1
|
Abstract
Through the use of a 1,2-metalate rearrangement, six 7-substituted farnesol analogs were generated in a concise manner. This new synthetic route allowed us to quickly prepare several diverse farnesyl diphosphate analogs with interesting biological activities against mammalian protein-farnesyl transferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Placzek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue Univesity, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue Univesity, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wiemer AJ, Yu JS, Lamb KM, Hohl RJ, Wiemer DF. Mono- and dialkyl isoprenoid bisphosphonates as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 16:390-9. [PMID: 17905588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogenous bisphosphonates are used clinically to reduce bone resorption associated with osteoporosis or metastatic bone disease, and are recognized as inhibitors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Inhibition of this enzyme decreases cellular levels of both farnesyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate which results in a variety of downstream biological effects including inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation. Our lab recently has prepared several isoprenoid bisphosphonates that inhibit protein geranylgeranylation and showed that one selectively inhibits geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. This results in depletion of intracellular geranylgeranyl diphosphate and impacts protein geranylgeranylation but does not affect protein farnesylation. To clarify the structural features of isoprenoid bisphosphonates that account for their geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibition, we have prepared a new group of isoprenoid bisphosphonates. The complete set of compounds has been tested for in vitro inhibition of human recombinant geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase and cellular inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation. These results show some surprising relationships between in vitro and cellular activity, and will guide development of clinical agents directed at geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Clark MK, Scott SA, Wojtkowiak J, Chirco R, Mathieu P, Reiners JJ, Mattingly RR, Borch RF, Gibbs RA. Synthesis, biochemical, and cellular evaluation of farnesyl monophosphate prodrugs as farnesyltransferase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3274-82. [PMID: 17555307 DOI: 10.1021/jm0701829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analogs are potent inhibitors of the potential anticancer drug target protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), but these compounds are not suitable as drug candidates. Thus, phosphoramidate prodrug derivatives of the monophosphate precursors of FPP-based FTase inhibitors have been synthesized. The monophosphates themselves were significantly more potent inhibitors of FTase than the corresponding FPP analogs. The effects of the prodrug 5b (a derivative of 3-allylfarnesyl monophosphate) have been evaluated on prenylation of RhoB and on the cell cycle in a human malignant schwannoma cell line (STS-26T). In combination treatments, 1-3 microM 5b plus 1 microM lovastatin induced a significant inhibition of RhoB prenylation, and a combination of these drugs at 1 microM each also resulted in significant cell cycle arrest in G1. Indeed, combinations as low as 50 nM lovastatin + 1 microM 5c or 250 nM lovastatin + 50 nM 5c were highly cytostatic in STS-26T cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Clark
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
DeGraw AJ, Zhao Z, Strickland CL, Taban AH, Hsieh J, Michael J, Xie W, Shintani D, McMahan C, Cornish K, Distefano MD. A photoactive isoprenoid diphosphate analogue containing a stable phosphonate linkage: synthesis and biochemical studies with prenyltransferases. J Org Chem 2007; 72:4587-95. [PMID: 17477573 PMCID: PMC2561318 DOI: 10.1021/jo0623033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of biochemical processes rely on isoprenoids, including the post-translational modification of signaling proteins and the biosynthesis of a wide array of compounds. Photoactivatable analogues have been developed to study isoprenoid utilizing enzymes such as the isoprenoid synthases and prenyltransferases. While these initial analogues proved to be excellent structural analogues with good cross-linking capability, they lack the stability needed when the goals include isolation of cross-linked species, tryptic digestion, and subsequent peptide sequencing. Here, the synthesis of a benzophenone-based farnesyl diphosphate analogue containing a stable phosphonophosphate group is described. Inhibition kinetics, photolabeling experiments, as well as X-ray crystallographic analysis with a protein prenyltransferase are described, verifying this compound as a good isoprenoid mimetic. In addition, the utility of this new analogue was explored by using it to photoaffinity label crude protein extracts obtained from Hevea brasiliensis latex. Those experiments suggest that a small protein, rubber elongation factor, interacts directly with farnesyl diphosphate during rubber biosynthesis. These results indicate that this benzophenone-based isoprenoid analogue will be useful for identifying enzymes that utilize farnesyl diphosphate as a substrate.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nguyen UTT, Cramer J, Gomis J, Reents R, Gutierrez-Rodriguez M, Goody RS, Alexandrov K, Waldmann H. Exploiting the substrate tolerance of farnesyltransferase for site-selective protein derivatization. Chembiochem 2007; 8:408-23. [PMID: 17279592 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective modification of proteins with a functional group is an important biochemical technique, but covalent attachment of a desired group to a chosen site is complicated by the reactivity of other amino acid side chains, often resulting in undesired side reactions. One potential solution to this problem involves exploiting the activity of protein-modifying enzymes that recognize a defined protein sequence. Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) covalently attaches an isoprenoid moiety to a cysteine unit in the context of a short C-terminal sequence that can be easily grafted onto recombinant proteins. Here we describe the synthesis of four phosphoisoprenoids functionalized with biotin, azide, or diene groups. These phosphoisoprenoids bound to FTase with affinities comparable to that of the native substrate. With the exception of the biotin-functionalized analogue, all the phosphoisoprenoids generated could be transferred to peptide and protein substrates by FTase. Unlike proteins modified with farnesyl moieties, Ypt7 prenylated with (2E,6E)-8-(azidoacetamido)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl groups did not oligomerize and showed no detectable increase in hydrophobicity. To assess the suitability of the functionalized isoprenoids for protein modifications they were further derivatized, both by Diels-Alder cycloaddition with 6-maleimidohexanoic acid and by Staudinger ligation with a phosphine. We demonstrate that the Staudinger ligation proceeds more rapidly and is more efficient than the Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Our data validate the use of FTase as a protein-modification tool for biochemical and biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uyen T T Nguyen
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roberts MJ, Troutman JM, Chehade KAH, Cha HC, Kao JPY, Huang X, Zhan CG, Peterson YK, Subramanian T, Kamalakkannan S, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Hydrophilic Anilinogeranyl Diphosphate Prenyl Analogues Are Ras Function Inhibitors†. Biochemistry 2006; 45:15862-72. [PMID: 17176109 DOI: 10.1021/bi061704+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sequential processing of H-Ras by protein farnesyl transferase (FTase), Ras converting enzyme (Rce1), and protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase (Icmt) to give H-Ras C-terminal farnesyl-S-cysteine methyl ester is required for appropriate H-Ras membrane localization and function, including activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. We employed a Xenopus laevis oocyte whole-cell model system to examine whether anilinogeranyl diphosphate analogues of similar shape and size, but with a hydrophobicity different from that of the FTase substrate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), could ablate biological function of H-Ras. Analysis of oocyte maturation kinetics following microinjection of in vitro analogue-modified H-Ras into isoprenoid-depleted oocytes revealed that analogues with a hydrophobicity near that of FPP supported H-Ras biological function, while the analogues p-nitroanilinogeranyl diphosphate (p-NO2-AGPP), p-cyanoanilinogeranyl diphosphate (p-CN-AGPP), and isoxazolaminogeranyl diphosphate (Isox-GPP) with hydrophobicities 2-5 orders of magnitude lower than that of FPP did not. We found that although H-Ras modified with FPP analogues p-NO2-AGPP, p-CN-AGPP, and Isox-GPP was an efficient substrate for C-terminal postprenylation processing by Rce1 and Icmt, co-injection of H-Ras with analogues p-NO2-AGPP, p-CN-AGPP, or Isox-GPP could not activate MAPK. We propose that H-Ras biological function requires a minimum lipophilicity of the prenyl group to allow important interactions downstream of the C-terminal processed H-Ras protein. The hydrophilic FPP analogues p-NO2-AGPP, p-CN-AGPP, and Isox-GPP are H-Ras function inhibitors (RFIs) and serve as lead compounds for a unique class of potential anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang H, Shibuya K, Hemmi H, Nishino T, Prestwich GD. Total synthesis of geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate enantiomers: substrates for characterization of 2,3-O-digeranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase. Org Lett 2006; 8:943-6. [PMID: 16494480 PMCID: PMC2543118 DOI: 10.1021/ol0530878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine the enantioselectivity of (S)-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase (DGGGPS) from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, we developed an efficient enantioselective route to the enantiomeric geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphates (R)-GGGP and (S)-GGGP. Previous routes to these substrates involved enzymatic conversions due to the lability of the polyprenyl chains toward common phosphorylation reaction conditions. The synthesis described herein employs a mild trimethyl phosphite/carbon tetrabromide oxidative phosphorylation to circumvent this problem. In contrast to previous results suggesting that only (S)-GGGP can act as the prenyl acceptor substrate, both (R)-GGGP and (S)-GGGP were found to be substrates for DGGGPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1257, USA
| | - Kyohei Shibuya
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 07, Sendai, miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hemmi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 07, Sendai, miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tokuzo Nishino
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 07, Sendai, miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1257, USA
- Phone: +1-801-585-9051. Fax: +1-801-585-9053.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim SH, Heo K, Chang YJ, Park SH, Rhee SK, Kim SU. Cyclization mechanism of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, a key enzyme in artemisinin biosynthesis. J Nat Prod 2006; 69:758-62. [PMID: 16724836 DOI: 10.1021/np050356u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate into amorpha-4,11-diene by amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) initiates biosynthesis of artemisinin, a clinically important antimalarial drug precursor. Three possible ring-closure mechanisms, two involving a bisabolyl carbocation intermediate followed by either a 1,3-hydride shift or two successive 1,2-shifts, and one involving a germacrenyl carbocation, were proposed and tested by analyzing the fate of farnesyl diphosphate H-1 hydrogen atoms through (1)H and (2)H NMR spectroscopy. Migration of one deuterium atom of [1,1-(2)H(2)]farnesyl diphosphate to H-10 of amorpha-4,11-diene singled out the bisabolyl carbocation mechanism with a 1,3-hydride shift. Further confirmation was obtained through enzyme reactions with (1R)- and (1S)-[1-(2)H]farnesyl diphosphate. Results showed that deuterium of the 1R compound remained at H-6, whereas that of the 1S compound migrated to H-10 of amorpha-4,11-diene. Incorporation of one deuterium into amorphadiene in the cyclization process was observed when the reaction was performed in (2)H(2)O, as evidenced by an increase of 1 amu in the mass of the molecular ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hee Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Feld BK, Weiss GA. Convenient methods for the synthesis of P1-farnesyl-P2-indicator diphosphates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1665-7. [PMID: 16406516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To access P1-farnesyl-P2-indicator diphosphates, more efficient methods for the synthesis of farnesyl-phosphate and diphosphates were developed. The procedures reported here provide more flexible conditions than the conventional imidazolide and morpholidate coupling methods. Milder conditions for the synthesis of sensitive allylic diphosphates and greatly improved reaction efficiencies provide access to novel reagents for analysis of diphosphate-based enzymatic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birte K Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, 516 Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Minutolo F, Antonello M, Barontini S, Bertini S, Betti L, Danesi R, Gervasi G, Giannaccini G, Papi C, Placanica G, Rapposelli S, Macchia M. Phosphonomethylphosphorylmethyl(oxy)-analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate as stable and selective geranylgeranyl protein transferase inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 59:887-92. [PMID: 15544793 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The diphosphate moiety of geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGdP) was replaced with metabolically and hydrolytically stable analogous polar portions, in an attempt to obtain new geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) inhibitors, which could also be selective over congener enzyme farnesyltransferase (FTase). In particular, the phosphonomethylphosphorylmethoxy derivative showed the highest inhibition potency, accompanied by a satisfactory GGTase/FTase selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Subramanian T, Wang Z, Troutman JM, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Directed Library of Anilinogeranyl Analogues of Farnesyl Diphosphate via Mixed Solid- and Solution-Phase Synthesis. Org Lett 2005; 7:2109-12. [PMID: 15901146 DOI: 10.1021/ol050386o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text]. A directed library of anilinogeranyl diphosphate analogues of the isoprenoid farnesyl diphosphate has been prepared by solid-phase organic synthesis using a traceless linker strategy in moderate yield in three steps: reductive amination, bromination, and treatment with ((n-Bu)4N)3HP2O7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiah Subramanian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Troutman JM, Chehade KAH, Kiegiel K, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Synthesis of acyloxymethyl ester prodrugs of the transferable protein farnesyl transferase substrate farnesyl methylenediphosphonate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4979-82. [PMID: 15341963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three isoprenoid diphosphate analogues of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) where the diphosphate has been replaced by methylene diphosphonate and the negative charges masked by frangible pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) esters were prepared. Farnesyl methylenediphosphonate is a sub-micromolar substrate for protein farnesyl transferase. The tripivaloyloxymethyl esters of isoprenoid methylenediphosphonate have significantly increased lipophilicity and may act as important farnesyl diphosphate prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Troutman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
New fluorescent analogues of farnesol and geranylgeraniol have been prepared and then converted to the corresponding pyrophosphates. These analogues incorporate anthranylate or dansyl-like groups anchored to the terpenoid skeleton through amine bonds that would be expected to be relatively stable to metabolism. After addition of the alcohols or the pyrophosphates to the culture medium, their fluorescence is readily observed inside a human-derived leukemia cell line. Enzyme assays have revealed that the farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue is an inhibitor of FTase, while the corresponding alcohol is not. These results, together with Western blot analyses of cell lysates, indicate that the farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue penetrates the cells as an intact pyrophosphate and that it does so at a biologically relevant concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MeeKyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Minutolo F, Asso V, Bertini S, Betti L, Gervasi G, Ghilardi E, Giannaccini G, Placanica G, Prota G, Rapposelli S, Macchia M. Stable propylphosphonic acid analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate possessing inhibitory activity on geranylgeranyl protein transferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:857-61. [PMID: 15544789 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Stable analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, possessing 3-(phosphono)propionamido moieties in the place of the metabolically unstable diphosphate portion, were prepared and submitted to prenyltransferase (GGTase and FTase) inhibition assays. In one case, an excellent GGTase inhibitory activity was obtained (IC(50) = 39 nM), accompanied by a certain degree of GGTase vs. FTase selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guy M, Illarionov P, Gurcha S, Dover L, Gibson K, Smith P, Minnikin D, Besra G. Novel prenyl-linked benzophenone substrate analogues of mycobacterial mannosyltransferases. Biochem J 2004; 382:905-12. [PMID: 15202931 PMCID: PMC1133966 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PPM (polyprenol monophosphomannose) has been shown to act as a glycosyl donor in the biosynthesis of the Man (mannose)-rich mycobacterial lipoglycans LM (lipomannan) and LAM (lipoarabinomannan). The Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPM synthase (Mt-Ppm1) catalyses the transfer of Man from GDP-Man to polyprenyl phosphates. The resulting PPM then serves as a donor of Man residues leading to the formation of an alpha(1-->6)LM intermediate through a PPM-dependent alpha(1-->6)mannosyltransferase. In the present study, we prepared a series of ten novel prenyl-related photoactivatable probes based on benzophenone with lipophilic spacers replacing several internal isoprene units. These probes were excellent substrates for the recombinant PPM synthase Mt-Ppm1/D2 and, on photoactivation, several inhibited its activity in vitro. The protection of the PPM synthase activity by a 'natural' C(75) polyprenyl acceptor during phototreatment is consistent with probe-mediated photoinhibition occurring via specific covalent modification of the enzyme active site. In addition, the unique mannosylated derivatives of the photoreactive probes were all donors of Man residues, through a PPM-dependent mycobacterial alpha(1-->6)mannosyltransferase, to a synthetic Manp(1-->6)-Manp-O-C(10:1) disaccharide acceptor (where Manp stands for mannopyranose). Photoactivation of probe 7 led to striking-specific inhibition of the M. smegmatis alpha(1-->6)mannosyltransferase. The present study represents the first application of photoreactive probes to the study of mycobacterial glycosyltransferases involved in LM and LAM biosynthesis. These preliminary findings suggest that the probes will prove useful in investigating the polyprenyl-dependent steps of the complex biosynthetic pathways to the mycobacterial lipoglycans, aiding in the identification of novel glycosyltransferases.
Collapse
Key Words
- benzophenone
- inhibition
- lipoarabinomannan
- mannosyltransferase
- mycobacterial
- photoprobe
- esi–ms, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- lam, lipoarabinomannan
- lb, luria–bertani
- lm, lipomannan
- magp, mycolyl–arabinogalactan–peptidoglycan
- man, mannose
- manlam, lam with man caps
- manp, mannopyranose
- pilam, lam with phosphoinositide caps
- pim, phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside
- ppm, polyprenol monophosphomannose
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Guy
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Petr A. Illarionov
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sudagar S. Gurcha
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Lynn G. Dover
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Kevin J. C. Gibson
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Paul W. Smith
- †GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development Ltd., New Frontiers Science Park North, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - David E. Minnikin
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- *School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Isoprenoid conjugates of nucleoside 5'-diphosphates were efficiently synthesized by one-step nucleophilic displacement reactions of either isoprenyl chlorides or isopentenyl tosylate with nucleoside 5'-diphosphates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngha Ryu
- Center for Biological NMR, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Minutolo F, Bertini S, Betti L, Di Bussolo V, Giannaccini G, Placanica G, Rapposelli S, Spielmann HP, Macchia M. Synthesis of aniline-type analogues of farnesyl diphosphate and their biological assays for prenyl protein transferase inhibitory activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 58:1277-81. [PMID: 14630239 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stable analogues of farnesyl diphosphate, possessing an aniline-type portion in the prenyl-mimic moiety and phosphonoacetamido(oxy) groups in the place of the metabolically unstable diphosphate unit, were synthesised and submitted to biological assays. The enzyme inhibition tests performed on FTase and GGTase I show that the newly synthesised compounds based on a combination of the aniline-containing portions with (phosphonoacetamido)oxy groups do not afford potent inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kale TA, Hsieh SAJ, Rose MW, Distefano MD. Use of synthetic isoprenoid analogues for understanding protein prenyltransferase mechanism and structure. Curr Top Med Chem 2003; 3:1043-74. [PMID: 12769708 DOI: 10.2174/1568026033452087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein prenylation involves the post-translational modification of specific protein-derived cysteine residues with farnesyl or geranylgeranyl groups through thioether linkages. Because a large number of proteins that participate in signal transduction processes require this modification, there has been intense interest in developing inhibitors of these enzymes and in clarifying the biological function of prenylation. Isoprenoid analogues have proven to be versatile tools for probing the mechanism and structure of prenyltransferases. Mechanistic probes have been created to investigate the stereochemical course and substituent effects in prenyltransferase catalyzed reactions. They have also been used to measure kinetic isotope effects and search for possible cationic intermediates. Photoaffinity labeling analogues containing either diazotrifluoropropionate or benzophenone units have been used to identify the location of isoprenoid binding sites in these enzymes. Biophysical probes incorporating fluorescent moieties or isotopic labels have been used to measure isoprenoid dissociation constants or prenyl group conformation when bound to the enzyme. Analogues containing noncognate alkene isomers or bulky substituents have also contributed to an understanding of isoprenoid recognition. Most recently, photoactive and isomeric isoprenylated analogues are providing insights into the function of protein prenylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara A Kale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The synthesis and first antimicrobial evaluation of farnesyl diphosphate mimetics are described. Several analogues (10, 12, 13, and 20) are inhibitors of Candida albicans, Shizosaccharomyces pombe, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The activities of analogues 10, 12, and 13, which contain a omega-phenyl moiety and a diphosphate isostere, are not attributable to inhibition of sterol biosynthesis via squalene synthase. Two geranyl phenylsulphones (14 and 15) are potent inhibitors of Escherichia coli. Analogue 15 exhibits potent activity towards Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC-2 microg/mL) and represents the first type of semi-synthetic terpenoid allylic sulphone active against these bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, John Dalton Building, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M20 5GD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen APC, Chen YH, Liu HP, Li YC, Chen CT, Liang PH. Synthesis and application of a fluorescent substrate analogue to study ligand interactions for undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:15217-24. [PMID: 12487597 DOI: 10.1021/ja020937v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) serves as a common substrate for many prenyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds. Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UPPs) catalyzes the chain elongation of FPP to C(55) undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (UPP) which acts as a lipid carrier in bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis. In this study, 7-(2,6-dimethyl-8-diphospho-2,6-octadienyloxy)-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-chromen-2-one geranyl pyrophosphate, a fluorescent analogue of FPP, was prepared and utilized to study ligand interactions with E. coli UPPs. This compound displays an absorbance maximum at 336 nm and emission maximum at 460 nm without interference from protein autofluorescence. It is a competitive inhibitor with respect to FPP (K(i) = 0.57 microM) and also serves as an alternative substrate (K(m) = 0.69 microM and k(cat) = 0.02 s(-)(1)), but mainly reacts with one isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) probably due to unfavorable product translocation. Fluorescence intensity of this compound is reduced when bound to the enzyme (1:1 stoichiometry), and is recovered by FPP replacement. Using stopped-flow apparatus, the interaction of enzyme with the compound was measured (k(on) = 55.3 microM(-)(1) s(-)(1) and k(off) = 31.6 s(-)(1)). The product dissociation rate constant (0.5 s(-)(1)) determined from the competition experiments is consistent with our previous prediction from kinetic simulation. Unlike several other prenyltransferase reactions in which FPP dissociates slowly, UPPs binds FPP in a rapid equilibrium manner with a fast release rate constant of 30 s(-)(1). The fluorescent analogue of FPP presented here may provide a tool to investigate the ligand interactions for a broad class of FPP-binding proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie P-C Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
[structure: see text] Six farnesyl diphosphate analogues modified in the central isoprene unit have been prepared via our stereoselective vinyl triflate-mediated route to isoprenoids. The 7-allyl compound 6 is a modest inhibitor of mammalian protein-farnesyl transferase, but surprisingly the other five analogues are effective alternative substrates for this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hoeffler JF, Hemmerlin A, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Bach TJ, Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants and in Escherichia coli: on the branching in the methylerythritol phosphate pathway and the independent biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Biochem J 2002; 366:573-83. [PMID: 12010124 PMCID: PMC1222787 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2002] [Revised: 04/26/2002] [Accepted: 05/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the bacterium Escherichia coli, the mevalonic-acid (MVA)-independent 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is characterized by two branches leading separately to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). The signature of this branching is the retention of deuterium in DMAPP and the deuterium loss in IPP after incorporation of 1-[4-(2)H]deoxy-d-xylulose ([4-(2)H]DX). Feeding tobacco BY-2 cell-suspension cultures with [4-(2)H]DX resulted in deuterium retention in the isoprene units derived from DMAPP, as well as from IPP in the plastidial isoprenoids, phytoene and plastoquinone, synthesized via the MEP pathway. This labelling pattern represents direct evidence for the presence of the DMAPP branch of the MEP pathway in a higher plant, and shows that IPP can be synthesized from DMAPP in plant plastids, most probably via a plastidial IPP isomerase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Hoeffler
- Université Louis Pasteur/CNRS, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
An alpha-phosphono lactone derivative of farnesol has been prepared, in both racemic and nonracemic forms, to provide a new type of farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue. Attempted preparation of the racemic alpha-phosphono lactone through rearrangement of a vinyl phosphate derived from the parent lactone resulted in both rearrangement and lactone ring opening, revealing that the farnesyl lactone was not stable to the excess of strong base required for the rearrangement. A procedure for C-P bond formation based on generation of the lactone enolate, reaction with a P(III) reagent, and oxidation was successful in providing the racemic alpha-phosphono lactone, in part, because only 1 equiv of strong base was required. The same strategy for phosphonate synthesis then was applied to the nonracemic farnesyl lactone, prepared through a sequence including allylation of farnesal with a nonracemic borane reagent, reaction of the product alcohol with acryloyl chloride, and formation of an unsaturated lactone through ring-closing metathesis. A similar strategy gave the corresponding racemic alpha-phosphono lactam through a six-step sequence from farnesal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chehade KAH, Kiegiel K, Isaacs RJ, Pickett JS, Bowers KE, Fierke CA, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Photoaffinity analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate transferable by protein farnesyl transferase. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:8206-19. [PMID: 12105898 DOI: 10.1021/ja0124717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Farnesylation is a posttranslational lipid modification in which a 15-carbon farnesyl isoprenoid is linked via a thioether bond to specific cysteine residues of proteins in a reaction catalyzed by protein farnesyltransferase (FTase). We synthesized analogues (3-6) of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to probe the range of modifications possible to the FPP skeleton which allow for efficient transfer by FTase. Photoaffinity analogues of FPP (5, 6) were prepared by substituting perfluorophenyl azide functional groups for the omega-terminal isoprene of FPP. Substituted anilines replace the omega-terminal isoprene in analogues 3 and 4. Compounds 3-5 were prepared by reductive amination of the appropriate anilines with 8-oxo-geranyl acetate, followed by ester hydrolysis, chlorination, and pyrophosphorylation. Additional substitution of three methylenes for the beta-isoprene of FPP gave photoprobe 6 in nine steps. Preparation of the analogues required TiCl(4)-mediated imine formation prior to NaBH(OAc)(3) reduction for anilines with a pK(a) < 1. The azide moiety was not affected by Ph(3)PCl(2) conversion of allylic alcohols 13-16 into corresponding chlorides 17-20. Analogues 3-6 are efficiently transferred to target N-dansyl-GCVLS peptide substrate by mammalian FTase. Comparison of analogue structures and kinetics of transfer to those of FPP reveals that ring fluorination and para substituents have little effect on the affinity of the analogue pyrophosphate for FTase and its transfer efficiency. These results are also supported with models of the analogue binding modes in the active site of FTase. The transferable azide photoprobe 5 photoinactivates FTase. Transferable analogues 5 and 6 allow the formation of appropriately posttranslationally modified photoreactive peptide probes of isoprene function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kareem A H Chehade
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
A stereocontrolled vinyl triflate-based synthetic route has been used to prepare four analogues of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) where the terminal isoprene units have been replaced with aromatic moieties. Two of these analogues exhibit no productive interaction with protein farnesyltransferase, but the 2-naphthyl derivative 2 is a modest inhibitor of the enzyme, and the para-biphenyl derivative 4 is a surprisingly effective alternative substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and AHP, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mu Y, Eubanks LM, Poulter CD, Gibbs RA. Coupling of isoprenoid triflates with organoboron nucleophiles: synthesis and biological evaluation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:1207-19. [PMID: 11886785 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Suzuki coupling reaction has been used to introduce a methyl group derived from commercially available methylboronic acid into a vinyl triflate. This has led to a concise synthesis of all-trans-geranylgeraniol, with the key step being the palladium-catalyzed, silver-mediated methylation of triflate to give ethyl geranylgeranoate. This coupling protocol has also been used to produce the novel geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) analogue 3-phenyl-3-desmethylgeranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-PhGGPP, ). Our previously developed organocuprate coupling protocol has been used to introduce the cyclopropyl and tert-butyl moieties into the 3-position of vinyl triflate. The four GGPP analogues 3-vinyl-3-desmethylgeranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-vGGPP, ), 3-cyclopropyl-3-desmethylgeranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-cpGGPP, ), 3-tert-butyl-3-desmethyl-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-tbGGPP, ), and were then evaluated as potential inhibitors of recombinant yeast protein-geranylgeranyl transferase I (PGGTase I). The potential mechanism-based inhibitors 3-vGGPP and 3-cpGGPP did not exhibit time-dependent inactivation of PGGTase I. Instead, both analogues were alternative substrates, in accord with the interaction of the corresponding farnesyl analogues 3-vFPP and 3-cpFPP with PFTase. The tert-butyl and phenyl analogues were not substrates, but were instead competitive inhibitors of PGGTase I. Note that all four of the GGPP analogues were bound less tightly by the enzyme than the natural substrate, in contrast to the behavior of the 3-substituted FPP analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YongQi Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Thiolo thiophosphate analogues of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), geranyl diphosphate (GPP), farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) were synthesized. Inorganic thiopyrophosphate (SPP(i)) was prepared from trimethyl phosphate in four steps. The tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) salt was then used to convert isopentenyl tosylate to (S)-isopentenyl thiodiphosphate (ISPP). (S)-Dimethylallyl (DMASPP), (S)-geranyl (GSPP), (S)-farnesyl (FSPP), and (S)-geranylgeranyl thiodiphosphate (GGSPP) were prepared from the corresponding bromides in a similar manner. ISPP and GSPP were substrates for avian farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPase). Incubation of the enzyme with ISPP and GPP gave FSPP, whereas incubation with IPP and GSPP gave FPP. GSPP was a substantially less reactive than GPP in the chain elongation reaction and was an excellent competitive inhibitor, K(I)(GSPP) = 24.8 microM, of the enzyme. Thus, when ISPP and DMAPP were incubated with FPPase, GSPP accumulated and was only slowly converted to FSPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zahn TJ, Whitney J, Weinbaum C, Gibbs RA. Synthesis and evaluation of GGPP geometric isomers: divergent substrate specificities of FTase and GGTase I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1605-8. [PMID: 11412990 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled synthetic route has been used to prepare two of the geometric isomers of all-trans-GGPP. Neither of these isomers is effective substrates for mammalian GGTase I, but 3 is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme (IC(50)=100 nM). Surprisingly, both compounds are effective substrates for mammalian FTase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Zahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and AHP, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Turek TC, Gaon I, Distefano MD, Strickland CL. Synthesis of Farnesyl Diphosphate Analogues Containing Ether-Linked Photoactive Benzophenones and Their Application in Studies of Protein Prenyltransferases. J Org Chem 2001; 66:3253-64. [PMID: 11348105 DOI: 10.1021/jo991130x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a posttranslational lipid modification in which C(15) and C(20) isoprenoid units are linked to specific protein-derived cysteine residues through a thioether linkage. This process is catalyzed by a class of enzymes called prenyltransferases that are being intensively studied due to the finding that Ras protein is farnesylated coupled with the observation that mutant forms of Ras are implicated in a variety of human cancers. Inhibition of this posttranslational modification may serve as a possible cancer chemotherapy. Here, the syntheses of two new farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analogues containing photoactive benzophenone groups are described. Each of these compounds was prepared in six steps from dimethylallyl alcohol. Substrate studies, inhibition kinetics, photoinactivation studies, and photolabeling experiments are also included; these experiments were performed with a number of protein prenyltransferases from different sources. A X-ray crystal structure of one of these analogues bound to rat farnesyltransferase illustrates that they are good substrate mimics. Of particular importance, these new analogues can be enzymatically incorporated into Ras-based peptide substrates allowing the preparation of molecules with photoactive isoprenoids that may serve as valuable probes for the study of prenylation function. Photoaffinity labeling of human protein geranylgeranyltransferase with (32)P-labeled forms of these analogues suggests that the C-10 locus of bound geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is in close proximity to residues from the beta-subunit of this enzyme. These results clearly demonstrate the utility of these compounds as photoaffinity labeling analogues for the study of a variety of protein prenyltransferases and other enzymes that employ FPP or GGPP as their substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Turek
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zahn TJ, Weinbaum C, Gibbs RA. Grignard-mediated synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of novel 3-substituted farnesyl diphosphate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1763-6. [PMID: 10937743 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituents was installed at the 3 position of farnesyl diphosphate through a copper-cyanide mediated coupling of a vinyl triflate with various Grignard reagents. These novel FPP mimetics were then evaluated as inhibitors of or substrates for mammalian protein farnesyl transferase. The IC50 values for these compounds range from 18 to 10,100 nm, with the 3-isopropenyl analogue being one of the most potent FPP-mimetic mFTase inhibitors yet synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Zahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and AHP, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
[formula: see text] A unified, stereospecific synthetic route to the three geometric isomers of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (E,E-FPP) (1, 2, and 3) has been developed. The key feature of this synthesis is the ability to control the stereochemistry of triflation of the beta-ketoester 10 to give either 11 or 14. Preliminary evaluation of these compounds with protein-farnesyl transferase indicates that 1 and 2 are surprisingly effective substrates; however, Z,Z-FPP (3) is a poor substrate and a sub-micromolar inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Eummer JT, Gibbs BS, Zahn TJ, Sebolt-Leopold JS, Gibbs RA. Novel limonene phosphonate and farnesyl diphosphate analogues: design, synthesis, and evaluation as potential protein-farnesyl transferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:241-50. [PMID: 10218815 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Limonene and its metabolite perillyl alcohol are naturally-occurring isoprenoids that block the growth of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. This cytostatic effect appears to be due, at least in part, to the fact that these compounds are weak yet selective and non-toxic inhibitors of protein prenylation. Protein-farnesyl transferase (FTase), the enzyme responsible for protein farnesylation, has become a key target for the rational design of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, several alpha-hydroxyphosphonate derivatives of limonene were designed and synthesized as potentially more potent FTase inhibitors. A noteworthy feature of the synthesis was the use of trimethylsilyl triflate as a mild, neutral deprotection method for the preparation of sensitive phosphonates from the corresponding tert-butyl phosphonate esters. Evaluation of these compounds demonstrates that they are exceptionally poor FTase inhibitors in vitro (IC50 > or = 3 mM) and they have no effect on protein farnesylation in cells. In contrast, farnesyl phosphonyl(methyl)phosphinate, a diphosphate-modified derivative of the natural substrate farnesyl diphosphate, is a very potent FTase inhibitor in vitro (Ki=23 nM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Eummer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Holstein SA, Cermak DM, Wiemer DF, Lewis K, Hohl RJ. Phosphonate and bisphosphonate analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate as potential inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:687-94. [PMID: 9681134 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several phosphonate and bisphosphonate analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate have been prepared for an examination of their ability to inhibit farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase). A Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons condensation of farnesal or geranial with tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate gave the desired vinyl phosphonates, while alkylation of the dimethyl methylphosphonate anion with a terpenoid bromide gave the corresponding saturated phosphonates. Alkylation of tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate with farnesyl bromide gave the expected alkyl bisphosphonate, which was converted to its alpha, beta-unsaturated derivative by preparation of the phenyl selenide, oxidation to the selenoxide, and elimination. In a similar fashion, triethyl phosphonoacetate was converted to a farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue by reaction with farnesyl bromide. After preparation of the respective acids, each compound was tested for inhibition of FPTase at concentrations ranging up to 10 microM. The effect of these compounds on FPTase activity varied substantially, ranging from depressed to surprisingly enhanced enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Holstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1294, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lin X, Hezari M, Koepp AE, Floss HG, Croteau R. Mechanism of taxadiene synthase, a diterpene cyclase that catalyzes the first step of taxol biosynthesis in Pacific yew. Biochemistry 1996; 35:2968-77. [PMID: 8608134 DOI: 10.1021/bi9526239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The first committed step in the formation of taxol has been shown to involve the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene. The formation of this endocyclic diterpene olefin isomer as the precursor of taxol was unexpected, since the exocyclic isomer, taxa-4(20),11(12)-diene, had been predicted as the initial product of the taxol pathway on the basis of metabolite co-occurrence. [1-2H2,20-2H3] and [20-2H3]geranylgeranyl diphosphates were employed as substrates with the partially purified taxadiene synthase from Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) stems to examine the possibility of a preliminary cyclization to taxa-4(20),11(12)-diene followed by isomerization to the more stable endocyclic double bond isomer. GLC-MS analysis of the derived taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene, via selected ion monitoring of the parent ion and the P-15 and C-ring fragment ions, compared to those of unlabeled standard, showed the olefin product to possess a deuterium enrichment essentially identical to that of the acyclic precursor, thus ruling out the putative isomerization step. With [4-2H2]geranylgeranyl diphosphate as substrate, similar product analysis established the enzymatically derived taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene to contain only one deuterium atom, consistent with direct formation from a taxenyl cation by deprotonation at C5. (+/-)-Casbene, (+/-)-verticillene, and (+/-)-taxa-4(20),11(12)-diene were tested as possible olefinic intermediates in taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene formation by a series of inhibition, trapping, and direct conversion experiments; no evidence was obtained that these exogenous olefins could serve as intermediates of the cyclization reaction. However, GLC-MS analysis of the taxadiene product derived by enzymatic cyclization of [1-3H]geranylgeranyl diphosphate in 2H2O indicated little incorporation of deuterium from the medium and suggested a rapid internal proton transfer in a tightly bound olefinic intermediate. Analysis of the enzymatic product generated from [10-2H1]geranylgeranyl diphosphate confirmed the intramolecular hydrogen transfer from C11 of a verticillyl intermediate to the C-ring of taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene. From these results, a stereochemical mechanism is proposed for the taxadiene synthase reaction involving the initial cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to a transient verticillyl cation intermediate, with transfer of the C11 alpha-proton to C7 to initiate transannular B/C-ring closure to the taxenyl cation, followed by deprotonation at C5 to yield the taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene product directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6340, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The rational design, synthesis, and biological activity of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP)-based inhibitors of the enzyme Ras farnesyl protein transferase (FPT) is described. Compound 3, wherein a beta-carboxylic phosphonic acid type pyrophosphate (PP) surrogate is connected to the hydrophobic farnesyl group by an amide linker, was found to be a potent (I50(FPT) = 75 nM) and selective inhibitor of FPT, as evidenced by its inferior activity against squalene synthetase (I50(SS) = 516 microM) and mevalonate kinase (I50(MK) = > 200 microM). A systematic structure-activity relationship study involving modifications of the farnesyl group, the amide linker, and the PP surrogate of 3 was undertaken. Both the carboxylic and phosphonic acid groups of the beta-carboxylic phosphonic acid PP surrogate are essential for activity, since deletion of either group results in 50-2600-fold loss in activity (6-9, I50 = 4.6-220 microM). The farnesyl group also displays very stringent requirements and does not tolerate one carbon homologation (12, I50 = 17.7 microM), substitution by a dodecyl fragment (14, I50 = 9 microM), or introduction of an extra methyl group at the allylic position (18, I50 = 55 microM). Modifications around the amide linker group of 3 were more forgiving, as evidenced by the activity of N-methyl analog (21, I50 = 0.53 microM), the one carbon atom shorter farnesoic acid-derived retroamide analog (32, I50 = 250 nM), and the exact retroamide analog (49, I50 = 50 nM). FPP analogs such as 3, 32, and 49 are novel, potent, selective, small-sized, nonpeptidic inhibitors of FPT that may find utility as antitumor agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D V Patel
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The substrate specificity of the sesquiterpene synthase trichodiene synthase was examined by determining the Vmax and Km parameters for the natural substrate, trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate (1), its stereoisomer, cis,trans-farnesyl diphosphate, and the tertiary allylic isomer, (3R)-nerolidyl diphosphate (3), using both the native fungal and recombinant enzymes. A series of farnesyl diphosphate analogs, 15, 16, 20, 7, 8, and 9, was also tested as inhibitors of trichodiene synthase. 10-Fluorofarnesyl diphosphate (15) was the most effective competitive inhibitor, with a K1 of 16 nM compared to the Km for 1 of 87 nM, while the ether analog of farnesyl diphosphate, 8, an extremely potent inhibitor of squalene synthase, showed only modest inhibition of trichodiene synthase, with a K1/Km of 70.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Recombinant yeast isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomerase and avian farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase from overproducing strains of Escherichia coli were used to synthesize FPP from IPP and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). [2,4,5-13C3]IPP and [2,4,5-13C3]DMAPP were synthesized from ethyl [2-13C]bromoacetate and [1,3-13C2]acetone. Thes compounds were used as substrates for enzymatic synthesis of FPP selectivity labeled at the first or third isoprene residue or at all three.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Christensen
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, Salt Lake City 84112
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pyun HJ, Wagschal KC, Jung DI, Coates RM, Croteau R. Stereochemistry of the proton elimination in the formation of (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene by monoterpene cyclases from sage (Salvia officinalis). Arch Biochem Biophys 1994; 308:488-96. [PMID: 8109979 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1994.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The three pinene synthases (cyclases) from common sage (Salvia officinalis) catalyze the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to the bicyclic olefins (+)-alpha-pinene and (+)-camphene (cyclase I), (-)-alpha-pinene, (-)-beta-pinene, and (-)-camphene (cyclase II), and (+)-alpha-pinene and (+)-beta-pinene (cyclase III), in addition to smaller amounts of monocyclic and acyclic monoterpene olefins. (1R)-4-2H1- and (1S)-4-2H1-labeled geranyl pyrophosphates were prepared and used to examine the stereochemistry of the C3-proton elimination from the pinyl cation intermediates in the formation of the alpha-pinene enantiomers. Mass spectrometric analysis of the biosynthetic products derived from the chirally deuterated substrates revealed that cyclase I and cyclase III removed the C4-proR-hydrogen of the substrate (C3 proton trans to the dimethyl bridge of the pinyl nucleus) with a stereoselectivity exceeding 94% in the formation of (+)-alpha-pinene. Similarly, cyclase II removed the C4-proS-hydrogen of the substrate (C3-trans proton of the corresponding pinyl cation) with a stereoselectivity exceeding 78% in the formation of (-)-alpha-pinene. The stereoselectivity of these C3-axial hydrogen eliminations is rationalized on the basis of a stereochemical model for the electrophilic isomerization-cyclization reaction sequence catalyzed by the pinene cyclases. The changes in the overall rates of olefin biosynthesis by these enzymes and in the product ratios resulting from deuterium substitution also permitted confirmation of isotopically sensitive branching in pinene biosynthesis and allowed the observation of primary kinetic isotope effects in isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Pyun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sagami H, Korenaga T, Ogura K, Steiger A, Pyun HJ, Coates RM. Studies on geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from rat liver: specific inhibition by 3-azageranylgeranyl diphosphate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 297:314-20. [PMID: 1497351 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90678-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from rat liver was separated from farnesyl diphosphate synthase, the most abundant and widely occurring prenyltransferase, by DEAE-Toyopearl column chromatography. The enzyme catalyzed the formation of E,E,E-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (V) from isopentenyl diphosphate (II) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (I), geranyl diphosphate (III), or farnesyl diphosphate (IV) with relative velocities of 0.09:0.15:1. 3-Azageranylgeranyl diphosphate (VII), designed as a transition-state analog for the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase reaction, was synthesized and found to act as a specific inhibitor for this synthase, but not for farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Diphosphate V and its Z,E,E-isomer (VI) also inhibited geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, but the effect was not as striking as that of the aza analog VII. Specific inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by VII was also observed in experiments with 100,000g supernatants of rat brain and liver homogenates which contained isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase and prenyltransferases including farnesyl diphosphate synthase as well as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. For farnesyl:protein transferase from rat brain, however, the aza compound did not show a stronger inhibitory effect than E,E,E-geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sagami
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Efficient methods were developed in our group in recent years for chemical synthesis of polyprenyl phosphates, polyprenyl monophosphate sugars, and polyprenyl diphosphate sugars, which were known to serve as important intermediates in biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates. A simple procedure was developed involving the phosphorylation of aliphatic alcohols with tetra-n-butylammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trichloroacetonitrile. Monophosphates of various natural and modified dolichols and polyprenols, as well as the derivatives of retinol, cholesterol, and nonacosanol, were prepared in high yields. First syntheses of dolichyl thiophosphate and dolichyl hydrogen phosphonate were developed, and these derivatives were of interest as analogs of dolichyl phosphate. Polyprenyl monophosphate sugars, including derivatives of alpha- and beta-anomers of D-glucopyranose, D-galactopyranose, D-mannopyranose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, were obtained smoothly from moraprenyl trichloroacetimidate and acylated glycosyl phosphates after deprotection. A method for the synthesis of polyprenyl diphosphate sugars from polyprenyl phosphoroimidazolidate and unprotected glycosyl phosphates was shown to be applicable for a wide range of the monosaccharide derivatives including hexoses, deoxyhexoses, 2-acetamido-2-deoxyhexoses, and uronic acids. A series of the oligosaccharide derivatives was also prepared by this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V N Shibaev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Weissborn AC, Rumley MK, Kennedy EP. Biosynthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides. Membrane-bound glucosyltransferase system from Escherichia coli requires polyprenyl phosphate. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:8062-7. [PMID: 1827116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The periplasmic glucans of Gram-negative bacteria, including the membrane-derived oligosaccharides (MDO) of Escherichia coli and the cyclic glucans of the Rhizobiaceae, are now recognized to be a family of closely related substances with important functions in osmotic adaptation and cell signaling. The synthesis of the beta-1,2-glucan backbone of MDO is catalyzed by a membrane-bound glucosyltransferase system previously shown to require UDP-glucose and (surprisingly) acyl carrier protein (Therisod, H., Weissborn, A. C., and Kennedy, E. P. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83, 7236-7240). In the present study, no glucan intermediates bound to acyl carrier protein or to UDP could detected. The enzyme system, however, was found to be strongly inhibited by bacitracin and by amphomycin. Because the two antibiotics function by forming specific complexes with polyprenyl phosphates, their inhibitory effect suggests a prenol requirement for MDO biosynthesis. Furthermore, the activity of the glucosyltransferase was greatly stimulated by the addition of polyprenyl phosphates such as decaprenyl-P and dihydroheptaprenyl-P, but not by farnesyl-P. The same membrane preparations carry out the synthesis of polyprenyl-P-glucose, which is also stimulated by added polyprenyl-P, including farnesyl-P, the most active of those tested. Pulse chase experiments, however, indicate that the endogenous pool of polyprenyl-P-glucose cannot be an obligate intermediate in the MDO glucosyltransferase system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Weissborn
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cane DE, Pawlak JL, Horak RM. Studies of the cryptic allylic pyrophosphate isomerase activity of trichodiene synthase using the anomalous substrate 6,7-dihydrofarnesyl pyrophosphate. Biochemistry 1990; 29:5476-90. [PMID: 2386780 DOI: 10.1021/bi00475a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two enantiomeric analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate (1) were tested as inhibitors and anomalous substrates of trichodiene synthase, which catalyzes the cyclization of trans,trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate (1) to the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon trichodiene (2). The reaction has been shown to involve preliminary isomerization of 1 to the tertiary allylic isomer nerolidyl pyrophosphate (3) which is cyclized without detectable release of the intermediate from the active site of the cyclase. Both (7S)-trans-6,7-dihydrofarnesyl pyrophosphate (7a) and (7R)-trans-6,7-dihydrofarnesyl pyrophosphate (7b), prepared from (3R)- and (3S)- citronellol (9a and 9b), respectively, proved to be modest competitive inhibitors of trichodiene synthase. The values of Ki(7a), 395 nM, and Ki(7b), 220 nM, were 10-15 times the observed Km for 1 and half the Ki of inorganic pyrophosphate alone. Incubation of either 7a or 7b with trichodiene synthase resulted in formation of a mixture of products which by radio/gas-liquid chromatographic and GC/selected ion mass spectrometric analysis was shown to be composed of 80-85% isomeric trienes 19-21 and 15-20% allylic alcohols 12 and 18. Examination of the water-soluble products resulting from incubation of 7a also revealed the generation of 24% of the isomeric cis-6,7-dihydrofarnesyl pyrophosphate (26). The combined rate of formation of anomalous alcoholic and olefinic products was 10% the Vmax determined for the conversion of 1 to 2. The results can be explained by initial enzyme-catalyzed isomerization of dihydrofarnesyl pyrophosphate (7) to the corresponding tertiary allylic isomer dihydronerolidyl pyrophosphate (8). Since the latter intermediate is unable to cyclize due to the absence of the 6,7-double bond, ionization of 8 and quenching of the resulting ion pair by deprotonation, capture of water, or collapse to the isomeric primary pyrophosphate esters will generate the observed spectrum of anomalous products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kitaoka M, Nagaki H, Kinoshita T, Kurabayashi M, Koyama T, Ogura K. Negative ion fast atom bombardment-tandem mass spectrometry for structural analysis of isoprenoid diphosphates. Anal Biochem 1990; 185:182-6. [PMID: 2344044 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90277-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Applicability of negative ion fast atom bombardment (FAB)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was examined in trace mixture analyses and structural assignments of some isoprenoid diphosphates. Negative ion FAB-MS spectra using a glycerol matrix of these isoprenoid diphosphates showed predominantly molecular ions (M-H)- together with fragment ions at m/z 177 (H3P2O7)-, 176 (H2P2O7)-, 159 (HP2O6)-, and 79 (PO3)- which were characteristic of the diphosphate ester moiety. The molecular ions did not overlap with peaks arising from any impurities even when crude sample such as butanol extracts from enzymatic reaction mixtures were directly analyzed without any purification. Moreover, collisionally activated dissociation spectra of the molecular ion showed many structurally significant fragment ions which enabled us to elucidate the structures of such irregular alkyl chain moieties as those having a homoisoprenoid skeleton or substituted structures. These studies indicate that negative ion FAB-MS/MS is a simple and useful technique for trace mixture analysis and structure elucidation of isoprenoid diphosphates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kitaoka
- New Lead Research Laboratories, Sankyo Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Danilov LL, Druzhinina TN, Kalinchuk NA, Maltsev SD, Shibaev VN. Polyprenyl phosphates: synthesis and structure-activity relationship for a biosynthetic system of Salmonella anatum O-specific polysaccharide. Chem Phys Lipids 1989; 51:191-203. [PMID: 2611960 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(89)90006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of polyprenyl phosphates with modified structure of polyprenyl residue was prepared through phosphorylation of polyprenyl trichloroacetimidates with phosphoric acid. Interaction of polyprenols with tetra-n-butylammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trichloroacetonitrile was found to represent a very efficient, simple and general method for the synthesis of polyprenyl phosphates. A procedure was developed for smooth conversion of polyprenyl pyrophosphates into the monophosphates through hydrolysis in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The polyprenyl phosphates prepared were studied as substrates for the enzymes of Salmonella anatum O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis. Correct stereochemistry of alpha- and beta-isoprenic units was found to be essential for substrate efficiency. At the more remote positions of the hydrocarbon chain just the presence of isoprenic units of any configuration seems necessary. Some changes in position of the phosphate group may be permissible without significant loss of substrate properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Danilov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moscow
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jaenicke L, Siegmund HU. Total synthesis of chain-length-uniform dolichyl phosphates and their fitness to accept hexoses in the enzymatic formation of lipoglycans. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1986; 367:787-95. [PMID: 3768143 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1986.367.2.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dolichols of defined uniform chain length (C35, C45, and C55) and geometry were prepared by total synthesis according to the following principle: (E,E)-Farnesol, activated as its 4-tolyl sulfone, is condensed with 8-chloroneryl benzyl ether, the sulfonyl group removed and the ether linkage cleaved by lithium/triethylamine. The resulting elongated prenol is converted again to its corresponding 4-toly/sulfone; at this stage isomers are removed by chromatography. After several cycles of this C10-elongation sequence the synthesis is completed in the same way but using 8-chlorocitronellyl benzyl ether as building block to introduce the saturated alpha-isoprene unit. The dolichols obtained were chemically phosphorylated (POCl3/Et3N). Both, the alcohols and their phosphate esters, are characterized spectroscopically. 1H- and 13C-NMR data are recorded for qualitative and stereochemical comparison with natural dolichols. The authentic dolichyl phosphates (Dol-7-P, Dol-9-P, and Dol-11-P) were assayed relative to the natural dolichyl phosphate mixture from pig liver as acceptors for transglycosylation from nucleoside diphosphate sugars (glucose, mannose) by standardized membrane vesicle preparations from plants (Volvox) and animals (liver). Even the shortest chain dolichyl 7-phosphate has full activity in this lipoglycan-forming reaction.
Collapse
|
46
|
Croteau RB, Shaskus JJ, Renstrøm B, Felton NM, Cane DE, Saito A, Chang C. Mechanism of the pyrophosphate migration in the enzymatic cyclization of geranyl and linalyl pyrophosphates to (+)- and (-)-bornyl pyrophosphates. Biochemistry 1985; 24:7077-85. [PMID: 4084562 DOI: 10.1021/bi00346a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Soluble enzymes from sage (Salvia officinalis) and tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), which catalyze the cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate and the presumptive intermediate linalyl pyrophosphate to the (+) and (-) enantiomers, respectively, of 2-bornyl pyrophosphate, were employed to evaluate mechanistic alternatives for the pyrophosphate migration in monoterpene cyclization reactions. Separate incubation of [1-3H2,alpha-32P]- and [1-3H2,beta- 32P]geranyl and (+/-)-linalyl pyrophosphates with partially purified preparations of each enantiomer-generating cyclase gave [3H, 32P]bornyl pyrophosphates, which were selectively hydrolyzed to the corresponding bornyl phosphates. Measurement of 3H:32P ratios of these monophosphate esters established that two ends of the pyrophosphate moiety retained their identifies in the cyclization of both precursors to both products and also indicated that there was no appreciable exchange with exogenous inorganic pyrophosphate in the reaction. Subsequent incubations of each cyclase with [8,9-14C,1-18O]geranyl pyrophosphate and with (1E)-(+/-)-[1-3H,3-18O]linalyl pyrophosphate gave the appropriate (+)- or (-)-bornyl pyrophosphates, which were hydrolyzed in situ to the corresponding borneols. Analysis of the derived benzoates by mass spectrometry demonstrated each of the product borneols to possess an 18O enrichment essentially identical with that of the respective acyclic precursor. The absence of P alpha-P beta interchange and the complete lack of positional 18O isotope exchange of the pyrophosphate moiety are compatible with tight ion pairing of intermediates in the coupled isomerization-cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate and establish a remarkably tight restriction on the motion of the transiently generated pyrophosphate anion with respect to its cationic terpenyl reaction partner.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kalinchuk NA, Danilov LL, Druzhinina TN, Shibaev VN, Kochetkov NK. [Specificity of enzymes of biosynthesis of Salmonella anatum O-antigen for polyprenyl derivatives of different chain length and saturation]. Bioorg Khim 1985; 11:219-26. [PMID: 2581586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyprenyl phosphates of different structure were prepared and their ability to serve as sugar acceptors in the biosynthesis of O-specific polysaccharides of Salmonella anatum was investigated. It was demonstrated that C30-C80-polyprenyl phosphates with unsaturated alpha-isoprene unit were as active as natural acceptor (undecaprenyl phosphate) in this enzymic system. C15- and C100-polyprenyl phosphates of this series were less effective in O-antigen repeating unit formation. Citronellyl and dolichyl phosphates (derivatives of C10- and C105-polyprenols, respectively, with saturated alpha-isoprene unit) were poor substrates. For polymerization of repeating units, the polyprenol chain-length is of utmost importance: its shortening results in a marked drop in the efficiency of respective compounds as substrates.
Collapse
|
48
|
Keenan RW, Martinez RA, Williams RF. Synthesis of [32P]dolichyl phosphate, utilizing a general procedure for [32P]phosphorus oxychloride preparation. J Biol Chem 1982; 257:14817-20. [PMID: 7174668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Equilibration of the phosphorus in radioactive phosphoric acid with the phosphorus in phosphorus oxychloride occurs if these compounds are refluxed together for approximately 24 h. This observation led us to develop a method for the preparation of radioactive phosphorus oxychloride on a small scale with high specific radioactivity. The labeled phosphorus oxychloride may be utilized directly in a one-pot reaction for the preparation of labeled phosphate esters or for the synthesis of more selective phosphorylating agents such as cyanoethyl phosphate. Since the method is very simple and capable of yielding highly labeled radioactive phosphate esters on a small scale, it is applicable to a number of different problems. The preparation of 32P-labeled dolichyl phosphate is described utilizing this procedure.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The synthesis, purification, and characterization of two types of spin-labeled glycosyl carrier lipids and shorter chain isoprenols are described. As models for phosphorylated lipids intermediates, phosphodiesters of tempol and the prenols dolichol, ficaprenol, solanesol, phytol, and farnesol were prepared. For analogues of neutral species each prenol was esterified with a pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid based label. Tripropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride was used as the condensing agent in both cases. Phosphodiester yields ranged from 36% for the 55-carbon compound to greater than 66% for the 95-carbon prenol. Both types of probes were incorporated into phospholipid bilayers, where each became oriented with the artificial head group at, or very close to, the water--hydrocarbon interface. Electron spin resonance spectra of the phosphodiesters are matrix dependent, indicating rapid isotropic tumbling in chloroform but highly anisotropic reorientation in unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) hosts. Rotation or large amplitude oscillation about either or both the tempo C4--O linkage and the P--O (chain) bond as well as whole molecule rotation within the bilayer could account for the observed x-axis anisotropy. Segmental motion within the polyprene chain does not appear to be a determinant.
Collapse
|
50
|
Dmitrovskii AA, Pozniakov SP. [Synthesis of retinyl phosphate, its physico-chemical properties and biological activity]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol 1978; 14:558-64. [PMID: 724663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinyl phosphate (RP) has been synthesized from retinol (R), using phosphodimorpholine chloride (PDMC) or POCl3. A method for isolating and purifying RP from the reaction mixture has been developed. The RP yield varies from 3 to 6% depending on the quantities of R and POCl3. The RP yield can be increased by 10--15% as a result of RP separation and rerun of the reaction. The resultant RP has an absorption maximum at 325 nm, is described by the formula C20H27PO4(NH4)2 and distributed between equal volumes of diethyl ester and 20% aqueous methanol at a ratio of 1:1. RP is alkaline-resistant and rapidly transforms into anhydroretinol (AR) in the acid medium. Eighteen hours after RP administration into the caudal vein or parenterally retinyl palmitate and R are accumulated in the liver of A-avitaminous rats.
Collapse
|