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Koberska M, Vesela L, Vimberg V, Lenart J, Vesela J, Kamenik Z, Janata J, Balikova Novotna G. Beyond Self-Resistance: ABCF ATPase LmrC Is a Signal-Transducing Component of an Antibiotic-Driven Signaling Cascade Accelerating the Onset of Lincomycin Biosynthesis. mBio 2021; 12:e0173121. [PMID: 34488446 PMCID: PMC8546547 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01731-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural environments, antibiotics are important means of interspecies competition. At subinhibitory concentrations, they act as cues or signals inducing antibiotic production; however, our knowledge of well-documented antibiotic-based sensing systems is limited. Here, for the soil actinobacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis, we describe a fundamentally new ribosome-mediated signaling cascade that accelerates the onset of lincomycin production in response to an external ribosome-targeting antibiotic to synchronize antibiotic production within the population. The entire cascade is encoded in the lincomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) and consists of three lincomycin resistance proteins in addition to the transcriptional regulator LmbU: a lincomycin transporter (LmrA), a 23S rRNA methyltransferase (LmrB), both of which confer high resistance, and an ATP-binding cassette family F (ABCF) ATPase, LmrC, which confers only moderate resistance but is essential for antibiotic-induced signal transduction. Specifically, antibiotic sensing occurs via ribosome-mediated attenuation, which activates LmrC production in response to lincosamide, streptogramin A, or pleuromutilin antibiotics. Then, ATPase activity of the ribosome-associated LmrC triggers the transcription of lmbU and consequently the expression of lincomycin BGC. Finally, the production of LmrC is downregulated by LmrA and LmrB, which reduces the amount of ribosome-bound antibiotic and thus fine-tunes the cascade. We propose that analogous ABCF-mediated signaling systems are relatively common because many ribosome-targeting antibiotic BGCs encode an ABCF protein accompanied by additional resistance protein(s) and transcriptional regulators. Moreover, we revealed that three of the eight coproduced ABCF proteins of S. lincolnensis are clindamycin responsive, suggesting that the ABCF-mediated antibiotic signaling may be a widely utilized tool for chemical communication. IMPORTANCE Resistance proteins are perceived as mechanisms protecting bacteria from the inhibitory effect of their produced antibiotics or antibiotics from competitors. Here, we report that antibiotic resistance proteins regulate lincomycin biosynthesis in response to subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. In particular, we show the dual character of the ABCF ATPase LmrC, which confers antibiotic resistance and simultaneously transduces a signal from ribosome-bound antibiotics to gene expression, where the 5' untranslated sequence upstream of its encoding gene functions as a primary antibiotic sensor. ABCF-mediated antibiotic signaling can in principle function not only in the induction of antibiotic biosynthesis but also in selective gene expression in response to any small molecules targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit, including clinically important antibiotics, to mediate intercellular antibiotic signaling and stress response induction. Moreover, the resistance-regulatory function of LmrC presented here for the first time unifies functionally inconsistent ABCF family members involving antibiotic resistance proteins and translational regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Koberska
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vesela
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Vimberg
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Lenart
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vesela
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Janata J, Kadlcik S, Koberska M, Ulanova D, Kamenik Z, Novak P, Kopecky J, Novotna J, Radojevic B, Plhackova K, Gazak R, Najmanova L. Lincosamide synthetase--a unique condensation system combining elements of nonribosomal peptide synthetase and mycothiol metabolism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118850. [PMID: 25741696 PMCID: PMC4351081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the biosynthesis of lincosamide antibiotics lincomycin and celesticetin, the amino acid and amino sugar units are linked by an amide bond. The respective condensing enzyme lincosamide synthetase (LS) is expected to be an unusual system combining nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) components with so far unknown amino sugar related activities. The biosynthetic gene cluster of celesticetin was sequenced and compared to the lincomycin one revealing putative LS coding ORFs shared in both clusters. Based on a bioassay and production profiles of S. lincolnensis strains with individually deleted putative LS coding genes, the proteins LmbC, D, E, F and V were assigned to LS function. Moreover, the newly recognized N-terminal domain of LmbN (LmbN-CP) was also assigned to LS as a NRPS carrier protein (CP). Surprisingly, the homologous CP coding sequence in celesticetin cluster is part of ccbZ gene adjacent to ccbN, the counterpart of lmbN, suggesting the gene rearrangement, evident also from still active internal translation start in lmbN, and indicating the direction of lincosamide biosynthesis evolution. The in vitro test with LmbN-CP, LmbC and the newly identified S. lincolnensis phosphopantetheinyl transferase Slp, confirmed the cooperation of the previously characterized NRPS A-domain LmbC with a holo-LmbN-CP in activation of a 4-propyl-L-proline precursor of lincomycin. This result completed the functional characterization of LS subunits resembling NRPS initiation module. Two of the four remaining putative LS subunits, LmbE/CcbE and LmbV/CcbV, exhibit low but significant homology to enzymes from the metabolism of mycothiol, the NRPS-independent system processing the amino sugar and amino acid units. The functions of particular LS subunits as well as cooperation of both NRPS-based and NRPS-independent LS blocks are discussed. The described condensing enzyme represents a unique hybrid system with overall composition quite dissimilar to any other known enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Stanislav Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Koberska
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Ulanova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
- Oceanography Section, Science Research Center, Kochi University, IMT-MEXT, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783–8505, Japan
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novak
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Novotna
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bojana Radojevic
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Plhackova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Gazak
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Najmanova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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Kadlčík S, Kučera T, Chalupská D, Gažák R, Koběrská M, Ulanová D, Kopecký J, Kutejová E, Najmanová L, Janata J. Adaptation of an L-proline adenylation domain to use 4-propyl-L-proline in the evolution of lincosamide biosynthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84902. [PMID: 24386435 PMCID: PMC3874040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically used lincosamide antibiotic lincomycin incorporates in its structure 4-propyl-L-proline (PPL), an unusual amino acid, while celesticetin, a less efficient related compound, makes use of proteinogenic L-proline. Biochemical characterization, as well as phylogenetic analysis and homology modelling combined with the molecular dynamics simulation were employed for complex comparative analysis of the orthologous protein pair LmbC and CcbC from the biosynthesis of lincomycin and celesticetin, respectively. The analysis proved the compared proteins to be the stand-alone adenylation domains strictly preferring their own natural substrate, PPL or L-proline. The LmbC substrate binding pocket is adapted to accomodate a rare PPL precursor. When compared with L-proline specific ones, several large amino acid residues were replaced by smaller ones opening a channel which allowed the alkyl side chain of PPL to be accommodated. One of the most important differences, that of the residue corresponding to V306 in CcbC changing to G308 in LmbC, was investigated in vitro and in silico. Moreover, the substrate binding pocket rearrangement also allowed LmbC to effectively adenylate 4-butyl-L-proline and 4-pentyl-L-proline, substrates with even longer alkyl side chains, producing more potent lincosamides. A shift of LmbC substrate specificity appears to be an integral part of biosynthetic pathway adaptation to the PPL acquisition. A set of genes presumably coding for the PPL biosynthesis is present in the lincomycin - but not in the celesticetin cluster; their homologs are found in biosynthetic clusters of some pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBD) and hormaomycin. Whereas in the PBD and hormaomycin pathways the arising precursors are condensed to another amino acid moiety, the LmbC protein is the first functionally proved part of a unique condensation enzyme connecting PPL to the specialized amino sugar building unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kadlčík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupská
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Gažák
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Koběrská
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Ulanová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kutejová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovac Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucie Najmanová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Novotna J, Olsovska J, Novak P, Mojzes P, Chaloupkova R, Kamenik Z, Spizek J, Kutejova E, Mareckova M, Tichy P, Damborsky J, Janata J. Lincomycin biosynthesis involves a tyrosine hydroxylating heme protein of an unusual enzyme family. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79974. [PMID: 24324587 PMCID: PMC3851162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene lmbB2 of the lincomycin biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces lincolnensis ATCC 25466 was shown to code for an unusual tyrosine hydroxylating enzyme involved in the biosynthetic pathway of this clinically important antibiotic. LmbB2 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified near to homogeneity and shown to convert tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). In contrast to the well-known tyrosine hydroxylases (EC 1.14.16.2) and tyrosinases (EC 1.14.18.1), LmbB2 was identified as a heme protein. Mass spectrometry and Soret band-excited Raman spectroscopy of LmbB2 showed that LmbB2 contains heme b as prosthetic group. The CO-reduced differential absorption spectra of LmbB2 showed that the coordination of Fe was different from that of cytochrome P450 enzymes. LmbB2 exhibits sequence similarity to Orf13 of the anthramycin biosynthetic gene cluster, which has recently been classified as a heme peroxidase. Tyrosine hydroxylating activity of LmbB2 yielding DOPA in the presence of (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin (BH4) was also observed. Reaction mechanism of this unique heme peroxidases family is discussed. Also, tyrosine hydroxylation was confirmed as the first step of the amino acid branch of the lincomycin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Novotna
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Central-European Technology Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Olsovska
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novak
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mojzes
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Chaloupkova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Institute of Experimental Biology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Spizek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kutejova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Pavel Tichy
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Institute of Experimental Biology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Novotná J, Honzátko A, Bednár P, Kopecký J, Janata J, Spízek J. l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl alanine-extradiol cleavage is followed by intramolecular cyclization in lincomycin biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:3678-83. [PMID: 15355345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The LmbB1 protein, participating in the biosynthesis of lincomycin, was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified in its active form, and characterized as a dimer of identical subunits. Methods for purification and analysis of the LmbB1 reaction product were developed. Molecular mass and fragmentation pattern of the product revealed by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry were in agreement with its proposed structure, 4-(3-carboxy-3-oxo-propenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid. The LmbB1 is therefore a dioxygenase catalysing the 2,3-extradiol cleavage of the l-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl alanine aromatic ring. The final LmbB1 reaction product, a unique compound found in biosynthesis of lincomycin and expected in anthramycins, arises through subsequent cyclization of the primary cleavage product, 2,3-secodopa. A possible role of LmbB1 in 2,3-secodopa cyclization and alternative ways of the cyclization in the formation of biosynthetically related compounds, muscaflavin and stizolobinic acid, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Novotná
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská, Praha, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
AIMS To demonstrate the expression of two overlapping genes lmbJ and lmbIH in Streptomyces lincolnensis and to document LmbJ and LmbIH protein levels during the lincomycin production phase. To analyse presumable function of the LmbIH protein. METHODS AND RESULTS Lincomycin production was monitored by thin-layer chromatography, proteins LmbJ and LmbIH were assayed in the cell-free extracts of S. lincolnensis by immunodetection. LmbJ occurred at stable level (2-4 mg x g(-1) of total proteins) for a long time period (36-96 h of cultivation) covering the whole production phase. This fairly corresponds to the catalytic function of the protein in the antibiotic biosynthesis (N-demethyllincomycin methyltransferase). On the contrary, LmbIH reached the detectable level (0.1 and 0.7 mg x g(-1)) just for a short period at 60-72 h. CONCLUSIONS The absence of LmbIH protein at a detectable level during the major part of the antibiotic production phase casts doubt on its possible catalytic function. Rather a different connection with the final biosynthetic steps, e.g. regulatory, can be envisaged. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Expression of a newly found putative regulatory gene was demonstrated during production of industrial antibiotic, lincomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hola
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, the Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Lincomycin and clindamycin are lincosamide antibiotics used in clinical practice. Both antibiotics are bacteriostatic and inhibit protein synthesis in sensitive bacteria. They may even be bactericidal at the higher concentrations that can be reached in vivo. Clindamycin is usually more active than lincomycin in the treatment of bacterial infections, in particular those caused by anaerobic species; and it can also be used for the treatment of important protozoal diseases, e.g. malaria, most effectively in combination with primaquine. Resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin may be caused by methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA, modification of the antibiotics by specific enzymes or active efflux from the periplasmic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spízek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Spízek J, Rezanka T. Lincomycin, cultivation of producing strains and biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 63:510-9. [PMID: 14593504 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-003-1431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2003] [Revised: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 07/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lincomycin and its derivatives are antibiotics exhibiting biological activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The semi-synthetic chlorinated lincomycin derivative is used in clinical practice. The chemical structure of lincosamide antibiotics, cultivation of producing strains and analytical procedures used for separation and isolation of these compounds are described in this review. Biosynthesis of lincomycin and related compounds and its genetic control are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spízek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Zhu A, Ji S, Long F, Wu Z, Jing Y. [The application of nanofiltration membrane in the concentration and separation of lincomycin wastewater]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2002; 23:39-44. [PMID: 12048816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Two spiral nanofiltration membranes, MPS-44 (1.4 m2) and DLNF2-30 (0.24 m2), were connected in series to test the concentration process of lincomycin wastewater. Results indicated when the water inflow concentration was about 200 mg/L, the lincomycin concentration can reach 2000 mg/L after being concentrated for about 10-20 times. Such concentration can reach the demand of reuse, and the concentrating time was 60-70 h. During the concentration process, the CODCr retention was always above 80%, and the lincomycin retention was always over 90%, and the lincomycin recycle rate was over 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zhu
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing Polytechnic University, Beijing 100022, China.
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Tang Y, Wu H, Ye J, Zhang H. [Homologous recombination in Streptomyces lincolnensis B48]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2001; 41:559-66. [PMID: 12552803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
To study frequency and mechanism of homologous recombination in Streptomyces, an E. coli plasmid which cannot replicate in Streptomyces was transformed into Streptomyces lincolnensis B48. After homologous recombination between delta lincomycin biosynthetic genes inactivated by thiostrepton resistant gene (tsr) carried on pYYE04al and homologous sequences on the chromosome, S. lincolnensis YY1 and S. lincolnensis, YY2 were obtained on SMA with low thiostrepton concentration. Hybridization of chromosomal DNA samples of S. lincolnensis YY1, S. lincolnensis YY2, standard S. lincolnensis and S. lincolnensis YYc digested with SmaI with the probe of tsr gene gave signal corresponding to a fragment of 1.5 kb in the former two; Nevertheless, hybridization of chromosomal DNA digested with Hind III and Sma I using the probe of delta lacZ' gene resulted in positive fragment of 4.4 kb only in S. lincolnensis YY2. Southern hybridizations indicate that S. lincolnensis YY1 is the result of homologous exchange while S. lincolnensis YY2 comes from bomologous recombination. To prove the existence of E. coli replicon and ampicillin resistant gene on the chromosome of S. lincolnensis YY2, its DNA digested with SphI was ligated and then transformed into E. coli JM83 competent cell. Two transformants named pSLE1 grew on the plate containing ampicillin. It's confirmed that pSLE1 is a part of pYYE04a1 from its digestion with different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-reactor and Engineering, ECUST, Shanghai 200237, China
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Janata J, Najmanová L, Novotná J, Holá K, Felsberg J, Spízek J. Putative lmbI and lmbH genes form a single lmbIH ORF in Streptomyces lincolnensis type strain ATCC 25466. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2001; 79:277-84. [PMID: 11816970 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012034421088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The lincomycin-production gene cluster of the industrial overproduction strain Streptomyces lincolnensis 78-11 has been sequenced (Peschke et al. 1995) and twenty-seven putative open reading frames with biosynthetic or regulatory functions (lmb genes) identified. Two distinct hypothetical genes, lmbI and lmbH, were found downstream of the lmbJ gene, coding for LmbJ protein, which is believed to participate in the last lincomycin biosynthetic step, i.e. conversion of N-demethyllincomycin (NDL) to lincomycin. In the present study, we demonstrate the presence of a single larger open reading frame, called lmbIH, in the lincomycin low-production type strain Streptomyces lincolnensis ATCC 25466, instead of two smaller lmbI and lmbH genes. The product, LmbIH, is a protein of an unknown function and is homologous with the T1dD protein family. Escherichia coli T1dD protein was previously shown to be involved in the control of DNA gyrase by LetD protein. Moreover, our experiments indicate co-regulation of lmbJ and lmbIH expression. This translation coupling probably reflects an eight nucleotide overlap between the lmbJ and lmbIH genes, as well as the lack of a Shine-Dalgarno sequence upstream of the lmbIH gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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Yang J, Lu Z, Hu J, Gu X. [Anaerobic biological treatment of Lincomycin production wastewater]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2001; 22:82-6. [PMID: 11432075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The high-strength Lincomycin production wastewater containing toxic and refractory substances treated by lab-scale mesophilic UASB reactor was described. When the reactor was operated in influent COD 8000-14,000 mg/L and HRT 10 h, the volumetric loading rate and COD removal rate could reach 20-35 kg/(m3.d) and 50%-55%, respectively. The granular sludge might be formatted by using a bit longer acclimation time, adjusting and maintaining fairly high surface hydraulic loading rate of 0.2-0.4 m3/(m2.h), influent COD of 2000-3000 mg/L and sludge loading rate of 0.2-0.5 kg/(kg.d). The anaerobic kinetic constants of Vmax and Ks for the wastewater treatment were 1.3 d-1 and 8133 mg/L, respectively. The non-biodegradable substances accounted for about 30% of total COD, which was the important factor of relative low COD removal rate for the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Beijing 100083, China.
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González I, Niebla A, Lemus M, González L, Iznaga IO, Pérez ME, Vallin C. Ecological approach of macrolide-lincosamides-streptogramin producing actinomyces from Cuban soils. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 29:147-50. [PMID: 10530035 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report in this study the frequency of Streptomyces strains to produce macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) antibiotics isolated from Cuban soils. The screening assay is based on the induction of MLS-resistance phenotype in a clinical isolated strain of Staphylococcus aureus S-18. Our results suggest that of 800 Streptomyces strains isolated from different soil samples, 6% were positives in the screening test used. The ferralitic red soil from Pinar del Río (north) provided the major percentage (3.6%) of MLS producing strains. The other soil samples tested belonging to Guira de Melena and Bauta in Havana, Matanzas City, Topes De Collantes (Villa Clara), and Soroa Mountains (Pinar del Rio) hill reached very low percentages.
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Affiliation(s)
- I González
- Biotechnology Department, Centre of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cubanacán, Havana, Cuba.
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Neusser D, Schmidt H, Spizèk J, Novotnà J, Peschke U, Kaschabeck S, Tichy P, Piepersberg W. The genes lmbB1 and lmbB2 of Streptomyces lincolnensis encode enzymes involved in the conversion of L-tyrosine to propylproline during the biosynthesis of the antibiotic lincomycin A. Arch Microbiol 1998; 169:322-32. [PMID: 9531633 DOI: 10.1007/s002030050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genes lmbA,B1,B2 in the lincomycin A production gene cluster of Streptomyces lincolnensis were shown to form a common transcription unit with the promoter located directly upstream of lmbA. The proteins LmbB1 (mol. mass, 18 kDa) and LmbB2 (mol. mass 34 kDa), when over-produced together in Escherichia coli, brought about enzyme activities for the specific conversion of both L-tyrosine and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to a yellow-colored product. The LmbB1 protein alone catalyzed the conversion of L-DOPA, but not of L-tyrosine. The purified LmbB1 protein showed a Km for L-DOPA of 258.3 microM. The L-tyrosine converting activity could not been demonstrated in vitro. The preliminary interpretation of these data suggests that the protein LmbB1 is an L-DOPA extradiol-cleaving 2,3-dioxygenase and that the protein LmbB2, either alone or in accord with LmbB1, represents an L-tyrosine 3-hydroxylase. This sequence of putative oxidation reactions on L-tyrosine seems to represent a new pathway different from the ones catalyzed by mammalian L-tyrosine hydroxylases or the wide-spread tyrosinases. The protein LmbA seemed not to be involved in this process. The labile, yellow-colored product from L-DOPA could not be converted to a picolinic acid derivative [3-(2-carboxy-5-pyridyl)alanine] in the presence of ammonia. Therefore, it probably is not a derivative of a cis, cis-3-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde; instead, its speculative structure represents a heterocyclic precursor of the propylhygric acid moiety of lincomycin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neusser
- Bergische Universitat GH, Mikrobiologie-FB 9, Gaussstrasse 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The lincomycin (LM)-production gene cluster of the overproducing strain Streptomyces lincolnensis 78-11 was cloned, analysed by hybridization, as well as by DNA sequencing, and compared with the respective genome segments of other lincomycin producers. The lmb/lmr gene cluster is composed of 27 open reading frames with putative biosynthetic or regulatory functions (lmb genes) and three resistance (lmr) genes, two of which, lmrA and lmrC, flank the cluster. A very similar overall organization of the lmb/lmr cluster seems to be conserved in four other LM producers, although the clusters are embedded in non-homologous genomic surroundings. In the wild-type strain (S. lincolnensis NRRL2936), the lmb/lmr-cluster apparently is present only in single copy. However, in the industrial strain S. lincolnensis 78-11 the non-adjacent gene clusters for the production of LM and melanin (melC) both are duplicated on a large (0.45-0.5 Mb) fragment, accompanied by deletion events. This indicates that enhanced gene dosage is one of the factors for the overproduction of LM and demonstrates that large-scale genome rearrangements can be a result of classical strain improvement by mutagenesis. Only a minority of the putative Lmb proteins belong to known protein families. These include members of the gamma-glutamyl transferases (LmbA), amino acid acylases (LmbC), aromatic amino acid aminotransferases (LmbF), imidazoleglycerolphosphate dehydratases (LmbK), dTDP-glucose synthases (LmbO), dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratases (LmbM) and (NDP-) ketohexose (or ketocyclitol) aminotransferases (LmbS). In contrast to earlier proposals on the biosynthetic pathway of the C-8 sugar moiety (methylthiolincosaminide), this branch of the LM pathway actually seems to be based on nucleotide-activated sugars as precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Peschke
- Bergische Universität GH Wuppertal, Germany
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16
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Semenova LE, Sherstobitova TS, Gorokhova IB. [The development of a technology for lincomycin biosynthesis with batch-type feeding of the substrates during the process]. Antibiot Khimioter 1994; 39:3-8. [PMID: 7979791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It was shown possible to improve the process of lincomycin production by using batch-type feeding of the carbohydrate substrates during the biosynthesis. The optimal composition of the fermentation medium with lower concentrations of the carbohydrates was developed and batch-type feeding of the substrates was applied. The conditions of the substrate feeding were developed under laboratory conditions. Solutions of glucose or sugar supplemented with potassium sulfate were used for the feeding. The antibiotic yield under the optimal conditions of the substrate feeding and the process control was higher than that under the conditions of the batch fermentation by 23-24 per cent.
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17
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Kuo MS, Yurek DA, Coats JH, Chung ST, Li GP. Isolation and identification of 3-propylidene-delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of lincomycin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1992; 45:1773-7. [PMID: 1468986 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.45.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An accumulated lincomycin intermediate in UC 8292, a lincomycin nonproducing strain of Streptomyces lincolnensis, has been isolated and purified by employing an assay system based on complementation of UC 11066, another lincomycin nonproducing strain of S. lincolnensis. The structure of the purified intermediate is shown to be 3-propylidene-delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, or 1, 2, 3, 6-tetradehydro-propylproline by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopic studies. Based on the structure of this newly found intermediate, a biosynthetic pathway for propylproline is proposed as tyrosine-->L-3-hydroxytyrosine (Dopa)-->-->-->-->3-propylidene-delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid-->3-propyl-delta 2-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid-->propylproline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kuo
- Chemical and Biological Screening, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49001
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18
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Zakharova GM, Podgornova GP, Metlina MA, Danilenko VN. [Protoplasts of lincomycin producer Streptomyces roseolus in genetic manipulations]. Antibiot Khimioter 1991; 36:3-5. [PMID: 1805691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protoplasts of commercial strain No. 1 of Streptomyces roseolus producing lincomycin were prepared. Conditions for protoplast storage and regeneration were defined. The protoplasts of strain No. 1 mutants marked by the rifampicin and thiostrepton resistance and the ability to synthesize melanin pigments were fused. Genetic analysis of the recombinants was performed. Systems for transformation of S. roseolus protoplasts by plasmid DNAs were developed. Efficiency of transformation by pIJ702, pIJ61, pVG101 and pBG3 and stability of the transformants were shown.
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19
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Calcutt MJ, Cundliffe E. Cloning of a lincosamide resistance determinant from Streptomyces caelestis, the producer of celesticetin, and characterization of the resistance mechanism. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:4710-4. [PMID: 2376570 PMCID: PMC213311 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.8.4710-4714.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-resistance has been investigated in Streptomyces caelestis (producer of the lincosamide antibiotic celesticetin), from which a lincosamide resistance determinant (clr) has been isolated on a 1-kilobase DNA fragment and cloned in Streptomyces lividans. The clr product is a specific methylase which produces a single residue of N6-monomethyladenine in 23S rRNA at position 2058, thereby rendering the 50S ribosmal subunit resistant to the action of lincosamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, England
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20
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Bibikova MV, Singal EM, Ivanitskaia LP, Zhdanovich IV. [Production of lincomycin by Micromonospora halophytica culture]. Antibiot Khimioter 1989; 34:723-6. [PMID: 2619400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A Micromonospara culture designated as 991/78 with activity against gram-positive cocci and bacteria was isolated from samples of silt-covered substrates from the Amu-Darya. Directed screening on a selective medium supplemented with lincomycin in an amount of 50-100 micrograms/ml was used. Identification of the antibiotic produced by the culture showed it to be lincomycin. By its taxonomic features the culture was classified as belonging to Micromonospora (subgroup II, Cinnamomea) and in particular to M. halophytica (Weinstein, Luedemann, Oden, Wagman, 1968). Up to now, it was known that lincomycin was produced only by Streptomyces cultures.
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21
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Coats JH, Li GP, Kuo MS, Yurek DA. Discovery, production, and biological assay of an unusual flavenoid cofactor involved in lincomycin biosynthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1989; 42:472-4. [PMID: 2708142 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.42.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Coats
- Chemical and Biological Screening, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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22
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Kuo MS, Yurek DA, Coats JH, Li GP. Isolation and identification of 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin, an unusual cosynthetic factor in streptomycetes, from Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1989; 42:475-8. [PMID: 2708143 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.42.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Kuo
- Chemical and Biological Screening, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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23
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Hanada M, Tsunakawa M, Tomita K, Tsukiura H, Kawaguchi H. Antibiotic Bu-2545, a new member of the celesticetin-lincomycin class. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1980; 33:751-3. [PMID: 7410215 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.33.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Griaznova NS, Beliavskaia IV, Listvinova SN, Sazykin IO, Orlova NV. [Effect of lincomycin and other protein synthesis inhibitors on the metabolism of Actinomyces roseolus, a producer of lincomycin]. Antibiotiki 1980; 25:250-6. [PMID: 7369728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of lincomycin, erythromycin and oxytetracycline to affect the synthesis of protein, RNA and DNA in the mycelium of the lincomycin-producing organism Act. roseolus of various ages was studied. The ability of labeled lincomycin to penetrate into the mycelium from the environment was shown and possible presence of the enzymatic systems inactivating lincomycin in the mycelium was studied. Insensitivity of Act. roseolus is due to the protective reactions of the microorganism. One of such reactions involves impermeability of the cell membrane for the antibiotic present in the culture fluid.
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26
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Listvinova SN, Dmitrieva SV, Zaslavskaia PL, Orlova NV. [Effect of lincomycin on its own producer, Actinomyces roseolus, in periodic cultivation in a liquid medium]. Antibiotiki 1979; 24:888-93. [PMID: 518048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lincomycin added to the cultivation medium induced a number of changes in the organism producing it during its ontogenesis when grown recurrently on liquid media. It was found that lincomycin inhibited the culture growth and decreased the absolute amount of the antibiotic synthesized while the specific activity of the culture increased. A number of cytomorphological rearrangements relevant to the adaptive protective reactions was found. It is suggested that an increase in the resistance of the culture to the antibiotic produced by it at the late developmental stages is the result of the above protective reactions.
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27
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28
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Lapchinskaia OA, Pogozheva VV. [Role of mutagenic factors in the selection of the producer of the antibacterial antibiotic, lincomycin, Actinomyces roseolus]. Antibiotiki 1977; 22:1100-3. [PMID: 596855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Oblozhko LS, Orlova N. [Comparative study of the effect of aeration conditions on the biosynthesis of oxytetracycline by an actinomyces rimosus culture and of lincomycin by an Actinomyces roesolus culture]. Antibiotiki 1977; 22:195-9. [PMID: 848912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of aeration conditions on growth of the oxytetracycline- and lincomycin-producing organisms and antibiotic biosynthesis was studied. It was shown that the lincomycin-producing organism respiration rate was much higher and required better aeration condition-than the oxytetracycline-producing organism. The highest respiration rate of the young myces lium was observed in the growth phase. During the period of the antibiotic biosynthesis the rate of oxygen consumption somewhat decreased though remained sufficiently high. Decreased productivity of the mycelium at the end of the process was accompanied by a drop in the respiration rate. The lack of oxgen lowered the mycelium productivity with respect to the antibiotic formation to a much much greater extent than the culture growth rate. The limiting of the antibiotic biosynthesis process by the lack of dissolved oxygen was accompanied by changes in the culture metabolism evident from production of organic acids: ketoacids and volatile acids by Act. rimosus and volatile and lactic acids by Act. roseolus.
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30
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Kochetkova GV, Nechaeva NP, Ukholina RS. [Lincomycin formation by strain R-367 on a complex medium not containing corn steep]. Antibiotiki 1976; 21:99-102. [PMID: 945038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A new complex medium for biosynthesis of lincomycin by strain R-367 was developed using one-factor experiments and mathematical schemes of planning. A complex of mineral salts containing nitrogen, sulphur, phosphurus, magnesium and trace elements was introduced into the content of the new medium. This provided elimination of corn steep liquor from the medium. The linomycin production level in the fermentation broth with the use of the new medium was at an average 2.5 times higher than that on the initial medium containing corn steep liquor.
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31
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Michalik J, Emilianowicz-Czerska W, Switalski L, Raczyńska-Bojanowska K. Monophenol monooxygenase and lincomysin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975; 8:526-31. [PMID: 813570 PMCID: PMC429413 DOI: 10.1128/aac.8.5.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monophenol monooxygenase (monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase EC 1.14.18.1) was studied in melanin-positive and melanin-negative mutants of Streptomyces lincolnensis NCIB 9413, varying in the lincomycin synthesizing ability. The activities of laccase and tyrosine phenol lyase (EC 4.1.99.2) are absent in this organism. The monophenol monooxygenase catalyzes hydroxylation of monophenols (K(m) and V(max) for l-tyrosine, 2 x 10(-4) M and 8.0 nmol of O(2)/min per ml, respectively) at a slower rate than it dehydrogenates diphenols to o-quinones (K(m) and V(max) for l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 7 x 10(-5) M and 51.7 nmol of O(2)/min per ml, respectively. It is inhibited by KCN, beta-mercaptoethanol, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, dipyridyl, thiourea, p-aminobenzoic acids and by some tryptophan metabolites. Changes in the activity of monophenol monooxygenase caused by mutation or by inhibitors are reflected in the synthesis of the antibiotic. Its participation in the biogenesis of the propylhygric moiety of lincomycin is discussed.
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32
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Bushueva OA, Kuznetsov VD. [Effect of conditions of storage on the antibiotic activity and composition of a population of Actinomyces roseolus producing lincomycin]. Antibiotiki 1974; 19:1099-100. [PMID: 4614698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Nechaeva NP, Kochetkova GV, Ukholina RS. [Lincomycin production on synthetic media]. Antibiotiki 1974; 19:877-80. [PMID: 4462447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Kuznetsov VD, Bushueva OA. [Effect of the temperature of preservation of lyophilized actinomycete spores (producers of streptomycin and lincomycin) on their viability and variability]. Antibiotiki 1974; 19:690-3. [PMID: 4455119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Kuznetsov VD, Bushueva OA, Bryzgalova LS. [The variability of Actinomyces roseolus--a producer of lincomycin]. Antibiotiki 1974; 19:311-5. [PMID: 4463869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Nechaeva NP, Ukholina RS, Kochetkova GV, Troshina LV. [Some problems of lincomycin production on media with corn extract]. Antibiotiki 1973; 18:784-8. [PMID: 4761949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Argoudelis AD, Johnson LE, Pyke TR. Effect of methylation inhibitors on fermentations of S. lincolnensis. Production of N-demethyllincomycin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1973; 26:429-36. [PMID: 4792067 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.26.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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39
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Savage GM. Biosynthesis of the lincomycins. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 1972; 26:549-62. [PMID: 4635071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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40
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41
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Gavrilina GV, Nechaeva NP, Ukholina RS. [Study of the conditions of formation of lincomycin by strain UV-914]. Antibiotiki 1970; 15:595-9. [PMID: 5529574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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42
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Lapchinskaia OA. [The use of the mutagenic effect of the antineoplastic antibiotics bruneomycin and rubomycin in the selection of a lincomycin producer]. Antibiotiki 1970; 15:494-500. [PMID: 5458629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Lapchinskaia OA, Korobkova TP. [Combined effect of ultrasound fluctuations and some mutagens ofn the producer of the lincomycin strain UF-914]. Antibiotiki 1970; 15:401-3. [PMID: 5429609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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44
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Argoudelis AD, Eble TE, Mason DJ. Studies on the biosynthesis of lincomycin. V. Effect of ethionine on fermentation of S. lincolnensis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1970; 23:1-8. [PMID: 5416643 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.23.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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45
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46
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Argoudelis AD, Mason DJ. Microbial transformation of antibiotics. I. Production of lincomycin sulfoxide and 1-demethylthio-1-hydroxylincomycin by S. lincolnensis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1969; 22:289-91. [PMID: 5810995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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Lapchinskaia OA, Trenina GA, Korobkova TP, Nechaeva NP, Ukholina RS. [Selection of active strains of the producer of lincomycin and comparative study of the effectiveness of some mutagens]. Antibiotiki 1968; 13:309-16. [PMID: 5674784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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48
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Savage GM. [Biosynthetic potential of Str. lincolnensis var. lincolnensis]. Antibiotiki 1967; 12:554-7. [PMID: 4876009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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