1
|
Zhang C, Gai J, Fan X, Lei J, Tang J. Exploring the molecular mechanism of Nux Vomica in treating ischemic stroke using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33625. [PMID: 37083769 PMCID: PMC10118373 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nux Vomica (NV) has the effects of dredging collaterals, relieving pain, dispersing knots, and detumescence, and has a verified effect in treating ischemic stroke (IS), but its molecular mechanism for treating IS remains unclear. In this study, network pharmacology and molecular docking methods were adopted to explore the pharmacological mechanism of NV in treating IS. METHODS The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and the HERB database were searched to screen the active components and targets of NV. IS disease targets were retrieved from the DisGeNET, DrugBank, GeneCards, and Therapeutic Target Database. Venn diagram and intersection targets were obtained from the Venny website. Subsequently, the STRING database was employed to analyze the interrelationship of the intersection targets. Metascape database was used for Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of intersection targets. Furthermore, Cytoscape was employed to plot a drug-component-target network, and other networks, and molecular docking method was adopted to predict the effective components and targets of NV for treating IS. RESULTS A total of 14 active compounds and 59 targets of NV were screened, of which 35 targets were related to IS. Stigmasterol, brucine, isobrucine, isostrychnine N-oxide (I), (S)-stylopine, icaride A, and (2R)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chroman-4-one were the main active ingredients, and SLC6A4, NR3C1, SLC6A3, HTR3A, CHRNA7, MAOA, PTGS2, ESR1, catalase (CAT), ADRB2, and AR were the core targets. Molecular docking shows that these compounds bind well to the core targets. In addition, the treatment of IS by NV may mainly involve salivary secretion, serotonergic synapse, calcium signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that NV exerts its therapeutic effect on IS through multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway, which provides a basis for clinical treatment of IS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jialin Gai
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohua Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junfang Lei
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiqin Tang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Downs J, Wolf CE, Williams G, Cumpston KL, Kershner E, Wills BK. Negligible Nux Vomica: Homeopathic Nux Vomica remedies don't contain strychnine? Toxicon 2021; 200:1-2. [PMID: 34181973 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The St. Ignatius bean of the Strychnos ignatii tree and Nux Vomica homeopathic products presumably could contain the toxic alkaloids strychnine and brucine. This study aimed to determine the amount of these toxic alkaloids in some commercially available Nux Vomica products and the St. Ignatius bean and to determine if overdose of these products could result in clinically significant toxicity. METHODS Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, various formulations of Nux Vomica products and St. Ignatius beans were analyzed for strychnine, and brucine with detection limits set at 0.1 ng/g. RESULTS None of the analyzed Nux Vomica products contained any detectable strychnine or brucine, while the expected strychnine dose from a St. Ignatius bean would be < 0.001 mg. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study reveals that the amount of strychnine in homeopathic Nux Vomica products or St. Ignatius beans are not likely to result in clinically significant strychnine toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Downs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, USA.
| | - Carl E Wolf
- Division of Medical Toxicology Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Grace Williams
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Kirk L Cumpston
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, USA.
| | - Emily Kershner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, USA.
| | - Brandon K Wills
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang HM, Liu RX, Li LM, Wu F, Li CQ, Guo JW. [Study on Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Different Processing Products of Strychnos nux-vomica Seeds]. Zhong Yao Cai 2016; 39:1276-1278. [PMID: 30156796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the differences of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects between oil,sand and vinegar processing Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. METHODS Mouse auricular swelling and writhing test and mice hot water tail flick latency effect method were used to study and compare the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of different processing products of Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. RESULTS The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of vinegar processing Strychnos nux-vomica seeds was better than that of oil and sand processing products. CONCLUSION This study can provide theoretical basis for the optimization of processing technology of reducing toxicity and enhancing effects of processed Strychnos nux-vomica seeds.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie BX, Tang WZ, Wang LH, Wang XJ. [Study on Chemical Constituents of Strychnos nux-vomica]. Zhong Yao Cai 2016; 39:86-89. [PMID: 30079716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate and identify the chemical constituents from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. METHODS Chromatographic separation techniques such as silica gel chromatography,ODS chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography were used for the isolation and purification. The structures of the chemical constituents were identified on the basis of mass spectrometry,NMR spectroscopy and so on. RESULTS 16 compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as: α-amyrin( 1), vomicine( 2), stearic acid( 3), β-sitosterol( 4),vanillin( 5), ethyl gallate( 6),methyl gallate( 7),novacine( 8),strychnine( 9), daucosterol( 10),brucine chloromethochloride( 11),loganic acid( 12),strychnine chloromethochloride( 13),brucine( 14),geniposide( 15) and loganin( 16). CONCLUSION Compounds 3,6,7 and 15 are isolated from this genus for the first time.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jyoti S, Tandon S. Impact of homeopathic remedies on the expression of lineage differentiation genes: an in vitro approach using embryonic stem cells. HOMEOPATHY 2015; 105:148-59. [PMID: 27211322 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-documented studies of the potential effects and safety of homeopathic medicines in pregnancy are required. In this study, specific genes were studied which could serve as biomarkers for specification of three lineages to predict the safety of homeopathic remedies using mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Thus, the present work was to study the effects of homeopathic remedies taken during pregnancy using ES cells as the model. METHODS Mouse ES cells were exposed to 30C potency of Nux Vomica and Sepia, which are homeopathic medicines prescribed for the management of pregnancy related symptoms. Cytotoxicity studies were done using a modified Embryonic Stem cell test (EST). The expression levels of key genes and proteins were analyzed using real time polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Homeopathic treatment led to modulations in the expression of certain lineage specific genes but this difference was not significant with respect to solvent control and showed normal differentiation as demonstrated by the expression of α/β MHC and α-actinin proteins in the differentiated ES cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study for the first time has shown the feasibility of using ES cells in the developmental toxicity testing of remedies. The results suggest that they are not associated with developmental toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saras Jyoti
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, India.
| | - Simran Tandon
- Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, UP, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bell IR, Howerter A, Jackson N, Aickin M, Bootzin RR, Brooks AJ. Nonlinear dynamical systems effects of homeopathic remedies on multiscale entropy and correlation dimension of slow wave sleep EEG in young adults with histories of coffee-induced insomnia. HOMEOPATHY 2012; 101:182-92. [PMID: 22818237 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigators of homeopathy have proposed that nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) and complex systems science offer conceptual and analytic tools for evaluating homeopathic remedy effects. Previous animal studies demonstrate that homeopathic medicines alter delta electroencephalographic (EEG) slow wave sleep. The present study extended findings of remedy-related sleep stage alterations in human subjects by testing the feasibility of using two different NDS analytic approaches to assess remedy effects on human slow wave sleep EEG. METHODS Subjects (N=54) were young adult male and female college students with a history of coffee-related insomnia who participated in a larger 4-week study of the polysomnographic effects of homeopathic medicines on home-based all-night sleep recordings. Subjects took one bedtime dose of a homeopathic remedy (Coffea cruda or Nux vomica 30c). We computed multiscale entropy (MSE) and the correlation dimension (Mekler-D2) for stages 3 and 4 slow wave sleep EEG sampled in artifact-free 2-min segments during the first two rapid-eye-movement (REM) cycles for remedy and post-remedy nights, controlling for placebo and post-placebo night effects. RESULTS MSE results indicate significant, remedy-specific directional effects, especially later in the night (REM cycle 2) (CC: remedy night increases and post-remedy night decreases in MSE at multiple sites for both stages 3 and 4 in both REM cycles; NV: remedy night decreases and post-remedy night increases, mainly in stage 3 REM cycle 2 MSE). D2 analyses yielded more sporadic and inconsistent findings. CONCLUSIONS Homeopathic medicines Coffea cruda and Nux vomica in 30c potencies alter short-term nonlinear dynamic parameters of slow wave sleep EEG in healthy young adults. MSE may provide a more sensitive NDS analytic method than D2 for evaluating homeopathic remedy effects on human sleep EEG patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris R Bell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng Y, Wu Z, Liu J, Hu J, Yang C. [Therapeutic effect of nux vomica total alkali gel on adjuvants arthritis rats]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012; 37:1434-1439. [PMID: 22860457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the therapeutic effect and mechanism of nux vomica total alkali gel (NVTAG) on adjuvants arthritis (AA) rats. METHOD SD rats were randomly divided into nine groups: the normal group, the AA model group, NVTAG high, middle and low-dose (25, 12.5, 6.25 mg x kg(-1)) groups and the Votalin control (diclofenac diethylamine emulgel, 50 mg x kg(-1)) group. Except for the normal group, the remaining groups were transcutaneously administered with 0.1 mL freund's adjuvant complete (FCA) for inflammation in left rear feet and then evenly treated with medicine and packed with oilpapers. The foot volume method was adopted to determine foot swelling degree, with pain scoring and polyarthritis scoring. HE staining was used to observe arthro-pathologic injury. The content of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and vascular epidermal growth factor (VEGF) in synovium homogenates were measured by enzyme-linked immuno-absorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. RESULT Compared with the model group, NVTAG and control gel can obviously reduce the foot swelling degree, polyarthritis indicators and relieve arthro-pathologic injury in AA rats (17-21 d). The levels of IL-1, PGE2, IL-6, VEGF and TNF-alpha in synovial homogenates of AA rats were also reduced by NVTAG significantly. CONCLUSION NVTAG shows an antergic effect on AA progress in rats, which is closely related to inhibition of development of inflammatory mediator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiu Zheng
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
TURNER TD, DAVIES JM. The Morphology and Histology of the Seeds of Strychnos Nux-Vomica, Linn., and its Adulterants, Strychnos Nux-Blanda, Hill, and Strychnos Potatorum, Linn. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 15:594-610. [PMID: 14059608 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1963.tb12845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The morphology and histology of the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, Linn., Strychnos nux-blanda, Hill., and Strychnos potatorum, Linn., are described. The diagnostic features by which the two adulterants S. nux-blanda and S. potatorum can be distinguished from the pharmacopoeial drug S. nux-vomica, are noted.
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Bellavite P, Magnani P, Marzotto M, Conforti A. Assays of homeopathic remedies in rodent behavioural and psychopathological models. HOMEOPATHY 2009; 98:208-27. [PMID: 19945676 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The first part of this paper reviews the effects of homeopathic remedies on several models of anxiety-like behaviours developed and described in rodents. The existing literature in this field comprises some fifteen exploratory studies, often published in non-indexed and non-peer-reviewed journals. Only a few results have been confirmed by multiple laboratories, and concern Ignatia, Gelsemium, Chamomilla (in homeopathic dilutions/potencies). Nevertheless, there are some interesting results pointing to the possible efficacy of other remedies, and confirming a statistically significant effect of high dilutions of neurotrophic molecules and antibodies. In the second part of this paper we report some recent results obtained in our laboratory, testing Aconitum, Nux vomica, Belladonna, Argentum nitricum, Tabacum (all 5CH potency) and Gelsemium (5, 7, 9 and 30CH potencies) on mice using ethological models of behaviour. The test was performed using coded drugs and controls in double blind (operations and calculations). After an initial screening that showed all the tested remedies (except for Belladonna) to have some effects on the behavioural parameters (light-dark test and open-field test), but with high experimental variability, we focused our study on Gelsemium, and carried out two complete series of experiments. The results showed that Gelsemium had several effects on the exploratory behaviour of mice, which in some models were highly statistically significant (p < 0.001), in all the dilutions/dynamizations used, but with complex differences according to the experimental conditions and test performed. Finally, some methodological issues of animal research in this field of homeopathy are discussed. The "Gelsemium model" - encompassing experimental studies in vitro and in vivo from different laboratories and with different methods, including significant effects of its major active principle gelsemine - may play a pivotal rule for investigations on other homeopathic remedies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Morphological Biomedical Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hiware CJ. Effect of fortification of Mulberry leaves with homeopathic drug Nux vomica on Bombyx mori. L. HOMEOPATHY 2006; 95:148-50. [PMID: 16815518 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Silk worm (Bombyx mori L.) larvae were fed on Mulberry leaves treated with Nux vomica mother tincture. The impact on larval, cocoon, shell and pupal weight, silk ratio, average filament length and denier, and number of breakages during reeling were investigated. The results were positive in all parameters under study except cocoon weight, pupal weight, and the average denier of the filament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Hiware
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, MS, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
We report the case of a 35 year-old man suffering from Reiter's disease. He did not respond to Lycopodium or Nux vomica in medium dilutions, but did respond to Nux vomica in very high potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, B- Block, Defence Colony, New Delhi 110024, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Choi YH, Sohn YM, Kim CY, Oh KY, Kim J. Analysis of strychnine from detoxified Strychnos nux-vomica [corrected] seeds using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 93:109-112. [PMID: 15182914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2003] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The content of strychnine from Strychnos nux-vomica [corrected] seeds was analyzed and compared to processed seeds by the HPLC-ESI/MS method. Using this technique, levels as low as 1 ng of strychnine were detected. In contrast to conventional UV detectors, this method also made it possible to discriminate brucine. This study resulted in finding the content of strychnine in detoxified seeds to be one tenth of unprocessed Strychnos nux-vomica [corrected] seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hae Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tripathi YB, Reddy MM, Pandey RS, Subhashini J, Tiwari OP, Singh BK, Reddanna P. Anti-inflammatory properties of BHUx, a polyherbal formulation to prevent atherosclerosis. Inflammopharmacology 2004; 12:131-52. [PMID: 15265316 DOI: 10.1163/1568560041352301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BHUx is a polyherbal formulation consisting of water-soluble fractions of five medicinal plants (Commiphora mukul, Terminalia arjuna, Boswellia serrata, Semecarpus anacardium and Strychnos nux vomica). The present study was undertaken to evaluate its antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. BHUx, standardized by HPLC fingerprinting and filtered through 0.2 microm filter paper, was employed for different studies under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Under in vivo conditions, BHUx significantly reduced inflammation in the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model of inflammation, suggesting its anti-inflammatory properties. In order to test the mechanism of action of BHUx, further in vitro studies were undertaken on cumene-hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation (CHP) in liver homogenate, LPS-induced NO production in peritoneal macrophages and on key enzymes of arachidonic acid cascade, involved in the mediation of inflammation. Under the conditions, BHUx showed concentration-dependent inhibition of CHP-induced lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate, suggesting its antioxidant properties. Similarly the potent anti-inflammatory effects of BHUx are evident by (a) preferential inhibition of COX-2 (IC50 for COX-2 = 80 microg/ml and IC50 for COX-1 = 169 microg/ml), (b) low ratios in the IC50 values of COX-2/COX-1 (0.47), (c) decreased production of NO in LPS-induced peritoneal macrophages and (d) inhibition of 5-LOX (IC50 = 795 microg/ml). BHUx also showed a preference for inhibiting 15-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 44 microg/ml), a key enzyme implicated in LDL oxidation. These studies suggest that BHUx is acting mainly at three levels, i.e., as a potent natural antioxidant, by reduction of key inflammatory mediators of arachidonic acid cascade and by preventing 15-LOX-mediated LDL oxidations, to prevent atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamini B Tripathi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
A quantitative analysis using (1)H-NMR (Q-NMR) has been developed for the determination of strychnine and brucine in Strychnos nux-vomica seeds and stems. The advantages of the method are that no reference alkaloids are needed for calibration curves, the quantification could be directly realized on a crude extract, strychnine and brucine could easily be distinguished, an overall profile of the preparation (including non alkaloid compounds) could be directly obtained, and a very significant time-gain could be achieved, in comparison to conventional HPLC methods, for instance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Frédérich
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Leiden University, Institute of Biology, Section Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sukul NC, De A, Sinhababu SP, Sukul A. Potentized Mercuric chloride and Nux vomica Facilitate Water Permeability in Erythrocytes of a Fresh-Water CatfishClarius batrachusUnder Acute Ethanol Intoxication. J Altern Complement Med 2003; 9:719-25. [PMID: 14629849 DOI: 10.1089/107555303322524562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary biomolecular target of a homeopathic potency is unknown. If it is a plasma membrane protein such as water-channel protein, the drug would alter water permeation in cells. Therefore, the objective is to see if potentized homeopathic drugs like Mercuric chloride 30c and Nux vomica 30c could alter permeation of water through the erythrocytes of a fresh water fish under acute ethanol intoxication. LOCATION The work was carried out in the Zoology Laboratory of Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India. SUBJECT Live freshwater catfish. DESIGN Erythrocytes collected from fish with and without ethanol intoxication were incubated in distilled water at 30 degrees C for 30 minutes with Ethanol 30c (control), Merc cor 30c (test 1), and Nux vomica 30c (test 2). Merc cor 30c and Nux vom 30c were prepared by successive dilution of the respective mother tinctures with 90% ethanol (1:100) followed by sonication at 20 kHz for 30 seconds in 30 steps. Ethanol 30c was prepared in the same way from 90% ethanol diluted with 90% ethanol. In another experiment, fish were pretreated with Ethanol 30c and Nux vom 30c followed by ethanol injection at 2 g/kg of body weight. Then their erythrocytes were tested in vitro with the same potencies. After centrifugation of blood samples, fluid part was removed, erythrocyte pellets dried in a BioChemical Oxygen Demand (BOD; Atlas Surgical, New Delhi, India) incubator at 90 degrees C for 12 hours and intracellular water content measured. RESULTS Red blood cells (RBCs) from ethanol-injected fish permeated more water than those from normal fish. Water permeation was enhanced with Merc cor 30c and Nux vom 30c. RBCs from fish pretreated with Nux vom 30c imbibed more water in in vitro treatments than those from fish pretreated with Ethanol 30c. CONCLUSION Because water channel proteins or aquaporins are mainly responsible for water transport through the plasma membrane of RBCs, it is thought that potentized drugs interact with these proteins, thereby facilitating water influx in the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Sukul
- Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, and Sukul Institute of Homeopathic Research, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang J, Wang S, Chen X, Hu Z, Ma X. Capillary electrophoresis with field-enhanced stacking for rapid and sensitive determination of strychnine and brucine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 376:210-3. [PMID: 12692702 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2002] [Revised: 12/30/2002] [Accepted: 01/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new capillary electrophoresis procedure with field-enhanced stacking concentration for the analysis of strychnine and brucine is established. After optimization of the separation and concentration conditions, the two alkaloids can be separated within 5 min and quantified with high sensitivity (The detection limits were 1.0 ng mL(-1) for strychnine and 1.4 ng mL(-1) for brucine). The method was useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of strychnine and brucine in Strychnos nux-vomica L with recovery of 105.1% for strychnine and 98.4% for brucine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyou Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
QUIRIN M, LEVY J, LEMEN J. [ALKALOIDS FROM NUX VOMICA LEAVES: STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA L (LOGANIACEAE)]. Ann Pharm Fr 1965; 23:93-8. [PMID: 14292006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
|
19
|
Abstract
Abstract
A method is proposed for the extraction of strychnine and brucine, from nux vomica and some of its preparations. An ammoniacal suspension of the drug is extracted with chloroform in a downward displacement liquid-liquid extractor. The strychnine and brucine are then extracted from the chloroform with normal sulphuric acid and the strychnine determined spectrophotometrically. In general the results are in good agreement with those obtained by official methods and the method effects a considerable saving of time.
Collapse
|
20
|
PLAT M, POISSON J. [DETERMINATION OF STRYCHNINE IN NUX VOMICA POWDER BY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROMETRY]. Ann Pharm Fr 1964; 22:603-8. [PMID: 14224820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
|
21
|
MUELLER WA, BRAUN J. [THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF EXPERIMENTAL VENTRICULAR ULCER IN RATS AND THEIR MEDICAL CONTROL. 3. INDUCTION OF GASTRIC GLAND ULCERS IN RATS BY IMMOBILIZATION OF THE ANIMAL. OBSERVATION ON UROPEPSINOGEN EXCRETION AND ITS CONTROL BY DRUGS]. Arzneimittelforschung 1964; 14:205-7. [PMID: 14235988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
|
22
|
ROSENTHAL WA, SPANER S, BROWN KD. Paper chromatography of monomer sugars using quaternary salts for identification. J Chromatogr A 1964; 13:152-6. [PMID: 14110293 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
WATABE T, YOSHIMURA H, TSUKAMOTO H. Metabolism of Drugs. L. The In Vitro Study on Metabolism of Brucine and 4-Substituted Veratroles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1964; 12:1151-8. [PMID: 14241628 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.12.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
24
|
ROEHM F, SEYBOLD G, PIRTKIEN R. [THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF EXPERIMENTAL STOMACH ULCERS IN RATS AND THEIR MEDICAL ALTERATION. 1. INDUCTION OF ULCERS IN THE GASTRIC FUNDUS IN RATS BY GLUCOSE FEEDING AND THEIR MEDICAL ALTERATION]. Arzneimittelforschung 1964; 14:47-50. [PMID: 14223692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
|
25
|
LESLIE CH, BRUHL DE. AN EFFECTIVE ANTI-IMPOTENCE AGENT. STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF 1000 REPORTED CASES. Memphis Mid South Med J 1963; 38:379-85. [PMID: 14087858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
|
26
|
BRUHL DE, LESLIE CH. Afrodex: double-blind test in impotence. Med Rec Ann 1963; 56:22 passim. [PMID: 14016208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
|
27
|
MATHIS C, DUQUENOIS P. [Contribution to the identification by paper chromatography of the alkaloids of certain types of Strychnos from Africa and Asia]. Ann Pharm Fr 1963; 21:17-26. [PMID: 13933635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
|
28
|
TAYLOR IS, IFRIM A. The assay of strychnine in pharmaceutical preparations of nux vomica. J Pharm Pharmacol 1959; 11:191. [PMID: 13631632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
|
29
|
KEDVESSY G, RACZ S. [Paper chromatographic study of the galenic preparations from nux vomica seed]. Mitt Dtsch Pharm Ges Pharm Ges DDR 1959; 29:1-4. [PMID: 13637940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
FISCHER R, GHARBO S. [Determination of strychnine in the presence of brucine in seeds, tincture & strychnine extract]. Pharm Zentralhalle Dtschl 1958; 97:101-5. [PMID: 13553749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
|
33
|
BUCHI J, SCHUMACHER H. [Methodical examination of paper chromatography; effect of the composition of the mobile phase on the Rf value of strychnine & brucine]. Pharm Acta Helv 1957; 32:462-74. [PMID: 13505052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
|
34
|
BUCHI J, SCHUMACHER H. [Purity tests for alkaloids with paper chromatography. 4. Strychnos alkaloids]. Pharm Acta Helv 1957; 32:375-82. [PMID: 13484386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
|
35
|
GORMAN WG, SALISBURY R. Studies on the high voltage electrophoresis of strychnos alkaloids. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc 1957; 46:476-81. [PMID: 13491427 DOI: 10.1002/jps.3030460807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
CORTESI. [Various aerosols of heroic drugs]. J Med Bord 1957; 134:592-6. [PMID: 13449449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
|
37
|
BROCHMANN-HANSSEN E. A new approach to the assay of alkaloidal crude drugs. I. Cinchona and nux vomica. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc 1956; 45:74-7. [PMID: 13295108 DOI: 10.1002/jps.3030450204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
|
38
|
KARMAZIN M, BOSWART J. [Colorimetric method for the determination of strychnine and brucine in strychnos seeds by means of ammonium reineckate]. Pharm Zentralhalle Dtschl 1956; 95:10-4. [PMID: 13322593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
|
39
|
CARLASSARE M. [Determination of the strychnine content of nux vomica, of the Strychnos ignatii bean and of respective galenic preparations]. Farmaco Prat 1955; 10:662-9. [PMID: 13285515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
40
|
SCHINDLER H. [Constituents of medicinal plants and testing methods for plant tinctures, with a contribution on a supplementary volume to the homeopathic pharmacopeia]. Arzneimittelforschung 1955; 5:299-301. [PMID: 13249878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
41
|
REVOL L, NOUVEL G. [Critical study of the determination of the total alkaloids in an extract of nux vomica (Codex 1937 and 1949]. Ann Pharm Fr 1952; 10:108-11. [PMID: 14953042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
|
42
|
LACKNER J. [Therapy of roentgen intoxication with Rokan]. Strahlentherapie 1952; 89:283-7. [PMID: 13028848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
|
43
|
DANZEL L. [Nux vomica]. Prod Pharm 1951; 6:125-7. [PMID: 14834214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
|
44
|
RAE J. Red dyes for colouring solutions of potassium bromide and nux vomica. Manuf Chem Aerosol News 1950; 21:476. [PMID: 14795922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
|
45
|
|
46
|
PARIS G. [Comparative Study Of Nux Vomica, Lycopod and Sulfur]. Homeopath Fr 1949; 25:180-184. [PMID: 18119634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
|
47
|
VANNIER L. [Nux vomica and Ignatia]. Homeopath Fr 1949; 25:98-101. [PMID: 18118829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
|
48
|
del POZO A, ALVAREZ de la VEGA F. [Criticism of the methods of evaluation of alkaloids of nux vomica; experimental study]. Galen Acta 1949; 2:35-48. [PMID: 24538652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
|
49
|
ALVAREZ de la VEGA F, del POZO A. [Criticism of the methods of evaluation of alkaloids of nux vomica; theoretical study]. Galen Acta 1949; 2:23-34. [PMID: 24538651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
|
50
|
PUNTAMBEKAR SV. Effect of storage on the alkaloidal content of Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. CURR SCI INDIA 1947; 16:346. [PMID: 18918148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
|