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Song R, Zhai X, Fan X, Ge T, Li M, Cheung AKL, Hao Y, Chen S, Wei L, Ma Y, Fan S, Zhang Y, Chahan B, Guo Q. Recombinant interferon-gamma promotes immunoglobulin G and cytokine memory responses to cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase of Hyalomma asiaticum and the efficacy of anti-tick. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 235:110201. [PMID: 33735822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among bloodsucking arthropods, hard tick is a vector of transmitting the most diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of manifestations worldwide. The development of the anti-tick vaccine has the potential to be an environmentally friendly and cost-effective option for tick management. We have previously demonstrated the induction of both humoral and cellular response against Hyalomma asiaticum (H. asiaticum) following immunization with recombinant cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from H. asiaticum tick (rHasCPL), and could control tick infestations. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), is an immunomodulatory factor that plays an important role in the regulation of adaptive immunity against infection. In the present study, recombinant BALB/c mouse IFN-γ (rMus-IFN-γ) was cloned and expressed using a prokaryotic expression system, and verified by Western blotting and IFN-γ-ELISA kit analysis. Female BALB/c mice (n = 12) were used for immunization using rHasCPL (100 μg) plus IFN-γ as adjuvant (10 μg). In immunized female BALB/c mice, the levels of anti-CPL antibodies as well as cytokines were determined using ELISA analysis. Protective efficacy of immunization was evaluated by larvae H. asiaticum challenge of immunized female BALB/c mice. Using rMus-IFN-γ as an adjuvant to rHasCPL vaccine (CPL + IFN-γ) promoted specific antibody IgG (IgG1 > IgG2a) and increased production of IFN-γ and IL-4 compared to immune rHasCPL group (CPL). The protected rate of immunized mice from tick challenge was significantly higher after immunization with CPL + IFN-γ (85.11 %) than with CPL (63.28 %). Immunization using CPL + IFN-γ promoted the activation of anti-HasCPL humoral and cellular immune responses, and could provide better protection against H. asiaticum infestation. This approach may could help develop a candidate vaccine for control tick infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Song
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China; Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Xuejie Zhai
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Ting Ge
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Min Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yunwei Hao
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Songqin Chen
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Liting Wei
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Shilong Fan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bayin Chahan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China.
| | - Qingyong Guo
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China.
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Kusakisako K, Miyata T, Tsujio M, Galay RL, Talactac MR, Hernandez EP, Fujisaki K, Tanaka T. Evaluation of vaccine potential of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Exp Appl Acarol 2018; 74:73-84. [PMID: 29374845 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ticks require blood feeding on vertebrate animals throughout their life cycle, and also concentrate the iron-containing blood, resulting in a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). High concentrations of H2O2 are harmful to organisms, due to their serious damage of macromolecules. Ticks have antioxidant enzymes, such as peroxiredoxins (Prxs), that scavenge H2O2. Prxs may have important roles in regulating the H2O2 concentration in ticks during blood feeding and oviposition. Moreover, Prxs are considered potential vaccine candidates in other parasites, such as Leishmania and Fasciola. In the present study, the efficacy of a tick Prx (HlPrx2) as a vaccine candidate antigen was evaluated. First, recombinant HlPrx2 (rHlPrx2) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and then, its purity and endotoxin levels were confirmed prior to administration. The rHlPrx2 proteins were of high purity with acceptably low endotoxin levels. Second, the ability of rHlPrx2 administration to stimulate mouse immunity was evaluated. The rHlPrx2 protein, with or without an adjuvant, could stimulate immunity in mice, especially the IgG1 of Th2 immune response. Using Western blot analysis, we also observed whether rHlPrx2-immunized mice sera could recognize native HlPrx2 protein in crude tick midgut proteins. Western blot analysis demonstrated that rHlPrx2-administrated mouse sera could detect the native HlPrx2. Finally, the effects of rHlPrx2 immunization in mice were studied using nymphal ticks. Although the challenged ticks were not affected by rHlPrx2 immunization, rHlPrx2 still might be considered as a vaccine candidate against ticks because of its high immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masashi Tsujio
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Remil Linggatong Galay
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
- Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang, 4122, Cavite, Philippines
| | - Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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Dowall SD, Carroll MW, Hewson R. Development of vaccines against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:6015-6023. [PMID: 28687403 PMCID: PMC5637709 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a deadly human pathogen of the utmost seriousness being highly lethal causing devastating disease symptoms that result in intense and prolonged suffering to those infected. During the past 40years, this virus has repeatedly caused sporadic outbreaks responsible for relatively low numbers of human casualties, but with an alarming fatality rate of up to 80% in clinically infected patients. CCHFV is transmitted to humans by Hyalomma ticks and contact with the blood of viremic livestock, additionally cases of human-to-human transmission are not uncommon in nosocomial settings. The incidence of CCHF closely matches the geographical range of permissive ticks, which are widespread throughout Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe. As such, CCHFV is the most widespread tick-borne virus on earth. It is a concern that recent data shows the geographic distribution of Hyalomma ticks is expanding. Migratory birds are also disseminating Hyalomma ticks into more northerly parts of Europe thus potentially exposing naïve human populations to CCHFV. The virus has been imported into the UK on two occasions in the last five years with the first fatal case being confirmed in 2012. A licensed vaccine to CCHF is not available. In this review, we discuss the background and complications surrounding this limitation and examine the current status and recent advances in the development of vaccines against CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Dowall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
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Talactac MR, Yada Y, Yoshii K, Hernandez EP, Kusakisako K, Maeda H, Galay RL, Fujisaki K, Mochizuki M, Tanaka T. Characterization and antiviral activity of a newly identified defensin-like peptide, HEdefensin, in the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 68:98-107. [PMID: 27871830 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tick defensins are antimicrobial peptides that play a major role in the innate immunity of ticks by providing a direct antimicrobial defense. In this study, we identified and characterized a defensin-like encoding gene, HEdefensin, from the expressed sequence tags (EST) database of hemolymph from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Expression of the gene in whole adult ticks and in different organs was upregulated during blood feeding, though not after Langat virus (LGTV) challenge. A synthetic HEdefensin peptide demonstrated significant virucidal activity against LGTV but not against an adenovirus in co-incubation virucidal assays. Moreover, the RNAi-mediated gene silencing of HEdefensin did not significantly affect the virus titer as compared to the control group. The data reported here have established the in vitro virucidal activity of the peptide against LGTV. However, its role in the innate antiviral immunity of H. longicornis remains to be explored, and further studies are needed to fully evaluate the potential biological activities of the peptide against bacteria, fungi or parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite 4122, Philippines
| | - Yurika Yada
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku Kita-18 Nishi-9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroki Maeda
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Remil Linggatong Galay
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masami Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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5
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Maeda H, Miyata T, Kusakisako K, Galay RL, Talactac MR, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Mochizuki M, Fujisaki K, Tanaka T. A novel C-type lectin with triple carbohydrate recognition domains has critical roles for the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis against Gram-negative bacteria. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 57:38-47. [PMID: 26724379 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CLecs) play an important role in innate immunity against invaders. In this study, a novel CLec was identified from Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks (HlCLec). HlCLec contains a signal peptide and a transmembrane region. Interestingly, HlCLec possesses three dissimilar carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). Each CRD contains the mutated motif of Ca(2+)-binding site 2. HlCLec mRNA was up-regulated during blood feeding, and had highest expression in the midgut and ovary. HlCLec localization was also confirmed by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). HlCLec was found on the cell membrane and basal lamina of midgut and ovary. In addition, the recombinant HlCLec and individual CRDs demonstrated direct binding activity to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; however, no growth inhibition activity was observed. Furthermore, E. coli injection after silencing of HlCLec caused drastic reduction in survival rate of ticks. These results strongly suggest the key role of HlCLec in tick innate immunity against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Maeda
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Division of Molecular Functions of Food, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Remil Linggatong Galay
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masami Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- Zen-noh Institute of Animal Health, Ooja, Sakura, Chiba 285-0043, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Radulović ŽM, Porter LM, Kim TK, Bakshi M, Mulenga A. Amblyomma americanum tick saliva insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 binds insulin but not insulin-like growth factors. Insect Mol Biol 2015; 24:539-550. [PMID: 26108887 PMCID: PMC4560673 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silencing Amblyomma americanum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 (AamIGFBP-rP1) mRNA prevented ticks from feeding to repletion. In this study, we used recombinant (r)AamIGFBP-rP1 in a series of assays to obtain further insight into the role(s) of this protein in tick feeding regulation. Our results suggest that AamIGFBP-1 is an antigenic protein that is apparently exclusively expressed in salivary glands. We found that both males and females secrete AamIGFBP-rP1 into the host during feeding and confirmed that female ticks secrete this protein from within 24-48 h after attachment. Our data suggest that native AamIGFBP-rP1 is a functional insulin binding protein in that both yeast- and insect cell-expressed rAamIGFBP-rP1 bound insulin, but not insulin-like growth factors. When subjected to anti-blood clotting and platelet aggregation assays, rAamIGFBP-rP1 did not have any effect. Unlike human IGFBP-rP1, which is controlled by trypsinization, rAamIGFBP-rP1 is resistant to digestion, suggesting that the tick protein may not be under mammalian host control at the tick feeding site. The majority of tick-borne pathogens are transmitted 48 h after the tick has attached. Thus, the demonstrated antigenicity and secretion into the host within 24-48 h of the tick starting to feed makes AamIGFBP-rP1 an attractive target for antitick vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ž M Radulović
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - L M Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - T K Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M Bakshi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - A Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Banajee KH, Embers ME, Langohr IM, Doyle LA, Hasenkampf NR, Macaluso KR. Amblyomma maculatum Feeding Augments Rickettsia parkeri Infection in a Rhesus Macaque Model: A Pilot Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135175. [PMID: 26244337 PMCID: PMC4526656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia parkeri is an emerging eschar-causing human pathogen in the spotted fever group of Rickettsia and is transmitted by the Gulf coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum. Tick saliva has been shown to alter both the cellular and humoral components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. However, the effect of this immunomodulation on Rickettsia transmission and pathology in an immunocompetent vertebrate host has not been fully examined. We hypothesize that, by modifying the host immune response, tick feeding enhances infection and pathology of pathogenic spotted fever group Rickettsia sp. In order to assess this interaction in vivo, a pilot study was conducted using five rhesus macaques that were divided into three groups. One group was intradermally inoculated with low passage R. parkeri (Portsmouth strain) alone (n = 2) and another group was inoculated during infestation by adult, R. parkeri-free A. maculatum (n = 2). The final macaque was infested with ticks alone (tick feeding control group). Blood, lymph node and skin biopsies were collected at several time points post-inoculation/infestation to assess pathology and quantify rickettsial DNA. As opposed to the tick-only animal, all Rickettsia-inoculated macaques developed inflammatory leukograms, elevated C-reactive protein concentrations, and elevated TH1 (interferon-γ, interleukin-15) and acute phase inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6) post-inoculation, with greater neutrophilia and interleukin-6 concentrations in the tick plus R. parkeri group. While eschars formed at all R. parkeri inoculation sites, larger and slower healing eschars were observed in the tick feeding plus R. parkeri group. Furthermore, dissemination of R. parkeri to draining lymph nodes early in infection and increased persistence at the inoculation site were observed in the tick plus R. parkeri group. This study indicates that rhesus macaques can be used to model R. parkeri rickettsiosis, and suggests that immunomodulatory factors introduced during tick feeding may enhance the pathogenicity of spotted fever group Rickettsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikhushroo H. Banajee
- Vector-borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, United States of America
| | - Monica E. Embers
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lara A. Doyle
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole R. Hasenkampf
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. Macaluso
- Vector-borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Chen C, Zhang L. Molecular characterization of Msp2/P44 of Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolated from infected patients and Haemaphysalis longicornis in Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78189. [PMID: 24167608 PMCID: PMC3805589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of the MSP2/P44 protein of Anaplasma phagocytophilum may determine not only if the bacterium is capable of invading hosts but also whether it generates antigenic variation for the purpose of escaping the host immune response, resulting in various pathologic injuries and serious clinical outcomes. Chinese anaplasmosis patients usually present with serious manifestations, and the fatality rate is as high as 26.5%. In this study, we amplified, cloned and sequenced the msp2/p44 genes of three Chinese A. phagocytophilum isolates from Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, where human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) patients present severe clinical manifestations, and analyzed their genetic characterization and structural features. We also compared them with the HZ and Webster A. phagocytophilum strains. The sequences for both strains are available in GenBank. Analyses indicated that Chinese A. phagocytophilum isolates were significantly different from the HZ and Webster strains in terms of nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences and protein secondary and tertiary structures. Moreover, the number of immunologic B-cell epitopes (19) of the MSP2 protein of the Chinese isolates was higher than that of the A. phagocytophilum strains HZ (16) and Webster (9). This genetic diversity of the MSP2/P44 protein of Chinese A. phagocytophilum isolates might be relevant and might have serious clinical outcomes. This observation could provide a clue to further understand the pathogenesis of Chinese A. phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Rickettsiology, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJZ); (CFC)
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Rickettsiology, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJZ); (CFC)
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Imamura S, da Silva Vaz I, Konnai S, Yamada S, Nakajima C, Onuma M, Ohashi K. Effect of vaccination with a recombinant metalloprotease from Haemaphysalis longicornis. Exp Appl Acarol 2009; 48:345-358. [PMID: 19184465 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the cloning, expression and characterization of an Haemaphysalis longicornis metalloprotease (named HLMP1). The gene encodes a predicted 550 aminoacid protein with similarity to metalloproteases of the reprolysin family. The protein sequence contains a signal sequence, the zinc-binding motif (HEXXHXXGXXH) common to metalloproteases and a cysteine-rich region. Reverse transcription-PCR expression analysis indicates the presence of mRNA in the salivary gland of larva, nymph and adult ticks. Rabbit repeatedly infested with H. longicornis recognized rHLMP1, suggesting that the immune-response against HLMP1 is naturally induced through the feeding of ticks. Vaccination of rabbit with rHLMP1 produced protective immunity against ticks, resulting in 15.6 and 14.6% mortality in nymph and adult ticks, respectively. This work provides information to understand the tick's defense system, and offers new insights to develop strategies to block this defense system with an anti-tick vaccine based on a metalloprotease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiki Imamura
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
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10
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Chai HP, Liu GY, Zhang L, Gong ZL, Xie JR, Tian ZC, Wang L, Jia N. [Construction of cDNA expression library of unfed female Haemaphysalis longicornis and immuno-screening]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2009; 27:6-10. [PMID: 19459491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a cDNA expression library from unfed female tick Haemaphysalis longicornis for screening and cloning potential antigenic genes. METHODS Total RNA was isolated from unfed female ticks, mRNA was purified and a library of oligo (dT) -primed cDNA with added directional EcoR I /Hind III linkers was constructed from the purified mRNA. The constructed cDNA was ligated to the EcoR I /Hind III arms of the lambda SCREEN vector. Pure phage stocks were harvested by plaque purification and converted to plasmid subclones by plating phage on host strain BM25.8. Recombinant plasmids that were subcloned to E. coli BM25.8 were isolated and transformed into E. coli JM109. Recombinant plasmids abstracted from JM109 were identified by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS The recombinant phage DNA was packaged by using phage-marker packaging extracts, resulting in a primary cDNA library with a size of 1.8 x 10(6) pfu. Data showed 100% of the library were recombinant and the titer of the amplified library was 2.4 x 10(9) pfu/ml. Forty-two clones of encoding immunodominant antigens were obtained from the cDNA library. Sequence analysis revealed 12 unique cDNA sequences and the encoded putative proteins showed similarities to H. longicornis tropomyosin mRNA, Rhipicephalus annulatus unknown larval protein mRNA, chromosome 2R of Drosophila melanogaster, mitochondrial DNA of H. flava, clones HqL09 unkown mRNA and Hq05 mRNA of H. qinghaiensis, and myosin alkali light chain protein mRNA. CONCLUSION The cDNA expression library from unfed female H. longicornis was successfully constructed and screening of protective genes may provide candidate antigens of the tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-ping Chai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
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11
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Abstract
Ticks have developed their own immunomodulatory mechanisms to inhibit the host inflammatory response. One of them involves the ability to subvert the cytokine network at the site of tick feeding by secreting cytokine binding molecules. Most studies have focused on the immunomodulatory prowess of adult female ticks. Here we describe anti-cytokine activity in salivary gland extracts (SGEs) prepared from 2-day-fed nymphs of Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius, Ixodes ricinus L., Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann and Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius. Anti-CXCL8 activity was detected in nymphs of all species. Relatively high activity against CCL2, CCL3 and CCL11 was observed in SGEs of R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum nymphs, whereas SGEs of I. ricinus nymphs showed comparatively high anti-interleukin-2 (-IL-2) and anti-IL-4 activities. These data show that nymphs, which epidemiologically are usually more important than adults as disease vectors, possess a range of anti-cytokine activities that may facilitate pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Peterková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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12
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to identify new target immunogenic molecules from the larval stage of the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae). Two specific larval glycoproteins (GLPs) were isolated by two-step affinity chromatography. The larval immunogens were first purified with CNBr-Sepharose coupled to rabbit anti-larval immunoglobulins, and the glycoproteins were then purified with Con-A Sepharose. These glycoproteins have molecular weights of approximately 32 and 15 kDa with isoelectric points between 6.8 and 7.2. Antibodies against the two GLPs, labeled I and II, were detected in the anti-whole tick, -whole larval, and -gut antigens through immunoblot analysis. These results suggest that these GLPs are good immunogens and can be useful in the vaccination of cattle against tick infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr E El Hakim
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Gao J, Luo J, Fan R, Guan G, Ren Q, Ma M, Sugimoto C, Bai Q, Yin H. Molecular characterization of a myosin alkali light chain-like protein, a "concealed" antigen from the hard tick Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis. Vet Parasitol 2007; 147:140-9. [PMID: 17466457 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There should be some differences between antibodies generated by feeding ticks on animals and those derived by immunizing animals with tick extracts. Here, we found serum collected from sheep immunized with Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis salivary gland extracts could detect two more protein bands with molecular weights of 22 and 37 kDa (P22 and P37) on Western blots of extracts of tick salivary glands than serum from tick infected animals. Rabbit anti-H. qinghaiensis differential protein immune serum was then generated from P22 and P37 and was used to immunoscreen a cDNA library constructed from salivary glands, Malpighian tubules and ovaries of partially engorged H. qinghaiensis. A cDNA contains an open reading frame of 483 bp that codes for 160 amino acid residues with a coding capacity of 18 kDa was cloned and designated Hq02. Expression analysis by RT-PCR showed that this gene is expressed in salivary glands, midguts, other organs and different developmental stages of H. qinghaiensis. The predicted amino acid sequence of the Hq02 gene had high homology to some known myosin alkali light chain (MLC) proteins. A fusion protein consisting of 130 amino acids of Hq02 protein and 335 amino acids of T7 gene 10 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and used to immunize sheep. Western blot showed that only rabbit anti-H. qinghaiensis differential protein immune serum could recognize the expressed Hq02 protein, while rabbit anti-H. qinghaiensis saliva immune could not. This proved Hq02 protein was a "concealed" antigen. Immunization with the recombinant Hq02 conferred a 21.8% reduction of engorgement weight for adult female ticks that fed on the immunized sheep. This is the first report of tick myosin alkali light chain and the function of this protein is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
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14
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Engracia Filho JR, Bechara GH, Teodoro RL. Dermal mast cell counts in F2 Holstein x Gir crossbred cattle artificially infested with the tick Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1081:476-8. [PMID: 17135554 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1373.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of dermal mast cells (DMC) in the host resistance to ticks has been studied but it is not totally explained yet. Studies have proposed that zebuine cattle breeds, known as highly resistant to ticks, have more DMC than taurine breeds. In the present study, we compared the number of adult female ticks Boophilus microplus and the mast cells' countings in the skin of F(2) crossbred Gir x Holstein cattle, before and after tick infestation. F(2) crossbred cattle (n = 148) were divided into seven groups and artificially infested with 1.0 x 10(4) B. microplus larvae and, 21 days afterwards, adult female-fed ticks attached to the skin were counted. Skin biopsies were taken and examined under light microscopy with a square-lined ocular reticulum in a total area of 0.0625 mm(2) in both the superficial and deep dermis. Results demonstrated that infested F(2) crossbred cattle acquired resistance against the cattle-tick B. microplus probably associated to an increase in the dermal mast cell number. It is concluded that the tick infestation may lead to an environmental modification in the dermis of parasitized hosts due to the massive migration of mast cells or their local proliferation.
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15
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Untalan PM, Pruett JH, Steelman CD. Association of the bovine leukocyte antigen major histocompatibility complex class II DRB3*4401 allele with host resistance to the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Vet Parasitol 2007; 145:190-5. [PMID: 17208379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The MHC of cattle, known as the bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) complex, plays an integral role in disease and parasite susceptibility, and immune responsiveness of the host. While susceptibility to tick infestation in cattle is believed to be heritable, genes that may be responsible for the manifestation of this phenotype remain elusive. In an effort to analyze the role that genes within the BoLA complex may play in host resistance to ticks, we have evaluated components of this system within a herd of cattle established at our laboratory that has been phenotyped for ectoparasite susceptibility. Of three microsatellite loci within the BoLA complex analyzed, alleles of two microsatellite loci within the BoLA class IIa cluster (DRB1-118 and DRB3-174) associated with the tick-resistant phenotype, prompting further investigation of gene sequences within the DRB3 region. DRB3 is a class IIa gene, the second exon of which is highly polymorphic since it encodes the antigen recognition site of the DR class II molecule. Analysis of the second exon of the DRB3 gene from the phenotyped calves in our herd revealed a significant association between the DRB3*4401 allele and the tick-resistant phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a putative association between a class IIa DRB3 sequence and host resistance to the Lone Star tick. Elucidation of the mechanism involved in tick resistance will contribute to improving breeding schemes for parasite resistance, which will be beneficial to the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia M Untalan
- USDA-ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insect Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA.
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16
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Leal AT, Seixas A, Pohl PC, Ferreira CAS, Logullo C, Oliveira PL, Farias SE, Termignoni C, da Silva Vaz I, Masuda A. Vaccination of bovines with recombinant Boophilus Yolk pro-Cathepsin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:341-5. [PMID: 16997384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Boophilus Yolk pro-Cathepsin (BYC) is an aspartic proteinase found in Boophilus microplus eggs that is involved in the embryogenesis and has been tested as antigen to compose an anti-tick vaccine. The vaccine potential of a recombinant BYC expressed in Escherichia coli (rBYC) was investigated. rBYC was purified and used to immunize Hereford cattle. The sera of bovines immunized with rBYC recognized the native BYC with a titer ranging from 125 to 4000. Furthermore, immunized bovines challenged with 20,000 larvae presented an overall protection of 25.24%. The partial protection obtained against B. microplus infestation with the recombinant protein immunization was similar to the already described for native BYC immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre T Leal
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre RS 91501-970, Brazil
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17
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Abstract
Ticks are distributed worldwide and impact human and animal health, as well as food animal production. Control of ticks has been primarily by application of acaricides, which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Vaccines have been shown to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical control. However, identification of tick-protective antigens remains the limiting step in vaccine development. Tick antigens exposed naturally to the host during tick feeding and those concealed have both shown promise as candidate vaccine antigens. Development of vaccines against multiple tick species may be possible using highly conserved tick-protective antigens or by antigens showing immune cross-reaction to different tick species. Vaccines made from a combination of key protective antigens may greatly enhance vaccine efficacy. Preliminary studies have suggested the possibility of vaccine strategies directed toward both tick control and the blocking of pathogen transmission. Characterization of the tick genomes will have a great impact on the discovery of new protective antigens. The future of research directed toward tick vaccine development is exciting because of new and emerging technologies for gene discovery, and vaccine formulation and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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18
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Titus RG, Bishop JV, Mejia JS. The immunomodulatory factors of arthropod saliva and the potential for these factors to serve as vaccine targets to prevent pathogen transmission. Parasite Immunol 2006; 28:131-41. [PMID: 16542315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In general, attempts to develop vaccines for pathogens transmitted by arthropods have met with little or no success. It has been widely observed that the saliva of arthropods that transmit disease enhances the infectivity of pathogens the arthropod transmits to the vertebrate host. Indeed, it has been observed that vaccinating against components of the saliva of arthropods or against antigens expressed in the gut of arthropods can protect the host from infection and decrease the viability of the arthropod. These results suggest that multi-subunit vaccines that target the pathogen itself as well as arthropod salivary gland components and arthropod gut antigens may be the most effective at controlling arthropod-borne pathogens as these vaccines would target several facets of the lifecycle of the pathogen. This review covers known immunomodulators in arthropod salivary glands, instances when arthropod saliva has been shown to enhance infection and a limited number of examples of antiarthropod vaccines, with emphasis on three arthropods: sandflies, mosquitoes and hard ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Titus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 80523, USA
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19
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Maxwell SS, Stoklasek TA, Dash Y, Macaluso KR, Wikel SK. Tick modulation of the in-vitro expression of adhesion molecules by skin-derived endothelial cells. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2006; 99:661-72. [PMID: 16212800 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x51490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As a tick feeds, its saliva induces innate and acquired immune responses in the host, including leucocyte infiltration into the bite site. Tick salivary glands produce molecules, however, that counteract many host defences against blood feeding. The effects of salivary-gland extracts (SGE) of Dermacentor andersoni and Ixodes scapularis on the expression of various adhesion molecules [E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)] by the sEND.1 cell line (which is based on cells from the subcutaneous tissue of mice) have now been investigated in vitro. The effects were found to differ with the tick species. The SGE of D. andersoni significantly down-regulated the expression of ICAM-1, whereas a similar extract prepared from I. scapularis significantly reduced the expression of P-selectin and VCAM-1. Tick salivary proteins therefore appear to have direct effects on adhesion-molecule expression, in addition to their previously established roles in down-regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines that activate endothelial cells. It remains unclear exactly how the reduction of adhesion-molecule expression in the host's endothelial cells benefits the feeding tick but it may alter leucocyte migration to the bite site and/or reduce antigen presentation by the endothelial cells. It may also modulate the interactions between the host's leucocytes and any tick-borne pathogens, during initial infection of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Maxwell
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, MC-3710, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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20
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Ketchum HR, Teel PD, Strey OF, Longnecker MT. Feeding predilection of Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, nymphs on cattle. Vet Parasitol 2005; 133:349-56. [PMID: 15993001 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gulf Coast tick nymphs successfully attached and fed on cattle after being freely released. Six Hereford heifers were each infested with approximately 2000 Gulf Coast tick nymphs, three with a strain originating from Refugio Co., TX, and three with ticks from Osage Co., KS by free release on the head and legs to simulate field acquisition of questing nymphs. Two re-infestations were conducted, the first at 7 days and the second at 28 days. Nymph dispersal was estimated by daily inspection of 22 body areas and removal of engorging ticks from the third to the fifth days post-infestation. Total recovery of engorging Texas nymphs was 3.0, 10.2, and 0% and Kansas nymphs was 21.5, 3.3, and 0% for infestations one, two and three, respectively. Immunological resistance to tick infestation expressed as cellular hypersensitivity was evident against Kansas nymphs in the second infestation and against both tick strains in the third infestation. Ticks removed from the withers, midline, and tail-head areas accounted for 68% of the total nymphs recovered in the first two infestations. Within these areas, nymphs were observed to aggregate in small spots where the hair was less dense or naturally parted and the remainder were found scattered in dense hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Ketchum
- Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, 412 Heep Center, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA.
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21
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Sales-Junior PA, Guzman F, Vargas MI, Sossai S, Patarroyo V AM, González CZL, Patarroyo JH. Use of biodegradable PLGA microspheres as a slow release delivery system for the Boophilus microplus synthetic vaccine SBm7462. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 107:281-90. [PMID: 16002149 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic anti-Boophilus microplus vaccine SBm7462 derived from the tick intestinal protein, Bm86, induced a protective immune response when emulsified in saponin and used in cattle. Using a mice model, and with the objective of improving the vaccine by continual peptide release, it was encapsulated in PLGA 50:50 microspheres and inoculated in BALB/c mice to assess the immunological response by detection of anti-peptide IgGs. Comparative studies were made with the peptide emulsified in saponin and with another synthetic vaccine, and the microsphere/peptide was characterized for efficiency of encapsulation, in vitro release profile, morphology, size, peptide integrity after encapsulation and stability in different pHs. The findings showed that saponin enhances a better immune response from SBm7462 and that the PLGA 50:50 microspheres are suitable for use with this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Sales-Junior
- Laboratory of Biology and Control of Haematozoa and Vectors, BIOAGRO/Veterinary Department, Federal University of Viçosa, 36571-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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22
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Kashino SS, Resende J, Sacco AMS, Rocha C, Proença L, Carvalho WA, Firmino AA, Queiroz R, Benavides M, Gershwin LJ, De Miranda Santos IKF. Boophilus microplus: the pattern of bovine immunoglobulin isotype responses to high and low tick infestations. Exp Parasitol 2005; 110:12-21. [PMID: 15804374 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cattle present variable levels of resistance to ticks and the immune correlates of these heritable phenotypes must be known in order to develop effective vaccines. The antibody responses to tick salivary antigens were examined in cattle of tick-susceptible (Holstein) and tick-resistant (Nelore) breeds. After heavy infestations, levels of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies decreased in Holsteins and remained the same in Nelores. Conversely, levels of IgE antibodies increased in Holsteins. Different sizes of tick burdens modulated the IgG1 antibody response in a susceptible breed (Aberdeen): levels were higher than in controls in heavily infested animals, but not in those undergoing intermediary or minimal infestations. The three experimental groups presented similar levels of IgG2 antibodies. Levels of IgE antibodies were higher only in animals undergoing intermediate infestations. These results indicate that tick infestations suppress the IgG antibody response in susceptible breeds, that IgE antibodies are not protective, and that the dose of tick saliva modulates the isotype of host antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suely S Kashino
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária--Embrapa, Brasília DF, Brazil
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23
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You MJ. Immunization of mice with recombinant P27/30 protein confers protection against hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) infestation. J Vet Sci 2005; 6:47-51. [PMID: 15785123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of immunological control methods is dependent upon the use of potential key antigens as tick vaccine candidates. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding 27 kDa and 30 kDa proteins (P27/30) of Haemaphysalis longicornis, and identified the P27/30 is a troponin I-like protein. In this study, the recombinant P27/30 (rP27/30) expressed in Escherichia coli was used to immunize mice and the mice were challenge-infested with ticks at different developmental stages of the same species. The rP27/30 protein stimulated a specific protective anti-tick immune response in mice, evidenced by the statistically significant longer pre-feeding periods in adult ticks. Furthermore, significantly longer feeding periods were noted in both larval and adult ticks. On the other hand, only larval ticks exhibited low attachment rates (31.1%). Immunization of mice with rP27/30 protein confers protection against hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis infestation. These results demonstrated that the rP27/30 protein might be a useful vaccine candidate antigen for biological control of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jo You
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
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24
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Ghosh S, Singh NK, Das G. Assessment of duration of immunity in crossbred cattle immunized with glycoproteins isolated from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Boophilus microplus. Parasitol Res 2005; 95:319-26. [PMID: 15700177 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To develop immunoprophylactic measures against multi-tick infestation, two glycoproteins of 34 and 29 kDa were isolated from the larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Boophilus microplus, respectively, and assessed for their efficacy against experimental challenge infestations. The synergistic effect of the antigens in the presence of incomplete Freund's adjuvant was found to confer protection (DT%) in animals against 56.48% of larvae and 52% of adults of H. a. anatolicum, while the effect was 40% against adults of B. microplus. The efficacy (E%) of the antigens in combination against larvae and adults of H. a. anatolicum was calculated as 70% and 64.3%, respectively, and 63% against adults of B. microplus. A direct correlation between anti-glycoprotein antibody response and protection against infestation was observed. Western blot analysis detected specific antigen in the sera of animals of group A. The antigens in combination with incomplete Freund's adjuvant could protect animals from H. a. anatolicum and B. microplus infestations for at least 30 weeks. The possibility of employing the vaccination strategy in Indian conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, UP, India.
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25
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You MJ. Immunization effect of recombinant P27/30 protein expressed in Escherichia coli against the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in rabbits. Korean J Parasitol 2005; 42:195-200. [PMID: 15591837 PMCID: PMC2717385 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the induction of resistance to Haemaphysalis longicornis infestation in rabbits that had been immunized with recombinant H. longicornis P27/30 protein. The success of immunological control methods is dependent upon the use of potential key antigens as tick vaccine candidates. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding 27 kDa and 30 kDa proteins (P27/30) of H. longicornis, and identified P27/30 as a troponin I-like protein. In this study, rabbits that were immunized with recombinant P27/30 expressed in Escherichia coli showed the statistically significant longer feeding duration for larval and adult ticks (P<0.05), low engorgement rates in larval ticks (64.4%), and an apparent reduction in egg weights, which suggest that H. longicornis P27/30 protein is a potential candidate antigen for a tick vaccine. These results demonstrated that the recombinant P27/30 protein might be a useful vaccine candidate antigen for biological control of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jo You
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
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Hlatshwayo M, Szabó MJP, Bechara GH, Mbati PA. Cross-reactivity between antigens from Amblyomma cajennense and A. hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae). J S Afr Vet Assoc 2004; 75:40-2. [PMID: 15214694 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v75i1.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory animals exposed to feeding ticks develop resistance which is reflected by a decline in tick engorgement weight, egg-laying by adults and reduced egg viability. Serum antibodies from these hosts and their reaction with tick antigens have been detected by different methods, including precipitation techniques, immunofluorescent techniques, ELISA and Western blots. However, little is known about the effects of antibodies on ticks that engorge on resistant hosts, or which tissues of the tick body are possibly immunogenic. Some researchers, using immunohistochemistry, have detected host antibodies in the gut, salivary glands and haemolymph of ticks engorged on resistant animals. The same technique has helped considerably in determining antigenic sites or antibody targets in other arthropods. Consequently, immunohistochemistry techniques were used in this study to detect cross-reactivity between sera raised against Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) with Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch, 1844), and vice versa. The results show the existence of shared antigens between the 2 tick species. In general, our results point more to a 1-way cross-reactivity of A. hebraeum with A. cajennense than a reciprocal cross-reactivity, suggesting that A. hebraeum is more immunogenic than A. cajennense.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hlatshwayo
- Parasitology Research Programme, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Qwa-Qwa Campus, University of the Free State, Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa.
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Boppana DKV, Dhinakar Raj G, John L, Wikel SK, Latha BR, Gomathinayagam S. In vivo immunomodulatory effects of ixodid ticks on ovine circulating T- and B-lymphocytes. Parasite Immunol 2004; 26:83-93. [PMID: 15225295 DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selected aspects of the ovine immune system were examined during the course of repeated infestations with the ixodid ticks, Haemaphysalis bispinosa and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum that naturally infest sheep, either individually or together. By the use of flow cytometry it was shown that total T-lymphocyte numbers were significantly reduced from the sixth through the ninth days of all infestations. Gamma/delta (gammadelta+) and CD8+ T-lymphocytes were significantly depleted during tick feeding in all infested groups. CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels were significantly increased during secondary H. bispinosa and mixed species infestations. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum caused a significant increase in circulating B-lymphocytes over several days in both initial and secondary infestations. All infested sheep had increased CD4/CD8 and decreased T/B lymphocyte ratios during exposure to both ticks. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ELISA was used to measure in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the T-lymphocyte mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A) after their collection from infested sheep. Significant suppression of in vitro proliferation occurred during first and secondary infestations with H. bispinosa, H. a. anatolicum and with both tick species together, beginning on the sixth day of infestation in all cases. These important tick species of sheep significantly modulate the numbers of immune effector cells and proliferation of T-lymphocytes derived from infested animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K V Boppana
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chenai, India.
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Lawrie CH, Uzcátegui NY, Armesto M, Bell-Sakyi L, Gould EA. Susceptibility of mosquito and tick cell lines to infection with various flaviviruses. Med Vet Entomol 2004; 18:268-274. [PMID: 15347394 DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus consists of more than 70 virus species and subtypes, the majority of which are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks, although some have no known vector (NKV). The ability of these viruses to infect cultured cells derived from mosquito or tick species offers a useful insight into the suitability of such vectors to harbour and replicate particular viruses. We undertook a comparative study of the susceptibility of mammalian Vero cells, a clonal mosquito cell line (C6/36) and recently developed cell lines derived from the ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Ixodes ricinus (L.) (IRE/CTVM18), I. scapularis (Say) (ISE6), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann) (RAE/CTVM1) and Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) (AVL/CTVM17) to infection with 13 flaviviruses (and one alphavirus) using immunofluorescence microscopy and plaque assay techniques. The C6/36 mosquito cell line was infected by all the mosquito-borne flaviviruses tested but not by NKV viruses or tick-borne viruses, with the exception of Langat virus (LGTV). The tick cell lines were susceptible to infection by all of the tick-borne viruses tested, as well as two mosquito-borne viruses, West Nile virus (WNV) and the alphavirus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), but not other mosquito-borne viruses or NKV viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lawrie
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
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29
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Hlatshwayo M, Szabó MJP, Bechara GH, Mbati PA. Cutaneous hypersensitivity induced in rabbits by extracts of the tick Amblyomma cajennense (Acari : Ixodidae). J S Afr Vet Assoc 2004; 75:37-9. [PMID: 15214693 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v75i1.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous hypersensitivity test was used to correlate host resistance to ticks and type of reactions elicited by Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) tick extract in rabbits. Rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 2 animals each: naive, pre-infested and control. Cutaneous hypersensitivity was induced by intradermal inoculation of 25 mg extract in 0.03 mℓ of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in rabbit ears. Control rabbits were inoculated with PBS only. The ear thickness was measured with a Mitutoyo (R) device before and 10 min, 1, 2, 4, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-inoculation (PI). Pre-infested rabbits showed an immediate type reaction within the 1st 10 min PI (60%increase in ear thickness) and a delayed reaction (18 h) (85%increase), whereas the naive rabbits showed only the immediate reaction within the 1st 4 h (60%increase). PBS induced only mild reactions. These results point out the crucial role of the cellular immune response of rabbits in the expression of resistance to A. cajennense.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hlatshwayo
- Parasitology Research Programme, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Qwa-Qwa Campus, University of the Free State, Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa.
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Castagnolli KC, de Figueiredo LB, Santana DA, de Castro MB, Romano MA, Szabó MPJ. Acquired resistance of horses to Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) ticks. Vet Parasitol 2004; 117:271-83. [PMID: 14637029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Acquired immunity of horses to larvae, nymphs and adults of the Amblyomma cajennense tick was evaluated through three consecutive experimental infestations of tick-bite naïve hosts. Data from these infestations were compared to those from field-sensitized horses and donkeys. It was observed that tick-bite naïve horses developed a low level of resistance after two infestations as shown by a significant decrease in larval yield and a tendency for lower engorged weight of nymphs during third infestation. Ticks fed on field-sensitized horses had a similar biological performance to that observed on the third infestation of tick-bite naïve horses but the mean engorged nymph weight was significantly lower than that of the first infestation from tick-bite naïve horses. Donkeys presented the strongest resistance with significantly lower engorged weights of all instars and of the egg mass compared to the first infestation of tick-bite naïve horses. Donkeys also displayed a significantly higher resistance than field-sensitized horses as demonstrated by significantly lower egg mass weights. Overall these results indicate that donkeys but not horses maintain a strong resistance to A. cajennense ticks. The importance of these findings in relation to vectoring of tick-borne diseases is discussed.
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Szabó MPJ, Castagnolli KC, Santana DA, de Castro MB, Romano MA. Amblyomma cajennense ticks induce immediate hypersensitivity in horses and donkeys. Exp Appl Acarol 2004; 33:109-117. [PMID: 15285143 DOI: 10.1023/b:appa.0000030016.33747.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since host immune reaction to ticks interferes with tick-borne pathogen transmission, it is important to recognize naturally occurring tick-host immune relationships to better understand the epidemiology of such infectious diseases. Amblyomma cajennense is an important tick-borne disease vector in the Neotropical region and horses maintain it in domestic environments. In the present work intradermal testing of A. cajennense tick exposed horses and donkeys using crude tick antigens was used to evaluate the type of hypersensitivity induced by infestations. Animals sensitized by A. cajennense infestation displayed an immediate hypersensitivity reaction at the antigen inoculation site. Foals sensitized with experimental infestations and field sensitized horses presented the most intense reactions (40% of ear thickness increase). Field sensitized donkeys presented less intense reaction reaching no more than 22% of mean thickness increase. Control horses (non-sensitized) had the least intense reaction, with a peak of no more than 12% of increase. The presence of a prominent immediate hypersensitivity in equids sensitized experimentally or by field infestations indicates that A. cajennense ticks induce in this host an immune response that is associated with IgE production and which is known to be inappropriate against intracellular pathogens. Differences observed between horses and donkeys are discussed.
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32
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Boué O, Farnós O, González A, Fernández R, Acosta JA, Valdés R, González LJ, Guanche Y, Izquierdo G, Suárez M, Domínguez I, Machado H, Rodríguez M, Lleonart R. Production and biochemical characterization of the recombinant Boophilus microplus Bm95 antigen from Pichia pastoris. Exp Appl Acarol 2004; 32:119-128. [PMID: 15139278 DOI: 10.1023/b:appa.0000018199.87122.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The new antigen Bm95 from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus was recently isolated, cloned and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombinant protein has shown to induce protection in cattle against infestations of B. microplus under controlled and production conditions. In this paper we report the production and large-scale purification of the Bm95 protein, following a simple and cost-effective process. The antigen was obtained highly aggregated, forming particles ranging from 26 to 30 nm and with purity higher than 80%. The process yield was 0.55 g of pure Bm95 protein per liter of culture. The 98% of the primary structure of the recombinant protein was verified by mass spectrometry. Three amino acid changes in comparison with the sequence deduced from cDNA were detected by LC-MS/MS. The antigen was also obtained N-glycosylated, as previously reported for heterologous protein expression in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Boué
- Division of Mammalian Cell Genetics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, 10 600 Havana, Cuba.
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33
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Valle MR, Mèndez L, Valdez M, Redondo M, Espinosa CM, Vargas M, Cruz RL, Barrios HP, Seoane G, Ramirez ES, Boue O, Vigil JL, Machado H, Nordelo CB, Piñeiro MJ. Integrated control of Boophilus microplus ticks in Cuba based on vaccination with the anti-tick vaccine Gavac. Exp Appl Acarol 2004; 34:375-382. [PMID: 15651533 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-004-1389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Boophilus microplus has developed resistance against a range of chemical acaricides which has stimulated the development of alternative methods such as vaccination against ticks. In Cuba, the Bm86-based recombinant vaccine Gavac has been successfully used in a number of controlled laboratory and field trials in cattle against B. microplus. In this paper, we have evaluated Gavac in a large scale field trial wherein 588,573 dairy cattle were vaccinated with the aim to reduce the number of acaricidal treatments. It was found that the number of acaricidal treatments could be reduced by 87% over a period of 8 years (1995--2003). Prior to the introduction of the vaccine, 54 clinical cases of babesiosis and six fatal cases were reported per 1000 animals. Six years later, the incidence of babesiosis was reduced to 1.9 cases per 1000 cattle and mortality reduced to 0.18 per 1000. The national consumption of acaricides in Cuba could be reduced by 82% after the implementation of the integrated anti-B. microplus control program.
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34
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Banerjee DP, Kumar R, Kumar S, Sengupta PP. Immunization of crossbred cattle (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) with fractionated midgut antigens against Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Trop Anim Health Prod 2003; 35:509-19. [PMID: 14690089 DOI: 10.1023/a:1027325717124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Crossbred calves (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) were immunized with a fractionated midgut supernate antigen (GS-F Ag from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum). The first inoculation on day 0 was given intramuscularly after emulsification with Freund's complete adjuvant; the second was given subcutaneously on day 14 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant; and the third on day 35 was given subcutaneously without adjuvant. Each injection comprised 1 mg of antigen protein. Ten days after the last inoculation, the immunized calves were challenged simultaneously with 1000 larvae and 20 pairs (20 males and 20 females) of adult H. a. anatolicum on one ear and a similar number of Hyalomma dromedarii ticks on the other ear. There was a significant decrease in the percentage larval engorgement and larval rejection of up to 34% on the immunized calves. A significant increase in the engorgement and preoviposition periods and a significant decrease in the engorged weight, egg mass weight and reproductive index were observed for adult female ticks when fed on the immunized calves. The GS-F Ag also induced a considerable degree of cross-protection in calves against H. dromedarii larval ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Banerjee
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, WBUAFS, Kolkata, India
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35
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Rolníková T, Kazimírová M, Buc M. Modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): effect of feeding stage and sex. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2003; 50:305-12. [PMID: 14971600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Ixodid ticks remain attached to their hosts for several days to weeks. During this extended feeding process new proteins involved in the modulation of host immune responses are expressed in tick salivary glands. In our study a stimulatory or inhibitory effect of salivary gland extracts (SGE) of unfed and partially fed female Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758), female and male Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901 ticks on human lymphocyte proliferation induced by Concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), respectively, was investigated. SGE of all female ticks examined suppressed proliferation of ConA-induced lymphocytes; highly significant suppression was observed in the presence of unfed I. ricinus and 9-day fed A. variegatum SGE. SGE of partially fed A. variegatum and I. ricinus females suppressed PHA responses of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes showed reduced PHA and ConA responses in the presence of SGE of unfed and 2-day fed R. appendiculatus females, while SGE of 6-day fed females enhanced PHA responses, but reduced their ConA responses; generally SGE of 2-day fed females displayed the strongest inhibition. Amblyomma variegatum male SGE slightly enhanced PHA, but significantly reduced ConA responses of lymphocytes and their inhibitory effect increased during feeding. SGE of unfed and 2-day fed R. appendiculatus males enhanced PHA and ConA responses and those of 6-day fed males suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. The results suggest that (i) species- and sex-specific differences exist in the effects of tick salivary gland antigens on human lymphocyte proliferation and (ii) effect of SGE on human lymphocyte responses to mitogens varies depending on the tick feeding status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terézia Rolníková
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
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36
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Nakajima M, Kodama M, Yanase H, Iwanaga T, Mulenga A, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against midgut of ixodid tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115:355-63. [PMID: 12944050 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are concerted efforts toward development of tick vaccines to replace current chemical control strategies that have serious limitations [Parasitologia 32 (1990) 145; Infectious Disease Clinics of North America (1999) 209-226]. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to Haemaphysalis longicornis midgut proteins were produced and characterized. Eight antibody-secreting hybridomas were cloned and the mAbs typed as IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b. On immunoblots, all mAbs reacted with a midgut protein band of about 76 kDa. All mAbs uniformly immunogold-stained the surface or epithelial layers of H. longicornis midgut and endosomes. Adult ticks (50%) that fed on an ascitic mouse producing the IgGs developed a red coloration and did not oviposit. As such, the 76 kDa protein that reacted with the mAbs could, therefore, be a potential candidate for tick vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Nakajima
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Ferreira BR, Szabó MJP, Cavassani KA, Bechara GH, Silva JS. Antigens from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks elicit potent cell-mediated immune responses in resistant but not in susceptible animals. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115:35-48. [PMID: 12860066 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we compared the immunological reactions between Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick-infested susceptible (dogs and mice) and tick-resistant hosts (guinea pigs), elucidating some of the components of efficient protective responses against ticks. We found that T-cells from guinea pigs infested with adult ticks proliferate vigorously in the presence of concanavalin A (ConA), whereas ConA-induced cell proliferation of tick-infested mice and dogs was significantly decreased at 43.1 and 94.0%, respectively, compared to non-infested controls. Moreover, cells from mice and dogs submitted to one or three successive infestations did not exhibit a T-cell proliferative response to tick antigens, whilst cells from thrice tick-infested guinea pigs, when cultured with either a tick extract or tick saliva, displayed a significant increase in cell proliferation. Also, we evaluated the response of tick-infested mice to a cutaneous hypersensitivity test induced by a tick extract. Tick-infested mice developed a significant immediate reaction, whereby a 29.9% increase in the footpad thickness was observed. No delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction was detected. Finally, the differential cell count at the tick attachment site in repeatedly infested mice exhibited a 6.6- and 4.1-fold increase in the percentage of eosinophils and neutrophils, respectively, compared to non-infested animals, while a decrease of 77.0-40.9 in the percentage of mononuclear cells was observed. The results of the cutaneous hypersensitivity test and the cellular counts at the tick feeding site for mice support the view that tick-infested mice develop an immune response to R. sanguineus ticks very similar to dogs, the natural host of this species of tick, but very different from guinea pigs (resistant host), which develop a DTH reaction in addition to a basophil and mononuclear cell infiltration at the tick-attachment site. In conclusion, saliva introduced during tick infestations reduces the ability of a susceptible animal host to respond to tick antigens that could stimulate a protective immune response. As a consequence, the animals present a lack of DTH response and disturbed cellular migration to tick feeding site, which can represent a deficient response against ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz R Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14.049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Szabó MPJ, Aoki VL, Sanches FPS, Aquino LPTCT, Garcia MV, Machado RZ, Bechara GH. Antibody and blood leukocyte response in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) tick-infested dogs and guinea pigs. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115:49-59. [PMID: 12860067 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The dog is considered to be the natural host of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and is unable to develop appreciable resistance even after repeated feedings. The guinea pig develops strong resistance after one infestation with adult ticks. Antibody (IgG) titres against tick salivary gland antigens (SGAs) and blood leukocyte numbers in dogs and guinea pigs undergoing experimental R. sanguineus tick infestations were measured to detect a possible correlation with susceptibility or resistance of hosts. Since infested dogs develop an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to R. sanguineus antigens, total and anti-R. sanguineus SGA IgE levels were also measured in this host species. IgG and IgE antibody levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) along three consecutive infestations of both hosts. Most dogs and guinea pigs displayed low IgG levels against R. sanguineus SGAs, though marked differences in individual response were observed. Although dog's total serum IgE levels increased significantly after infestations, no change in the amount of anti-salivary gland IgE was detected. Total and differential blood cell counts were determined in dogs and guinea pigs during primary and secondary infestation. In dogs, a tertiary infestation and a subsequent higher infestation level were also evaluated. Infested dogs did not display any alteration in blood leukocyte counts throughout the experiment. Guinea pigs, on the other hand, developed a significant basophilia during primary infestation which increased further during secondary infestation. These data reveal similarities and differences in the reactions of resistant and non-resistant hosts to ticks. They contribute for the understanding of such host-parasite relationships and will hopefully aid in the development of immune control of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias P J Szabó
- FCAVJ, Depto. de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Sugino M, Imamura S, Mulenga A, Nakajima M, Tsuda A, Ohashi K, Onuma M. A serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) from ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis; cloning and preliminary assessment of its suitability as a candidate for a tick vaccine. Vaccine 2003; 21:2844-51. [PMID: 12798626 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (RACE) and primers designed based on a conserved serpin amino acid motif (NAVYFKG) were used to clone a 1350bp cDNA which encodes a 378 polypeptide with high sequence similarity to several known serpins. We have named this gene as Haemaphysalis longicornis serpin-1 (HLS1). Northern blotting and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis of total RNA from unfed or partially fed whole ticks as well as dissected tick organs revealed that transcription of HLS1 mRNA was induced by blood meal feeding during the slow feeding phase (24-48 h post-attachment) only in the tick midguts. Vaccination of rabbits with recombinant HLS1 (rHLS1) expressed in Escherichia coli resulted in 43.9 and 11.2% mortality of nymph and adult ticks which were fed on immunized rabbits. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies to tick saliva did not react with rHLS1, suggesting that native HLS1 was not secreted into the host during tick feeding. rHLS1 could be a potential candidate for a cocktail anti-tick vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Sugino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Kocáková P, Sláviková M, Hajnická V, Slovák M, Gasperík J, Vancová I, Fuchsberger N, Nuttall PA. Effect of fast protein liquid chromatography fractionated salivary gland extracts from different ixodid tick species on interleukin-8 binding to its cell receptors. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2003; 50:79-84. [PMID: 12735728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 plays a critical role in inflammatory processes. Hence generation of molecules with anti-IL-8 activity is likely to be important for successful feeding and for survival of the ticks. Anti-IL-8 activity was studied in saliva of three ixodid tick species--Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901, and Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794). The greatest activity was shown in saliva prepared from D. reticulatus. The activity was attributed to tick salivary gland molecules that bind to IL-8, preventing binding of the chemokine to its specific receptor, rather than to occupation of the IL-8 cell receptor by the tick molecules. The distribution of anti-IL-8 activity in fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) fractions of salivary gland extracts (SGE) derived from adult female D. reticulatus, R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum was compared directly by both ELISA and receptor-binding inhibition assays. The correspondence in results with fractions of SGE from ELISA is consistent with detection of tick molecules that inhibit IL-8 binding to its receptor. As IL-8 is an important chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, the presence of an anti-IL-8 activity in tick saliva indicates that neutrophils play an important role in the host response to parasitism by ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulína Kocáková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 842 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Nakajima M, Yanase H, Iwanaga T, Kodama M, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies: effects on Haemaphysalis longicornis tick infestation of BALB/c mice. Jpn J Vet Res 2003; 50:157-63. [PMID: 12675551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Tick vaccine development plays an important role in current tick control strategies. Previously, we have produced three different isotypes of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which recognized a midgut protein of adult Haemaphysalis longicornis. These mAbs, typed as IgG1, 2a, and 2b, reacted with a 76 kDa surface protein of midgut cells. We speculated that the 76 kDa protein may be an unknown antigen for a tick vaccine and the three mAbs may work as probes to clone the protein. In this study, to test whether these three isotypes have anti-tick effects and if so which works more effectively, we conducted passive immunization in BALB/c mice with each of the mAbs, and infested the mice with adult ticks. All isotypes significantly reduced the number of hatched larvae, compared to controls, however, no differences in the magnitude of the reduction were observed among the three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Nakajima
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Matsumoto K, Inokuma H, Okuda M, Onishi T. Effects of salivary gland extract from Rhipicephalus sanguineus on IgG subclass production and cytokine mRNA expression in mononuclear cells of canine peripheral blood. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65:137-40. [PMID: 12576721 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of salivary gland extract (SGE) from R. sanguineus were examined on the production of IgG1 and IgG2 and the mRNA expression of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 in the mononuclear cells from canine peripheral blood, treated with concanavalin A (ConA) in vitro. SGE suppressed the ConA-induced production of IgG2. It also inhibited the expression of IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-5 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. No dose-dependent suppression was observed of IL-10 mRNA expression although a significant effect was observed at a SGE protein concentration of 25 microg/ml. SGE had no effect on the mRNA expression of IL-4. These results suggest that the suppression of IgG2 production by SGE from R. sanguineus was caused by the suppression of IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koutaro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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43
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Pipano E, Alekceev E, Galker F, Fish L, Samish M, Shkap V. Immunity against Boophilus annulatus induced by the Bm86 (Tick-GARD) vaccine. Exp Appl Acarol 2003; 29:141-149. [PMID: 14580066 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024246903197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Friesian cattle were immunized with two inoculations of anti-tick Bm86 (Tick-GARD) vaccine and were challenged 30 or 90 d later with Boophilus annulatus larvae derived from 1.2 g of eggs. No nymphs or adult ticks were found on the immunized cattle during four weeks after challenge. Repeated infestations (2 to 4) with larvae on three other calves during a period of 160 and 390 d after the immunization did not result in development of nymphal and adult stages. In control, non-immunized cattle infested with corresponding batches of larvae 1380 to 4653 replete adult female ticks were collected. Larvae issued from Babesia bovis-infected female ticks transmitted the infection to Bm86-immunized cattle, but the progeny of B. bigemina-infected females did not. Since B. bigemina is transmitted exclusively by nymphal stages of Bo. annulatus these results support the observation that immunity induced by Bm86 affects the larval stage of this tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Pipano
- Veterinary Services and Animal Health, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, POB 12, 50250 Bet Dagan, Israel.
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44
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Singh NK, Ghosh S. Experimental immunisation of crossbred cattle with glycoproteins isolated from the larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Boophilus microplus. Exp Appl Acarol 2003; 31:297-314. [PMID: 14974694 DOI: 10.1023/b:appa.0000010382.73735.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In India, control of tick infestations is a major problem facing the owners of highly productive crossbred cattle. To develop suitable immunoprotective measures against the multitick infestations, specific problem encountered by the Indian farmers, an attempt has been made to identify candidate protein molecules in the larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Boophilus microplus. Employing two steps affinity chromatography method, glycoproteins of 34 and 29 kDa were isolated from H. a. anatolicum and B. microplus, respectively. The additive effect of the isolated glycoproteins was tested by the immunisation of crossbred male calves at a dose of 200 microg/animal of each glycoprotein, three divided dosages. Following challenge infestations by the stages of two species of ticks, a significant rejection of (73.6%; P < 0.01) of larvae and adults (75.0%; P < 0.01) of H. a. anatolicum and adults (89.8%; P < 0.01) of B. microplus were noted. The direct effect of immunisation on the stages of the challenged ticks (%DT) was calculated as 69%, 52% against larvae and adults of H. a. anatolicum and 60% against adults of B. microplus. A direct corelation between protection and anti-glycoprotein antibody titre was detected. The effect of the isolated glycoproteins on limiting the tick infestation is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Singh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, UP, India
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45
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Abstract
In general, hosts develop resistance to ticks after repeated infestations; nevertheless, several studies on naturally occurring host-tick interactions were unable to detect resistance of hosts to ticks even after repeated infestations. The purpose of this investigation was to study the type of cutaneous hypersensitivity to unfed nymphal extract of A. cajennense in dogs, which, unlike guinea pigs, do not develop resistance. A first, but no second, peak in skin reaction was observed, suggesting that cellular immunity is an important mechanism of resistance to ticks. This may partially explain why guinea pigs, but not dogs, develop resistance against ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana S Mukai
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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46
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Abstract
Ticks have long been regarded as constraints to humans and domestic animals, but hosts often develop resistance to ticks after repeated infestations. The purpose of this investigation was to study the possible acquisition of immunity in domestic dogs to nymphs of A. cajennense by determining the tick alimentary performance after successive controlled infestations. Mean engorged weight of nymphs was not significantly different among the three infestations; molting rate from nymph to adult ticks, and the percentage of nymph recovery were also very close in all infestations. These results are similar to those obtained in studies of the dog-adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus interface. It is concluded that domestic dogs do not develop resistance against nymphs of A. cajennense ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana S Mukai
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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47
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Patarroyo JH, Portela RW, De Castro RO, Pimentel JC, Guzman F, Patarroyo ME, Vargas MI, Prates AA, Mendes MAD. Immunization of cattle with synthetic peptides derived from the Boophilus microplus gut protein (Bm86). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 88:163-72. [PMID: 12127414 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three synthetic peptides (SBm4912, SBm7462 and SBm19733), derived from the Bm86 glycoprotein from Boophilus microplus gut, were constructed and used to immunize cattle from a tick-free area. The immunized animals received three subcutaneous doses of the peptides, with saponin as adjuvant, at 30-day intervals. The immune response was evaluated by IgG elicited against the peptides by the detection of anti-Bm86 specific antibodies in situ and by Western blotting analysis. After tick challenge, reduction in the number, weight and oviposition capacity of engorged females was observed in the tick population that had fed on immunized animals. The results pointed a high efficacy (81.05%) for the SBm7462 synthetic peptide in relation to the others (p<0.01), demonstrating the efficiency of the immune response elicited by synthetic peptides to control the cattle tick B. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Patarroyo
- Laboratory of Biology and Control of Haematozoa, BIOAGRO/Veterinary Department, Federal University of Viçosa, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG Brazil.
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48
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Borges LMF, Oliveira PR, Lisboa CLM, Ribeiro MFB. Horse resistance to natural infestations of Anocentor nitens and Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2002; 104:265-73. [PMID: 11812624 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate some aspects of horse resistance to natural infestations of Anocentor nitens and Amblyomma cajennense over a 2-year period. Free-living stages of A. nitens were used to evaluate the influence of season of the year on horse resistance. Every 2 weeks, 10 selected engorged females, weighing 150-329 mg, were removed from naturally infested horses and were individually placed into glass tubes closed with a cotton stopper, and maintained in an incubator. The biological parameters evaluated varied according to the season of the year, i.e., reproductive efficiency, maximum larval survival (MLS) and egg-hatching rates were significantly lower in spring/summer than in fall/winter. At 14-day intervals, females of A. nitens and A. cajennense were counted on each side of the body of five mares. A comparison between the animal with the lowest infestation and the animal with the highest infestation showed greater differences in animals infested with A. nitens than those infested with A. cajennense. Ten animals were found to carry 64.9% of the total parasite burden of A. cajennense and 88.6% of the highest infestations of A. nitens females. A seasonal variation on intensity of horse resistance to A. nitens was observed during the study. However, this was not observed for A. cajennense. Cross-resistance was observed in animals with the highest total number of A. cajennense and the highest number of A. cajennense adults (r=0.817), larvae (r=0.756), and A. nitens females (r=0.799). These results led to the conclusion that changes in horse resistance to A. nitens occur seasonally. As far as the total population of A. cajennense and the female stage of A. nitens are concerned, horses develop cross-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M F Borges
- DMIPP, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Caixa Postal 131, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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49
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Tellam RL, Kemp D, Riding G, Briscoe S, Smith D, Sharp P, Irving D, Willadsen P. Reduced oviposition of Boophilus microplus feeding on sheep vaccinated with vitellin. Vet Parasitol 2002; 103:141-56. [PMID: 11751009 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The most abundant protein present in Boophilus microplus eggs, vitellin, was isolated and purified as a non-covalent complex of six glyco-polypeptides of Mr 44-107kDa. The protein complex bound haem. Immuno-blots demonstrated that antibodies raised to vitellin recognised a 200kDa polypeptide in the haemolymph of adult female ticks. This is consistent with the general proposal that in arthropods vitellin is derived by proteolytic processing from a large precursor protein, vitellogenin. In parallel with this study, an 80kDa glycoprotein (GP80) was independently purified from larvae of B. microplus using efficacy in vaccination trials as an assay. Antibodies to GP80 also recognised a 200kDa protein in the haemolymph of ticks and a major 87kDa polypeptide present in the vitellin complex. Conversely, antibodies to purified vitellin recognised GP80. The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the 87kDa vitellin polypeptide and GP80 were identical for at least the first 11 residues and internal peptide sequences from both polypeptides were co-located in a single but incomplete deduced amino sequence of B. microplus vitellogenin. Thus, GP80 is a processed product from vitellogenin and highly related to but not completely identical with the 87kDa vitellin polypeptide. Vaccination trials in the model host sheep were performed with purified vitellin and GP80. Sheep vaccinated with either purified vitellin or GP80 returned significantly reduced numbers of engorged female ticks with decreased weights and reduced oviposition. In contrast, sheep vaccinated with recombinant hexahis-GP80, which was incorrectly folded and not glycosylated showed no significant effects on ticks. It was concluded that vitellin and GP80 could induce immune responses that partially protect sheep from the tick, B. microplus. However, critical protective epitopes are associated with the folding of the protein and/or the oligosaccharides attached to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Tellam
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Molecular Animal Genetics Centre, Gehrmann Research laboratories, Research Road, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4067, Qld, Australia.
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50
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Battsetseg B, Mamiro K, Inoue N, Makala L, Nagasanw H, Iwakura Y, Toyoda Y, Mikami T, Fujisaki K. Immune responses of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) knock out mice to repeated Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) nymph infestations. J Med Entomol 2002; 39:173-176. [PMID: 11931253 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-39.1.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the immunological mechanisms of acquired resistance to tick infestation, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) deficient mice (IFN-gamma mice) were used to assess interleukin-4 (IL-4) and antibody production levels against tick salivary gland antigen on three successive infestations with Haemoaphysalis longicornis Neumann nymphs. The engorged body weight of the ticks decreased during the second and third infestations. Similar observations were noted in IFN-gamma+/+ mice. However, the engorged body weight of the ticks from IFN-gamma +/+ mice were considerably lower than those from IFN-gamma-/- mice. A marked increase in antibody production during the second and third infestations was observed indicating that IFN-gamma-/- mice could acquire immunological resistance against H. longicornis nymphs. Moreover, IL-4 levels were higher during the first and third infestations but decreased during the second infestation. IL-4 levels were significantly higher in IFN-gamma-/- mice than in IFN-gamma+/+ mice. We have shown here that the statistically significant high IL-4 levels observed in IFN-gamma-/- mice may be a result of type 2 helper cell (Th2) polarization. However, the apparently higher IL-4 levels during the first and third infestations and the notable decline during the second infestation suggest that other cytokines or factors in the host immune system may play a part in regulating IL-4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badgar Battsetseg
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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