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Valkenburg AD, Ncube MZ, Teke GM, van Rensburg E, Pott RWM. A review on the upstream production and downstream purification of mannosylerythritol lipids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:853-876. [PMID: 38108218 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are natural compounds with remarkable surface-active properties that may offer an eco-friendly alternative to conventional surfactants. Among them, mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) stand out as an intriguing example of a glycolipid biosurfactant. MELs have been used in a variety of sectors for various applications, and are currently commercially produced. Industrially, they are used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and agricultural industries, based on their ability to reduce surface tension and enhance emulsification. However, despite their utility, their production is comparatively limited industrially. From a bioprocessing standpoint, two areas of interest to improve the production process are upstream production and downstream (separation and purification) product recovery. The former has seen a significant amount of research, with researchers investigating several production factors: the microbial species or strain employed, the producing media composition, and the production strategy implemented. Improvement and optimization of these are key to scale-up the production of MELs. On the other hand, the latter has seen comparatively limited work presented in the literature. For the most part traditional separation techniques have been employed. This systematic review presents the production and purification methodologies used by researchers by comprehensively analyzing the current state-of-the-art with regards the production, separation, and purification of MELs. By doing so, the review presents different possible approaches, and highlights some potential areas for future work by identifying opportunities for the commercialization of MELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André D Valkenburg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Mellisa Z Ncube
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - George M Teke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Eugéne van Rensburg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robert W M Pott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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2
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Schuster M, Schweizer G, Reißmann S, Happel P, Aßmann D, Rössel N, Güldener U, Mannhaupt G, Ludwig N, Winterberg S, Pellegrin C, Tanaka S, Vincon V, Presti LL, Wang L, Bender L, Gonzalez C, Vranes M, Kämper J, Seong K, Krasileva K, Kahmann R. Novel Secreted Effectors Conserved Among Smut Fungi Contribute to the Virulence of Ustilago maydis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2024; 37:250-263. [PMID: 38416124 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0139-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens deploy a set of molecules (proteins, specialized metabolites, and sRNAs), so-called effectors, to aid the infection process. In comparison to other plant pathogens, smut fungi have small genomes and secretomes of 20 Mb and around 500 proteins, respectively. Previous comparative genomic studies have shown that many secreted effector proteins without known domains, i.e., novel, are conserved only in the Ustilaginaceae family. By analyzing the secretomes of 11 species within Ustilaginaceae, we identified 53 core homologous groups commonly present in this lineage. By collecting existing mutants and generating additional ones, we gathered 44 Ustilago maydis strains lacking single core effectors as well as 9 strains containing multiple deletions of core effector gene families. Pathogenicity assays revealed that 20 of these 53 mutant strains were affected in virulence. Among the 33 mutants that had no obvious phenotypic changes, 13 carried additional, sequence-divergent, structurally similar paralogs. We report a virulence contribution of seven previously uncharacterized single core effectors and of one effector family. Our results help to prioritize effectors for understanding U. maydis virulence and provide genetic resources for further characterization. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schuster
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schweizer
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Independent Data Lab UG, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reißmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Happel
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Aßmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Rössel
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80636 München, Germany
| | - Gertrud Mannhaupt
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Research & Development, Weed Control Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Winterberg
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Clément Pellegrin
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Vincon
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Libera Lo Presti
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lena Bender
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Phillips-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Carla Gonzalez
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Vranes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kyungyong Seong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Ksenia Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Yin K, Cui G, Bi X, Liang M, Hu Z, Deng YZ. Intracellular polyamines regulate redox homeostasis with cAMP-PKA signalling during sexual mating/filamentation and pathogenicity of Sporisorium scitamineum. Mol Plant Pathol 2024; 25:e13393. [PMID: 37814404 PMCID: PMC10782646 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane smut caused by Sporisorium scitamineum seriously impairs sugarcane production and quality. Sexual mating/filamentation is a critical step of S. scitamineum pathogenesis, yet the regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we identified the SsAGA, SsODC, and SsSAMDC genes, which are involved in polyamine biosynthesis in S. scitamineum. Deletion of SsODC led to complete loss of filamentous growth after sexual mating, and deletion of SsAGA or SsSAMDC caused reduced filamentation. Double deletion of SsODC and SsSAMDC resulted in auxotrophy for putrescine (PUT) and spermidine (SPD) when grown on minimal medium (MM), indicating that these two genes encode enzymes that are critical for PUT and SPD biosynthesis. We further showed that low PUT concentrations promoted S. scitamineum filamentation, while high PUT concentrations suppressed filamentation. Disrupted fungal polyamine biosynthesis also resulted in a loss of pathogenicity and reduced fungal biomass within infected plants at the early infection stage. SPD formed a gradient from the diseased part to nonsymptom parts of the cane stem, suggesting that SPD is probably favourable for fungal virulence. Mutants of the cAMP-PKA (SsGPA3-SsUAC1-SsADR1) signalling pathway displayed up-regulation of the SsODC gene and elevated intracellular levels of PUT. SsODC directly interacted with SsGPA3, and sporidia of the ss1uac1ΔodcΔ mutant displayed abundant pseudohyphae. Furthermore, we found that elevated PUT levels caused accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), probably by suppressing transcription of ROS-scavenging enzymes, while SPD played the opposite role. Overall, our work proves that polyamines play important roles in the pathogenic development of sugarcane smut fungus, probably by collaboratively regulating intracellular redox homeostasis with the cAMP-PKA signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yin
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, College of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guobing Cui
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, College of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xinping Bi
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, College of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Meiling Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant ProtectionResearch Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, College of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yi Zhen Deng
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, College of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Takahashi D, Toshima K. Total Synthesis of Mannosylerythritol Lipids and Structure-Function Relationship Studies. J Oleo Sci 2024; 73:539-546. [PMID: 38556287 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) has attracted much attention as an environmentally benign and biocompatible material in many research fields due to its significant biochemical and physiological properties. However, heterogeneity always exists in MEL obtained from microbial products with respect to the chain length of the fatty acids. In this context, the total synthesis of the 20 members of MEL was effectively and stereoselectively achieved using our boron-mediated aglycon delivery (BMAD) method. In addition, structure-function relationship (SFR) studies of antibacterial activity, self-assembling properties, and recovery effects on damaged skin cells have been conducted, and these results are introduced in this mini-review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
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Faria NT, Nascimento MF, Ferreira FA, Esteves T, Santos MV, Ferreira FC. Substrates of Opposite Polarities and Downstream Processing for Efficient Production of the Biosurfactant Mannosylerythritol Lipids from Moesziomyces spp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6132-6149. [PMID: 36811772 PMCID: PMC10511570 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactants can replace fossil-driven surfactants with positive environmental impacts, owing to their low eco-toxicity and high biodegradability. However, their large-scale production and application are restricted by high production costs. Such costs can be reduced using renewable raw materials and facilitated downstream processing. Here, a novel strategy for mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) production explores the combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon sources sideways with a novel downstream processing strategy, based on nanofiltration technology. Co-substrate MEL production by Moesziomyces antarcticus was threefold higher than using D-glucose with low levels of residual lipids. The use of waste frying oil instead of soybean oil (SBO) in co-substrate strategy resulted in similar MEL production. Moesziomyces antarcticus cultivations, using 3.9 M of total carbon in substrates, yields 7.3, 18.1, and 20.1 g/L of MEL, and 2.1, 10.0, and 5.1 g/L of residual lipids, for D-glucose, SBO, and a combination of D-Glucose and SBO, respectively. Such approach makes it possible to reduce the amount of oil used, offset by the equivalent molar increase in D-glucose, improving sustainability and decreasing residual unconsumed oil substrates, facilitating downstream processing. Moesziomyces spp. also produces lipases that broken down the oil and, thus, residual unconsumed oils are in the form of free fatty-acids or monoacylglycerol, which are smaller molecules than MEL. Therefore, nanofiltration of ethyl acetate extracts from co-substrate-based culture broths allows to improve MEL purity (ratio of MEL per total MEL and residual lipids) from 66 to 93% using 3-diavolumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Torres Faria
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Figueiredo Nascimento
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Flávio Alves Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Esteves
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marisa Viegas Santos
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
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6
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Liu X, Matsumoto H, Lv T, Zhan C, Fang H, Pan Q, Xu H, Fan X, Chu T, Chen S, Qiao K, Ma Y, Sun L, Wang Q, Wang M. Phyllosphere microbiome induces host metabolic defence against rice false-smut disease. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1419-1433. [PMID: 37142774 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions between host plants and their microbiota have the potential to provide disease resistance. Most research has focused on the rhizosphere, but it is unclear how the microbiome associated with the aerial surface of plants protects against infection. Here we identify a metabolic defence underlying the mutualistic interaction between the panicle and the resident microbiota in rice to defend against a globally prevalent phytopathogen, Ustilaginoidea virens, which causes false-smut disease. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer sequencing data identified keystone microbial taxa enriched in the disease-suppressive panicle, in particular Lactobacillus spp. and Aspergillus spp. Integration of these data with primary metabolism profiling, host genome editing and microbial isolate transplantation experiments revealed that plants with these taxa could resist U. virens infection in a host branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-dependent manner. Leucine, a predominant BCAA, suppressed U. virens pathogenicity by inducing apoptosis-like cell death through H2O2 overproduction. Additionally, preliminary field experiments showed that leucine could be used in combination with chemical fungicides with a 50% reduction in dose but similar efficacy to higher fungicide concentrations. These findings may facilitate protection of crops from panicle diseases prevalent at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Haruna Matsumoto
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianxing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengfang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongda Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haorong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunlu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youning Ma
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengcen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Global Education Program for AgriScience Frontiers, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Zang W, Zhang XM, Eckstein PE, Yang F, Colin M, Beattie AD. Optimization of Ustilago nuda Inoculum Concentration for Screening Un8-Mediated Loose Smut Resistance in Barley Reveals a Resistance Reaction that Disrupts Seed Germination and Suggests a Role for Abscisic Acid in Disease Development. Phytopathology 2023; 113:1077-1083. [PMID: 36449526 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-22-0219-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Barley loose smut has been effectively controlled for decades through resistance conferred by the Un8 gene. However, evaluation of loose smut reaction using floret inoculation at the standard inoculum concentration is associated with the production of small, discolored seeds in Un8 carriers and susceptible genotypes. Interestingly, Un8 carriers also displayed significantly poorer germination than susceptible genotypes and produce short-lived seedlings following inoculation. To understand these observations, a Un8 carrier (TR11698) and susceptible non-Un8 carrier (CDC Austenson) were assessed for seed traits, Ustilago nuda biomass in the seed, infection rate, and phytohormone profile across a range of lower inoculum concentrations. At lower inoculum concentrations, seed appearance and weight improved in both genotypes, and infection rate increased in CDC Austenson. Pathogen load in the seed was similar in both genotypes and was positively correlated with the CDC Austenson infection rate. No infection was ever observed in TR11698. Significantly, germination rate improved in CDC Austenson, whereas the very low germination rate and short-lived seedlings remained associated with TR11698. It appears that poor seed appearance in both genotypes and low germination rate in the susceptible genotype can be improved by lowering the inoculum concentration. However, the very low germination rates and seedling death associated with the Un8 carrier TR11698 are indicative of Un8-mediated resistance to loose smut. Finally, profiling of 38 phytohormones revealed that larger seeds observed at some inoculum concentrations compared with mock inoculation had higher abscisic acid concentrations. This could represent a pathogen survival strategy by ensuring better growth of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Xiang M Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Peter E Eckstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Mark Colin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Aaron D Beattie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Kernel smut, caused by Tilletia horrida, is a disease characterized by the replacement of rice grains with black sooty masses of teliospores or chlamydospores. Kernel smut differs from rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, in the color of chlamydospores. False smut is characterized by globose, velvety spore balls ranging from orangish yellow to greenish black in color. Both kernel smut and false smut have been persistent but are considered minor diseases in many countries since they were discovered in the late 1870s to the 1980s due to their sporadic outbreaks and limited economic impacts. In recent years, however, kernel smut and false smut have emerged as two of the most economically important diseases in rice, including organic rice, in many countries, especially in the United States. The increased use of susceptible rice cultivars, especially hybrids, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer, and short crop rotations have resulted in an increase in kernel smut and false smut, causing significant losses in grain yield and quality. In this article, we provide a review of the distribution and economic importance of kernel smut; our current understanding of the taxonomy, biology, and epidemiology of kernel smut; and the genomics of the kernel smut fungus as compared with false smut and its causal agent. We also provide an update on the current management strategies of pathogen exclusion, cultivar resistance, fungicides, biological control, and cultural practices for kernel smut and false smut of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Khanal
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Beaumont, TX 77713
| | | | - Xin-Gen Zhou
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Beaumont, TX 77713
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Bai Z, Qin Y, Cao K, Du J, Han Y, Tan Z, Wu G, Tian B, Yang Y, Yu Y, Bi C, Sun W, Fang A. Genetic Diversity and Pathogenic Variation of the Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens from Different Rice Cultivars. Phytopathology 2023; 113:549-558. [PMID: 36346376 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0099-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, has become one of the most devastating grain diseases of rice worldwide. Understanding the genetic diversity of U. virens is essential for efficient disease control and breeding for disease resistance. However, little is known about the genetic variation of U. virens from different rice cultivars. We investigated the genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of U. virens isolates from 10 rice cultivars in Zhejiang, China. A total of 260 polymorphic loci and 27 haplotypes were identified based on the 2,137-bp combined DNA fragments of all individuals; hap_4 was the most common haplotype, represented by 41 isolates. Phylogeny indicated that all isolates were divided into four genetic groups. Group I was the largest, with 98 isolates, distributed mainly in eight cultivar populations, whereas 90% of the isolates collected from a Changxiang cultivar were clustered in Group IV. Furthermore, the pairwise FST values exhibited significant genetic differentiation in 27 of the pairwise comparisons between populations, accounting for 23.21% of the total genetic variation. The genetic composition of the isolates of the CX population was distinguishable from that of the other nine populations, and genetic recombination was found in a few isolates. Finally, 27 haplotype representative isolates showed high variation in pathogenicity, and the isolates from the genetic subpopulation I were likely to be more virulent than those from genetic subpopulations II and III. Collectively, these findings suggest that differences in rice cultivars play an important role in the genetic variation of U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxu Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yubao Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kuirong Cao
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxing 314016, China
| | - Jianhang Du
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanqing Han
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Ze Tan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gentu Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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10
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Maeda S, Ackley W, Yokotani N, Sasaki K, Ohtsubo N, Oda K, Mori M. Enhanced Resistance to Fungal and Bacterial Diseases Due to Overexpression of BSR1, a Rice RLCK, in Sugarcane, Tomato, and Torenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043644. [PMID: 36835053 PMCID: PMC9965303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane smut caused by Sporisorium scitamineum is one of the most devastating sugarcane diseases. Furthermore, Rhizoctonia solani causes severe diseases in various crops including rice, tomato, potato, sugar beet, tobacco, and torenia. However, effective disease-resistant genes against these pathogens have not been identified in target crops. Therefore, the transgenic approach can be used since conventional cross-breeding is not applicable. Herein, the overexpression of BROAD-SPECTRUM RESISTANCE 1 (BSR1), a rice receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, was conducted in sugarcane, tomato and torenia. BSR1-overexpressing tomatoes exhibited resistance to the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the fungus R. solani, whereas BSR1-overexpressing torenia showed resistance to R. solani in the growth room. Additionally, BSR1 overexpression conferred resistance to sugarcane smut in the greenhouse. These three BSR1-overexpressing crops exhibited normal growth and morphologies except in the case of exceedingly high levels of overexpression. These results indicate that BSR1 overexpression is a simple and effective tool for conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance to many crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Maeda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Wataru Ackley
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO (NILGS), Nasushiobara 329-2793, Japan
| | - Naoki Yokotani
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
| | - Katsutomo Sasaki
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO (NIVFS), Tsukuba 305-0852, Japan
| | - Norihiro Ohtsubo
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO (NIVFS), Tsukuba 305-0852, Japan
| | - Kenji Oda
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(29)-8387008
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11
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Liu Y, Hao Z, Sun H, Liu J, Shen S, Zhou C, Li Z. Genome Sequence Resource of Ustilago crameri, a Fungal Pathogen Causing Millet Smut Disease of Foxtail Millet. Plant Dis 2023; 107:546-548. [PMID: 36600474 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1439-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhimin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hehe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
| | - Jiayue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
| | - Shen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Institute of Millet Crops of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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12
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Shu X, Xu D, Jiang Y, Liang J, Xiang T, Wang Y, Zhang W, Han X, Jiao C, Zheng A, Li P, Yin D, Wang A. Functional Analyses of a Small Secreted Cysteine-Rich Protein ThSCSP_14 in Tilletia horrida. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315042. [PMID: 36499367 PMCID: PMC9736875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilletia horrida is a biotrophic basidiomycete fungus that causes rice kernel smut, one of the most significant diseases in hybrid rice-growing areas worldwide. Little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms and functions of effectors in T. horrida. Here, we performed functional studies of the effectors in T. horrida and found that, of six putative effectors tested, only ThSCSP_14 caused the cell death phenotype in epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. ThSCSP_14 was upregulated early on during the infection process, and the encoded protein was secreted. The predicted signal peptide (SP) of ThSCSP_14 was required for its ability to induce the necrosis phenotype. Furthermore, the ability of ThSCSP_14 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depended on suppressing the G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1), required for Mla12 resistance (RAR1), heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), and somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK3). It is important to note that ThSCSP_14 induced a plant defense response in N. benthamiana leaves. Hence, these results demonstrate that ThSCSP_14 is a possible effector that plays an essential role in T. horrida-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Shu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Deze Xu
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yuqi Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Juan Liang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ting Xiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weike Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xue Han
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chunhai Jiao
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (A.W.)
| | - Aijun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (A.W.)
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13
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Tan Z, Bai Z, Qin Y, Du J, Zhang R, Tian B, Yang Y, Yu Y, Bi C, Sun W, Fang A. Characterization of Genetic Diversity and Variation in Pathogenicity of the Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens from a Single Source. Plant Dis 2022; 106:2648-2655. [PMID: 35394330 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2546-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases in rice-growing countries. Studies of the genetic diversity, evolution, and pathogenicity of U. virens can provide more information for disease control and cultivar breeding. Contrary to previous studies on the genetic diversity of different geographical populations of U. virens, this study analyzed the genetic variation of U. virens from different panicles of the same rice cultivar in a field in Yunnan Province using single nucleotide polymorphism molecular markers. A total of 183 polymorphic loci and five haplotypes, hap_1 to hap_5, were identified based on the 1,350-bp combined DNA fragment of 127 isolates, showing some genetic diversity. Hap_1 and hap_3 had the highest occurrence, indicating they were the dominant haplotypes in the field. Further analysis showed that most rice panicles could be coinfected by different haplotypes, and even a few spikelets could be coinfected by multiple haplotypes. The phylogeny indicated that all isolates were divided into five genetic groups. Groups I, II, and III clustered together and were distinguished from Groups IV and V. Significant genetic variations in five pairwise comparisons of panicle populations, accounting for 72.45% of the total variation, were found according to FST values. This variation might be caused by different field microenvironments and the uneven distribution of inoculum sources. An unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means dendrogram and the population structure revealed that the genetic composition of the isolates collected from YN1, YN2, and YN4, which were dominated by the same genetic subgroup, was different from that collected from YN3. Finally, genetic recombination was found in 11 isolates; hap_2 and hap_5, probably as genetic recombination progenies produced by sexual hybridization between hap_1 and hap_3, acquired a greater virulence than their ancestors according to population structure and pathogenicity analyses. These results will help us understand the genetic diversity, evolution, and infection process of U. virens and aid in the development of more effective management strategies for rice false smut, including new cultivars with improved resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Tan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhenxu Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yubao Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianhang Du
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruixuan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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de Andrade CJ, Coelho AL, Feuser PE, de Andrade LM, Carciofi BA, de Oliveira D. Mannosylerythritol lipids: production, downstream processing, and potential applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 77:102769. [PMID: 35985133 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are biosurfactants produced by various fungal species. Depending on the degree of acetylation and further chemical modifications, these glycolipids can show remarkable biological properties, including the increase of water retention in the stratum corneum suppression of melanogenic enzymes tyrosinase-1 and -2, reversion of UV-A radiation-induced aquaporin-3 suppression, skin whitening, and anti-aging effects. These applications of MELs require high purity, which is usually reached by liquid-liquid extraction followed by chromatography, obtaining ≥95% purity. This worked aimed to critically discuss the current state of the art and trends on the production of MELs, including post-production treatment as enzymatic conversion. In addition, their application as skincare or pharmaceutical agents and agricultural biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano J de Andrade
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Ls Coelho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Lidiane M de Andrade
- Department of Chemical Engineering of the Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Bruno Am Carciofi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
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15
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Pan X, Wang X, Yu J, Yu M, Cao H, Yong M, Song T, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Liu Y. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Rapid Detection of Mating Types of Villosiclava virens. Plant Dis 2022; 106:1128-1133. [PMID: 34739329 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-1943-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS), caused by Villosiclava virens, is an important fungal disease in panicles of rice. V. virens is a heterothallic ascomycete controlled by two opposite idiomorphs, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. Previous study showed that sexual reproduction of V. virens plays an important role in the epidemic of RFS. In this study, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to detect the mating type of V. virens easily and rapidly by using specific primers based on the mating type genes MAT1-1-2 and MAT1-2-1, respectively. The LAMP assay used only a water/dry bath and could recognize the mating type of V. virens in just 45 min. The LAMP assay was so sensitive that it could detect small amounts of V. virens genomic DNA (as low as 2.0 pg of MAT1-1 and 200.0 pg of MAT1-2) and was 10 times more sensitive than PCR. In addition, we demonstrated the application of mating type via LAMP assay by assessing the genomic DNA of V. virens isolated from rice fields. The high efficiency and specificity of this LAMP assay suggest that it can be used as a rapid testing tool in mating type recognition of V. virens isolates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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16
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Hu X, Wang J, Li R, Wu X, Gao X, Li M. Establishment of an Artificial Inoculation Method of Ustilaginoidea virens Without Damaging the Rice Panicle Sheaths. Plant Dis 2022; 106:289-296. [PMID: 34515502 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2746-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS) is a destructive disease of rice worldwide caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. Nevertheless, there is a lack of efficient and stable artificial inoculation method to simulate the natural infection of U. virens, which is an important factor limiting further research on the pathogen. The purpose of this study was to establish an artificial inoculation method, which can simulate the natural infection process of U. virens without destroying the panicle sheath structure of rice. In this research, rice plants were inoculated by soaking roots at the seedling stage, spraying at the tillering stage, injecting at the booting stage, and again spraying at the flowering stage to determine the appropriate artificial inoculation time. Meanwhile, the panicle sheath instillation method and the injection inoculation method were compared. The results show that stages 6 to 8 of young panicle differentiation are an important period for U. virens infection. There were no significant differences in the mean rates of infected panicles, mean rates of infected grains, and maximum infected grains per panicle between the two inoculation methods. However, the frequency of RFS ball occurrence at the upper part of the panicles was significantly higher on the spikelets inoculated by the injection method than that of spikelets inoculated by natural infection and panicle sheath instillation. Therefore, panicle sheath instillation method was more similar to the natural infection of U. virens in the field. This research exhibited an innovative artificial inoculation method for identification of U. virens pathogenicity and evaluation of rice resistance against RFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Hu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xiubing Gao
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
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17
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Bhuiyan SA, Magarey RC, McNeil MD, Aitken KS. Sugarcane Smut, Caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, a Major Disease of Sugarcane: A Contemporary Review. Phytopathology 2021; 111:1905-1917. [PMID: 34241540 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-21-0221-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane smut caused by the fungus Sporisorium scitamineum is one of the major diseases of sugarcane worldwide, causing significant losses in productivity and profitability of this perennial crop. Teliospores of this fungus are airborne, can travel long distances, and remain viable in hot and dry conditions for >6 months. The disease is easily recognized by its long whiplike sorus produced on the apex or side shoots of sugarcane stalks. Each sorus can release ≤100 million teliospores in a day; the spores are small (≤7.5 µ) and light and can survive in harsh environmental conditions. The airborne teliospores are the primary mode of smut spread around the world and across cane-growing regions. The most effective method of managing this disease is via resistant varieties. Because of the complex genomic makeup of sugarcane, selection for resistant traits is difficult in sugarcane breeding programs. In recent times, the application of molecular markers as a rapid tool of discarding susceptible genotypes early in the selection program has been investigated. Large effect resistance loci have been identified and have the potential to be used for marker-assisted selection to increase the frequency of resistant breeding lines in breeding programs. Recent developments in omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) have contributed to our understanding and provided insights into the mechanism of resistance and susceptibility. This knowledge will further our understanding of smut and its interactions with sugarcane genotypes and aid in the development of durable resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul A Bhuiyan
- Sugar Research Australia, Woodford, QLD 4514, Australia, and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Meredith D McNeil
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karen S Aitken
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens, is a severe emerging disease in China. It affects not only the quality of rice but also yields of rice production. To make clear the effect of chemical seed treatment on the rice false smut control in fields, during 2014 to 2017, four fungicides with different modes of action were used to treat rice seeds contaminated by false smut balls. In rice-growing seasons, samples of rice tissues were taken for detection of U. virens by using a specific nested PCR method at different rice-growing stages. In addition, the occurrence of rice false smut was investigated at maturation stage. Results showed that U. virens in plant tissues decreased significantly at the seedling stage upon chemical seed treatment. Four chemical treatments decreased the detection rate significantly (P < 0.01) compared with the water treatment, but no significant difference was observed among four chemical treatments. However, the detection rate did not decease significantly at the tillering and booting stages. Similarly, the final occurrence of rice false smut did not show significant difference between each chemical and water treatment. These results suggested that chemical seed treatment had only limited efficacy in preventing occurrence of rice false smut; application of fungicides at the booting stage or integrated use of fungicides and agricultural practices might give a better control for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hui Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu-Fu Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun-Bin Huang
- College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Arias SL, Mary VS, Velez PA, Rodriguez MG, Otaiza-González SN, Theumer MG. Where Does the Peanut Smut Pathogen, Thecaphora frezii, Fit in the Spectrum of Smut Diseases? Plant Dis 2021; 105:2268-2280. [PMID: 33904333 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-20-2438-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smut fungi, such as Ustilago maydis, have been studied extensively as a model for plant-pathogenic basidiomycetes. However, little attention has been paid to smut diseases of agronomic importance that are caused by species of the genus Thecaphora, probably due to their more localized distribution. Peanut smut incited by Thecaphora frezii has been reported only in South America, and Argentina is the only country where this disease has been noted in commercial peanut production. In this work, important advances in deciphering T. frezii specific biology/pathobiology in relation to potato (T. solani), wheat (U. tritici), and barley (U. nuda) smuts are presented. We summarize the state of knowledge of fungal effectors, functionally characterized to date in U. maydis and most recently in T. thlaspeos, as well as the potential to be present in other Thecaphora species involved in dicot-host interactions like T. frezii-peanut. We also discuss applicability and limitations of currently available methods for identification of smut fungi in different situations and management strategies to reduce their impact on agri-food quality. We conclude by describing some of the challenges in elucidating T. frezii strategies that allow it to infect the host and tolerate or evade plant immune defense mechanisms, and assessing other aspects related to pest control and their implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina L Arias
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Seed Science Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-4009, U.S.A
| | - Verónica S Mary
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pilar A Velez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María G Rodriguez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago N Otaiza-González
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Martín G Theumer
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
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Tanaka T, Suzuki K, Ueda H, Sameshima-Yamashita Y, Kitamoto H. Ethanol treatment for sterilization, concentration, and stabilization of a biodegradable plastic-degrading enzyme from Pseudozyma antarctica culture supernatant. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252811. [PMID: 34086819 PMCID: PMC8177473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable plastics must be sufficiently stable to maintain functionality during use but need to be able to degrade rapidly after use. We previously reported that treatment with an enzyme named PaE, secreted by the basidiomycete yeast Pseudozyma antarctica can speed up this degradation. To facilitate the production of large quantities of PaE, here, we aimed to elucidate the optimal conditions of ethanol treatment for sterilization of the culture supernatant and for concentration and stabilization of PaE. The results showed that Pseudozyma antarctica completely lost its proliferating ability when incubated in ≥20% (v/v) ethanol. When the ethanol concentration was raised to 90% (v/v), PaE formed a precipitate; however, its activity was restored completely when the precipitate was dissolved in water. To reduce ethanol use, PaE was successfully concentrated and recovered by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation and ethanol precipitation steps. Over 90% of the activity in the original culture supernatant was recovered and the specific activity was increased 3.4-fold. By preparing the enzyme solution at a final concentration of 20% (v/v) ethanol, about 60% of the initial activity was maintained at ambient temperature for over 6 months without growth of microbes. We conclude that ethanol treatment is effective for sterilization, concentration, and stabilization of PaE, and that concentrating PaE by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation and ethanol precipitation substantially increases the PaE purity and decreases ethanol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Tanaka
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken Suzuki
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ueda
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuka Sameshima-Yamashita
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kitamoto
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Crestana GS, Taniguti LM, Dos Santos CP, Benevenuto J, Ceresini PC, Carvalho G, Kitajima JP, Monteiro-Vitorello CB. Complete Chromosome-Scale Genome Sequence Resource for Sporisorium panici-leucophaei, the Causal Agent of Sourgrass Smut Disease. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2021; 34:448-452. [PMID: 33369501 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-20-0218-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present the first complete chromosome-level genome assembly of the smut fungus strain Sporisorium panici-leucophaei SPL10A, the causal agent of the sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) smut disease. Combining Illumina paired-end and Nanopore long reads, we generated a final assembly composed of 23 chromosomes (22 nuclear and one mitochondrial) with 18,915,934 bp. Gene prediction accomplished using extrinsic evidence from the sugarcane smut fungus Sporisorium scitamineum originated a total of 6,402 protein-encoding genes. The secretome (388 proteins) and the effectorome repertoires (68 candidates) were also predicted, given their crucial roles in plant-pathogen interactions. The complete telomere-to-telomere chromosome sequences of this poorly studied fungus will provide a valuable resource for future comparative genomic studies among smuts to unravel their underlying pathogenicity mechanisms.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Schiavone Crestana
- Genomics Group, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | | | - Clesivan Pereira Dos Santos
- Genomics Group, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Benevenuto
- Genomics Group, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Ceresini
- Molecular Phytopathology Lab, Plant Health, Rural Engineering and Soils Department, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira SP 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Giselle Carvalho
- SENAI Innovation Institute in Biomass, Três Lagoas MS 79640-250, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Barros Monteiro-Vitorello
- Genomics Group, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba SP 13418-900, Brazil
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Zuo W, Ökmen B, Depotter JRL, Ebert MK, Redkar A, Misas Villamil J, Doehlemann G. Molecular Interactions Between Smut Fungi and Their Host Plants. Annu Rev Phytopathol 2019; 57:411-430. [PMID: 31337276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Smut fungi are a large group of biotrophic plant pathogens that infect mostly monocot species, including economically relevant cereal crops. For years, Ustilago maydis has stood out as the model system to study the genetics and cell biology of smut fungi as well as the pathogenic development of biotrophic plant pathogens. The identification and functional characterization of secreted effectors and their role in virulence have particularly been driven forward using the U. maydis-maize pathosystem. Today, advancing tools for additional smut fungi such as Ustilago hordei and Sporisorium reilianum, as well as an increasing number of available genome sequences, provide excellent opportunities to investigate in parallel the effector function and evolution associated with different lifestyles and host specificities. In addition, genome analyses revealed similarities in the genomic signature between pathogenic smuts and epiphytic Pseudozyma species. This review elaborates on how knowledge about fungal lifestyles, genome biology, and functional effector biology has helped in understanding the biology of this important group of fungal pathogens. We highlight the contribution of the U. maydis model system but also discuss the differences from other smut fungi, which raises the importance of comparative genomic and genetic analyses in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Zuo
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Jasper R L Depotter
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Malaika K Ebert
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Amey Redkar
- Current affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Johana Misas Villamil
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
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Farquharson KL. The Shifting Transcriptional Response of Maize Smut Fungus. Plant Cell 2018; 30:264. [PMID: 29437986 PMCID: PMC5868684 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Fortuna TM, Snirc A, Badouin H, Gouzy J, Siguenza S, Esquerre D, Le Prieur S, Shykoff JA, Giraud T. Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for the Tetrapolar Anther-Smut Fungus Microbotryum saponariae Based on Genome Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165656. [PMID: 27832131 PMCID: PMC5104459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anther-smut fungi belonging to the genus Microbotryum sterilize their host plants by aborting ovaries and replacing pollen by fungal spores. Sibling Microbotryum species are highly specialized on their host plants and they have been widely used as models for studies of ecology and evolution of plant pathogenic fungi. However, most studies have focused, so far, on M. lychnidis-dioicae that parasitizes the white campion Silene latifolia. Microbotryum saponariae, parasitizing mainly Saponaria officinalis, is an interesting anther-smut fungus, since it belongs to a tetrapolar lineage (i.e., with two independently segregating mating-type loci), while most of the anther-smut Microbotryum fungi are bipolar (i.e., with a single mating-type locus). Saponaria officinalis is a widespread long-lived perennial plant species with multiple flowering stems, which makes its anther-smut pathogen a good model for studying phylogeography and within-host multiple infections. Principal Findings Here, based on a generated genome sequence of M. saponariae we developed 6 multiplexes with a total of 22 polymorphic microsatellite markers using an inexpensive and efficient method. We scored these markers in fungal individuals collected from 97 populations across Europe, and found that the number of their alleles ranged from 2 to 11, and their expected heterozygosity from 0.01 to 0.58. Cross-species amplification was examined using nine other Microbotryum species parasitizing hosts belonging to Silene, Dianthus and Knautia genera. All loci were successfully amplified in at least two other Microbotryum species. Significance These newly developed markers will provide insights into the population genetic structure and the occurrence of within-host multiple infections of M. saponariae. In addition, the draft genome of M. saponariae, as well as one of the described markers will be useful resources for studying the evolution of the breeding systems in the genus Microbotryum and the evolution of specialization onto different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiadjana M. Fortuna
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Hélène Badouin
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Jérome Gouzy
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Sophie Siguenza
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Diane Esquerre
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Stéphanie Le Prieur
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Jacqui A. Shykoff
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
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Su YC, Xu LP, Xue BT, Wu QB, Guo JL, Wu LG, Que YX. Molecular cloning and characterization of two pathogenesis-related β-1,3-glucanase genes ScGluA1 and ScGluD1 from sugarcane infected by Sporisorium scitamineum. Plant Cell Rep 2013; 32:1503-19. [PMID: 23842883 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two β-1,3-glucanase genes from sugarcane were cloned and characterized. They were all located in apoplast and involves in different expression patterns in biotic and abiotic stress. Smut caused by Sporisorium scitamineum is a serious disease in the sugarcane industry. β-1,3-Glucanase, a typical pathogenesis-related protein, has been shown to express during plant-pathogen interaction and involves in sugarcane defense response. In this study, β-1,3-glucanase enzyme activity in the resistant variety increased faster and lasted longer than that of the susceptible one when inoculated with S. scitamineum, along with a positive correlation between the activity of the β-1,3-glucanase and smut resistance. Furthermore, two β-1,3-glucanase genes from S. scitamineum infected sugarcane, ScGluA1 (GenBank Accession No. KC848050) and ScGluD1 (GenBank Accession No. KC848051) were cloned and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that ScGluA1 and ScGluD1 clustered within subfamily A and subfamily D, respectively. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that both gene products were targeted to apoplast. Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) cells expressing ScGluA1 and ScGluD1 showed varying degrees of tolerance to NaCl, CdCl2, PEG, CuCl2 and ZnSO4. Q-PCR analysis showed up-regulation of ScGluA1 and slight down-regulation of ScGluD1 in response to S. scitamineum infection. It suggested that ScGluA1 may be involved in the defense reaction of the sugarcane to the smut, while it is likely that ScGluD1 was inhibited. The gene expression patterns of ScGluA1 and ScGluD1, in response to abiotic stresses, were similar to sugarcane response against smut infection. Together, β-1,3-glucanase may function in sugarcane defense mechanism for S. scitamineum. The positive responses of ScGluA1 and the negative responses of ScGluD1 to biotic and abiotic stresses indicate they play different roles in interaction between sugarcane and biotic or abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-chun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Babaiants LT, Dubinina LA, Iushchenko GM. [The detection of nonallelic to known genes of resistance to Tilletia caries (DC) Tul. in wheat strains from interspecific hybridization (Triticum aestivum x Aegilops cylindrica)]. Tsitol Genet 2000; 34:32-40. [PMID: 11033855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
It was established by hybridological analysis that winter bread wheat lines 1/74-91, 3/36-91, 5/55-91 possess single dominant gene of resistance to bunt (Tilletia caries (DC) Tul.), but lines 8/2-91, 5/43-91, 4/11-91 and 8/16-91 have two independent dominant genes for this character. These genes originated from Aegilops cylindrica are not identical to Bt1-Bt17 genes and are unknown to date. The lines were obtained from crosses between winter bread wheat variety Odeskaya polukarlikovaya and Aegilops cylindrica.
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Sudenko VI. [The effect of nitrosoguanidine on carotene-synthesizing and pigment-free yeasts]. Mikrobiol Zh (1978) 1991; 53:72-9. [PMID: 2067423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of mutants with a demand for amino acids, vitamins and nitrous bases has been obtained under effect of nitrosoguanidine (0.05%) on the yeast Candida utilis and carotene-synthesizing yeast Rhodosporidium diobovatum, Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis and Rh. rubra. Concentration of auxotrophs due to the death of prototrophs has been achieved in the studied yeast, with the exception of Rh. rubra using additional treatment by levorin (200 units/ml). When selecting quickly growing mutants of carotene-synthesizing yeast obtained after treatment by nitrosoguanidine, the primary selection by the intensity of red-orange colour of the colonies proved to be more efficient than that by resistance to monoiodoacetic acid. The selected mutants of the pigmented yeast surpassed by primary culture as to the harvest of carotenoids (including beta-carotene) and biomass in the periodic and continuous processes.
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29
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MAZHDRAKOV PD. [Studies on the stimulating effect of fungicide granosan in artificial infection of wheat with Tilletia levis Kuehn]. Izv Bulg Akad Naukite 1961; 11:177-186. [PMID: 24546641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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GORIN PA, HASKINS RH, SPENCER JF. Biochemistry of the Ustilaginales. 14. Bioassimilation of L-erythrulose into 4-0-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-erythritol. Can J Biochem Physiol 1960; 38:953-6. [PMID: 13851297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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31
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GORIN PA, HASKINS RH, SPENCER JF. Biochemistry of the Ustilaginales. XIII. Observations on the structure and biosynthesis of 4-0-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-erythritol. Can J Biochem Physiol 1960; 38:165-9. [PMID: 13851298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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32
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BOOTHROYD B, THORN JA, HASKINS RH. Biochemistry of the ustilaginales. XII. Characterization of extracellular glycolipids produced by Ustilago sp. Can J Biochem Physiol 1956; 34:10-4. [PMID: 13276861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
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Abstract
Ether-soluble "oils" of specific gravity > 1 were produced extracellularly in yields of over 16 gm./liter fermentation mixture by strains of Ustilago zeae growing in shaken flasks on medium containing cerelose, urea, and sugar beet molasses. The bulk of the oily material was shown to be a glycoside of mannose and erythritol, and in addition, itaconic acid and dianthrone were shown to be present. Yields of itaconic acid as determined by a bromine–iodine method at pH 1.2 (Friedkin) reached values of over 15 gm./liter but such values were considerably higher than those indicated by quantitative isolation of this acid. One hundred and eighty isolates of Ustilago were grown on medium with and without calcium carbonate and some 45 isolates produced extracellular oily material, 98 produced ustilagic acid, and 50 produced both crystals and oil. Ether-soluble substances from freeze-dried fermentation mixtures of different isolates ranged from 1 to 12 gm./liter, while methanol-soluble substances from ether-extracted freeze-dried fermentation mixtures ranged from 1 to 45 gm./liter.
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BOOTHROYD B, THORN JA, HASKINS RH. Biochemistry of the Ustilaginales. X. The biosynthesis of ustilagic acid. Can J Biochem Physiol 1955; 33:289-96. [PMID: 14364317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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LEMIEUX RU. The biochemistry of the ustilaginales. III. The degradation products and proof of the chemical heterogeneity of ustilagic acid. CAN J CHEM 1951; 29:415-25. [PMID: 14831029 DOI: 10.1139/v51-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The D-glucolipid designated as ustilagic acid was shown to be a mixture of partially acylated derivatives of a di-D-glucosyl-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. The dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid was named "ustilic acid" and its di-D-glucosyl derivative was termed "glucoustilic acid". Alkaline hydrolysis of ustilagic acid yielded glucoustilic acid, acetic acid, dextro-β-hydroxy-n-caproic acid, dextro-β-hydroxy-n-caprylic acid and a small amount of n-caproic acid. The β-hydroxy-acids were characterized as dextro-β-hydroxy-n-caprohydrazide, m.p. 131–132°C., [α]D + 15.9° (water), and dextro-β-hydroxy-n-caprylhydrazide, m.p. 127–128°C., [α]D + 12° (water). Ustilic acid, m.p. 114–115°C., [α]D − 6.3° (methanol), yielded a methyl ester, m.p. 80−81.8°C, [α]D − 0.2 (chloroform). The methyl ustilate formed a di-phenylurethane derivative, m.p. 76–77°C. The infrared spectra of crystalline and amorphous samples of ustilagic acid are given. The specific rotation of glucoustilic acid, [α]D − 11° (methanol) was that expected of β-D-glucosides and the infrared spectrum of this substance showed a marked resemblance to that of methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside.
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LEMIEUX RU, THORN JA, BRICE C, HASKINS RH. BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: II. ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF USTILAGIC ACID. CAN J CHEM 1951; 29:409-14. [PMID: 14831028 DOI: 10.1139/v51-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The needlelike crystals which form in aerated submerged cultures of the corn smut Ustilago zeae (PRL-119) were found to be a D-glucolipid, m.p. 146-7°C, [Formula: see text] (pyridine), which contained one carboxyl group, two ester groups, at least two terminal methyl groups, and two D-glucose residues per mole. On the basis of elementary analyses, neutralization equivalent, and molecular weight estimations, the molecular formula of the material isolated was approximately C37H62−6O17. The substance was not shown to be chemically homogeneous. Conditions used in culturing the fungus in stirred fermentors to produce the crystalline metabolic product, which was termed "ustilagic acid", are described, and a procedure for the isolation of the material is given.
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GATTANI ML. Induced variation in the germination of chlamydospores of Ustilago scitaminea. CURR SCI INDIA 1951; 20:134. [PMID: 14849173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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PATEL MK, DHANDE GW, KULKARNI YS. A modified treatment against loose smut of wheat. CURR SCI INDIA 1950; 19:324-5. [PMID: 14792998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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SAFEEULLA KM, GOVINDU HC. Cintractia minor on three species of Cyperus in Mysore. CURR SCI INDIA 1950; 19:325-6. [PMID: 14792999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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RAMAKRISHNAN TS, SRINIVASAN KV. Two grass smuts. CURR SCI INDIA 1950; 19:216-7. [PMID: 14773188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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VASUDEVA RS, IYENGAR MRS. Control of loose smut of barley. CURR SCI INDIA 1950; 19:218-9. [PMID: 14773191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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VASUDEVA RS, SESHADRI IYENGAR MR. Secondary infection in the Bajra smut disease caused by Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref. CURR SCI INDIA 1950; 19:123. [PMID: 15414647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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VASUDEVA RS, SESHADRI IYENGAR MR. Mode of transmission of the long smut of Jowar. CURR SCI INDIA 1950; 19:123-4. [PMID: 15414648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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BOWMAN DH. Sporidial fusion in ustilago maydis. J Agric Res 1946; 72:233-243. [PMID: 21022939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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