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Kong X, Chen H, Wu P, Ma R, Pan F. Impact of R&D innovation and political background on corporate growth: A study based on private listed companies in China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297329. [PMID: 38723045 PMCID: PMC11081349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on a review of related concepts and theories this study investigates the different impacts of research and development (R&D) innovation and political background on corporate growth in a particular context. Unlike other studies, we integrate these two factors. We empirically analyze 6079 sets of data from 1292 A-share private manufacturing enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2012 to 2019. The results show that these factors directly impact corporate growth and have heterogeneous effects at different enterprise growth levels. We find the effect of R&D innovation on corporate growth is more pronounced for young firms. These findings highlight the need for firms to adjust their investments in R&D innovation and political backgrounds at different stages of development to adapt to different markets and political environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangde Kong
- School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongan Chen
- School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wu
- School of Business, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Ma
- Civil and Commercial Law School, Shandong University of Political Science and Law, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Pan
- School of Business, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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2
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Ide K. Japan can embrace open science - but flexible approaches are key. Nature 2024; 629:286. [PMID: 38714814 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
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3
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Morimoto J. Expat grants won't fix Brazilian research. Nature 2024; 629:261. [PMID: 38714815 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
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4
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De Ambrosio M, Koop F. Argentina's pioneering nuclear research threatened by huge budget cuts. Nature 2024; 629:512-513. [PMID: 38714904 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
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5
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Casassus B. France's research mega-campus faces leadership crisis. Nature 2024; 629:513-514. [PMID: 38702578 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
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6
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The EU's ominous emphasis on 'open strategic autonomy' in research. Nature 2024; 628:8. [PMID: 38570717 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
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7
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Lenharo M. AI consciousness: scientists say we urgently need answers. Nature 2024; 625:226. [PMID: 38129616 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-04047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
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8
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End the glaring inequity in international science collaborations. Nature 2023; 624:473. [PMID: 38123808 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-04022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
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9
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Reardon S. South Korean scientists' outcry over planned R&D budget cuts. Nature 2023; 622:224-225. [PMID: 37798451 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
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10
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A win for science: UK finally joining Horizon Europe will boost research. Nature 2023; 621:229. [PMID: 37700046 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
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11
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Sanderson K, Naddaf M. Scientists celebrate as UK rejoins Horizon Europe research programme. Nature 2023; 621:235-236. [PMID: 37679487 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
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12
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Karimi F, Clauset A. Abolish ageism in early-career research awards. Nature 2023; 620:492. [PMID: 37582878 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
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13
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Conroy G. Can India's new billion-dollar funding agency boost research? Nature 2023; 619:681-682. [PMID: 37464001 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
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14
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Graham SM, Render L, Maqungo S, Ferreira N, Marais LC, Held M, Laubscher M. Establishing a consensus on research priorities in orthopaedic trauma within South Africa. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2023; 33:533-540. [PMID: 36752822 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-022-03413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries are one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Despite improvements in trauma-related morbidity and mortality in high-income countries over recent years, outcomes following MSK injuries in low- and middle-income countries, such as South Africa (SA), have not. Despite governmental recognition that this is required, funding and research into this significant health burden are limited within SA. This study aims to identify research priorities within MSK trauma care using a consensus-based approach amongst MSK healthcare practitioners within SA. METHOD Members from the Orthopaedic Research Collaboration in Africa (ORCA), based in SA, collaborated using a two round modified Delphi technique to form a consensus on research priorities within orthopaedic trauma care. Members involved in the process were orthopaedic healthcare practitioners within SA. RESULTS Participants from the ORCA network, working within SA, scored research priorities across two Delphi rounds from low to high priority. We have published the overall top 10 research priorities for this Delphi process. Questions were focused on two broad groups-clinical effectiveness in trauma care and general trauma public health care. Both groups were represented by the top two priorities, with the highest ranked question regarding the overall impact of trauma in SA and the second regarding the clinical treatment of open fractures. CONCLUSION This study has defined research priorities within orthopaedic trauma in South Africa. Our vision is that by establishing consensus on these research priorities, policy and research funding will be directed into these areas. This should ultimately improve musculoskeletal trauma care across South Africa and its significant health and socioeconomic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Graham
- Oxford Trauma and Emergency Care, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, Liverpool University Teaching Hospital Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
- Orthopaedic Research Unit (ORU), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Luke Render
- Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, Liverpool University Teaching Hospital Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sithombo Maqungo
- Orthopaedic Research Unit (ORU), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Global Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nando Ferreira
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leonard Charles Marais
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Michael Held
- Orthopaedic Research Unit (ORU), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maritz Laubscher
- Orthopaedic Research Unit (ORU), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Chowdhary S, Defenu N, Musciotto F, Battiston F. Funding bias: nurture European researchers' independence. Nature 2023; 616:33. [PMID: 36977750 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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16
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Drosatos K, Ktistakis N. Greek scientists desperate for a national research foundation. Nature 2022; 607:657. [PMID: 35882987 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-01997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Huang Z, Lan Y, Zha X. Research on government subsidy strategies for new drug R&D considering spillover effects. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262655. [PMID: 35143496 PMCID: PMC8830673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper studies the pharmaceutical production supply chain system composed of upstream and downstream pharmaceutical enterprises, and explores the impact of government subsidy strategies on the new drug research and development (R&D) decision variables and profits of pharmaceutical enterprises as well as social welfare, when considering both the horizontal spillover effects within the industry and the vertical spillover effects between industries. Comparing and analyzing the impact of these strategies including non-government subsidy strategy, pharmaceutical enterprise innovation input subsidy strategy, pharmaceutical enterprise innovative product subsidy strategy, patient price subsidy strategy, and patient medical insurance subsidy strategy. By establishing a four-stage Cournot duopoly model incorporating spillover effects, the equilibrium solutions are obtained by backward induction, and the impact of spillover effects on decision variables is investigated accordingly. Studies have shown that: (a) Government subsidy strategies can promote pharmaceutical enterprises’ R&D investment and have a positive incentive effect on the pharmaceutical enterprises’ profits and social welfare. (b) The patient medical insurance subsidy strategy is the optimal subsidy strategy, which can generate higher profits for pharmaceutical enterprises and higher social welfare. (c) The horizontal and vertical spillover effects have different effect on decision variables, enterprises’ profits and social welfare under various subsidy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yipeng Lan
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangqi Zha
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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18
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Zvolanek KM, Goyal V, Hruby A, Ingo C, Sukal-Moulton T. Motivators and barriers to research participation for individuals with cerebral palsy and their families. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262153. [PMID: 35081120 PMCID: PMC8791530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective(s) Our objective was to investigate the motivators and barriers associated with the individual or family decision to participate in cerebral palsy research. Based on this information, we offer suggestions to increase the likelihood of participation in future CP studies. Methods A digital survey was administered to stakeholders affected by cerebral palsy across the US. Our analysis focused on variables related to personal interests, travel, and study-specific elements. Statistical tests investigated the effects of responder type, cerebral palsy type, and Gross Motor Function Classification System level on travel and study-specific element variables. Recommendations were informed by responses reflecting the majority of respondents. Results Based on 233 responses, we found that respondents highly valued research participation (on average 88.2/100) and compensation (on average 62.3/100). Motivators included the potential for direct benefit (62.2%) and helping others (53.4%). The primary barriers to participation were schedule limitations (48.9%) and travel logistics (32.6%). Schedule limitations were especially pertinent to caregivers, while individuals with more severe cerebral palsy diagnoses reported the necessity of additional items to comfortably travel. Conclusions Overall, we encourage the involvement of stakeholders affected by cerebral palsy in the research process. Researchers should consider offering flexible study times, accommodating locations, and compensation for time and travel expenses. We recommend a minimum compensation of $15/hour and a maximum time commitment of 4 hours/day to respect participants’ time and increase likelihood of research participation. Future studies should track how attitudes toward research change with time and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Zvolanek
- Department of Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Vatsala Goyal
- Department of Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Hruby
- Department of Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Carson Ingo
- Department of Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Theresa Sukal-Moulton
- Department of Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang K, Liu X, Hong M. Discretionary Effort on Green Technology Innovation: How Chinese Enterprises Act when Facing Financing Constraints. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261589. [PMID: 34936690 PMCID: PMC8694420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Firm's effort on Green technology innovation (hereafter, called G-innovation) is affected by financing constraints, and firm will make a discretionary choice according to its own situation, to achieve the maximization of self-interests. Based on the data of Chinese micro enterprises, firstly, we empirically analyze firms' decision-making towards G-innovation when faced with financing constraints. It supports the view that financing constraints can hinder enterprise technological innovation. And we also make an explanation that the social benefits of green technology innovation are greater than personal benefits, which makes enterprises tend to reduce green technology innovation when facing financing constraints. Then we examine firms' heterogonous behaviors under different internal attributes and external environments. The results reveal that: First, firms are reluctant to pay more efforts to G-innovation when faced with increased financing constraints. Second, firms with different attributes exhibit heterogeneous G-innovation. Political connections will change firms' willingness to innovate, while the structure of property rights and the pollution degree will not. Third, firms under different external environment also exhibit heterogeneous G-innovation. When economic policy uncertainty increases, firms' willingness to innovate weakens. The development of shadow banks fail to improve firm's willingness to innovate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexian Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, China
| | - Min Hong
- School of Economics and Management, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, China
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Chignell SM, Myers ME, Howkins A, Fountain AG. Research sites get closer to field camps over time: Informing environmental management through a geospatial analysis of science in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257950. [PMID: 34735463 PMCID: PMC8568199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As in many parts of the world, the management of environmental science research in Antarctica relies on cost-benefit analysis of negative environmental impact versus positive scientific gain. Several studies have examined the environmental impact of Antarctic field camps, but very little work looks at how the placement of these camps influences scientific research. In this study, we integrate bibliometrics, geospatial analysis, and historical research to understand the relationship between field camp placement and scientific production in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of East Antarctica. Our analysis of the scientific corpus from 1907-2016 shows that, on average, research sites have become less dispersed and closer to field camps over time. Scientific output does not necessarily correspond to the number of field camps, and constructing a field camp does not always lead to a subsequent increase in research in the local area. Our results underscore the need to consider the complex historical and spatial relationships between field camps and research sites in environmental management decision-making in Antarctica and other protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Chignell
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Madeline E. Myers
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Adrian Howkins
- Department of History, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Fountain
- Department of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Shao Y, Huang D, Lv L, Yu J. The influence of non-family members in top management teams on research and development investment: Evidence from Chinese family firms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258200. [PMID: 34624035 PMCID: PMC8500433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversified management ability of the non-family members in the top management teams (TMTs) can significantly increase the research and development (R&D) investment of the family firms. However, existing studies focus on family characteristics. To bridge the gap, this study explored the R&D investment propensity for family firms from the perspective of non-family members’ participation in TMTs. Based on the upper echelons and the socioemotional wealth theory, this paper incorporated the non-economic goals that influence strategic decisions on family firms into the analytical framework. According to the questionnaire data of Chinese private enterprises, the Tobit regression model was used to analyze the influence of family members on R&D investment decisions under non-economic goal orientations. The results indicated that the preference for control and influence among family members weakens the positive effect of non-family managers on R&D investment, while the preferences for status perception and social responsibility strengthen the positive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Shao
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Business School, Wuxi Taihu University, Wuxi, China
| | - Dechun Huang
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lelin Lv
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jie Yu
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
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Puehringer S, Rath J, Griesebner T. The political economy of academic publishing: On the commodification of a public good. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253226. [PMID: 34138913 PMCID: PMC8211248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an institutional and empirical analysis of the highly concentrated market of academic publishing, characterized by over proportionally high profit margins for publishing companies. The availability of latest research findings is an important issue for researchers, universities and politicians alike. Open access (OA) publication provides a promising but also costly solution to overcome this problem. However, in this paper we argue that OA publication costs are an important, but by far not the only way for academic publishers to gain access to public funding. In contrast, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the channels through which public expenditure benefits big academic publishing companies. Furthermore, we offer the results of an explorative case study, where we estimate the annual financial flows of public expenditures in Austria for the field of social sciences. In all, these expenditures add up to about 66.55 to 103.2 million € a year, which amounts to a fourth of total public funding for this field. Against this background, we contribute to the debate whether and to what extent public subsidies are justified for economically successful companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Puehringer
- Institute for Comprehensive Analysis of the Economy, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanna Rath
- Institute for Comprehensive Analysis of the Economy, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Teresa Griesebner
- Institute for Comprehensive Analysis of the Economy, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria
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García-Rio F, Alonso-Arroyo A, de-Granda-Orive JI, Castelló-Cogollos L, Aleixandre-Benavent R. Worldwide production on sleep apnea from 2009-2018. Analysis of the ability to secure funding and international collaboration networks. Respir Med 2021; 185:106486. [PMID: 34089971 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an emerging health problem, but information on scientific production in this subject area is scarce. We aim to evaluate the scientific production on OSA from 2009 to 2018 to illustrate its worldwide distribution, topic areas, and ability to secure funding, as well as to describe international collaboration networks in this field. METHODS Articles published between 2009 and 2018 were extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded via Web of Science (WoS) using the search term "obstructive sleep apn*". Publication year, number and country of authors, journal, subject category, key words, funding source and number of citations received were recorded. We also conducted network analyses for key words and international collaboration. RESULTS 12,666 articles on OSA were located, which had increased from 895 documents in 2009 to 1592 in 2018. The progressive growth in scientific production on OSA had outpaced the growth rate of total WoS production since 2012.50% of the articles declared some type of funding, with a citation index higher than manuscripts that were not funded. The manuscripts were distributed in journals from 135 subject categories of the WoS, and keyword distribution showed a dispersed pattern with a high number of nodes. The international collaboration rate was 18.2%, and the country network showed the United States as the hegemonic node. CONCLUSION World production on OSA has grown at a higher rate than global production and shows notable thematic dispersion as well as a high ability to secure funding, which increases its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco García-Rio
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enferemedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adolfo Alonso-Arroyo
- Departamento de Historia de La Ciencia y Documentación. Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Unidad de Información e Investigación Social y Sanitaria (UISYS). Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Ignacio de-Granda-Orive
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enferemedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Castelló-Cogollos
- Unidad de Información e Investigación Social y Sanitaria (UISYS). Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Sociología y Antropología Social. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Rafael Aleixandre-Benavent
- Unidad de Información e Investigación Social y Sanitaria (UISYS). Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Gestión de La Innovación y Del Conocimiento-Ingenio (CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València), Valencia, Spain
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Norton AJ, Wiysonge CS, Habarugira JMV, White NJ, Tufet Bayona M, Hagen HE, Archer JE, Alobo MS, Carson GL, Garcia PJ, Maciel RM, Ramakrishnan U, Ryu CM, Rees H, Ntoumi F, Tshangela AN, Faiz MA, Snewin VA, Mburu SW, Miles REE, Okware BGA, Vaux R, Sowinski S, Atuire CA, Kaushic C. Priorities for COVID-19 research response and preparedness in low-resource settings. Lancet 2021; 397:1866-1868. [PMID: 33965071 PMCID: PMC8102035 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Braz LMA, Tahmasebi R, da Costa AC, Witkin SS. Disparity between scientific accomplishment and biotechnology availability in Brazil. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211028373. [PMID: 34191659 PMCID: PMC10454951 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211028373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite being among the world's leaders in scientific output, Brazil ranks 66th among countries in the production of reagents and supplies needed for state-of-the-art scientific analyses. The production of needed reagents and equipment for experimental analyses and patient diagnostics is sorely lacking within Brazil and explicit in this pandemic period caused by SARS-CoV-2. A significant fraction of resources from Brazilian funding agencies is now being transferred to companies in other countries for the purchase of essential scientific-related products. Is this sustainable? Therefore it is necessary to draw the attention of all the world and Brazilian society about this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Maria Almeida Braz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Roozbeh Tahmasebi
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Antonio Charlys da Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Steven S Witkin
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Lurie N, Keusch GT, Dzau VJ. Urgent lessons from COVID 19: why the world needs a standing, coordinated system and sustainable financing for global research and development. Lancet 2021; 397:1229-1236. [PMID: 33711296 PMCID: PMC7993931 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The research and development (R&D) ecosystem has evolved over the past decade to include pandemic infectious diseases, building on experience from multiple recent outbreaks. Outcomes of this evolution have been particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic with accelerated development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, as well as novel clinical trial designs. These products were developed, trialled, manufactured, and authorised for use in several countries within a year of the pandemic's onset. Many gaps remain, however, that must be bridged to establish a truly efficient and effective end-to-end R&D preparedness and response ecosystem. Foremost among them is a global financing system. In addition, important changes are required for multiple aspects of enabling sciences and product development. For each of these elements we identify priorities for improved and faster functionality. There will be no better time than now to seriously address these needs, however difficult, as the ravages of COVID-19 continue to accelerate with devastating health, social, and economic consequences for the entire community of nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lurie
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerald T Keusch
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Based on the principal-agent theory and the financial management theory, this study analyzes the impact of fund shareholding on corporate insufficient R&D input, and explores the action mechanism of fund shareholding on corporate innovation activities. The results show that fund shareholding is helpful to inhibit the insufficient R&D input. Moreover, this inhibiting effect is mainly reflected in the case of higher risk of financial failure. The further analyses show that the higher level of marketization strengthens the inhibiting effect of fund shareholding on insufficient R&D input. Finally, it is suggested that fund companies should be encouraged to hold shares of listed companies, and the proposal power of fund companies in the shareholders’ meeting should be appropriately enhanced. And it is suggested that the regulators continue to promote the development of securities investment funds, and guide fund shareholding to play an active role in external governance. Also, it is suggested that the regulators promote the process of regional marketization, to strengthen the positive effect of fund shareholding on innovation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Systems and Industrial Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (GL)
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Business Administration, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (GL)
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Perera HM, Griffin WC, Kankanamage RNT, Pathira Kankanamge LS. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Future of Science Careers. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:672-674. [PMID: 33355440 PMCID: PMC7771245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As COVID-19 swept across the world, it created a global pandemic and an unpredictable and challenging job market. This article discusses the future of the 2020-2021 job market in both academia and industry in the midst and aftermath of this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himasha M. Perera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United
States
| | - Wezley C. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United
States
| | | | - Lakindu S. Pathira Kankanamge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, United States
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30
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Abstract
Parachute science is the practice whereby international scientists, typically from higher-income countries, conduct field studies in another country, typically of lower income, and then complete the research in their home country without any further effective communication and engagement with others from that nation. It creates dependency on external expertise, does not address local research needs, and hinders local research efforts. As global hotspots of marine biodiversity, lower-income nations in the tropics have for too long been the subject of inequitable and unfair research practices1. However, to date there has been little quantifiable evidence of this phenomenon in marine science. Here, we provide evidence through systematic literature searches and queries that parachute science practices are still widespread in marine research and make some recommendations to help change the current status quo. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris V Stefanoudis
- University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK.
| | - Wilfredo Y Licuanan
- Br. Alfred Shields FSC Ocean Research Center and Biology Department, De La Salle University, 1004 Manila, The Philippines
| | - Tiffany H Morrison
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Sheena Talma
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK; Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, Victoria, Seychelles
| | | | - Lucy C Woodall
- University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the partnership between clinicians and academics who come together to provide high-quality care alongside research and innovation, identifying challenges and productive conditions for innovation and collaboration across multi-disciplinary teams. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH An explorative action research methodology was adopted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 clinical, academic and executive leads at a large metropolitan tertiary care hospital with an academic health services portfolio in the UK. FINDINGS Clinical leaders recognise the division of limited resource, restrictive employment contracts and the divergent priorities of each organisation as challenges hindering the collaborative process and derailing innovation. Developing a culture of respect, valuing and investing in individuals and allowing time and space for interaction help facilitate successful innovation and collaboration. Successfully leading collaborative innovation requires a combination of kindness, conviction and empowerment, alongside the articulation of a vision and accountability. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS Action research continues at this site, and further enquiry into the experiences, challenges and solutions of non-leaders when collaborating and innovating will be captured to present views across the organisation. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Clinical and academic collaboration and innovation are essential to the continued success of healthcare. To ensure hospitals can continue to facilitate this in increasingly challenging circumstances, they must ensure longevity and stability of teams, devote time and resource to research and innovation, nurture interpersonal skills and develop kind and empowering leaders. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This work uniquely focuses on a real-time collaborative and innovative development. By employing action research while this development was happening, we were able to access the real time views of those at the centre of that collaboration. We offer insight into the challenges and effective solutions that consultant-level clinical leaders encounter when attempting to innovate and collaborate in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Day-Duro
- Department of Research, Hult International Business School - Ashridge Executive Education Campus, Berkhamsted, UK
| | - Guy Lubitsh
- Department of Research, Hult International Business School - Ashridge Executive Education Campus, Berkhamsted, UK
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32
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Auer EM, Behrend TS, Collmus AB, Landers RN, Miles AF. Pay for performance, satisfaction and retention in longitudinal crowdsourced research. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245460. [PMID: 33471835 PMCID: PMC7817012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the social and cognitive sciences, crowdsourcing provides up to half of all research participants. Despite this popularity, researchers typically do not conceptualize participants accurately, as gig-economy worker-participants. Applying theories of employee motivation and the psychological contract between employees and employers, we hypothesized that pay and pay raises would drive worker-participant satisfaction, performance, and retention in a longitudinal study. In an experiment hiring 359 Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers, we found that initial pay, relative increase of pay over time, and overall pay did not have substantial influence on subsequent performance. However, pay significantly predicted participants' perceived choice, justice perceptions, and attrition. Given this, we conclude that worker-participants are particularly vulnerable to exploitation, having relatively low power to negotiate pay. Results of this study suggest that researchers wishing to crowdsource research participants using MTurk might not face practical dangers such as decreased performance as a result of lower pay, but they must recognize an ethical obligation to treat Workers fairly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M. Auer
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tara S. Behrend
- Department of Organizational Sciences and Communication, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew B. Collmus
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Landers
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ahleah F. Miles
- Department of Organizational Sciences and Communication, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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33
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Mazzucato M, Li HL. A Market Shaping Approach for the Biopharmaceutical Industry: Governing Innovation Towards the Public Interest. J Law Med Ethics 2021; 49:39-49. [PMID: 33966657 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2021.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing research and development and ensuring equitable pricing and access to cutting-edge treatments are both vital to a biopharmaceutical innovation system that works in the public interest. However, despite delivering numerous therapeutic advances, the existing system suffers from major problems: a lack of directionality to meet key needs, inefficient collaboration, high prices that fail to reflect the public contribution, and an overly-financialized business model.
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34
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Shenoy SR, Dey B. Funding for cancer research by an Indian funding agency, DBT. J Biosci 2021; 46:2. [PMID: 33576340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a group of diseases with major societal impact and accounts for approximately 55 percent of mortality in India. The Indian population is increasing in size and gradually ageing. As a result, the number of people diagnosed with and dying of cancer are increasing. Government funding agencies such as the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has a clear definitive role in the management and control of cancer. Through Research and Development programs and multi-institutional networking programs, DBT has provided resources to individual investigators and to institutions, to carry out basic, applied, translational and clinical research and to develop new methods to prevent and treat disease and to conduct research especially in challenging areas pertaining to different types of cancer. This article summarizes the funding provided by DBT for different cancer research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya R Shenoy
- Medical Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India
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35
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Deutsch S, Reuter S, Rose A, Tolba R. Publication rates of research projects of an internal funding program of a university medical center in Germany: A retrospective study (2004-2013). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243092. [PMID: 33253269 PMCID: PMC7703943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Non-publication and publication bias are topics of considerable importance to the scientific community. These issues may limit progress toward the 3R principle for animal research, promote waste of public resources, and generate biased interpretations of clinical outcomes. To investigate current publishing practices and to gain some understanding of the extent to which research results are reported, we examined publication rates of research projects that were approved within an internal funding program of the Faculty of Medicine at a university medical center in Germany, which is exemplary for comparable research funding programs for the promotion of young researchers in Germany and Europe. Methods We analyzed the complete set (n = 363) of research projects that were supported by an internal funding program between 2004 and 2013. We divided the projects into four different proposal types that included those that required an ethics vote, those that included an animal proposal, those that included both requirements, and those that included neither requirement. Results We found that 65% of the internally funded research projects resulted in at least one peer-reviewed publication; this increased to 73% if other research contributions were considered, including abstracts, book and congress contributions, scientific posters, and presentations. There were no significant differences with respect to publication rates based on (a) the clinic/institute of the applicant, (b) project duration, (c) scope of funding or (d) proposal type. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore publication rates associated with early-career medical research funding. As >70% of the projects ultimately generated some form of publication, the program was overall effective toward this goal; however, non-publication of research results is still prevalent. Further research will explore the reasons underlying non-publication. We hope to use these findings to develop strategies that encourage publication of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Deutsch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silke Reuter
- Faculty of Medicine, Dean's Office, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Astrid Rose
- Faculty of Medicine, Dean's Office, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Tolba
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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Dehdarirad T. Could early tweet counts predict later citation counts? A gender study in Life Sciences and Biomedicine (2014-2016). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241723. [PMID: 33137147 PMCID: PMC7605688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, it was investigated whether early tweets counts could differentially benefit female and male (first, last) authors in terms of the later citation counts received. The data for this study comprised 47,961 articles in the research area of Life Sciences & Biomedicine from 2014-2016, retrieved from Web of Science's Medline. For each article, the number of received citations per year was downloaded from WOS, while the number of received tweets per year was obtained from PlumX. Using the hurdle regression model, I compared the number of received citations by female and male (first, last) authored papers and then I investigated whether early tweet counts could predict the later citation counts received by female and male (first, last) authored papers. In the regression models, I controlled for several important factors that were investigated in previous research in relation to citation counts, gender or Altmetrics. These included journal impact (SNIP), number of authors, open access, research funding, topic of an article, international collaboration, lay summary, F1000 Score and mega journal. The findings showed that the percentage of papers with male authors in first or last authorship positions was higher than that for female authors. However, female first and last-authored papers had a small but significant citation advantage of 4.7% and 5.5% compared to male-authored papers. The findings also showed that irrespective of whether the factors were included in regression models or not, early tweet counts had a weak positive and significant association with the later citations counts (3.3%) and the probability of a paper being cited (21.1%). Regarding gender, the findings showed that when all variables were controlled, female (first, last) authored papers had a small citation advantage of 3.7% and 4.2% in comparison to the male authored papers for the same number of tweets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Dehdarirad
- Department of Communication and Learning in Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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37
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Addo-Atuah J, Senhaji-Tomza B, Ray D, Basu P, Loh FHE, Owusu-Daaku F. Global health research partnerships in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:1614-1618. [PMID: 32893133 PMCID: PMC7449894 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This themed issue on global health research has come at an opportune time in the middle of the ongoing global public health crisis arising from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic which has claimed nearly 756,000 lives in 210 countries and territories around the world as of August 15, 2020. The public health crisis underscores the importance of global health research partnerships and collaborations to develop and evaluate the requisite health technologies to assist in containing COVID-19, other diseases, and health-related concerns that defy national borders. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the member countries of the United Nations in September 2015, provide a framework for global development efforts including global health research. SDG3, which promotes health and well-being for the world populations across the age spectrum, highlights disease areas for special focus which can be adapted in specific global health research programs to serve local health needs. SDG17 promotes partnerships between high income (HIC) and low and middle-income countries (LMIC) for sustainable and equitable global development. However, given the wide disparities in fiscal and overall capacity for research between researchers in HIC and their counterparts in LMIC as well as the greater vulnerabilities of the LMIC communities when serving as research locations, a spotlight on the nature of such global health research partnerships in the context of the SDGs is desirable. This is to ensure that they are meaningful and mutually-beneficial partnerships which address local health concerns and promote long-term value for the communities involved. The objective of this commentary is, therefore, to provide a brief overview of the SDGs by way of context; explore the power differences at play when researchers from HIC are seeking research opportunities in LMIC; examine the social determinants of health and the disproportionate burden of global diseases carried by populations in LMIC to establish their vulnerability; discuss global research partnerships; and attempt to make a case for why community-based participatory research may be the preferred type of global health research partnership in the context of the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Addo-Atuah
- Touro College of Pharmacy, 230 W 125th Street, Room 429, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Batoul Senhaji-Tomza
- Touro College of Pharmacy, 230 W 125th Street, Room 526, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Dipan Ray
- Touro College of Pharmacy, 2090 Adam Clayton Powell Blvd, Room 508B, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Paramita Basu
- Touro College of Pharmacy, 230 W 125th Street, Room 543, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Feng-Hua Ellen Loh
- Touro College of Pharmacy, 2090 Adam Clayton Blvd, 2090 Adam Clayton Powell Blvd, Room 603E, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Frances Owusu-Daaku
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, KNUST, Accra Road, Kumasi, Ghana.
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38
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Nunes OC. Re-thinking the main goals of biological sciences: is it possible to build new knowledge without fundamental research? Environ Microbiol Rep 2020; 12:471-472. [PMID: 32776479 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between collective scientific knowledge and country's economic prosperity and competitiveness have been described. Hence, interaction between industry and academic institutions is seen as a way to valorize this knowledge at social and economic levels. The ability to translate scientific knowledge in social and economic benefits is now receiving most of the funding for public research. However, and despite the evident long-term benefits of funding applied science, drastic reduction of budget for fundamental research may eventually lead to the opposite outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga C Nunes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Portugal
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39
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Bertran K, Cortey M, Díaz I. The use of H-index to assess research priorities in poultry diseases. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6503-6512. [PMID: 33248565 PMCID: PMC7704999 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying which diseases represent a priority is crucial to optimize resources for diagnostics, control, and prevention. Here, the impact of 111 poultry pathogens belonging to Viruses (n = 31), Bacteria (n = 33), and Other (n = 47) was assessed using the H-index. The overall mean H-indexes suggested that poultry Viruses have statistically greater impact than Bacteria, which in turn are statistically more relevant than Others. Among the 20 highest H-indexes, 45% were zoonotic, and almost a third was Office International des Epizooties-listed. Avian influenza virus (H-index 127), Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium (H-index 72), and Eimeria spp (H-index 70) ranked the highest in Virus, Bacteria, and Other, respectively. Pathogens that produce overt clinical diseases and economic damage, cause immunosuppression, and/or are zoonotic had the highest H-index scores. The evolution of citations of particular pathogens reflected severe poultry outbreaks and/or zoonotic outbreaks in relatively wide geographic areas. Also, the evolution of citations based on taxonomic groups mirrored major changes in poultry production practices and management throughout history. Thus, Others were the most cited pathogens until the 1970s and, following 3 decades of unpopularity because of widespread use of intensive production practices, regained importance in the 2000s thanks to welfare regulation changes. Citations for Bacteria increased especially from the 1990s onward, probably because of the ban of growth promoters in western countries and the need to find new control methods for bacterial and protozoal infections. In general, countries with the greatest poultry production and research budgets had higher research production, that is the United States of America (USA) and China. Interestingly, the United Kingdom was among the top research producers despite falling behind other countries in poultry production and research budget. Moreover, the USA exhibited the strongest poultry research production based on number and diversity of publications (Dcos-index). In conclusion, the H-index could be a valid, simple tool to prioritize funding or interest in poultry diseases, especially when used as a preliminary selection approach in combination with other metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain.
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
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40
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Luyten J, McKee M, Wouters OJ. [How much does research and development of a drug cost? A call for more transparency]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2020; 164:D5018. [PMID: 32940989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cost of research and development (R&D) for a new medicine is an essential element in the debate about fair prices. In a recent study, we estimated R&D costs at an average of around 1.1 billion euro per drug; that is a lot of money, but more than 50% lower than the usual estimate of 2.4 billion euro. There is a need for more transparency about R&D costs, so that proposed prices for medicines can be better assessed on their fairness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luyten
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Instituut voor Gezondheidszorgbeleid, Leuven, België
- Contact: J. Luyten
| | - M McKee
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, dep. Health Services Research and Policy, Londen, VerenigdKoninkrijk
| | - O J Wouters
- London School of Economics and Political Science, dep. Health Policy, Londen, VerenigdKoninkrijk
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Versteegh MM. [Pharmaceutical pricing; what is reasonable?]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2020; 164:D5069. [PMID: 32940991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate aim of investigations into the costs of research and development (R&D) is to inform societal discussions on drug affordability. The premise is that knowing R&D costs will help when setting 'reasonable' drug prices. While high R&D costs may explain why prices are high, these costs need not justify paying those prices when health gains are limited. Value-based pricing models that explicitly take health gains into account also have limitations, most notably that they ignore R&D costs and consider prices to be 'reasonable' simply because other high costs of care can be avoided. Both cost-based and value-based pricing models are necessary to determine whether prices are reasonable; however, redesigning the drug innovation ecosystem could bring a more relevant contribution to reasonable drug prices than evaluation of the reasonableness of the price.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Versteegh
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Institutefor Medical Technology Assessment, Rotterdam
- Contact: M.M. Versteegh
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Abstract
Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was characterized as a global pandemic by the WHO on March 11th, 2020. This pandemic had major effects on the health market, the pharmaceutical sector, and was associated with considerable impacts; which may appear in short and long-term time-horizon and need identification and appropriate planning to reduce their socio-economic burden. Objectives Current short communication study assessed pharmaceutical market crisis during the COVID-19 era; discussing short- and long-term impacts of the pandemic on the pharmaceutical sector. Results Short-term impacts of COVID-19 pandemic includes demand changes, regulation revisions, research and development process changes and the shift towards tele-communication and tele-medicine. In addition, industry growth slow-down, approval delays, moving towards self-sufficiency in pharm-production supply chain and trend changes in consumption of health-market products along with ethical dilemma could be anticipated as long-term impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on pharmaceutical sector in both global and local levels. Conclusion The pandemic of COVID-19 poses considerable crisis on the health markets, including the pharmaceutical sector; and identification of these effects, may guide policy-makers towards more evidence-informed planning to overcome accompanying challenges. . ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayyereh Ayati
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Saiyarsarai
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Evidence-Based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), and the Pharmaceutical Management and Economics Research Center (PMERC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Nikfar
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Evidence-Based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), and the Pharmaceutical Management and Economics Research Center (PMERC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hanna CR, Gatting LP, Boyd KA, Robb KA, Jones RJ. Evidencing the impact of cancer trials: insights from the 2014 UK Research Excellence Framework. Trials 2020; 21:486. [PMID: 32503612 PMCID: PMC7275320 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An impactful clinical trial will have real-life benefits for patients and society beyond the academic environment. This study analyses case studies of cancer trials to understand how impact is evidenced for cancer trials and how impact evaluation can be more routinely adopted and improved. METHODS The United Kingdom (UK) Government allocates research funding to higher-education institutions based on an assessment of the institutions' previous research efforts, in an exercise known as the Research Excellence Framework (REF). In addition to each institution's journal publications and research environment, for the first time in 2014, allocation of funding was also dependent on an evaluation of the wider, societal impact of research conducted. In the REF2014, impact assessment was performed by evaluation of impact case studies. In this study, case studies (n = 6637) submitted by institutions for the REF2014 were accessed and those focussing on cancer trials were identified. Manual content analysis was then used to assess the characteristics of the cancer trials discussed in the case studies, the impact described and the methods used by institutions to demonstrate impact. RESULTS Forty-six case studies describing 106 individual cancer trials were identified. The majority were phase III randomised controlled trials and those recruiting patients with breast cancer. A list of indicators of cancer trial impact was generated using the previous literature and developed inductively using these case studies. The most common impact from a cancer trial identified in the case studies was on policy, in particular citation of trial findings in clinical guidelines. Impact on health outcomes and the economy were less frequent and health outcomes were often predicted rather than evidenced. There were few descriptions identified of trialists making efforts to maximise trial impact. DISCUSSION Cancer trial impact narratives for the next REF assessment exercise in 2021 can be improved by evidencing actual rather than predicted Impact, with a clearer identification of the beneficiaries of cancer trials and the processes through which trial results are used. Clarification of the individuals responsible for performing impact evaluations of cancer trials and the provision of resources to do so needs to be addressed if impact evaluation is to be sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Hanna
- CRUK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 OYN, UK.
| | - Lauren P Gatting
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University Of Glasgow Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Admin Building, 1st Floor, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow,, G12 0XH, UK
| | - Kathleen Anne Boyd
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University Of Glasgow Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Admin Building, 1st Floor, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow,, G12 0XH, UK
| | - Kathryn A Robb
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University Of Glasgow, Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Rob J Jones
- CRUK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 OYN, UK
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Scientists in a time of COVID-19. Nat Plants 2020; 6:589. [PMID: 32541856 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Kunst N, Wilson ECF, Glynn D, Alarid-Escudero F, Baio G, Brennan A, Fairley M, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Jackson C, Jalal H, Menzies NA, Strong M, Thom H, Heath A. Computing the Expected Value of Sample Information Efficiently: Practical Guidance and Recommendations for Four Model-Based Methods. Value Health 2020; 23:734-742. [PMID: 32540231 PMCID: PMC8183576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Value of information (VOI) analyses can help policy makers make informed decisions about whether to conduct and how to design future studies. Historically a computationally expensive method to compute the expected value of sample information (EVSI) restricted the use of VOI to simple decision models and study designs. Recently, 4 EVSI approximation methods have made such analyses more feasible and accessible. Members of the Collaborative Network for Value of Information (ConVOI) compared the inputs, the analyst's expertise and skills, and the software required for the 4 recently developed EVSI approximation methods. Our report provides practical guidance and recommendations to help inform the choice between the 4 efficient EVSI estimation methods. More specifically, this report provides: (1) a step-by-step guide to the methods' use, (2) the expertise and skills required to implement the methods, and (3) method recommendations based on the features of decision-analytic problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kunst
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; LINK Medical Research, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Edward C F Wilson
- Health Economics Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, UK
| | - Michael Fairley
- Stanford Health Policy, Centers for Health Policy and Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Goldhaber-Fiebert
- Stanford Health Policy, Centers for Health Policy and Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chris Jackson
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Hawre Jalal
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicolas A Menzies
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Strong
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, UK
| | | | - Anna Heath
- University College London, London, England, UK; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Grebel T, Nesta L. Competition and private R&D investment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232119. [PMID: 32459818 PMCID: PMC7252648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the determinants of the sign of Research and Development reaction functions of rival firms. Using a two-stage n-firm Cournot competition game, we show that this sign depends on four types of environments in terms of product rivalry and technology spillovers. We test the predictions of the model on the world’s largest manufacturing corporations. Assuming that firms make R&D investments based on the R&D effort of the representative rival company, we develop a dynamic panel data model that accounts for the endogeneity of the decision of the rival firm. Empirical results thoroughly corroborate the validity of the theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lionel Nesta
- Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion, Université Cote d’Azur, France
- SciencesPo, OFCE, Paris, France
- SKEMA Business School, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- * E-mail:
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Huang CY, Tung IL. Strategies for Heterogeneous R&D Alliances of In Vitro Diagnostics Firms in Rapidly Catching-Up Economies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17103688. [PMID: 32456247 PMCID: PMC7277300 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most developed countries already have high-quality in vitro diagnostic (IVD) techniques for diseases, but developing countries often do not have access to these technologies and cannot afford them. Enabling firms to leverage external resources to optimize their research and development (R&D) performance has become one of the most critical issues for small and medium-sized late-coming IVD firms. R&D alliances, especially heterogeneous alliances, are necessary for releasing the resource limitations of late-coming small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and reaching the metaoptimum of the R&D performances. However, to the authors’ knowledge, a few, if any, previous studies have investigated the key success factors and strategies of heterogeneous alliances in the IVD industry. Therefore, the authors aim to define the critical factors for evaluating and selecting strategies for heterogeneous alliances in the IVD industry. A Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL)-based analytic network process (DANP) was proposed to prioritize the weights associated with the evaluation criteria. Then, a heterogeneous R&D alliance strategy was derived from the compromise ranking based on the modified VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method. An empirical study of major Taiwanese IVD firms’ evaluation and selection of heterogeneous R&D alliance strategies will be used to reveal the practicability of the analytic framework. Based on the analytic results, the joint venture strategy is the most suitable heterogeneous R&D alliance strategy for IVD firms in rapidly catching-up economies. These results can serve as the basis for heterogeneous R&D alliance strategy definitions in the IVD industry in the future.
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Jaffe K, ter Horst E, Gunn LH, Zambrano JD, Molina G. A network analysis of research productivity by country, discipline, and wealth. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232458. [PMID: 32401823 PMCID: PMC7219709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research productivity has been linked to a country’s intellectual and economic wealth. Further analysis is needed to assess the association between the distribution of research across disciplines and the economic status of countries. Methods By using 55 years of data, spanning 1962 to 2017, of Elsevier publications across a large set of research disciplines and countries globally, this manuscript explores the relationship and evolution of relative research productivity across different disciplines through a network analysis. It also explores the associations of those with economic productivity categories, as measured by the World Bank economic classification. Additional analysis of discipline similarities is possible by exploring the cross-country evolution of those disciplines. Results Results show similarities in the relative importance of research disciplines among most high-income countries, with larger idiosyncrasies appearing among the remaining countries. This group of high-income countries shows similarities in the dynamics of the relative distribution of research productivity over time, forming a stable research productivity cluster. Lower income countries form smaller, more independent and evolving clusters, and differ significantly from each other and from higher income countries in the relative importance of their research emphases. Country-based similarities in research productivity profiles also appear to be influenced by geographical proximity. Conclusions This new form of analyses of research productivity, and its relation to economic status, reveals novel insights to the dynamics of the economic and research structure of countries. This allows for a deeper understanding of the role a country’s research structure may play in shaping its economy, and also identification of benchmark resource allocations across disciplines for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jaffe
- Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Enrique ter Horst
- Facultad de Administracion, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Laura H. Gunn
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Grigorenko EL. Shifting Focus: From the WEIRD to the World. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2020; 2020:7-9. [PMID: 32324327 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Preprints are gaining visibility in many fields. Thanks to the exponential growth in submissions to bioRxiv, an online server for preprints in biology, versions of manuscripts prior to the completion of journal-organized peer review are poised to become a standard component of the publishing experience in the life sciences. Here, we provide an overview of current challenges facing preprints, both technical and social, and a vision for their future development.
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