence of ammonium sulphate, agglutinate erythrocytes in the presence of mannose, and the potential to resist the interactions of serum, the possibility that the soil microbe could have undergone genotypic modification to cause UTI. However, further detailed and in-depth genetic analysis are required to point out exactly how the soil bacterium has adapted itself to cause infection in a human subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Suneeva
- Renal Research Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kornspan JD, Rottem S, Nir-Paz R. Cardiolipin synthetase is involved in antagonistic interaction (reverse CAMP phenomenon) of Mycoplasma species with Staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysis. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:1622-8. [PMID: 24599982 PMCID: PMC3993627 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00037-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis has been implicated in a variety of swine diseases. However, little is known about the hemolytic capabilities of Mycoplasma species in general or M. hyorhinis in particular. In this study, we show that M. hyorhinis possesses beta-hemolytic activity which may be involved in the invasion process. M. hyorhinis also possesses antagonistic cooperativity (reverse CAMP phenomenon) with Staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysis, resulting in the protection of erythrocytes from the beta-hemolytic activity of S. aureus (reverse CAMP). The reversed CAMP phenomenon has been attributed to phospholipase D (PLD) activity. In silico analysis of the M. hyorhinis genome revealed the absence of the pld gene but the presence of the cls gene encoding cardiolipin synthetase, which contains two PLD active domains. The transformation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum that has neither the cls gene nor the reverse CAMP phenomenon with the cls gene from M. hyorhinis resulted in the reverse CAMP phenomenon, suggesting for the first time that reverse CAMP can be induced by cardiolipin synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Kornspan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rottem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ran Nir-Paz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Meghraoui A, Schiavolin L, Allaoui A. Single amino acid substitutions on the needle tip protein IpaD increased Shigella virulence. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:532-9. [PMID: 24726700 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of colonic epithelial cells by Shigella is associated with the type III secretion system, which serves as a molecular syringe to inject effectors into host cells. This system includes an extracellular needle used as a conduit for secreted proteins. Two of these proteins, IpaB and IpaD, dock at the needle tip to control secretion and are also involved in the insertion of a translocation pore into host cell membrane allowing effector delivery. To better understand the function of IpaD, we substituted thirteen residues conserved among homologous proteins in other bacterial species. Generated variants were tested for their ability to surface expose IpaB and IpaD, to control secretion, to insert the translocation pore, and to invade host cells. In addition to a first group of seven ipaD variants that behaved similarly to the wild-type strain, we identified a second group with mutations V314D and I319D that deregulated secretion of all effectors, but remained fully invasive. Moreover, we identified a third group with mutations Y153A, T161D, Q165L and Y276A, that exhibited increased levels of translocators secretion, pore formation, and cell entry. Altogether, our results offer a better understanding of the role of IpaD in the control of Shigella virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaeddine Meghraoui
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lionel Schiavolin
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Abdelmounaaïm Allaoui
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Kholodok GN, Alekseeva IN, Strel'nikova NV, Kozlov VK. [Colonization properties of opportunistic bacteria isolated from children with pneumonia]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2014:17-25. [PMID: 25051692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Evaluation of phenotypes and pathogenicity factors of 476 opportunistic bacteria isolated from respiratory samples of 973 children with community-acquired pneumonia and 36 children without respiratory infection symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative method of tracheal aspirate and nasopharyngeal swab seeding into certified nutrient media was used, identification was carried out according to standard techniques. RESULTS Adhesive, "anti-interferon", anti-lysozyme and inherent bactericidal activity of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were established to ensure in combination with known aggression factors their colonization advantage compared with other pneumopathogens. Adhesion indexes of Gram-negative bacteria lower than 2.5 are shown as markers of invasive strains. Anti-lysozyme activity level lower than 2.14 microg/ml and lack of "anti-interferon" activity characterize non-invasive opportunistic bacteria strains. CONCLUSION The detected phenotypic features of opportunistic bacteria may be used in clinical practice for evaluatio of etiologic importance of microorganisms isolated from tracheal aspirate in pneumonia patients.
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Nielsen A, Månsson M, Bojer MS, Gram L, Larsen TO, Novick RP, Frees D, Frøkiær H, Ingmer H. Solonamide B inhibits quorum sensing and reduces Staphylococcus aureus mediated killing of human neutrophils. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84992. [PMID: 24416329 PMCID: PMC3885660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to be a serious human pathogen, and particularly the spread of community associated (CA)-MRSA strains such as USA300 is a concern, as these strains can cause severe infections in otherwise healthy adults. Recently, we reported that a cyclodepsipeptide termed Solonamide B isolated from the marine bacterium, Photobacterium halotolerans strongly reduces expression of RNAIII, the effector molecule of the agr quorum sensing system. Here we show that Solonamide B interferes with the binding of S. aureus autoinducing peptides (AIPs) to sensor histidine kinase, AgrC, of the agr two-component system. The hypervirulence of USA300 has been linked to increased expression of central virulence factors like α-hemolysin and the phenol soluble modulins (PSMs). Importantly, in strain USA300 Solonamide B dramatically reduced the activity of α-hemolysin and the transcription of psma encoding PSMs with an 80% reduction in toxicity of supernatants towards human neutrophils and rabbit erythrocytes. To our knowledge this is the first report of a compound produced naturally by a Gram-negative marine bacterium that interferes with agr and affects both RNAIII and AgrA controlled virulence gene expression in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Månsson
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin S. Bojer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Gram
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas O. Larsen
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Richard P. Novick
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dorte Frees
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Kapishnikov S, Weiner A, Shimoni E, Schneider G, Elbaum M, Leiserowitz L. Digestive vacuole membrane in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes: relevance to templated nucleation of hemozoin. Langmuir 2013; 29:14595-14602. [PMID: 24237179 DOI: 10.1021/la402545c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization of the malaria pigment hemozoin sequesters the toxic heme byproduct of hemoglobin digestion in Plasmodium -infected red blood cells (RBCs). Recently, we applied electron and X-ray imaging and diffraction methods to elucidate this process. We observed crystals oriented with their {100} faces at the inner membrane surface of the digestive vacuole (DV) of Plasmodium falciparum in parasitized RBCs. Modeling of the soft X-ray tomographic (SXT) images of a trophozoite-stage parasite indicated a 4-16 nm DV membrane thickness, suggesting a possible role for lipid multilayers. Here, we reanalyzed the trophozoite SXT images quantitatively via X-ray absorption to map the DV membrane thickness. Making use of the chemical structure and crystal density of the lipid, we found, predominantly, a bilayer 4.2 nm thick, and the remainder was interpreted as patches ∼8 nm thick. Image analysis of electron micrographs also yielded a 4-5 nm DV membrane thickness. The DV lipid membrane is thus mainly a bilayer, so induced hemozoin nucleation occurs primarily via the inner of the membrane's two leaflets. We argue that such a leaflet embodying mono- and di-acyl lipids with appropriate OH or NH bearing head groups may catalyse hemozoin nucleation by stereochemical and lattice match to the {100} crystal face, involving a two-dimensional nucleation aggregate of ∼100 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kapishnikov
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Yamaguchi M, Terao Y, Mori-Yamaguchi Y, Domon H, Sakaue Y, Yagi T, Nishino K, Yamaguchi A, Nizet V, Kawabata S. Streptococcus pneumoniae invades erythrocytes and utilizes them to evade human innate immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77282. [PMID: 24194877 PMCID: PMC3806730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive bacterium, is a major cause of invasive infection-related diseases such as pneumonia and sepsis. In blood, erythrocytes are considered to be an important factor for bacterial growth, as they contain abundant nutrients. However, the relationship between S. pneumoniae and erythrocytes remains unclear. We analyzed interactions between S. pneumoniae and erythrocytes, and found that iron ion present in human erythrocytes supported the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, another major Gram-positive sepsis pathogen, while it partially inhibited pneumococcal growth by generating free radicals. S. pneumoniae cells incubated with human erythrocytes or blood were subjected to scanning electron and confocal fluorescence microscopic analyses, which showed that the bacterial cells adhered to and invaded human erythrocytes. In addition, S. pneumoniae cells were found associated with human erythrocytes in cultures of blood from patients with an invasive pneumococcal infection. Erythrocyte invasion assays indicated that LPXTG motif-containing pneumococcal proteins, erythrocyte lipid rafts, and erythrocyte actin remodeling are all involved in the invasion mechanism. In a neutrophil killing assay, the viability of S. pneumoniae co-incubated with erythrocytes was higher than that without erythrocytes. Also, H2O2 killing of S. pneumoniae was nearly completely ineffective in the presence of erythrocytes. These results indicate that even when S. pneumoniae organisms are partially killed by iron ion-induced free radicals, they can still invade erythrocytes. Furthermore, in the presence of erythrocytes, S. pneumoniae can more effectively evade antibiotics, neutrophil phagocytosis, and H2O2 killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuka Mori-Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuuki Sakaue
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yagi
- Center of National University Hospital for Infection Control, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nishino
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Hu Y, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K. Use of silkworms to evaluate the pathogenicity of bacteria attached to cedar pollen. Drug Discov Ther 2013; 7:153-157. [PMID: 24071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Injection of a Japanese cedar pollen suspension into silkworm hemolymph kills the silkworms. A certain species of bacteria proliferated in the hemolymph of the dead silkworms. A 16S rDNA analysis demonstrated that the proliferating bacteria were Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Among them, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. weihenstephanensis exhibited hemolysis against sheep red blood cells and were lethal to mice. A culture filtrate of B. amyloliquefaciens showed enzyme activity toward the pectic membrane of cedar pollen. These results suggest that silkworms as an animal model are useful for evaluating the pathogenicity of bacteria attached to cedar pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Bleumink-Pluym NMC, van Alphen LB, Bouwman LI, Wösten MMSM, van Putten JPM. Identification of a functional type VI secretion system in Campylobacter jejuni conferring capsule polysaccharide sensitive cytotoxicity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003393. [PMID: 23737749 PMCID: PMC3667781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is the principal cause of bacterial food-borne infections. The mechanism(s) that contribute to bacterial survival and disease are still poorly understood. In other bacterial species, type VI secretion systems (T6SS) are increasingly recognized to contribute to bacterial pathogenesis by toxic effects on host cells or competing bacterial species. Here we report the presence of a functional Type VI secretion system in C. jejuni. Proteome and genetic analyses revealed that C. jejuni strain 108 contains a 17-kb T6SS gene cluster consisting of 13 T6SS-conserved genes, including the T6SS hallmark genes hcp and vgrG. The cluster lacks an ortholog of the ClpV ATPase considered important for T6SS function. The sequence and organization of the C. jejuni T6SS genes resemble those of the T6SS located on the HHGI1 pathogenicity island of Helicobacter hepaticus. The C. jejuni T6SS is integrated into the earlier acquired Campylobacter integrated element CJIE3 and is present in about 10% of C. jejuni isolates including several isolates derived from patients with the rare clinical feature of C. jejuni bacteremia. Targeted mutagenesis of C. jejuni T6SS genes revealed T6SS-dependent secretion of the Hcp needle protein into the culture supernatant. Infection assays provided evidence that the C. jejuni T6SS confers contact-dependent cytotoxicity towards red blood cells but not macrophages. This trait was observed only in a capsule-deficient bacterial phenotype. The unique C. jejuni T6SS phenotype of capsule-sensitive contact-mediated hemolysis represents a novel evolutionary pathway of T6SS in bacteria and expands the repertoire of virulence properties associated with T6SS. Bacteria contain a number of secretion systems to export macromolecules to the environment. The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) forms a needle-like structure that delivers toxic effector molecules to neighboring eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic cells. Here we report that the important human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni contains a functional T6SS gene cluster. The cluster comprises 13 conserved T6SS genes including genes encoding the typical T6SS Hcp and VgrG proteins. The gene cluster is part of a larger DNA element and is present in about 10% of C. jejuni strains including several blood isolates. The identified C. jejuni T6SS has unique properties compared to similar systems in other bacterial species. C. jejuni T6SS lacks the ClpV ATPase that supposedly energizes part of T6SS function in other species, causes contact-dependent lysis of red blood cells, and requires downregulation of the C. jejuni capsule polysaccharide to be effective. The unique cytotoxic properties of C. jejuni T6SS, the effect of the capsule on T6SS function, and the possible association with systemic C. jejuni infection broaden the scope of the existing bacterial T6SS phenotypes and point to a different evolution of C. jejuni T6SS compared to other bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lieke B. van Alphen
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lieneke I. Bouwman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc M. S. M. Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos P. M. van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Luo M, Feng M, Min X, Li X, Cai J, Tachibana H, Cheng X. Primary pathogenicity analysis of a Chinese Entamoeba histolytica isolate. Biosci Trends 2013; 7:77-81. [PMID: 23612076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to isolate an Entamoeba histolytica strain from Chinese amoebic patients and to conduct a detailed examination of its virulence. A fecal sample that contains cysts of E. histolytica was obtained from Guangxi province. The sample was cultured axenically and then cloned by limiting dilution, and named as XLAC. In vitro and in vivo tests were conducted to evaluate the virulence of the Entamoeba isolate. The E. histolytica strain XLAC was successfully cloned and cultured axenically. DNA regions that contain hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, and heavy subunit of lectin genes were amplified by PCR. The PCR products were then sequenced. Virulence analysis suggested that the XLAC strain was similar to the HM1:IMSS strain at the genetic level. In vitro and in vivo tests also implicated these strains to be similar. These findings may be attributed to the low expression levels of pathogenic genes obtained through realtime PCR. The XLAC strain restored its virulence after it was injected into hamster liver. This study may be a good model for studying virulence changes in E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxia Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Bisceglia E, Cubizolles M, Mallard F, Vinet F, Français O, Le Pioufle B. Micro-organism extraction from biological samples using DEP forces enhanced by osmotic shock. Lab Chip 2013; 13:901-9. [PMID: 23306307 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41128h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
On the road towards efficient diagnostics of infectious diseases, sample preparation is considered as the key step and remains a real technical challenge. Finding new methods for extraction of micro-organisms from a complex biological sample remains a major challenge prior to pathogen detection and analysis. This paper reports a new technique for capturing and isolating micro-organisms from a complex sample. To achieve the segregation of pathogens and blood cells, dielectrophoretic forces applied to bioparticles previously subjected to an osmotic shock are successfully implemented within a dedicated microfluidic device. Our device involves an electrode array of interdigitated electrodes, coated with an insulating layer, to minimize electrochemical reactions with the electrolyte and to enable long-time use. The electric field intensity inside the device is optimized, considering the insulating layer, for a given frequency bandwidth, enabling the separation of bioparticles by dielectrophoretic forces. Our predictions are based on analytical models, consistent with numerical simulations (using COMSOL Multiphysics) and correlated to experimental results. The method and device have been shown to extract different types of micro-organisms spiked in a blood cell sample. We strongly believe that this new separation approach may open the way towards a simple device for pathogen extraction from blood and more generally complex samples, with potential advantages of genericness and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bisceglia
- Department of microTechnology for Biology and Health, CEA LETI-Minatec, Grenoble, France
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Ambroggio X, Jiang L, Aebig J, Obiakor H, Lukszo J, Narum DL. The epitope of monoclonal antibodies blocking erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum map to the dimerization and receptor glycan binding sites of EBA-175. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56326. [PMID: 23457550 PMCID: PMC3574135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and related parasites use a variety of proteins with Duffy-Binding Like (DBL) domains to bind glycoproteins on the surface of host cells. Among these proteins, the 175 kDa erythrocyte binding antigen, EBA-175, specifically binds to glycophorin A on the surface of human erythrocytes during the process of merozoite invasion. The domain responsible for glycophorin A binding was identified as region II (RII) which contains two DBL domains, F1 and F2. The crystal structure of this region revealed a dimer that is presumed to represent the glycophorin A binding conformation as sialic acid binding sites and large cavities are observed at the dimer interface. The dimer interface is largely composed of two loops from within each monomer, identified as the F1 and F2 β-fingers that contact depressions in the opposing monomers in a similar manner. Previous studies have identified a panel of five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) termed R215 to R218 and R256 that bind to RII and inhibit invasion of erythrocytes to varying extents. In this study, we predict the F2 β-finger region as the conformational epitope for mAbs, R215, R217, and R256, and confirm binding for the most effective blocking mAb R217 and R215 to a synthetic peptide mimic of the F2 β-finger. Localization of the epitope to the dimerization and glycan binding sites of EBA-175 RII and site-directed mutagenesis within the predicted epitope are consistent with R215 and R217 blocking erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum by preventing formation of the EBA-175– glycophorin A complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ambroggio
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lubin Jiang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Joan Aebig
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harold Obiakor
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan Lukszo
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Wang Z, Zhang L, Guo Z, Liu L, Ji J, Zhang J, Chen X, Liu B, Zhang J, Ding Q, Wang X, Zhao W, Zhu Z, Yu Y. A unique feature of iron loss via close adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to host erythrocytes. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185604 PMCID: PMC3503993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is an extra-stomach disease experienced in H. pylori carriers. Individuals with type A blood are more prone to suffering from H. pylori infection than other individuals. To clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying H. pylori-associated anemia, we collected erythrocytes from A, B, O, and AB blood donors and analyzed morphology, the number of erythrocytes with H. pylori colonies attached to them, and iron contents in erythrocytes and H. pylori (NCTC11637 and SS1 strains) by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and synchrotron radiation soft X-ray imaging. The number of type A erythrocytes with H. pylori attached to them was significantly higher than that of other erythrocytes (P<0.05). Far more iron distribution was observed in H. pylori bacteria using dual energy analysis near the iron L2, 3 edges by soft X-ray imaging. Iron content was significantly reduced in host erythrocytes after 4 hours of exposure to H. pylori. H. pylori are able to adhere more strongly to type A erythrocytes, and this is related to iron shift from the host to the bacteria. This may explain the reasons for refractory iron deficiency anemia and elevated susceptibility to H. pylori infection in individuals with type A blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Guo
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianian Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehua Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiulan Ding
- Department of Transfusion and Clinical Biochemistry, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Transfusion and Clinical Biochemistry, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (ZZ)
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (ZZ)
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Bukharin OV, Kremleva EA, Sgibnev AV. [Role of associative microsymbionts in functioning of associative symbiosis]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:89-95. [PMID: 23297640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study the role of associative microsymbionts in biocenosis based on comparative evaluation of interbacterial and epithelial-bacterial interactions on the example of vaginal biotope. MATERIALS AND METHODS Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus spp. and primary epitheliocytes isolated from the lower part of reproductive tract of women were used. Interactions by associant-macropartner vector were evaluated by changes of growth properties and antagonistic activity of the associant under the influence of exometabolites of vaginal epitheliocytes and expression of cytokines by epitheliocytes under the influence of associants. The nature of interaction by associant-dominant vector was evaluated by changes of adhesive properties and biofilm formation of associants and bactericidal activity of peroxide-producing lactobacilli. RESULTS Groups of associants that are opposite by their function in symbiosis were isolated. An example of associants that stabilize associative symbiosis by stimulating growth and antagonistic activity of dominant, moderate increase of cytokine production by epitheliocytes are corynebacteria, whose growth, biofilm formation, adhesion and antagonism during interaction with dominant and macropartner are also increased. The nature of interaction of associants of the other group (S. aureus and E. coli) with dominant and macropartner is the opposite. The determinative role of hydrogen peroxide in mechanisms of differentiation of associative microsymbionts and functioning of associative symbiosis ofvagina was shown. CONCLUSION The proposed approach allows to differentiate associative microsymbionts with various ecological roles, evaluate their contribution into maintenance of the stability of the symbiosis and open new possibilities of management of quality of microbiocenosis.
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Avdeeva LV, Osadchaia AI, Kharkhota MA. [Influence of lactitol and lactulose on adhesion properties of Bacillus subtilis probiotic strains]. Mikrobiol Z 2012; 74:22-25. [PMID: 23120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion properties of probiotic strains Bacillus subtilis UKM 5139 and Bacillus subtilis UKM 5140 is studied. It is shown that the strain Bacillus subtilis UKM 5139 is nonadhesive, and the strain Bacillus subtilis UKM 5140 is subadhesive. Lactitol and lactulosa did not influence the adhesive properties of probiotic strains of bacilli, and reduced these properties of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.
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Miranda Júnior RNC, Dolabela MF, da Silva MN, Póvoa MM, Maia JGS. Antiplasmodial activity of the andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl., Meliaceae) oil and its limonoid-rich fraction. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 142:679-683. [PMID: 22659195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE From seeds of Carapa guianensis the Amazon native people extracts the andiroba oil, which is traditionally used as febrifuge, anti-malarial, insecticidal and repellant. The non-saponifiable fraction separated from the oil is rich in limonoids, which assigns its pharmacological effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The andiroba oil and its limonoid-rich fraction were submitted to in vitro antiplasmodial bioassay using W(2) and Dd(2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The acute toxicity of andiroba oil was evaluated. The limonoid-rich fraction was subjected to fractionation and identified its major constituents. RESULTS Andiroba oil and its limonoid-rich fraction inhibited the growth of W(2) clone in 100%, between 24 and 72 h, at concentrations of 8.2 μg/mL and 3.1 μg/mL, respectively. Under the same conditions, the parasitaemia of Dd(2) clone provoked by the andiroba oil showed inhibition of 31% (IC(50) >82 μg/mL) with a time-dependent relationship of 24h and inhibition of 88% (IC(50) 8.4 μg/mL) after 72 h, while for the limonoid-rich fraction the inhibition of Dd(2) clone was 56% (IC(50) 2.8μg/mL) at 24h and 82% (IC(50) 0.4 μg/mL) after 72 h. Andiroba oil in acute toxicity test with a fixed dose (LD(50) >2000 mg/kg) was not toxic The limonoids identified in the oil were gedunin, 6α-acetoxygedunin, 7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin, 7-deacetylgedunin, 1,2-dihydro-3β-hydroxy-7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin and andirobin. Gedunin and derivatives has been reputed as anti-malarials. CONCLUSION The results support the traditional use of andiroba oil as antiplasmodial, which additionally proved not to be toxic in bioassays conducted with mice.
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Brown WC. Adaptive immunity to Anaplasma pathogens and immune dysregulation: implications for bacterial persistence. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:241-52. [PMID: 22226382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium that infects ruminants, and notably causes severe economic losses in cattle worldwide. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects neutrophils and causes disease in many mammals, including ruminants, dogs, cats, horses, and humans. Both bacteria cause persistent infection - infected cattle never clear A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum can also cause persistent infection in ruminants and other animals for several years. This review describes correlates of the protective immune response to these two pathogens as well as subversion and dysregulation of the immune response following infection that likely contribute to long-term persistence. I also compare the immune dysfunction observed with intraerythrocytic A. marginale to that observed in other models of chronic infection resulting in high antigen loads, including malaria, a disease caused by another intraerythrocytic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Brown
- Program in Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States.
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Suzuki Y, Maruo K, Zhang AW, Shimogaki K, Ogawa H, Hirayama F. Preliminary evaluation of optical glucose sensing in red cell concentrations using near-infrared diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17:017004. [PMID: 22352670 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.017004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of blood products is one of the most frequent infectious complications of transfusion. Since glucose levels in blood supplies decrease as bacteria proliferate, it should be possible to detect the presence of bacterial contamination by measuring the glucose concentrations in the blood components. Hence this study is aimed to serve as a preliminary study for the nondestructive measurement of glucose level in transfusion blood. The glucose concentrations in red blood cell (RBC) samples were predicted using near-infrared diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy in the 1350 to 1850 nm wavelength region. Furthermore, the effects of donor, hematocrit level, and temperature variations among the RBC samples were observed. Results showed that the prediction performance of a dataset which contained samples that differed in all three parameters had a standard error of 29.3 mg/dL. Multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) preprocessing method was also found to be effective in minimizing the variations in scattering patterns created by various sample properties. The results suggest that the diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy may provide another avenue for the detection of bacterial contamination in red cell concentrations (RCC) products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Suzuki
- Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd., Advanced Technologies Development Laboratory, 1048, Kadoma Kadoma-city, Osaka 571-8686, Japan.
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Coddens A, Valis E, Benktander J, Ångström J, Breimer ME, Cox E, Teneberg S. Erythrocyte and porcine intestinal glycosphingolipids recognized by F4 fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23309. [PMID: 21949679 PMCID: PMC3174951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic F4-fimbriated Escherichia coli is associated with diarrheal disease in neonatal and postweaning pigs. The F4 fimbriae mediate attachment of the bacteria to the pig intestinal epithelium, enabling an efficient delivery of diarrhea-inducing enterotoxins to the target epithelial cells. There are three variants of F4 fimbriae designated F4ab, F4ac and F4ad, respectively, having different antigenic and adhesive properties. In the present study, the binding of isolated F4ab, F4ac and F4ad fimbriae, and F4ab/ac/ad-fimbriated E. coli, to glycosphingolipids from erythrocytes and from porcine small intestinal epithelium was examined, in order to get a comprehensive view of the F4-binding glycosphingolipids involved in F4-mediated hemagglutination and adhesion to the epithelial cells of porcine intestine. Specific interactions between the F4ab, F4ac and F4ad fimbriae and both acid and non-acid glycosphingolipids were obtained, and after isolation of binding-active glycosphingolipids and characterization by mass spectrometry and proton NMR, distinct carbohydrate binding patterns were defined for each fimbrial subtype. Two novel glycosphingolipids were isolated from chicken erythrocytes, and characterized as GalNAcα3GalNAcß3Galß4Glcß1Cer and GalNAcα3GalNAcß3Galß4GlcNAcß3Galß4Glcß1Cer. These two compounds, and lactosylceramide (Galß4Glcß1Cer) with phytosphingosine and hydroxy fatty acid, were recognized by all three variants of F4 fimbriae. No binding of the F4ad fimbriae or F4ad-fimbriated E. coli to the porcine intestinal glycosphingolipids occurred. However, for F4ab and F4ac two distinct binding patterns were observed. The F4ac fimbriae and the F4ac-expressing E. coli selectively bound to galactosylceramide (Galß1Cer) with sphingosine and hydroxy 24:0 fatty acid, while the porcine intestinal glycosphingolipids recognized by F4ab fimbriae and the F4ab-fimbriated bacteria were characterized as galactosylceramide, sulfatide (SO(3)-3Galß1Cer), sulf-lactosylceramide (SO(3)-3Galß4Glcß1Cer), and globotriaosylceramide (Galα4Galß4Glcß1Cer) with phytosphingosine and hydroxy 24:0 fatty acid. Finally, the F4ad fimbriae and the F4ad-fimbriated E. coli, but not the F4ab or F4ac subtypes, bound to reference gangliotriaosylceramide (GalNAcß4Galß4Glcß1Cer), gangliotetraosylceramide (Galß3GalNAcß4Galß4Glcß1Cer), isoglobotriaosylceramide (Galα3Galß4Glcß1Cer), and neolactotetraosylceramide (Galß4GlcNAcß3Galß4Glcß1Cer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Coddens
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Erik Valis
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ångström
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Breimer
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Susann Teneberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Guimaraes AMS, Santos AP, SanMiguel P, Walter T, Timenetsky J, Messick JB. Complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma suis and insights into its biology and adaption to an erythrocyte niche. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19574. [PMID: 21573007 PMCID: PMC3091866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis, the causative agent of porcine infectious anemia, has never been cultured in vitro and mechanisms by which it causes disease are poorly understood. Thus, the objective herein was to use whole genome sequencing and analysis of M. suis to define pathogenicity mechanisms and biochemical pathways. M. suis was harvested from the blood of an experimentally infected pig. Following DNA extraction and construction of a paired end library, whole-genome sequencing was performed using GS-FLX (454) and Titanium chemistry. Reads on paired-end constructs were assembled using GS De Novo Assembler and gaps closed by primer walking; assembly was validated by PFGE. Glimmer and Manatee Annotation Engine were used to predict and annotate protein-coding sequences (CDS). The M. suis genome consists of a single, 742,431 bp chromosome with low G+C content of 31.1%. A total of 844 CDS, 3 single copies, unlinked rRNA genes and 32 tRNAs were identified. Gene homologies and GC skew graph show that M. suis has a typical Mollicutes oriC. The predicted metabolic pathway is concise, showing evidence of adaptation to blood environment. M. suis is a glycolytic species, obtaining energy through sugars fermentation and ATP-synthase. The pentose-phosphate pathway, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, pyruvate dehydrogenase and NAD+ kinase are missing. Thus, ribose, NADH, NADPH and coenzyme A are possibly essential for its growth. M. suis can generate purines from hypoxanthine, which is secreted by RBCs, and cytidine nucleotides from uracil. Toxins orthologs were not identified. We suggest that M. suis may cause disease by scavenging and competing for host' nutrients, leading to decreased life-span of RBCs. In summary, genome analysis shows that M. suis is dependent on host cell metabolism and this characteristic is likely to be linked to its pathogenicity. The prediction of essential nutrients will aid the development of in vitro cultivation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. S. Guimaraes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- CAPES-Fulbright Program, Ministério da Educação, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMSG); (JBM)
| | - Andrea P. Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Phillip SanMiguel
- Purdue Genomics Core Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Thomas Walter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanne B. Messick
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMSG); (JBM)
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Franz B, Kempf VAJ. Adhesion and host cell modulation: critical pathogenicity determinants of Bartonella henselae. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:54. [PMID: 21489243 PMCID: PMC3083372 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae, the agent of cat scratch disease and the vasculoproliferative disorders bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis, contains to date two groups of described pathogenicity factors: adhesins and type IV secretion systems. Bartonella adhesin A (BadA), the Trw system and possibly filamentous hemagglutinin act as promiscous or specific adhesins, whereas the virulence locus (Vir)B/VirD4 type IV secretion system modulates a variety of host cell functions. BadA mediates bacterial adherence to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins and triggers the induction of angiogenic gene programming. The VirB/VirD4 type IV secretion system is responsible for, e.g., inhibition of host cell apoptosis, bacterial persistence in erythrocytes, and endothelial sprouting. The Trw-conjugation system of Bartonella spp. mediates host-specific adherence to erythrocytes. Filamentous hemagglutinins represent additional potential pathogenicity factors which are not yet characterized. The exact molecular functions of these pathogenicity factors and their contribution to an orchestral interplay need to be analyzed to understand B. henselae pathogenicity in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Franz
- University hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 40, Frankfurt am Main, D-60596, Germany
| | - Volkhard AJ Kempf
- University hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 40, Frankfurt am Main, D-60596, Germany
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