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Ichi I, Kono N, Arita Y, Haga S, Arisawa K, Yamano M, Nagase M, Fujiwara Y, Arai H. Identification of genes and pathways involved in the synthesis of Mead acid (20:3n-9), an indicator of essential fatty acid deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:204-13. [PMID: 24184513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (Mead acid, 20:3n-9) is synthesized from oleic acid during a state of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). Mead acid is thought to be produced by the same enzymes that synthesize arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but the genes and the pathways involved in the conversion of oleic acid to Mead acid have not been fully elucidated. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cultured cells are generally very low compared to those in mammalian tissues. In this study, we found that cultured cells, such as NIH3T3 and Hepa1-6 cells, have significant levels of Mead acid, indicating that cells in culture are in an EFAD state under normal culture conditions. We then examined the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of fatty acid desaturases and elongases on the level of Mead acid, and found that knockdown of Elovl5, Fads1, or Fads2 decreased the level of Mead acid. This and the measured levels of possible intermediate products for the synthesis of Mead acid such as 18:2n-9, 20:1n-9 and 20:2n-9 in the knocked down cells indicate two pathways for the synthesis of Mead acid: pathway 1) 18:1n-9→(Fads2)→18:2n-9→(Elovl5)→20:2n-9→(Fads1)→20:3n-9 and pathway 2) 18:1n-9→(Elovl5)→20:1n-9→(Fads2)→20:2n-9→(Fads1)→20:3n-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Ichi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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2
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Monroig O, Navarro JC, Dick JR, Alemany F, Tocher DR. Identification of a Δ5-like fatty acyl desaturase from the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier 1797) involved in the biosynthesis of essential fatty acids. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2012; 14:411-422. [PMID: 22160425 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) have been identified as essential compounds for common octopus (Octopus vulgaris), but precise dietary requirements have not been determined due, in part, to the inherent difficulties of performing feeding trials on paralarvae. Our objective is to establish the essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements for paralarval stages of the common octopus through characterisation of the enzymes of endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways. In this study, we isolated a cDNA with high homology to fatty acyl desaturases (Fad). Functional characterisation in recombinant yeast showed that the octopus Fad exhibited Δ5-desaturation activity towards saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acyl substrates. Thus, it efficiently converted the yeast's endogenous 16:0 and 18:0 to 16:1n-11 and 18:1n-13, respectively, and desaturated exogenously added PUFA substrates 20:4n-3 and 20:3n-6 to 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 20:4n-6 (ARA), respectively. Although the Δ5 Fad enables common octopus to produce EPA and ARA, the low availability of its adequate substrates 20:4n-3 and 20:3n-6, either in the diet or by limited endogenous synthesis from C(18) PUFA, might indicate that EPA and ARA are indeed EFA for this species. Interestingly, the octopus Δ5 Fad can also participate in the biosynthesis of non-methylene-interrupted FA, PUFA that are generally uncommon in vertebrates but have been found previously in marine invertebrates, including molluscs, and now also confirmed to be present in specific tissues of common octopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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3
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Abstract
Dysregulated phospholipid metabolism has been proposed as an underlying biological component of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autistic disorder (AD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review provides an overview of fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and evidence for phospholipid dysregulation with reference to the membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia. While there is evidence that phospholipid metabolism is at least impaired in individuals with AD, it has not been established whether phospholipid metabolism is implicated in causal, mechanistic or epiphenomenological models. More research is needed to ascertain whether breastfeeding, and specifically, the administration of colostrum or an adequate substitute can play a preventative role by supplying the neonate with essential fatty acids (EFAs) at a critical juncture in their development. Regarding treatment, further clinical trials of EFA supplementation are essential to determine the efficacy of EFAs in reducing AD symptomatology and whether supplementation can serve as a cost-effective and readily available intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Brown
- Swinburne Autism Bio-Research Initiative, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
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4
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Titov VN. [Concomitant impairments of essential fatty acids and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis]. Klin Lab Diagn 2008:3-14. [PMID: 19086228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Plourde M, Cunnane SC. Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their dietary essentiality and use as supplements. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:619-34. [PMID: 17622276 DOI: 10.1139/h07-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the potential impact of several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in mitigating the significant morbidity and mortality caused by degenerative diseases of the cardiovascular system and brain. Despite this interest, confusion surrounds the extent of conversion in humans of the parent PUFA, linoleic acid or α-linolenic acid (ALA), to their respective long-chain PUFA products. As a result, there is uncertainty about the potential benefits of ALA versus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Some of the confusion arises because although mammals have the necessary enzymes to make the long-chain PUFA from the parent PUFA, in vivo studies in humans show that ≈5% of ALA is converted to EPA and <0.5% of ALA is converted to DHA. Because the capacity of this pathway is very low in healthy, nonvegetarian humans, even large amounts of dietary ALA have a negligible effect on plasma DHA, an effect paralleled in the ω6 PUFA by a negligible effect of dietary linoleic acid on plasma arachidonic acid. Despite this inefficient conversion, there are potential roles in human health for ALA and EPA that could be independent of their metabolism to DHA through the desaturation – chain elongation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Departments of Medicine, and Physiology and Biophysics, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvedere St, South, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
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6
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Tanaka T, Morishige JI, Iwawaki D, Fukuhara T, Hamamura N, Hirano K, Osumi T, Satouchi K. Metabolic pathway that produces essential fatty acids from polymethylene-interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal cells. FEBS J 2007; 274:2728-37. [PMID: 17451430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sciadonic acid (20:3 Delta-5,11,14) and juniperonic acid (20:4 Delta-5,11,14,17) are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that lack the Delta-8 double bond of arachidonic acid (20:4 Delta-5,8,11,14) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 Delta-5,8,11,14,17), respectively. Here, we demonstrate that these conifer oil-derived PUFAs are metabolized to essential fatty acids in animal cells. When Swiss 3T3 cells were cultured with sciadonic acid, linoleic acid (18:2 Delta-9,12) accumulated in the cells to an extent dependent on the concentration of sciadonic acid. At the same time, a small amount of 16:2 Delta-7,10 appeared in the cellular lipids. Both 16:2 Delta-7,10 and linoleic acid accumulated in sciadonic acid-supplemented CHO cells, but not in peroxisome-deficient CHO cells. We confirmed that 16:2 Delta-7,10 was effectively elongated to linoleic acid in rat liver microsomes. These results indicate that sciadonic acid was partially degraded to 16:2 Delta-7,10 by two cycles of beta-oxidation in peroxisomes, then elongated to linoleic acid in microsomes. Supplementation of Swiss 3T3 cells with juniperonic acid, an n-3 analogue of sciadonic acid, induced accumulation of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 Delta-9,12,15) in cellular lipids, suggesting that juniperonic acid was metabolized in a similar manner to sciadonic acid. This PUFA remodeling is thought to be a process that converts unsuitable fatty acids into essential fatty acids required by animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Fukuyama University, Higashimura, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan.
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7
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Das UN. Biological significance of essential fatty acids. J Assoc Physicians India 2006; 54:309-19. [PMID: 16944615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Essential fatty acids (EFAs)--linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are critical for human survival. EFAs are readily available in the diet. But, to derive their full benefit, EFAs need to be metabolized to their respective long-chain metabolites. EFAs not only form precursors to respective prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), and leukotrienes (LTs), but also give rise to lipoxins (LXs), resolvins, isoprostanes, and hydroxy- and hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoates. Certain PGs, TXs, and LTs have pro-inflammatory actions whereas LXs and resolvins are anti-inflammatory in nature. Furthermore, EFAs and their long-chain metabolites modulate the activities of angiotensin converting and HMG-CoA reductase enzymes, enhance acetylcholine levels in the brain, increase the synthesis of endothelial nitric oxide, augment diuresis, and enhance insulin action. Thus, EFAs and their metabolites may function as endogenous ACE and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, nitric oxide enhancers, beta-blockers, diuretics, anti-hypertensive, and anti-atherosclerotic molecules. In addition, EFAs and their long-chain metabolites react with nitric oxide (NO) to yield respective nitroalkene derivatives that exert cell-signaling actions via ligation and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Thus, EFAs and their derivatives have varied biological actions that may have relevance to their involvement in several physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U N Das
- UND Life Sciences, Shaker Heights, OH 44120, USA
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8
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Laoteng K, Ruenwai R, Tanticharoen M, Cheevadhanarak S. Genetic modification of essential fatty acids biosynthesis inHansenula polymorpha. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 245:169-78. [PMID: 15796995 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Delta(6)-desaturase gene isoform II involved in the formation of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) was identified from Mucor rouxii. To study the possibility of alteration of the synthetic pathway of essential fatty acids in the methylotrophic yeast, Hansenula polymorpha, the cloned gene of M. rouxii under the control of the methanol oxidase (MOX) promoter of H. polymorpha, was used for genetic modification of this yeast. Changes in flux through the n-3 and n-6 pathways in the transgenic yeast were observed. The proportion of GLA varied dramatically depending on the growth temperature and media composition. This can be explained by the effects of either substrate availability or enzymatic activity. In addition to the potential application for manipulating the fatty acid profile, this study provides an attractive model system of H. polymorpha for investigating the deviation of fatty acid metabolism in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobkul Laoteng
- Biochemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Research and Development Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
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9
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arachidonic Acid/biosynthesis
- Biotechnology/methods
- Caulimovirus/genetics
- Crops, Agricultural/genetics
- Crops, Agricultural/metabolism
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid/biosynthesis
- Enzymes/genetics
- Enzymes/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Essential/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/biosynthesis
- Food, Genetically Modified
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Plants/genetics
- Plants/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/chemistry
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Seeds/genetics
- Seeds/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan G Green
- Food Futures, CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Black Mountain, ACT, Australia.
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10
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Qi B, Fraser T, Mugford S, Dobson G, Sayanova O, Butler J, Napier JA, Stobart AK, Lazarus CM. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22:739-45. [PMID: 15146198 DOI: 10.1038/nbt972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the production of two very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in substantial quantities in a higher plant. This was achieved using genes encoding enzymes participating in the omega3/6 Delta8 -desaturation biosynthetic pathways for the formation of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arabidopsis thaliana was transformed sequentially with genes encoding a Delta9 -specific elongating activity from Isochrysis galbana, a Delta8 -desaturase from Euglena gracilis and a Delta5 -desaturase from Mortierella alpina. Instrumental in the successful reconstitution of these C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathways was the I. galbana C18-Delta9 -elongating activity, which may bypass rate-limiting steps present in the conventional Delta6 -desaturase/elongase pathways. The accumulation of EPA and AA in transgenic plants is a breakthrough in the search for alternative sustainable sources of fish oils.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analysis
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- Acetyltransferases/genetics
- Acetyltransferases/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arachidonic Acid/analysis
- Arachidonic Acid/biosynthesis
- Arachidonic Acids/analysis
- Arachidonic Acids/biosynthesis
- Biotechnology/methods
- Caulimovirus/genetics
- Chromatography, Gas
- Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase
- Fatty Acid Desaturases/genetics
- Fatty Acid Desaturases/metabolism
- Fatty Acid Elongases
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Fatty Acids/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Essential/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/biosynthesis
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plasmids/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiu Qi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1UG, England, UK.
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11
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Chu FLE, Lund ED, Harvey E, Adlof R. Arachidonic acid synthetic pathways of the oyster protozoan parasite, Perkinsus marinus: evidence for usage of a delta-8 pathway. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2004; 133:45-51. [PMID: 14668011 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The meront stage of the oyster protozoan parasite, Perkinsus marinus, is capable of synthesizing saturated and unsaturated fatty acids including the essential fatty acid, arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)]. Eukaryotes employ either delta-6 (Delta-6) or delta-8 (Delta-8) desaturase pathway or both to synthesize arachidonic acid. To elucidate the arachidonic acid synthetic pathways in P. marinus, meronts were incubated with deuterium-labeled precursors [18:1(n-9)-d6, 18:2(n-6)-d4, 18:3(n-3)-d4, and 20:3(n-3)-d8]. The lipids were extracted, converted to fatty acid methyl esters, and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection. Deuterium-labeled 18:2(n-6), 20:2(n-6), 20:3(n-6), and 20:4(n-6) were detected in meront lipids after 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-day incubation with 18:1(n-9)-d6. Deuterium-labeled 20:2(n-6), 20:3(n-6) and 20:4(n-6) were found in lipids from meronts after incubation with 18:2(n-6)-d4 methyl ester. No labeled 18:3(n-6) was detected in either incubation. Apparently, when incubated with 18:1(n-9)-d6, the parasite first desaturated 18:1(n-9)-d6 to 18:2(n-6)-d6 by Delta-12 desaturase, then to 20:2(n-6)-d6 by elongation, and ultimately desaturated to 20:3(n-6)-d6 and 20:4(n-6)-d6 using the sequential Delta-8 and Delta-5 desaturation. Similarly, when incubated with 18:2(n-6)-d4, P. marinus converted the 18:2(n-6)-d4 to 20:2(n-6)-d4 by elongation and 20:2(n-6)-d4 to 20:3(n-6)-d4 by Delta-8 desaturase then by Delta-5 desaturase to 20:4(n-6)-d4. These results provide evidence that P. marinus employed the Delta-8 rather Delta-6 pathway for arachidonic acid synthesis. Additional support for the presence of a Delta-8 pathway was the demonstrated ability of the parasite to metabolize 18:3(n-3)-d4 to 20:3(n-3)-d4 and 20:4(n-3)-d4, and 20:3(n-3)-d8 to 20:4(n-3)-d6 and 20:5(n-3)-d6 using the sequential position-specific Delta-8 and Delta-5 desaturases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Lin E Chu
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
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12
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Konova IV, Galanina LA, Kochkina GA, Pan'kina OI. [Fatty acids in the species of several zygomycete taxa]. Mikrobiologiia 2002; 71:639-47. [PMID: 12449630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The composition of fatty acids synthesized de novo by thirty strains of zygomycetes from various taxa was studied. The qualitative fatty acid compositions of the fungal lipids were found to be virtually identical, but there were significant differences in the contents of individual acids. Highly active producers of essential C18 fatty acids, with their content exceeding 30-40% of total fatty acids, were discovered among the fungi of the families Mucoraceae, Pilobolaceae, and Radiomycetaceae. Linoleic acid was found to predominate in the fungi of the genera Radiomyces, Mycotypha, and Circinella, and linolenic acid (identified as its gamma-isomer by gas-liquid chromatography), in the fungi of the genera Absidia, Circinella, Pilaira, and Hesseltinella. The total yield (mg/l) of bioactive acids (C18:3, C18:2, C18:1) varied from 761.4 in Pilaira anomala to 3477.9 in Syncephalastrum racemosum; the total yield of essential acids, from 520.7 in Pilaira anomala to 1154.5 in Hesseltinella vesiculosa; of linoleic acid, from 279.7 in Pilaira anomala to 836.3 in Mycotypha indica; and of linolenic acid, from 120.8 in Mycotypha indica to 708.0 in Hesseltinella vesiculosa. The data on the efficient synthesis of these acids make the actively producing strains promising for biotechnological synthesis of commercially valuable lipids. Linderina pennispora VKM F-1219, a zygomycete of the family Kickxellaceae, which was earlier singled out into the order Kickxellales [12], was shown to differ from zygomycetes of the order Mucorales in having a high content of cis-9-hexadecenoic (palmitoleic) acid, reaching 37.0% of the fatty acid total.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Konova
- Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7, k. 2, Moscow, 117312 Russia
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13
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Abstract
The essential fatty acid 22:6(n-3) is a minor component of the Western diet, but a major fatty acid in human testis and semen. In mature spermatozoa, the physical and fusogenic properties of the plasma membrane are probably influenced by its particular fatty acid composition. In this study, the synthesis of 22:6(n-3) and 22:5(n-6) was investigated in isolated human testicular cells. [1-(14)C]20:4(n-6), [1-(14)C]20:5(n-3), [1-(14)C]22:4(n-6) and [1-(14)C]22:5(n-3) were incubated in a 'crude' cell suspension (consisting of a mixture of the cells in the seminiferous tubule), and in fractionated pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. The esterification of fatty acids in lipid and phospholipid classes and the fatty acid chain elongation and desaturation were measured. The crude cell suspension metabolized the fatty acids more actively than did the fractionated germ cell suspension, indicating that types of cell other than the germ cells are important for fatty acid elongation and desaturation and thus the production of 22:6(n-3). This finding is in agreement with previous results in rats that indicated that the Sertoli cells are the most important type of cell for the metabolism of essential fatty acids in the testis. Some [1-(14)C]20:5(n-3) was elongated to [(14)C]22:5(n-3) in the fractionated germ cells, but very little was elongated further to [(14)C]24:5(n-3),possibly restricting the formation of [(14)C]22:6(n-3). In the fractionated germ cells, the fatty acid substrates were recovered primarily in the phospholipid fraction, indicating an incorporation in the membranes, whereas in the crude cells, more substrates were esterified in the triacylglycerol fraction. In the phospholipids, more radioactivity was recovered in phosphatidylcholine than in phosphatidylethanolamine and more radioactivity was recovered in phosphatidylethanolamine than in phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Retterstøl
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Andrology Laboratory, National Hospital, University of Oslo, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with deficiencies in certain essential fatty acids. These deficiencies have been studied in plasma, red blood cells, and mucus and were previously thought to be a result of malnutrition or malabsorption. More recent studies have indicated that these deficiencies are independent of nutritional status. However, these studies examined fatty acids in plasma but not in CF-regulated tissues. In the pancreas, lungs, and ileum of CF knock-out mice, membrane-bound arachidonic acid levels have been shown to be increased while docosahexaenoic acid levels are decreased. This lipid abnormality is reversed following oral administration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, DHA therapy reverses the increased neutrophil infiltration in the lungs of CF knock-out mice. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism by which CF gene mutations lead to this lipid abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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15
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Lutz M. [Diet as a determinant of central nervous system development: role of essential fatty acids]. Arch Latinoam Nutr 1998; 48:29-34. [PMID: 9754402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system is second to adipose tissue in containing the highest lipid concentration. Membrane phospholipids possess a high content of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) of the n-3 and n-6 families, derived from the corresponding essential fatty acids. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) is found in the highest concentrations in the gray matter and the photoreceptors of the retina. n-3 LCPUFA deficiency in infants, mainly if born preterm, modifies neural functions causing learning disabilities and visual function abnormalities. The adequate lipid nutrition of the mother before and during pregnancy and in breast feeding determine the lipid transfer of fatty acids to the fetus and infant, respectively. LCPUFA are conditionally essential in preterm infants, born with lower lipid depots. The formulation of infant formulas, mainly for preterm babies, should include adequate proportions of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lutz
- Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
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16
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that marine oils rich in long-chain (C20 and C22) fatty acids (i.e. certain natural marine oils and partially hydrogenated fish oil) may affect the haemostatic balance in a favourable way with regard to coronary heart disease. Such fats have also been found to increase the content of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid = C20:5 n-3) and to decrease the content of arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) in blood lipids, thus affecting the ratio of C20:4 n-6 to C20:5 n-3 in a favourable way with regard to eicosanoid production. It is therefore likely that the positive effects of long-chain monoenoic fatty acids on haemostasis are due to increased synthesis of long-chain essential n-3 fatty acids. According to recent theories the final steps in the synthesis of long-chain essential fatty acids occur in the peroxisomes, which also have a controlling function in essential fatty acid synthesis. Long-chain monoenoic fatty acids are known to enhance peroxisomal beta-oxidation. An hypothesis is therefore advanced that marine oils rich in long-chain monoenoic fatty acids improve haemostasis in a favourable way with regard to coronary heart disease through increased peroxisomal beta-oxidation and increased synthesis of long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Opstvedt
- Norwegian Herring Meal and Oil Industry Research Institute, Fyllingsdalen, Norway.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Ziboh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis 95616
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18
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Donaire JP, Belver A. Lipid biosynthesis and composition in oil bodies and microsomes of olive fruit. Rev Esp Fisiol 1987; 43:253-7. [PMID: 3659549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Both lipid synthesis and composition in oil bodies and microsomes of olive fruit at the first stage of development have been studied. The rate of fatty-acid synthesis in isolated oil bodies was saturated by 4.0 microM [2-14C]-malonyl-CoA. The fatty-acids synthesized of phospholipids and neutral lipids were saturated and monounsaturated. Neutral lipids, galactolipids and, above all, phospholipids were the major acyl-lipid components of microsomal fraction, oleic and palmitic being their principal fatty-acids. When the lipids of microsomes were labelled in vivo with [1-14C]-acetate, phospholipids and neutral lipids exhibited a higher biosynthesis rate relative to the galactolipids. The increase in saturated and monounsaturated fatty-acid synthesis in microsomes, was also accompanied by an important [1-14C]-acetate incorporation into polyunsaturated acids. The data presented here, in conjunction with our previous morphological results, suggest the possibility that olive fruit oil bodies could contain the necessary enzymes for the reserve lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Donaire
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, C.S.I.C., Granada, Spain
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Willis AL, Hassam AG, Crawford MA, Stevens P, Denton JP. Relationships between prostaglandins, prostacyclin and EFA precursors in rabbits maintained on EFA-deficient diets. Prog Lipid Res 1981; 20:161-7. [PMID: 7043477 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(81)90030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Loriette C, Lapous D, Raulin J. [Fetal and neo-natal development of brown adipose tissue in guinea pigs and rats. Feto-maternal or milk transfer of essential fatty acids : lipogenesis and morphology (author's transl)]. J Physiol (Paris) 1976; 72:59-77. [PMID: 180283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) lipogenesis (fatty acid, glycerol and CO2 synthesis) and its morphology determined by optical microscopy, were studied in guinea pigs and rats during intra-uterine life and during the suckling period. Following the receptor induction and after the commencement of the hormone sensitive adenylate-cyclase/lipase system (i.e. on the 60th day in guinea pigs, on the 20th day in rats), the fetal BAT releases fatty acids (NEFA) and is capable of allowing the non-shivering thermogenesis. When the maternal diet and, consequently, the fetal or neonatal BAT are supplied with considerable linoleic acid, NEFA contain a large proportion of essential fatty acids. In vitro, the greater the linoleic acid concentration in these NEFA, the less inhibited is the lipogenesis from (2-14C) pyruvate. Thus, in periods just preceding or succeeding birth, fatty acid and glycerol synthesis are higher when the feto-maternal and/or the milk supply are enriched in linoleic acid than when they contain a large proportion of endogenous fatty acids. Morphological studies indicate that the adipose cell evolution could be nonidentical in BAT more or less enriched in essential fatty acids. Linoleic enriched BAT (of animals born to females kept on a sunflower oil diet) seemed to be in a healthy physiological state at birth, perhaps due to rapid lipid renewal and synthesis in their membranes. The control BAT (of animals born to females kept on a lard diet) appeared loaded with fats and in a worse conservation state at the same age.
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Schlenk H. Odd numbered and new essential fatty acids. Fed Proc 1972; 31:1430-5. [PMID: 4626770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Sprecher HW. Regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in the rat. Fed Proc 1972; 31:1451-7. [PMID: 5056171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Birge CH, Vagelos PR. Acyl carrier protein. XVI. Intermediate reactions of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli and studies of fab B mutants. J Biol Chem 1972; 247:4921-9. [PMID: 4560494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Fulco AJ. The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by bacilli. 3. Uptake and utilization of exogenous palmitate. J Biol Chem 1972; 247:3503-10. [PMID: 4624118 DOI: 10.2172/4729734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Gordon PA, Lowdon MJ, Stewart PR. Effects of chloramphenicol isomers and erythromycin on enzyme and lipid synthesis induced by oxygen in wild-type and petite yeast. J Bacteriol 1972; 110:504-10. [PMID: 4336687 PMCID: PMC247441 DOI: 10.1128/jb.110.2.504-510.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of mitochondrial enzymes induced by exposure of anaerobically grown, lipid-depleted Saccharomyces cerevisiae to oxygen is inhibited by d(-)-threo-chloramphenicol and erythromycin. The concentration of these antibiotics required to cause 50% inhibition of this synthesis is less than 1 mm; this is also approximately the concentration required to inhibit by the same amount mitochondrial protein synthesis in situ. The synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, ergosterol, and phospholipid induced by aeration is inhibited by d(-)-threo-chloramphenicol at high concentrations (12 mm) but is unaffected by erythromycin. l(+)-threo-Chloramphenicol affects neither enzyme nor lipid synthesis and is without effect on mitochondrial protein synthesis in situ. All three compounds inhibit the oxidative activity of isolated mitochondria; the chloramphenicol isomers also inhibit phosphorylation. In a euflavine-derived petite mutant, lacking mitochondrial protein synthesis and respiration, aeration results in the normal development of lipid in the cells, but no synthesis of mitochondrial enzymes. d(-)-threo-Chloramphenicol does not inhibit lipid synthesis in these cells. Thus inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis with erythromycin or genetic deletion of mitochondrial protein synthesis results in loss of the capacity to synthesize enzymes during aeration. d(-)-threo-Chloramphenicol, as well as inhibiting induced enzyme formation, inhibits lipid synthesis induced by oxygen. It is unlikely that the latter effect of chloramphenicol is due to inhibition of energy production and transformation, to direct effects on lipid synthesis, or to an inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. It is, however, an effect not shared with the l isomer.
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Silbert DF, Cohen M, Harder ME. The effect of exogenous fatty acids on fatty acid metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12. J Biol Chem 1972; 247:1699-707. [PMID: 4552014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Mendenhall CL. Origin of hepatic triglyceride fatty acids: quantitative estimation of the relative contributions of linoleic acid by diet and adipose tissue in normal and ethanol-fed rats. J Lipid Res 1972; 13:177-83. [PMID: 5016299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that the rat liver obtains most of its triglyceride fatty acids from dietary sources. The dietary and adipose tissue contributions of linoleic acid for hepatic triglyceride esterification were shown to be 50.42 and 13.85 micro moles, respectively, during a 4-day period. When ethanol provided 40% of the caloric intake, fatty liver developed and hepatic triglyceride content increased threefold. Under these conditions, the dietary and adipose tissue contributions of linoleic acid were estimated at 192.85 and 10.73 micro moles, respectively. This increase in dietary fatty acid utilization was sufficient to account for the entire increase in esterified hepatic linoleic acid. Any explanation of these observations must include the high dietary fatty acid utilization in both control and ethanol-treated animals. One possibility is that most dietary lipids first enter a rapidly turning over pool in adipose tissue from which most hepatic triglyceride fatty acids are derived. Another is that dietary fatty acids, incorporated into chylomicrons, are stored separately and used preferentially by the liver as compared with lipids derived from adipose tissue and bound to albumin. The pros and cons of these possibilities are discussed.
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Chobanian AV, Manzur F. Metabolism of lipid in the human fatty streak lesion. J Lipid Res 1972; 13:201-6. [PMID: 5016301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition and synthesis of lipid have been examined in normal intima and adjacent fatty streak lesions of human arterial segments which were incubated with [2-(14)C]acetate. The incorporation of acetate into lipid was greater in fatty streaks than in normal intima. There was increased acetate incorporation into all major lipid groups in the fatty streak, with the greatest relative increase in the cholesteryl ester fraction. The major radiolabeled arterial fatty acid was a long-chain polyenoic fatty acid with chromatographic properties of a C22:4 acid. The content of fatty acid in the fatty streaks differed from that in normal intima, with substantial increases in the C18:1 acid and decreases in C16:0, C18:0, and C18:2 acids of the fatty streak. It is concluded that lipid synthesis is increased in the human fatty streak lesion and that the local metabolism of lipid contributes to its accumulation within the fatty streak.
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Sukhareva-Nemakova NN, Zeleneva RN, Silaev AB. [Directed biosynthesis of lipids in protozoan cells, their composition and antineoplastic properties]. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 1972; 202:1443-6. [PMID: 5012271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Akino T, Abe M, Arai T. Studies on the biosynthetic pathways of molecular species of lecithin by rat lung slices. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 248:274-81. [PMID: 4331784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lee CJ, Sprecher H. An in vitro study of the effects of dietary alteration and fasting on the desaturation of palmitic, stearic eicosa-8,11-dienoic and eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 248:180-5. [PMID: 5130451 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(71)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ullman D, Sprecher H. An in vitro and in vivo study of the conversion of eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid to eicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acid and of the conversion of eicosa-11-enoic acid to eicosa-5,11-dienoic acid in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 248:186-97. [PMID: 5130452 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(71)90006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Goodman DB, Allen JE, Rasmussen H. Studies on the mechanism of action of aldosterone: hormone-induced changes in lipid metabolism. Biochemistry 1971; 10:3825-31. [PMID: 5003664 DOI: 10.1021/bi00797a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ullman D, Sprecher H. An in vitro study of the effects of linoleic, eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic and arachidonic acids on the desaturation of stearic, oleic and eicosa-8,11-dienoic acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 248:61-70. [PMID: 5141119 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(71)90075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Evans OB, Zseltvay R, Whorton R, Coniglio JG. Fatty acid synthesis in rat testes injected intratesticularly or incubated with 1- 14 C Acetate 1. Lipids 1971; 6:706-11. [PMID: 5141494 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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