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Oliveira HKLG, Miranda PN, Ortega JCG, Morato EF. Vertical Stratification of Solitary Bees and Wasps in an Urban Forest from the Brazilian Amazon. Neotrop Entomol 2024; 53:552-567. [PMID: 38684598 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Solitary bees and wasps that nest in cavities in tree trunks are important components of terrestrial ecosystems, providing pollination services, and in the case of wasps, the regulation of their prey populations. However, little is known about the vertical strata where bees and wasps build their nests. This is especially the case of urban forest remnants in the Amazon, which is relevant in the context of the global crisis in insect losses. We investigated the existence of vertical stratification in the nesting of solitary bees and wasps in an urban forest in Rio Branco, state of Acre, in the western Brazilian Amazon. We focused on whether wood temperature, ants, and termites are predictors of bee and wasp nesting. We sampled bee and wasp nests in the forest using trap-nests made with wooden blocks containing cavities with three different diameters for twelve months. Trap-nests were installed randomly at three heights in the forest. We collected 145 nests of 25 species, belonging to 11 genera and 6 families. A higher number of nests and species were collected in the upper stratum of the forest, strengthening the hypothesis that there is vertical stratification in the assemblage of solitary bees and wasps. Wood surface temperature and termite attacks on trap-nests were significantly different between strata, which may explain the vertical stratification of bee and wasp assemblages. Considering the importance of these insects for tropical forest ecosystems, the conservation of structurally complex and stratified forests is of paramount importance to maintain the diversity of this insect group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elder Ferreira Morato
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre - UFAC, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
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El-Sayed AM, Brown RL, Bunn B. N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide: A novel amide in the venom of female social wasps, Vespula vulgaris. J Insect Physiol 2021; 135:104311. [PMID: 34592309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In New Zealand's ancient Fuscospora spp. or beech forests, two invasive Vespula social wasps Vespula vulgaris (L.) and Vespula germanica (F.) have become significant problems, adversely affecting native birds and invertebrate biodiversity. The nature of chemical communication in these two species is poorly understood, and this work was undertaken to identify the behaviourally active compounds in the venom of the common wasp, Vespula vulgaris (L.). Venom was removed from the stings of both workers and females and analyzed by coupled gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Two compounds were present in the venom that consistently elicited EAD responses from the antennae of males and workers. Mass spectrometry analysis and syntheses of candidate structures revealed the structures to be N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide (MBA) and N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide (MBB). Gyne venom contains significantly larger amounts of MBA and MBB than worker venom. When these two compounds were tested in the field individually or as binary blends in combination with the known food odour (honeydew volatiles), only N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide or blends containing this compound showed a strong repellent effect on workers to honeydew volatiles at all doses tested. This is the first report of the occurrence of N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide in nature and the third amide to be identified in the venom of any social wasp. In addition, this work is the first to report the chemical analysis of the venom of V. vulgaris gyne. The repellency effect observed in this study of the venom compound suggests that our definition and understanding of the function of the alarm pheromone need to be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M El-Sayed
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald Street, 7608 Lincoln, New Zealand.
| | - Robert L Brown
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, 54 Gerald Street, 7608 Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Barry Bunn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Batchelar Road, 4474 Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Bulbol MM, Somavilla A, Fernandes DRR, Bartholomay PR. A New Species of Liosphex Townes, 1977 (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae) from the Amazon Forest and New Records for the Genus in Brazil. Neotrop Entomol 2021; 50:444-452. [PMID: 33740228 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liosphex Townes, 1977 is a genus of solitary wasps belonging to the family Rhopalosomatidae, whose larvae develop as ectoparasitoids of crickets. In this paper, both sexes of a new species of the genus are described, Liosphex amazonensis Bulbol & Somavilla sp. n. Three other species, Liosphex achuar Lohrmann, 2010, Liosphex atratus Lohrmann, 2010, and Liosphex bribri Lohrmann, 2010, are recorded for the first time in Brazil. The male of Liosphex guanabara Lohrmann, 2010 is described for the first time, and the species is registered for the state of Bahia. In addition, the first detailed descriptions and illustrations of male genitalia of three species of the genus, i.e., L. amazonensis sp. n., L. atratus, and L. guanabara, are provided.
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Takahashi TA, Nishimura G, Querino RB, Foerster LA. An Integrative Taxonomy of a New Species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with High Reproductive Capacity. Neotrop Entomol 2021; 50:90-99. [PMID: 33501636 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is described: Trichogramma foersteri sp. nov. Takahashi from eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) a major soybean defoliating pest. The parasitoid was collected in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná State, Brazil, and molecular and morphological characters were used to confirm the identity of the new species. Preliminary biological data are provided to demonstrate its high capacity of parasitism. The new species is a potential candidate as a biological control agent against some lepidopteran-pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara A Takahashi
- Depto de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Univ Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Nishimura
- Depto de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Univ Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ranyse B Querino
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Inovação e Negócios, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Luís A Foerster
- Depto de Zoologia, Univ Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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House APN, Ring JG, Shaw PP. Inventive nesting behaviour in the keyhole wasp Pachodynerus nasidens Latreille (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Australia, and the risk to aviation safety. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242063. [PMID: 33253188 PMCID: PMC7703898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The keyhole wasp (Pachodynerus nasidens Latreille 1812), a mud-nesting wasp native to South and Central America and the Caribbean, is a relatively recent (2010) arrival in Australia. In its native range it is known to use man-made cavities to construct nests. A series of serious safety incidents Brisbane Airport related to the obstruction of vital airspeed measuring pitot probes on aircraft possibly caused by mud-nesting wasps, prompted an assessment of risk. An experiment was designed to determine the species responsible, the types of aircraft most affected, the seasonal pattern of potential risk and the spatial distribution of risk on the airport. A series of replica pitot probes were constructed using 3D-printing technology, representing aircraft with high numbers of movements (landings and take-offs), and mounted at four locations at the airport. Probes were monitored for 39 months. Probes blocked by mud nesting wasps were retrieved and incubated in mesh bags. Emerging wasps were identified to species. Results show that all nests in probes were made by P. nasidens, and peak nesting occurs in the summer months. Nesting success (as proportion of nests with live adult emergents) was optimal between 24 and 31°C and that probes with apertures of more than 3 mm diameter are preferred. Not all areas on the airport are affected equally, with the majority of nests constructed in one area. The proportion of grassed areas within 1000 m of probes was a significant predictor of nesting, and probe volume may determine the sex of emerging wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackson G. Ring
- Operations Section, Brisbane Airport Corporation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Shimizu S, Alvarado M. A New Genus and Two New Species of the Subfamily Nesomesochorinae Ashmead (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Neotrop Entomol 2020; 49:704-712. [PMID: 32607900 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nesomesochorinae is a rather small subfamily of Darwin wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), only with three described genera. We recognize a fourth nesomesochorine genus from Perú and describe it as a new genus, Bina Shimizu & Alvarado gen. nov. The new genus is distinguished from previously described genera of Nesomesochorinae by the following combination of character states: mandible parallel-sided proximally and abruptly strongly narrowed ventroapically so that its lower apical tooth is much smaller and sharper than upper tooth; propodeum with lateromedian longitudinal carinae between anterior and posterior transverse carinae developed on more than posterior 0.9 so that the area superomedia is more or less enclosed; thyridium of 2nd metasomal tergite sometimes very large; 1st metasomal tergite stout and arched; body highly shiny. Bina gen. nov. comprises two species also described as new to science: B. huayrurae Shimizu & Alvarado sp. nov. (type species of Bina gen. nov.) and B. nigra Shimizu & Alvarado sp. nov. Identification keys to genera of Nesomesochorinae and to species of Bina gen. nov. are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimizu
- Lab of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kôbe Univ, Rokkôdaichô 1-1, Nada, Kôbe, Hyôgo,, 657-8501, Japan.
- Dept of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
- Research Fellow (DC and Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tôkyô, Japan.
| | - M Alvarado
- Depto de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Univ Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256 Jesús María, Lima 14, Peru
- Bosque Llaqta, Av. Confraternidad Internacional Este No. 364, Huaraz, Peru
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Brito ELS, Sá CA, Santos GMM. Body Size and Its Relation to the Foraging Schedules of Social Wasps. Neotrop Entomol 2020; 49:668-676. [PMID: 32578047 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The foraging behavior of social wasps may vary throughout the day in response to different factors, including environmental variation and interspecific interactions. Body size is known to play a critical role in determining daily activity patterns in ecological communities. However, the body size characteristics of most species of social wasps is poorly known, as well the relationship between body size and foraging schedules. In this study, we evaluated the extent to which body size determines the patterns of daily activity in a community of social wasps. We found a high temporal overlap in most of the species pairs tested. The pattern of daily foraging activity fits a bimodal distribution for the majority of the species. Moreover, we found a relationship between body and foraging time; in general, smaller species tended to begin foraging in the early hours of the morning, in contrast to larger wasps, which began foraging later. These results suggest that patterns of foraging activity in social wasps are likely to be the result of complex interactions between many different factors, including body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L S Brito
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Lab de Entomologia, Univ Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brasil.
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Lab de Interações Ecológicas - LIEB, Univ Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil.
| | - C A Sá
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Lab de Entomologia, Univ Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brasil
| | - G M M Santos
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Lab de Entomologia, Univ Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brasil
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Ronchetti F, Polidori C. A sting affair: A global quantitative exploration of bee, wasp and ant hosts of velvet ants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238888. [PMID: 32915879 PMCID: PMC7485775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of species of velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Aculeata: Mutillidae) are ectoparasitoids of immature stages of other aculeate Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants). Due to their cryptic, furtive behaviour at the host nesting sites, however, even basic information on their biology, like host use diversity, is still unknown for entire subfamilies, and the known information, scattered in over two centuries of published studies, is potentially hiding tendencies to host specialization across velvet ant lineages. In this review, based on 305 host associations spanning 132 species in 49 genera and 10 main lineages (tribes/subfamilies), we explored patterns of host use in velvet ants. Overall, 15 families and 29 subfamilies of Aculeata are listed as hosts of mutillids, with a strong predominance of Apoidea (bees and apoid wasps: 19 subfamilies and 82.3% of host records). A series of bipartite networks, multivariate analyses and calculations of different indices suggested possible patterns of specialization. Host taxonomic spectrum (number of subfamilies) of velvet ants was very variable and explained by variation in the number of host records. Instead, we found a great variation of network-based host specialization degree and host taxonomic distinctness that did not depend on the number of host records. Differences in host use patterns seemed apparent across mutillid tribes/subfamilies, among genera within several tribes/subfamilies, and to lesser extent within genera. Taxonomic host use variation seemed not dependent on phylogeny. Instead, it was likely driven by the exploitation of hosts with different ecological traits (nest type, larval diet and sociality). Thus, taxonomically more generalist lineages may use hosts that essentially share the same ecological profile. Interestingly, closely related mutillid lineages often show contrasting combinations of host ecological traits, particularly sociality and larval diet, with a more common preference for ground-nesting hosts across most lineages. This review may serve as a basis to test hypotheses for host use evolution in this fascinating family of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ronchetti
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carlo Polidori
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales (ICAM), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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9
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Espinosa L, Franco S, Chauzat MP. Could Vespa velutina nigrithorax be included in the World Organisation for Animal Health list of diseases, infections and infestations? REV SCI TECH OIE 2020; 38:851-862. [PMID: 32286563 DOI: 10.20506/rst.38.3.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vespa velutina nigrithorax is an invasive alien organism that has raised concerns in all beekeeping communities of invaded countries including the Republic of Korea, European countries and Japan. Known also as the yellow-legged hornet (or the 'Asian hornet'), it is native to northern India, eastern Nepal, Bhutan and the People's Republic of China. Given its climatic and biological characteristics and the effects of climate change, some coastal areas of North America, Argentina, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand are also susceptible to invasion. Vespa velutina nigrithorax notably affects managed honey-bee colonies by predation on foragers and causing a reduction in the collection of food resources. Being a generalist predator, the yellow-legged hornet also preys on other managed and wild pollinators, and therefore its impacts are not limited to the beekeeping sector but also represent a biodiversity concern. The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of V. v. nigrithorax against the four criteria established in Chapter 1.2. of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code for the inclusion of a disease, infection or infestation in the OIE list. The work was requested by the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases and presented to this Commission and to the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission in September 2017. Owing to the lack of effective measures to prevent its spread, the fact that its legal situation in some countries is under the mandate of environmental authorities rather than Veterinary Services, and because it is not considered a disease or parasite, V. v. nigrithorax is not currently being proposed for inclusion in the OIE list. At the end of the text, the statements from the two commissions are included and discussed.
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Abstract
Insect flight is made possible by different morphological structures: wings produce the lift, the thorax drives the wings' movements, and the abdomen serves as a secondary control device. As such, the covariation of these structures could reflect functional constraints related to flight performances. This study examines evolutionary convergences in wasp body shapes to provide the first evidence for morphological integration among insect wings, thorax, and abdomen. The shapes of the forewings and hind wings, thorax, and petiole (connecting abdomen and thorax) of 22 Vespidae species were analyzed using computerized tomography and geometric morphometrics. Results show a clear relationship between petiole and wings or thorax shapes but not between wings and thorax. Wasps with elongated bodies have pointed wings, both features thought to improve flight maneuverability. In contrast, stouter species have rounded wings, which may allow for higher flight speeds. These integration patterns suggest that multiple selective regimes on flight performance, some of them biased toward maneuverability or maximal speed, drove the morphological diversity in Vespidae. The results also suggest that wing shapes evolved under constraints related to the body type they have to lift. The abdomen morphology is thus another factor to take into account to understand the flight performance of insects.
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Pereira FP, Reigada C, Diniz AJF, Parra JRP. Potential of Two Trichogrammatidae species for Helicoverpa armigera control. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:966-973. [PMID: 31721083 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) has attacked several economically important crops since it was first reported in Brazil in 2013. Because insecticides have been used intensively to control H. armigera, resistant populations have been detected more frequently. One alternative to insecticides is the use of biological control with egg parasitoids from the family Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera). The present study evaluated the use of different species and strains of these parasitoids to control H. armigera in soybean. Five strains of Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley): RV (Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil), SO (Sorriso, Mato Grosso, Brazil), 47A (Irvine, CA, USA), PR (Colombo, Paraná, Brazil), and AN (Anhumas, São Paulo, Brazil), and Trichogrammatoidea annulata (De Santis) denominated TR, from Anhumas, were used. The following parasitoid biological parameters were evaluated: parasitism rates (%), offspring viability (%) number of parasitoids emerged per egg, egg-adult duration (days), female longevity, and offspring sex ratio. Strain RV of T. pretiosum from central Brazil performed best.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Pereira
- Depto de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Univ de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - C Reigada
- Depto de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Univ Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A J F Diniz
- Depto de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Univ de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J R P Parra
- Depto de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Univ de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Santos CDRD, Sampaio MV, Lau D, Redaelli LR, Jahnke SM, Pivato J, Carvalho FJ. Taxonomic Status and Population Oscillations of Aphidius colemani Species Group (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Southern Brazil. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:983-991. [PMID: 31823153 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aphidius colemani (Viereck) was reported in Brazil before the Biological Control Program of Wheat Aphids (BCPWA) when Mediterranean genotypes were introduced from France and Israel. This species was re-described as a complex called A. colemani group composed of three species. Consequently, uncertainty remains about which parasitoid of the group is occurring in southern Brazil. This study has two main objectives: (i) re-examine the species status of A. colemani group collected during the introduction of parasitoids and from a 10-year (2009-2018) monitoring program in wheat fields in northern Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; (ii) describe the variation in the population density of parasitoids and its association with meteorological factors during this period. We examined 116 specimens from the Embrapa Wheat entomological collection, and those collected in Moericke traps in Coxilha, RS. All the parasitoids of the A. colemani group from the BCPWA period were identified as Aphidius platensis (Brèthes). In traps, 6541 cereal aphid parasitoids were collected, of which 61.9% (n = 4047) were from A. colemani group and all those were identified as A. platensis. Temperature was the factor that effected population density with the highest number of parasitoids recorded in the winter months. Sex ratio changed between years varying from 0.50 to 0.97. The parasitoid A. platensis was the only species in the A. colemani group sampled during 10 years of monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D R D Santos
- Posgraduate Program in Plant Science, Faculty of Agronomy, Federal Univ of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
| | - M V Sampaio
- Agricultural Sciences Institute, Federal Univ of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - D Lau
- Embrapa Tigo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - L R Redaelli
- Posgraduate Program in Plant Science, Faculty of Agronomy, Federal Univ of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - S M Jahnke
- Posgraduate Program in Plant Science, Faculty of Agronomy, Federal Univ of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - J Pivato
- Faculty of Agronomy, Passo Fundo Univ (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - F J Carvalho
- Agricultural Sciences Institute, Federal Univ of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Shi M, Wang Z, Ye X, Xie H, Li F, Hu X, Wang Z, Yin C, Zhou Y, Gu Q, Zou J, Zhan L, Yao Y, Yang J, Wei S, Hu R, Guo D, Zhu J, Wang Y, Huang J, Pennacchio F, Strand MR, Chen X. The genomes of two parasitic wasps that parasitize the diamondback moth. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:893. [PMID: 31752718 PMCID: PMC6873472 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic insects are well-known biological control agents for arthropod pests worldwide. They are capable of regulating their host's physiology, development and behaviour. However, many of the molecular mechanisms involved in host-parasitoid interaction remain unknown. RESULTS We sequenced the genomes of two parasitic wasps (Cotesia vestalis, and Diadromus collaris) that parasitize the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella using Illumina and Pacbio sequencing platforms. Genome assembly using SOAPdenovo produced a 178 Mb draft genome for C. vestalis and a 399 Mb draft genome for D. collaris. A total set that contained 11,278 and 15,328 protein-coding genes for C. vestalis and D. collaris, respectively, were predicted using evidence (homology-based and transcriptome-based) and de novo prediction methodology. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the braconid C. vestalis and the ichneumonid D. collaris diverged approximately 124 million years ago. These two wasps exhibit gene gains and losses that in some cases reflect their shared life history as parasitic wasps and in other cases are unique to particular species. Gene families with functions in development, nutrient acquisition from hosts, and metabolism have expanded in each wasp species, while genes required for biosynthesis of some amino acids and steroids have been lost, since these nutrients can be directly obtained from the host. Both wasp species encode a relative higher number of neprilysins (NEPs) thus far reported in arthropod genomes while several genes encoding immune-related proteins and detoxification enzymes were lost in both wasp genomes. CONCLUSIONS We present the annotated genome sequence of two parasitic wasps C. vestalis and D. collaris, which parasitize a common host, the diamondback moth, P. xylostella. These data will provide a fundamental source for studying the mechanism of host control and will be used in parasitoid comparative genomics to study the origin and diversification of the parasitic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiqian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Fei Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- BGI-Tech, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuanlin Yin
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuenan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qijuan Gu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiani Zou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Leqing Zhan
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shujun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Rongmin Hu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dianhao Guo
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiangyan Zhu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Laboratorio di Entomologia "E. Tremblay", Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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14
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Grimaldi DA, Peñalver E, Barrón E, Herhold HW, Engel MS. Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber. Commun Biol 2019; 2:408. [PMID: 31728419 PMCID: PMC6838090 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperms and their insect pollinators form a foundational symbiosis, evidence for which from the Cretaceous is mostly indirect, based on fossils of insect taxa that today are anthophilous, and of fossil insects and flowers that have apparent anthophilous and entomophilous specializations, respectively. We present exceptional direct evidence preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, 100 mya, for feeding on pollen in the eudicot genus Tricolporoidites by a basal new aculeate wasp, Prosphex anthophilos, gen. et sp. nov., in the lineage that contains the ants, bees, and other stinging wasps. Plume of hundreds of pollen grains wafts from its mouth and an apparent pollen mass was detected by micro-CT in the buccal cavity: clear evidence that the wasp was foraging on the pollen. Eudicots today comprise nearly three-quarters of all angiosperm species. Prosphex feeding on Tricolporoidites supports the hypothesis that relatively small, generalized insect anthophiles were important pollinators of early angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Grimaldi
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192 USA
| | - Enrique Peñalver
- Museo Geominero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. Ríos Rosas 23, E-28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Barrón
- Museo Geominero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. Ríos Rosas 23, E-28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hollister W. Herhold
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192 USA
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
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15
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Borowiec N, La Salle J, Brancaccio L, Thaon M, Warot S, Branco M, Ris N, Malausa JC, Burks R. Ophelimus mediterraneus sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae): a new Eucalyptus gall wasp in the Mediterranean region. Bull Entomol Res 2019; 109:678-694. [PMID: 30724138 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report here for the first time the presence of Ophelimus mediterraneus sp. n. in Mediterranean Europe. This species appears to be closely related to Ophelimus maskelli, a well-known invasive pest of Eucalyptus. Based on molecular (cytochrome oxidase I, 28S), morphological (multivariate ratio analysis) and bio-ecological investigations, our study gives unambiguous relevant criteria that allow the discrimination between these two species. A full description of O. mediterraneus sp. n. is also provided. The geographic distribution of O. mediterraneus sp. n. as well as its impact on Eucalyptus species needs to be more widely assessed since its presence may have been confused with O. maskelli in their sympatric introduced areas. Further investigations of potential parasitoids in the native area may thus be welcomed to evaluate classical biological control achievability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Borowiec
- UMR INRA-CNRS-Université Côte d'Azur 'Sophia Agrobiotech Institute', 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - J La Salle
- Atlas of Living Australia, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - L Brancaccio
- UMR INRA-CNRS-Université Côte d'Azur 'Sophia Agrobiotech Institute', 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
- Atlas of Living Australia, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Bioline Agroscience, R&D Division, 1306 route de Biot, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - M Thaon
- UMR INRA-CNRS-Université Côte d'Azur 'Sophia Agrobiotech Institute', 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - S Warot
- UMR INRA-CNRS-Université Côte d'Azur 'Sophia Agrobiotech Institute', 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - M Branco
- Forest Research Center, Institute Superior of Agronomy, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N Ris
- UMR INRA-CNRS-Université Côte d'Azur 'Sophia Agrobiotech Institute', 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - J-C Malausa
- UMR INRA-CNRS-Université Côte d'Azur 'Sophia Agrobiotech Institute', 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - R Burks
- University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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16
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Fagan-Jeffries EP, Cooper SJB, Bradford TM, Austin AD. Intragenomic internal transcribed spacer 2 variation in a genus of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): implications for accurate species delimitation and phylogenetic analysis. Insect Mol Biol 2019; 28:485-498. [PMID: 30632223 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A recent DNA barcoding study of Australian microgastrines (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) sought to use next-generation sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) barcoding gene region, the wingless (WG) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) to delimit molecular species in a highly diverse group of parasitic wasps. Large intragenomic distances between ITS2 variants, often larger than the average interspecific variation, caused difficulties in using ITS2 for species delimitation in both threshold and tree-based approaches, and the gene was not included in the reported results of the previous DNA barcoding study. We here report on the intragenomic, and the intra- and interspecies, variation in ITS2in the microgastrine genus Diolcogasterto further investigate the value of ITS2as a marker for species delimitation and phylogenetics of the Microgastrinae. Distinctive intragenomic variant patterns were found in different species of Diolcogaster, with some species possessing a single major variant, and others possessing many divergent variants. Characterizing intragenomic variation of ITS2is critical as it is a widely used marker in hymenopteran phylogenetics and species delimitation, and large intragenomic distances such as those found in this study may obscure phylogenetic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Fagan-Jeffries
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S J B Cooper
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia
| | - T M Bradford
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia
| | - A D Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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17
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Costa-Lima TC, Chagas MCM, Parra JRP. Comparing Potential as Biocontrol Agents of Two Neotropical Parasitoids of Liriomyza sativae. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:660-667. [PMID: 30840190 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-00667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of two parasitoids as biocontrol agents of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard in northeastern Brazil. The two species were the koinobiont larval-pupal endoparasitoid Phaedrotoma scabriventris Nixon (Braconidae) and the idiobiont larval endoparasitoid Chrysocharis vonones (Walker) (Eulophidae). The biological parameters evaluated were survivorship, parasitism, and host-feeding, at 25 and 30°C. Differences between the species were observed at 25°C, but not at 30°C. At 25°C, the total parasitism for P. scabriventris (196.1 ± 17.7) and C. vonones (176.6 ± 7.24) was similar and with higher values compared to 30°C, 102.5 ± 8.81 and 89.1 ± 5 66 parasitized larvae, respectively. However, C. vonones showed a 3.97 lower survivorship as well as higher daily parasitism (1.4-fold) and host-feeding means (1.9-fold) than the braconid at 25°C. The results indicate a potential for both natural enemies to be used as biocontrol agents of L. sativae. The differences between species detected at 25°C suggest the best conditions for the application of each parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Costa-Lima
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Semiárido, BR 428, Km 152, Zona rural, CP 23, CEP: 56.300-970, Petrolina, PE, Brasil.
| | - M C M Chagas
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte - EMPARN, Parnamirim, Brasil
| | - J R P Parra
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/ Universidade de São Paulo -- USP/ESALQ, São Paulo, Brasil
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18
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Tavares MT, Santos MEV, Dal Molin A, Peronti ALBG, Sousa-Silva CR. Neotropical Species of Metaphycus (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) Parasitoids of Ceroplastes (Hemiptera, Coccidae): New Species, Interaction Records, and a Checklist. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:633-644. [PMID: 30900202 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids of Ceroplastes Gray were surveyed in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Among the parasitoids reared, seven species of Metaphycus Mercet (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) were obtained. Metaphycusanaluciaesp. nov., M. floridensissp. nov., and M. grandissp. nov., are described as new species, and M. ceros Noyes, M. comes Noyes, M. dardanus Noyes, M. opis Noyes are recorded for the first time from Brazil. Ten new host-parasitoid associations are reported: M. analuciaesp. nov. parasitizing C. formicarius Hempel, C. glomeratus Peronti and C. iheringi Cockerel; M. ceros parasitizing C. cirripediformis Comstock; M. comes parasitizing C. formicarius; M. dardanus parasitizing C. glomeratus; M. floridensissp. nov. parasitizing C. floridensis; M. grandissp. nov. parasitizing C. grandis Hempel; and M. opis parasitizing C. glomeratus and C. janeirensis (Gray). A checklist of Metaphycus species associated with Ceroplastes, their distribution and host ranges are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Tavares
- Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29.075-910, Vitória, ES, Brasil.
| | - M E V Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Univ Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brasil
| | - A Dal Molin
- Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29.075-910, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - A L B G Peronti
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Univ Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, Brasil
| | - C R Sousa-Silva
- In memoriam. Depto de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Univ Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brasil
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19
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Viviani A, Bernardi R, Cavallini A, Rossi E. Genotypic Characterization of Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) After Its Introduction in Tuscany (Italy) for the Biological Control of Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). J Insect Sci 2019; 19:5550985. [PMID: 31422419 PMCID: PMC6698180 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) is an alien parasitoid that is used in many areas of the world for biological control the Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). In Italy, this parasitoid was imported from Japan in 2003 and subsequently multiplied and released throughout the country. In this study, a phylogenetic investigation was carried out on insects from three different sites in northern Tuscany (Italy). Moreover, the possible hybridization between T. sinensis and some native Torymus species was evaluated. The conserved region 18S rRNA gene and the hypervariable ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2) region of the ribosomal cistrone were selected as molecular markers. Sequencing the amplified products, after cloning, ruled out any hybridization between T. sinensis and the native Torymus species, and also confirmed the presence of two haplotypes for the Tuscan population of T. sinensis both for the region of the 18S rRNA gene as well as for the ITS2 region. These results confirm that the environmental impact of the alien parasitoid T. sinensis in the study site is acceptable, although an extensive and repeated monitoring would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Viviani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Petrović A, Mitrović M, Ghaliow ME, Ivanović A, Kavallieratos NG, Starý P, Tomanović Ž. Resolving the taxonomic status of biocontrol agents belonging to the Aphidius eadyi species group (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae): an integrative approach. Bull Entomol Res 2019; 109:342-355. [PMID: 30017001 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531800055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Species that belong to the Aphidius eadyi group have been used as biocontrol agents against Acyrthosiphon pisum worldwide. However, despite their extensive use, there are still gaps in our knowledge about their taxonomy and distribution. In this study, we employed an integrative taxonomic approach by combining genetic analyses (mtDNA COI barcoding) with standard morphological analyses and geometric morphometrics of forewing shape. We identified three species within the A. eadyi species group, viz., A. smithi, A. eadyi and A. banksae. Genetic separation of all three species was confirmed, with mean genetic distances between species ranging from 5 to 7.4%. The following morphological characters were determined as the most important for separating species of the A. eadyi group: number and shape of costulae on the anterolateral part of the petiole, shape of the central areola on the propodeum, and shape and venation of the forewings. The differences in wing shape of all three species were statistically significant, but with some overlapping. We identified A. banksae as a widely distributed pea aphid parasitoid, whose known range covers most of the western Palaearctic (from the UK to Israel). Aphidius banksae is diagnosed and redescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petrović
- Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology,Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - M Mitrović
- Department of Plant Pests,Institute for Plant Protection and Environment,Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun,Serbia
| | - M E Ghaliow
- Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology,Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - A Ivanović
- Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology,Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - N G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology,Department of Crop Science,Agricultural University of Athens,75 Iera Odos str., 11855,Athens,Attica,Greece
| | - P Starý
- Laboratory of Aphidology,Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Branišovská 31,37005 České Budějovice,Czech Republic
| | - Ž Tomanović
- Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology,Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
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21
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Martinez-Sañudo I, Mazzon L, Simonato M, Avtzis D, Pujade-Villar J, Faccoli M. Tracking the origin and dispersal of the Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in Europe with molecular markers. Bull Entomol Res 2019; 109:300-308. [PMID: 30269692 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531800069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, is an invasive pest causing significant damage to chestnut trees (Castanea spp., Fagaceae). Originating from China, it has recently invaded a wide range of regions in Europe and North America. Understanding the population genetic structure of important invasive pests is very useful for improving the knowledge concerning routes of expansion and colonizing capacity. Despite its economic importance, limited attention has been given to D. kuriphilus origin and spread, or to its genetic structure. In this study, D. kuriphilus populations sampled in eight European countries were screened using both mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; COI) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer 2; ITS2) sequences, and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The molecular markers COI and ITS2 highlighted the presence of a single haplotype in all the studied populations. The recorded mitochondrial haplotype was identical to one of the most widespread haplotypes occurring in the native area (China). AFLP results indicated that D. kuriphilus individuals belong to two genetically distinct clusters without any further geographic clustering. These results suggest that D. kuriphilus populations in Europe could be the result of a single introduction of a Chinese founder population characterized by two genetically distinct lineages that subsequently spread rapidly across Europe. However, the possibility that populations originated from multiple introductions of the same Chinese mitochondrial haplotype cannot be excluded. The reported results provide useful information concerning this invasive species, potentially facilitating integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martinez-Sañudo
- Department of Agronomy,Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova,Italy
| | - L Mazzon
- Department of Agronomy,Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova,Italy
| | - M Simonato
- Department of Agronomy,Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova,Italy
| | - D Avtzis
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter,Thessaloniki,Greece
| | - J Pujade-Villar
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia,Universitat de Barcelona,Spain
| | - M Faccoli
- Department of Agronomy,Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova,Italy
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22
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Santos BF, Perrard A, Brady SG. Running in circles in phylomorphospace: host environment constrains morphological diversification in parasitic wasps. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182352. [PMID: 30963952 PMCID: PMC6364584 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding phenotypic diversification and the conditions that spur morphological novelty or constraint is a major theme in evolutionary biology. Unequal morphological diversity between sister clades can result from either differences in the rate of morphological change or in the ability of clades to explore novel phenotype ranges. We combine an existing phylogenetic framework with new phylogenomic data and geometric morphometrics to explore the relative roles of rate versus mode of morphological evolution for a hyperdiverse group: cryptine ichneumonid wasps. Data from genomic ultraconserved elements confirm that cryptines are divided into two large clades: one specialized in the use of hosts that are deeply concealed under hard substrates, and another with a much more diversified host range. Using a phylomorphospace approach, we show that both clades have experienced similar rates of morphological evolution. Nonetheless, the more specialized group is much more restricted in morphospace occupation, indicating that it repeatedly evolved morphological change through the same morphospace regions. This is in agreement with our prediction that host use imposes constraints in the morphospace available to lineages, and reinforces an important distinction between evolutionary stasis as opposed to a scenario of continual morphological change restricted to a certain range of morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo F. Santos
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0165, USA
| | - Adrien Perrard
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (UMR7618), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Seán G. Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0165, USA
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23
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Abstract
The parasitoid wasp family Braconidae is likely the second-most species-rich family in the animal kingdom. Braconid wasps are widely distributed and often encountered. They constitute one of the principal groups of natural enemies of phytophagous insects, of which many are serious pest species. The enormous biological diversification of braconid wasps has led to many homoplasies, which contributed widely to instabilities in historical classifications. Recent studies using combinations of genetic markers or total mitochondrial genomes allow for better founded groupings and will ultimately lead to a stable classification. We present the current status of the phylogenetics of the Braconidae in a historical perspective and our understanding of the effects on higher classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cornelis van Achterberg
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
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24
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Santos BF, Aguiar AP. Review of Dotocryptus Brèthes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae), with a New Species from Colombia. Neotrop Entomol 2018; 47:871-884. [PMID: 29687397 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomic limits of the Neotropical genus Dotocryptus Brèthes are reviewed. The genus is characterized mainly by the very long ovipositor, at least 2.2× as long as hind tibia; apex of ovipositor distinctly depressed, ventral valve expanded, and overlapping dorsal valve as a sheath; and mandible long with ventral tooth longer than dorsal one. A new species, Dotocryptus arcadius sp. nov., from Colombia is described and illustrated. The new species can be diagnosed mainly by the head and mesosoma with multiple whitish marks; epicnemial carina reaching 0.2-0.3 of distance to subalar ridge; legs marked with dark brown, orange, and whitish; and metasoma polished and glabrate. This is the northernmost record of the genus, previously known from Ecuador to southern Chile. An updated identification key to the species of the genus is provided, as well as diagnoses and new records for the previously known species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Santos
- Dept of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th & Constitution NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA.
| | - A P Aguiar
- Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Zoologia, Univ Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-010, Brasil
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25
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Huang ZY, Li J, Lu W, Zheng XL, Yang ZD. Parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp Leptocybe spp.: a global review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:29983-29995. [PMID: 30178405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Leptocybe Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and its type species L. invasa were first described in 2004. Leptocybe spp. are global pests of eucalyptus plantations, and parasitoids play an important role in their control. In this review, we describe the species, distribution, biology, ecology and parasitism levels of Leptocybe spp. parasitoids and the problems associated with biological control programmes against Leptocybe spp. Additionally, prospects for the use of conservation or augmentative biological control programmes against Leptocybe spp. are discussed. Worldwide, approximately 23 species of parasitoids of Leptocybe spp. in 7 families and 10 genera have been found to date. Comparing the parasitism levels of the parasitoids showed that Quadrastichus mendeli, Selitrichodes neseri and several (approximately 4) native Megastigmus spp. could be exploited to manage Leptocybe spp. Available information on the Leptocybe spp. parasitoids is expected to improve our understanding related to ongoing studies of biological control programmes against Leptocybe spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-You Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xia-Lin Zheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Zhen-De Yang
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Matsuo K, Hirose Y, Yokoyama T, Nakajima Y, Hsu YF, Banno Y. Discovery of a New Species of Telenomus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Parasitic on Eggs of Bombyx mandarina and Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in Japan and Taiwan. J Insect Sci 2018; 18:5063363. [PMID: 30137435 PMCID: PMC6080068 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We reared a Telenomus species from eggs of Bombyx mandarina (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) and Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in Japan, and from eggs of B. mandarina in Taiwan. Morphological examination revealed that this Telenomus species is new to science. In this article, we describe it as Telenomus moricolus Matsuo et Hirose, sp. nov. Because B. mandarina is considered to be an ancestor of B. mori, a domestic insect, it is reasonable to assume that B. mandarina is an original host of T. moricolus. This is the second discovery of an egg parasitoid attacking wild and domesticated silkworms, following the first discovery of T. theophilae, a Chinese species. The significance of the discovery of T. moricolus is discussed in relation to examining the effects of host-insect domestication on egg parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Matsuo
- Biosystematics Laboratory, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hirose
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Central Institute of Radioisotope Science and Safety Management, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yu-Feng Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yutaka Banno
- Silkworm resource division, Institute of Genetic Resources, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bio Resources and Bioenvironmental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
The braconid parasitoid wasp subfamily Microgastrinae is perhaps the most species-rich subfamily of animals on Earth. Despite their small size, they are familiar to agriculturalists and field ecologists alike as one of the principal groups of natural enemies of caterpillars feeding on plants. Their abundance and nearly ubiquitous terrestrial distribution, their intricate interactions with host insects, and their historical association with mutualistic polydnaviruses have all contributed to Microgastrinae becoming a key group of organisms for studying parasitism, parasitoid genomics, and mating biology. However, these rich sources of data have not yet led to a robust genus-level classification of the group, and some taxonomic confusion persists as a result. We present the current status of understanding of the general biology, taxonomic history, diversity, geographical patterns, host relationships, and phylogeny of Microgastrinae as a stimulus and foundation for further study. Current progress in elucidating the biology and taxonomy of this important group is rapid and promises a revolution in the classification of these wasps in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Andrew D Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia;
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Silva TSR, Feitosa RM. Hunting for Wasps In-between: the Use of the Winkler Extractor to Sample Leaf Litter Hymenoptera. Neotrop Entomol 2017; 46:711-718. [PMID: 28478538 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil ecosystems are considered biodiversity hotspots. Most of terrestrial organisms depend almost exclusively on soils at least during some part of their life cycle. Although there is an intensive effort to understand the dynamics involving communities of soil animals, most groups are unappreciated in faunal inventories, such as some parasitic Hymenoptera with soil or litter hosts (SLH Hymenoptera), which are considered one of the largest and most diverse groups of soil- or litter-dwelling animals. Contrasting with flight interception traps, techniques that sample soil and litter specimens normally present low costs and easy transportation, being easily replicated within a site. Among them, the Winkler extractor is a useful technique to sample cryptic species associated with leaf litter. The aim of the present work was to describe the SLH Hymenoptera fauna collected in a pool of samples, using a technique to sample leaf litter arthropods. In this work, we report a total of 600 specimens belonging to Hymenoptera (excluding ants), belonging to 15 families distributed within 24 subfamilies, in samples of leaf litter obtained using the Winkler extractor. We observed that this technique is promising for sampling SLH Hymenoptera and should be considered as a complement for inventories of the Hymenoptera fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S R Silva
- Depto de Zoologia, Univ Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brasil.
| | - R M Feitosa
- Depto de Zoologia, Univ Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brasil
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Rodriguez J, Waichert C, von Dohlen CD, Pitts JP. The geological record and phylogeny of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): A revision of fossil species and their phylogenetic placement. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185379. [PMID: 29020022 PMCID: PMC5636076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate fossil identification has become increasingly relevant with the widespread use of phylogenetic divergence time estimation methods, which rely on fossil data to determine clade hard-minimum ages. Here we revise, diagnose and illustrate known spider wasp (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) fossil species and place them within the latest Pompilidae phylogenetic hypothesis. Ceropalites infelix Cockerell, from the Florissant Fossil Beds (Priabonian), is no longer recognized as Pompilidae, but as Aulacidae. Agenioideus saxigenus (Cockerell) comb. nov., Deuteragenia wettweri (Statz) comb. nov., Caputelus scudderi (Cockerell, 1906) comb. nov., Pepsinites avitula (Cockerell, 1941) comb. nov., Pepsinites contentus (Theobald, 1937) comb. nov., Pepsinites florissantensis (Cockerell, 1906) comb. nov., Pepsinites laminarum (Rohwer, 1909) comb. nov., Pepsinites scelerosus (Meunier, 1919) comb. nov., Pepsinites cockerellae (Rohwer, 1909) comb. nov., Pompilinites coquandi (Theobald, 1937) comb. nov., Pompilinites depressus (Statz, 1936) comb. nov., Pompilites incertus (Theobald, 1937) comb. nov., Pompilites induratus (Heer, 1849) comb. nov., Pompilites fasciatus (Theobald, 1937) comb. nov., and Pompilites senex comb. nov. are new combinations. Twenty-three fossil species of spider wasps are now recognized in 13 genera. Four new genera are proposed: Caputelus Waichert & Pitts gen. nov., Pompilites Rodriguez gen. nov., Pompilinites Rodriguez & Waichert gen. nov., and Pepsinites Rodriguez & Waichert gen. nov., of which the three latter are collective-group names for fossils with taxonomic uncertainty. One species of fossil spider wasp is described: Deuteragenia catalunyia Rodriguez, Waichert & Pitts sp. nov., from the Bellver deposits in Catalonia, Spain. Five of the 23 known species can be used to determine hard-minimum age for calibrations of genera stem-groups (Agenioideus, Anoplius, Cryptocheilus, Deuteragenia, Priocnemis). The fossil belonging to the stem-group of the tribe Ageniellini (Chubutholites) is not recommended for calibration because of the high uncertainty in its age and taxonomy. The remaining taxa can be assigned to the lineage comprising Pompilinae + Pepsinae (12 species) or crown-group Pompilidae (four species).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Waichert
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, Brazil
| | - Carol D. von Dohlen
- Utah State University, Department of Biology, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - James P. Pitts
- Utah State University, Department of Biology, Logan, UT, United States of America
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Budge GE, Hodgetts J, Jones EP, Ostojá-Starzewski JC, Hall J, Tomkies V, Semmence N, Brown M, Wakefield M, Stainton K. The invasion, provenance and diversity of Vespa velutina Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Great Britain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185172. [PMID: 28950004 PMCID: PMC5614577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow-legged or Asian hornet (Vespa velutina colour form nigrithorax) was introduced into France from China over a decade ago. Vespa velutina has since spread rapidly across Europe, facilitated by suitable climatic conditions and the ability of a single nest to disperse many mated queens over a large area. Yellow-legged hornets are a major concern because of the potential impact they have on populations of many beneficial pollinators, most notably the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), which shows no effective defensive behaviours against this exotic predator. Here, we present the first report of this species in Great Britain. Actively foraging hornets were detected at two locations, the first around a single nest in Gloucestershire, and the second a single hornet trapped 54 km away in Somerset. The foraging activity observed in Gloucestershire was largely restricted to within 700 m of a single nest, suggesting highly localised movements. Genetic analyses of individuals from the Gloucestershire nest and the single hornet from Somerset suggest that these incursions represent an expansion of the European population, rather than a second incursion from Asia. The founding queen of the Gloucestershire nest mated with a single male, suggesting that sexual reproduction may have occurred in an area of low nest density. Whilst the nest contained diploid adult males, haploid ‘true’ males were only present at the egg stage, indicating that the nest was detected and removed before the production of queens. Members of the public reported additional dead hornets associated with camping equipment recently returned from France and imported timber products, highlighting possible pathways of incursion. The utility of microsatellites to inform surveillance during an incursion and the challenge of achieving eradication of this damaging pest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E. Budge
- Fera, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
- Institute for Agri-Food Research and Innovation, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer Hodgetts
- Fera, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor P. Jones
- Fera, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jayne Hall
- Fera, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Tomkies
- Fera, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Semmence
- National Bee Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Brown
- National Bee Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen Wakefield
- Fera, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Stainton
- Fera, The National Agrifood Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
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31
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Yang F, Wu YK, Xu L, Wang Q, Yao ZW, Žikić V, Tomanović Ž, Ferrer-Suay M, Selfa J, Pujade-Villar J, Lu YH, Guo YY. Species composition and richness of aphid parasitoid wasps in cotton fields in northern China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9799. [PMID: 28852186 PMCID: PMC5575071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a serious pest of cotton across the globe, particularly in the cotton agroecosystems of northern China. Parasitic wasps are deemed to be important natural enemies of A. gossypii, but limited information exists about their species composition, richness and seasonal dynamics in northern China. In this study, we combine sampling over a broad geographical area with intensive field trials over the course of three cropping seasons to describe parasitoid-hyperparasitoid communities in cotton crops. We delineate a speciose complex of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids associated with A. gossypii. Over 90% of the primary parasitoids were Binodoxys communis. Syrphophagus sp. and Pachyneuron aphidis made up most of the hyperparasitoids. Parasitism rates changed in a similar way following the fluctuation of the aphid population. Early in the growing period, there were more hyperparasitoids, while later, the primary parasitoids provided control of A. gossypii. The first systematic report of this cotton aphid parasitoid complex and their population dynamics in association with their hosts presented a comprehensive assessment of cotton parasitoid species and provided important information for the establishment and promotion of their biological control of cotton aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue-Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Vladimir Žikić
- Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Željko Tomanović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Entomology, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Mar Ferrer-Suay
- Universitat de València, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Departament de Zoologia, València, 46100, Spain
| | - Jesús Selfa
- Universitat de València, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Departament de Zoologia, València, 46100, Spain
| | - Juli Pujade-Villar
- Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Animal, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yan-Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yu-Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Keeling MJ, Franklin DN, Datta S, Brown MA, Budge GE. Predicting the spread of the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) following its incursion into Great Britain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6240. [PMID: 28740240 PMCID: PMC5524706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow-legged or Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) is native to South-East Asia, and is a voracious predator of pollinating insects including honey bees. Since its accidental introduction into South-Western France in 2004, V. velutina has spread to much of western Europe. The presence of V. velutina in Great Britain was first confirmed in September 2016. The likely dynamics following an initial incursion are uncertain, especially the risk of continued spread, and the likely success of control measures. Here we extrapolate from the situation in France to quantify the potential invasion of V. velutina in Great Britain. We find that, without control, V. velutina could colonise the British mainland rapidly, depending upon how the Asian hornet responds to the colder climate in Britain compared to France. The announcement that a second hornet had been discovered in Somerset, increases the chance that the invasion first occurred before 2016. We therefore consider the likely site of first invasion and the probabilistic position of additional founding nests in late 2016 and early 2017. Given the potential dispersion of V. velutina, we conclude that vigilance is required over a large area to prevent the establishment of this threat to the pollinator population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Keeling
- Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, UK.
- Warwick Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, UK.
| | - Daniel N Franklin
- Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, UK
| | - Samik Datta
- Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, UK
- Warwick Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, UK
| | - Mike A Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Giles E Budge
- Institute for Agri-Food Research and Innovation, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK
- Fera, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
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Chuvakova LN, Sharko FS, Nedoluzhko AV, Polilov AA, Prokhorchuk EB, Skryabin KG, Evgen'ev MB. [Hsp70 Genes of the Megaphragma amalphitanum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Parasitic Wasp]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2017; 51:615-621. [PMID: 28900079 DOI: 10.7868/s0026898417040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization is an evolutionary process that is widely represented in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Miniaturization frequently affects not only the size of the organism and its constituent cells, but also changes the genome structure and functioning. The structure of the main heat shock genes (hsp70 and hsp83) was studied in one of the smallest insects, the Megaphragma amalphitanum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitic wasp, which is comparable in size with unicellular organisms. An analysis of the sequenced genome has detected six genes that relate to the hsp70 family, some of which are apparently induced upon heat shock. Both induced and constitutively expressed hsp70 genes contain a large number of introns, which is not typical for the genes of this family. Moreover, none of the found genes form clusters, and they are all very heterogeneous (individual copies are only 75-85% identical), which indicates the absence of gene conversion, which provides the identity of genes of this family in Drosophila and other organisms. Two hsp83 genes, one of which contains an intron, have also been found in the M. amalphitanum genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Chuvakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - F S Sharko
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia
| | - A V Nedoluzhko
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - A A Polilov
- Department of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234 Russia
| | - E B Prokhorchuk
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia
- Department of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234 Russia
| | - K G Skryabin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 123182 Russia
- Department of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234 Russia
| | - M B Evgen'ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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34
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Grandinete YC, Noll FB, Lopes RB. Description of Males from Three Species of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Neotrop Entomol 2017; 46:295-301. [PMID: 28000065 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The external morphology and genitalia of the males of Stenonartonia mimica (Kohl 1907), Sphaeromenes discrepatus Giordani Soika, 1978 and Gamma bolivianum flavior Giordani Soika, 1990 are described for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Grandinete
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Pós Graduação em Entomologia, Univ de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Depto de Zoologia e Botânica, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.
| | - F B Noll
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Depto de Zoologia e Botânica, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - R B Lopes
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Pós Graduação em Entomologia, Univ de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Depto de Zoologia e Botânica, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
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35
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Cruaud P, Rasplus JY, Rodriguez LJ, Cruaud A. High-throughput sequencing of multiple amplicons for barcoding and integrative taxonomy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41948. [PMID: 28165046 PMCID: PMC5292727 DOI: 10.1038/srep41948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, the potential of NGS for the construction of barcode libraries or integrative taxonomy has been seldom realised. Here, we amplified (two-step PCR) and simultaneously sequenced (MiSeq) multiple markers from hundreds of fig wasp specimens. We also developed a workflow for quality control of the data. Illumina and Sanger sequences accumulated in the past years were compared. Interestingly, primers and PCR conditions used for the Sanger approach did not require optimisation to construct the MiSeq library. After quality controls, 87% of the species (76% of the specimens) had a valid MiSeq sequence for each marker. Importantly, major clusters did not always correspond to the targeted loci. Nine specimens exhibited two divergent sequences (up to 10%). In 95% of the species, MiSeq and Sanger sequences obtained from the same sampling were similar. For the remaining 5%, species were paraphyletic or the sequences clustered into divergent groups on the Sanger + MiSeq trees (>7%). These problematic cases may represent coding NUMTS or heteroplasms. Our results illustrate that Illumina approaches are not artefact-free and confirm that Sanger databases can contain non-target genes. This highlights the importance of quality controls, working with taxonomists and using multiple markers for DNA-taxonomy or species diversity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Astrid Cruaud
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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Dao HT, Beattie GAC, Spooner-Hart R, Riegler M, Holford P. Primary parasitoids of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) in Australia and a review of their introductions from Asia. Insect Sci 2017; 24:150-168. [PMID: 26350302 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We used morphological and molecular differences to confirm the identities of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) and yellow scale (A. citrina), and their primary parasitoids, in Australia. An extension to the distribution of yellow scale was confirmed. Six primary parasitoids of red scale were identified: Aphytis chrysomphali, A. lingnanensis, A. melinus, Comperiella bifasciata, Encarsia citrina, and E. perniciosi. With the exception of A. lingnanensis, these parasitoids, and a species of Aphelinus, were detected in association with red scale during studies in citrus orchards in coastal New South Wales between 2009 and 2012. Two races of A. melinus were recorded: one from the Indian Subcontinent, the other previously only recorded in China. The studies, and reviews of historical records, led us to conclude that 4 parasitoids, A. lingnanensis, C. bifasciata, and both species of Encarsia, were present in Australia before successful or unsuccessful formal introductions between 1902 and 1970. The A. melinus race previously recorded in China may also have been present before the Indian Subcontinent race was formally introduced in 1961. We suggest the possibility that the natural distribution of some of the parasitoids may include East and Southeast Asia, and parts of Australasia. We found no reports of native armored scales being recorded on species and hybrids of Citrus introduced to Australia, and no reports of introduced armored scales being recorded on native Rutaceae, including 6 species of Citrus. However, we subsequently recorded yellow scale on Geijera parviflora, a native rutaceous tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang T Dao
- University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Chem, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Markus Riegler
- University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Paul Holford
- University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Astapenková A, Heneberg P, Bogusch P. Larvae and Nests of Aculeate Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) Nesting in Reed Galls Induced by Lipara spp. (Diptera: Chloropidae) with a Review of Species Recorded. Part II. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169592. [PMID: 28076373 PMCID: PMC5226722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of aculeate Hymenoptera to utilize wetlands is poorly understood, and descriptions of their nests and developmental stages are largely absent. Here we present results based on our survey of hymenopterans using galls induced by Lipara spp. flies on common reed Phragmites australis in the years 2015–2016. We studied 20,704 galls, of which 9,446 were longitudinally cut and the brood from them reared in the laboratory, while the remaining 11,258 galls reared in rearing bags also in laboratory conditions. We recorded eight species that were previously not known to nest in reed galls: cuckoo wasps Chrysis rutilans and Trichrysis pumilionis, solitary wasps Stenodynerus chevrieranus and Stenodynerus clypeopictus, and bees Pseudoanthidium tenellum, Stelis punctulatissima, Hylaeus communis and Hylaeus confusus. Forty five species of Hymenoptera: Aculeata are known to be associated with reed galls, of which 36 make their nests there, and the other are six parasitoids of the family Chrysididae and three cuckoo bees of the genus Stelis. Of these species, Pemphredon fabricii and in southern Europe also Heriades rubicola are very common in reed galls, followed by Hylaeus pectoralis and two species of the genus Trypoxylon. We also found new host-parasite associations: Chrysis angustula in nests of Pemphredon fabricii, Chrysis rutilans in nests of Stenodynerus clypeopictus, Trichrysis pumilionis in nests of Trypoxylon deceptorium, and Stelis breviuscula in nests of Heriades rubicola. We provide new descriptions of the nests of seven species nesting in reed galls and morphology of mature larvae of eight species nesting in reed galls and two parasitoids and one nest cleptoparasite. The larvae are usually very similar to those of related species but possess characteristics that make them easy to distinguish from related species. Our results show that common reeds are not only expansive and harmful, but very important for many insect species associated with habitats dominated by this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Astapenková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bogusch
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Li Q, Wei SJ, Tang P, Wu Q, Shi M, Sharkey MJ, Chen XX. Multiple Lines of Evidence from Mitochondrial Genomes Resolve Phylogenetic Relationships of Parasitic Wasps in Braconidae. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:2651-62. [PMID: 27503293 PMCID: PMC5630901 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in the number of mitochondrial genomes in public databases provides opportunities for insect phylogenetic studies; but it also provides challenges because of gene rearrangements and variable substitution rates among both lineages and sites. Typically, phylogenetic studies use mitochondrial sequence data but exclude other features of the mitochondrial genome from analyses. Here, we undertook large-scale sequencing of mitochondrial genomes from a worldwide collection of specimens belonging to Braconidae, one of the largest families of Metazoa. The strand-asymmetry of base composition in the mitochondrial genomes of braconids is reversed, providing evidence for monophyly of the Braconidae. We have reconstructed a backbone phylogeny of the major lineages of Braconidae from gene order of the mitochondrial genomes. Standard phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences provided strong support for both Cyclostomes and Noncyclostomes. Four subfamily complexes, that is, helconoid, euphoroid, sigalphoid, and microgastroid, within the Noncyclostomes were reconstructed robustly, the first three of which formed a monophyletic group sister to the last one. Aphidiinae was recovered as a lineage sister to other groups of Cyclostomes, while the Ichneutinae was recovered as paraphyletic. Separate analyses of the subdivided groups showed congruent relationships, employing different matrices and methods, for the internal nodes of the Cyclostomes and the microgastroid complex of subfamilies. This research, using multiple lines of evidence from mitochondrial genomes, illustrates multiple uses of mitochondrial genomes for phylogenetic inference in Braconidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Gülen T, Björkander J. [Insect venom allergy – the diagnosis can be difficult to make but good treatment is available]. Lakartidningen 2016; 113:D7CI. [PMID: 27505851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bee and wasp stings can cause allergic reactions. Although the local reactions are more frequent, anaphylaxis due to insect stings can be potentially fatal. Rapid recognition of anaphylaxis is therefore critical and reactions should immediately be treated with i.m. adrenaline. Patients having experienced anaphylaxis should be referred to an allergist for diagnostic evaluation and possible venom-immunotherapy (VIT). The clinical history is essential in diagnosis of venom allergy as the test results are not always reliable. Diagnostic testing with venom components might be beneficial in appropriate patients. The analysis of serum tryptase from the acute episode can be crucial. Mastocytosis is associated in about 8 percent of patients with severe anaphylaxis from insect stings and should be considered in the differential diagnosis. VIT is indicated for patients with a history of anaphylaxis and is effective in preventing future anaphylaxis from Hymenoptera stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Gülen
- Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge - Lung- och Allergikliniken, Stockholm, Sweden Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge - Lung- och Allergikliniken, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janne Björkander
- Futurum - Akademin för hälsa och vård - Länssjukhuset Ryhov Jönköping, Sweden Futurum - Akademin för hälsa och vård - Länssjukhuset Ryhov Jönköping, Sweden
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Wang X, Werren JH, Clark AG. Allele-Specific Transcriptome and Methylome Analysis Reveals Stable Inheritance and Cis-Regulation of DNA Methylation in Nasonia. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002500. [PMID: 27380029 PMCID: PMC4933354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression divergence between closely related species could be attributed to both cis- and trans- DNA sequence changes during evolution, but it is unclear how the evolutionary dynamics of epigenetic marks are regulated. In eutherian mammals, biparental DNA methylation marks are erased and reset during gametogenesis, resulting in paternal or maternal imprints, which lead to genomic imprinting. Whether DNA methylation reprogramming exists in insects is not known. Wasps of the genus Nasonia are non-social parasitoids that are emerging as a model for studies of epigenetic processes in insects. In this study, we quantified allele-specific expression and methylation genome-wide in Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. No parent-of-origin effect in allelic expression was found for >8,000 covered genes, suggesting a lack of genomic imprinting in adult Nasonia. As we expected, both significant cis- and trans- effects are responsible for the expression divergence between N. vitripennis and N. giraulti. Surprisingly, all 178 differentially methylated genes are also differentially methylated between the two alleles in F1 hybrid offspring, recapitulating the parental methylation status with nearly 100% fidelity, indicating the presence of strong cis-elements driving the target of gene body methylation. In addition, we discovered that total and allele-specific expression are positively correlated with allele-specific methylation in a subset of the differentially methylated genes. The 100% cis-regulation in F1 hybrids suggests the methylation machinery is conserved and DNA methylation is targeted by cis features in Nasonia. The lack of genomic imprinting and parent-of-origin differentially methylated regions in Nasonia, together with the stable inheritance of methylation status between generations, suggests either a cis-regulatory motif for methylation at the DNA level or highly stable inheritance of an epigenetic signal in Nasonia. RNA-sequencing and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing in the hybrid offspring of two Nasonia parasitoid wasp species revealed strong cis-regulation of methylation and allele-specific expression. No gene was found to display genomic imprinting. The relationship between methylation of genomic DNA and expression of the genes that it encodes—and how this relationship changes during evolution—has been widely studied in mammals, but remains less well understood for insects. Here we analyze the expressed mRNA transcripts and genomic DNA methylation of the hybrid offspring of a pair of Nasonia parasitoid wasp species, producing a wealth of information about the regulation of gene expression. We find that variation in DNA sequence impacts expression on the same strand (called “cis-regulation”), and that cytosine methylation state is also associated in cis with the regulatory consequences of this base alteration. We show that these wasp species lack differential expression dependent on parent-of-origin (called “genomic imprinting”), and that in the hybrids the alleles retain the methylation status of the parental species in a strong cis-regulated fashion. Transcript abundances were also largely driven in a cis-regulated manner, consistent with a correlation between methylation status and expression levels. Despite the many differences between Nasonia and mammals in the impact of genomic DNA methylation, in both groups the use of methylated cytosine has been co-opted in ways that help tune gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Center for Comparative and Population Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (JHW); (AGC)
| | - John H. Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (JHW); (AGC)
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Center for Comparative and Population Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (JHW); (AGC)
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Ranjith AP, Quicke DLJ, Saleem UKA, Butcher BA, Zaldívar-Riverón A, Nasser M. Entomophytophagy ('Sequential Predatory, then Phytophagous Behaviour') in an Indian Braconid 'Parasitoid' Wasp (Hymenoptera): Specialized Larval Morphology, Biology and Description of a New Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156997. [PMID: 27355679 PMCID: PMC4927123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of braconid wasps are parasitoids of other insects. Although a few cases of pure phytophagy (primary gall production and seed predation) are known, no previous entomophytophagous species (i.e. ones that display entomophagy and phytophagy sequentially), has been discovered among braconids. We describe the detailed biology and specialized larval morphology for the first confirmed entomophytophagous braconid species. Leaf galls on Garuga pinnata Roxb. (Burseraceae) in India, induced by the psyllid, Phacopteron lentiginosum Buckton (Hemiptera: Psylloidea, Phacopteronidae) were sampled throughout a period of several months and found to suffer a high level of attack by a new species Bracon garugaphagae Ranjith & Quicke which is here described and illustrated. The wasps oviposit singly into the galls without paralysing the psyllids. The larvae first attack psyllid nymphs which they seek out within the gall, kill them with a single bite and consume them. Unique dorsal abdominal tubercles, with eversible tips present on the abdominal segments of the larvae that are used to help maintain larval position while feeding, are illustrated. After consuming all available prey, the larvae continue feeding on gall tissue until mature enough to spin cocoons and pupate. The new species illustrates, for the first time, a possible intermediate stage in the evolution of pure phytophagy within the Braconidae. Interestingly, the two unrelated seed predator Bracon species are also associated with Burseraceae, perhaps indicating that this plant family is particularly suited as a food for braconine wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Ranjith
- Insect Ecology and Ethology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, Pin: 673635, India
- Department of Zoology, Malabar Christian College, Calicut, Kerala, Pin: 673001, India
| | - Donald L. J. Quicke
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, BKK 10330, Thailand
| | - U. K. A. Saleem
- Insect Ecology and Ethology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, Pin: 673635, India
| | - Buntika A. Butcher
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, BKK 10330, Thailand
| | - Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón
- Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. circuito exterior s/n Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A. P. 70–233, C.P. 04510, D.F., México
| | - M. Nasser
- Insect Ecology and Ethology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, Pin: 673635, India
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Many insects harbour facultative symbiotic bacteria, some of which have been shown to provide resistance against natural enemies. One of the best-known protective symbionts is Hamiltonella defensa, which in pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) confers resistance against attack by parasitoid wasps in the genus Aphidius (Braconidae).We asked (i) whether this symbiont also confers protection against a phylogenetically distant group of parasitoids (Aphelinidae) and (ii) whether there are consistent differences in the effects of bacteria found in pea aphid biotypes adapted to different host plants. We found that some H. defensa strains do provide protection against an aphelinid parasitoid Aphelinus abdominalis. Hamiltonella defensa from the Lotus biotype provided high resistance to A. abdominalis and moderate to low resistance to Aphidius ervi, while the reverse was seen from Medicago biotype isolates. Aphids from Ononis showed no evidence of symbiont-mediated protection against either wasp species and were relatively vulnerable to both. Our results may reflect the different selection pressures exerted by the parasitoid community on aphids feeding on different host plants, and could help explain the maintenance of genetic diversity in bacterial symbionts.
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Al Khatib F, Cruaud A, Fusu L, Genson G, Rasplus JY, Ris N, Delvare G. Multilocus phylogeny and ecological differentiation of the "Eupelmus urozonus species group" (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) in the West-Palaearctic. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:13. [PMID: 26781031 PMCID: PMC4717567 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ecological differentiation of insects with parasitic life-style is a complex process that may involve phylogenetic constraints as well as morphological and/or behavioural adaptations. In most cases, the relative importance of these driving forces remains unexplored. We investigate here this question for the "Eupelmus urozonus species group" which encompasses parasitoid wasps of potential interest in biological control. This was achieved using seven molecular markers, reliable records on 91 host species and a proxy of the ovipositor length. RESULTS After using an adequate partitioning scheme, Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches provide a well-resolved phylogeny supporting the monophyly of this species group and highlighting its subdivision into three sub-groups. Great variations of both the ovipositor length and the host range (specialist versus generalist) were observed at this scale, with these two features being not significantly constrained by the phylogeny. Ovipositor length was not shown as a significant predictor of the parasitoid host range. CONCLUSIONS This study provides firstly the first evidence for the strong lability of both the ovipositor's length and the realised host range in a set of phylogenetically related and sympatric species. In both cases, strong contrasts were observed between sister species. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between these two features. Alternative drivers of the ecological differentiation such as interspecific interactions are proposed and the consequences on the recruitment of these parasitoids on native and exotic pests are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Al Khatib
- INRA, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, 06900, France.
- CIRAD, UMR 55 CBGP, 755 Avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016 F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, Cedex, France.
| | - A Cruaud
- INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016 F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, Cedex, France
| | - L Fusu
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Bd. Carol I nr. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - G Genson
- INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016 F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, Cedex, France
| | - J-Y Rasplus
- INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016 F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, Cedex, France
| | - N Ris
- INRA, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, 06900, France
| | - G Delvare
- CIRAD, UMR 55 CBGP, 755 Avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016 F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, Cedex, France
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Carvalho AF, Menezes RST, Somavilla A, Costa MA, Del Lama MA. Neotropical Polistinae (Vespidae) and the Progression Rule Principle: the Round-Trip Hypothesis. Neotrop Entomol 2015; 44:596-603. [PMID: 26429579 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-015-0324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The progression rule principle is based on the relation between centers of origin and basal forms, and the prediction that recently colonized areas are where novelties commonly occur. Using this concept as the null hypothesis, the aim of the present study was to test whether intuitive predictions of this model are confirmed in the Neotropical paper wasps, a group fairly studied through phylogenetic frameworks. The analyses consisted of a careful review of the distribution of different wasps of the subfamily Polistinae with available phylogenies and the association of this information with colonization routes. This procedure allowed the determination of a two-step colonization process in the Neotropical region based on the progression rule principle, for which the round-trip hypothesis is proposed. The first route (east to west) is seen in a small group of Polistes. This route is rare but strengthens the arising of paper wasps in the Americas in a Gondwanan scenario. The second route (west to east) is remarkably repeated in several other lineages. Thus, the northwestern Neotropics, mainly Amazon Forest, is proposed as the major center of origins for living Neotropical Polistinae and the round-trip hypothesis may explain both earlier and later colonization routes of the paper wasps analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Carvalho
- Depto de Genética e Evolução, Univ Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
- Dept of Biology, The City Univ of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Univ Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.
| | - R S T Menezes
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Univ Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
- Dept of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Somavilla
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - M A Costa
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Univ Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | - M A Del Lama
- Depto de Genética e Evolução, Univ Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
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Zhu DH, Liu Z, Lu PF, Yang XH, Su CY, Liu P. New gall wasp species attacking chestnut trees: Dryocosmus zhuili n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Castanea henryi from southeastern China. J Insect Sci 2015; 15:iev118. [PMID: 26516167 PMCID: PMC4625949 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new gall wasp species, Dryocosmus zhuili Liu et Zhu, is herein described from the southeastern Fujian province of China. The new species induces galls on trees of Henry's chestnut, Castanea henryi, which is also a native host for the notorious Oriental chestnut gall wasp (OCGW, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu). D. zhuili overlaps with OCGW in emergence time and induces galls morphologically similar to that of OCGW on similar plant parts. In a previous study, we reported considerable divergence between mtDNA CO1 (mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) sequences of these wasps and the true OCGW wasps and suggested the existence of a cryptic species. Herein, we confirm the identity of the new species based on morphological and biological differences and provide a formal description. Although the new species is relatively easily separated from OCGW on basis of morphology, field identification involving the two species can still be problematic because of their small body size, highly similar gall morphology, and other life history traits. We further discussed the potential of the new species to be a pest for the chestnut industry and the consequences of accidental introduction of this species into nonnative areas, especially with regard to the bisexual reproduction mode of the new species in contrast to the parthenogenetic reproduction mode of OCGW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Hong Zhu
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior & Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920 Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605
| | - Peng-Fei Lu
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior & Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China Present address: Central South Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, State Forestry Administration, Changsha, Hunan, China 410014
| | - Xiao-Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior & Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China Present address: School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China 410081
| | - Cheng-Yuan Su
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior & Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Peter Liu
- School of Technology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920
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Di Giovanni F, Cerretti P, Mason F, Minari E, Marini L. Vertical stratification of ichneumonid wasp communities: the effects of forest structure and life-history traits. Insect Sci 2015; 22:688-699. [PMID: 24996133 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasp communities of the canopy of temperate forests are still largely unexplored. Very little is known about the community composition of parasitoids between canopy and understory and how much of this difference is related to forest structure or parasitoid biological strategies. In this study we investigated upon the difference in the community composition of the parasitic wasps Ichneumonidae between canopy and understory in a lowland temperate forest in northern Italy. We used general linear models to test whether parasitic strategy modifies species vertical stratification and the effect of forest structure. We also tested differences in β-diversity between canopy and understory traps and over time within single forest layers. We found that stand basal area was positively related to species richness, suggesting that the presence of mature trees can influence local wasp diversity, providing a higher number of microhabitats and hosts. The ichneumonid community of the canopy was different from that of the understory, and the β-diversity analysis showed higher values for the canopy, due to a higher degree of species turnover between traps. In our analyses, the vertical stratification was different between groups of ichneumonids sharing different parasitic strategies. Idiobiont parasitoids of weakly or deeply concealed hosts were more diverse in the understory than in the canopy while parasitoids of spiders were equally distributed between the two layers. Even though the ichneumonid community was not particularly species-rich in the canopy of the temperate forests, the extension of sampling to that habitat significantly increased the number of species recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Di Giovanni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, via Carlo Ederle 16/A, 37100, Verona, Italy
- DAFNAE, Università di Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Pierfilippo Cerretti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, via Carlo Ederle 16/A, 37100, Verona, Italy
- DAFNAE, Università di Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Franco Mason
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, via Carlo Ederle 16/A, 37100, Verona, Italy
| | - Emma Minari
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, via Carlo Ederle 16/A, 37100, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- DAFNAE, Università di Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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Kenyon SG, Buerki S, Hansson C, Alvarez N, Benrey B. Uncovering Cryptic Parasitoid Diversity in Horismenus (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136063. [PMID: 26352700 PMCID: PMC4564207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Horismenus parasitoids are an abundant and understudied group of eulophid wasps found mainly in the New World. Recent surveys based on morphological analyses in Costa Rica have quadrupled the number of named taxa, with more than 400 species described so far. This recent revision suggests that there is still a vast number of unknown species to be identified. As Horismenus wasps have been widely described as parasitoids of insect pests associated with crop plants, it is of high importance to properly establish the extant diversity of the genus, in order to provide biological control practitioners with an exhaustive catalog of putative control agents. In this study, we first collected Horismenus wasps from wild Phaseolus bean seeds in Central Mexico and Arizona to assess the genetic relatedness of three morphologically distinct species with overlapping host and geographical ranges. Sequence data from two nuclear and two mitochondrial gene regions uncovered three cryptic species within each of the three focal species (i.e., H. missouriensis, H. depressus and H. butcheri). The monophyly of each cryptic group is statistically supported (except in two of them represented by one single tip in which monophyly cannot be tested). The phylogenetic reconstruction is discussed with respect to differences between gene regions as well as likely reasons for the differences in variability between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G. Kenyon
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Buerki
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christer Hansson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
- Museum of Biology (Entomology), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nadir Alvarez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Dorigny, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The maternally transmitted bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is well known for spreading and persisting in insect populations through manipulation of the fitness of its host. Here, we identify three new Wolbachia pipientis strains, wHho, wHho2 and wHho3, infecting Hyposoter horticola, a specialist wasp parasitoid of the Glanville fritillary butterfly. The wHho strain (ST435) infects about 50% of the individuals in the Åland islands in Finland, with a different infection rate in the two mitochondrial (COI) haplotypes of the wasp. The vertical transmission rate of Wolbachia is imperfect, and lower in the haplotype with lower infection rate, suggesting a fitness trade-off. We found no association of the wHho infection with fecundity, longevity or dispersal ability of the parasitoid host. However, preliminary results convey spatial associations between Wolbachia infection, host mitochondrial haplotype and parasitism of H. horticola by its hyperparasitoid, Mesochorus cf. stigmaticus. We discuss the possibility that Wolbachia infection protects H. horticola against hyperparasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Christelle Couchoux
- University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, Brighton BN19QG, United Kingdom
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
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Feng Y, Wratten S, Sandhu H, Keller M. Interspecific competition between two generalist parasitoids that attack the leafroller Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Bull Entomol Res 2015; 105:426-433. [PMID: 25572341 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two generalist parasitoids, Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Therophilus unimaculatus (Turner) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attack early instars of tortricid moths, including the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The two parasitoids co-exist in natural habitats, while D. tasmanica is dominant in vineyards, whereas T. unimaculatus occurs mainly in adjacent native vegetation. This difference suggests possible competition between the two species, mediated by habitat. Here, we report on the extent of interspecific differences in host discrimination and the outcome of interspecific competition between the two parasitoids. The parasitoids did not show different behavioural responses to un-parasitized hosts or those that were parasitized by the other species. Larvae of D. tasmanica out-competed those of T. unimaculatus, irrespective of the order or interval between attacks by the two species. The host larvae that were attacked by two parasitoids died more frequently before a parasitoid completed its larval development than those that were attacked by a single parasitoid. Dissection of host larvae parasitized by both species indicated that first instars of D. tasmanica attacked and killed larval T. unimaculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Feng
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide,Adelaide,SA 5005,Australia
| | - S Wratten
- Bio-Protection Research Centre,Lincoln University,PO Box 85084,Lincoln 7647,New Zealand
| | - H Sandhu
- School of the Environment, Flinders University,PO Box 2100 Adelaide,SA 5001,Australia
| | - M Keller
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide,Adelaide,SA 5005,Australia
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50
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Umeda C, Paine TD. Evidence of a Genetic Basis for Differences in Parasitization Success between Strains of Avetianella longoi (Siscaro). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129558. [PMID: 26053514 PMCID: PMC4460049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
When the cerambycid, Phoracantha recurva, invaded California in the mid 1990’s a parasitoid wasp was imported from its native range in Australia as part of a biological control program. The wasp was later identified to be Avetianella longoi, which had already been released years earlier to control the congener longhorned beetle, Phoracantha semipunctata. Despite being recognized as the same species, the two wasps exhibited differential success on P. recurva eggs, indicating the presence of two separate strains. Here we determine if the differentiating factor between the two strains of A. longoi is a heritable genetic trait. All four pairings between the two strains were conducted, resulting in two homogenous and two heterogeneous crosses. All crosses except one produced viable F1 female offspring. F1 females were allowed to oviposit on P. recurva eggs and the survival of their offspring was compared to determine if survival can be affected by paternal contributions. The result was that the offspring of females with fathers from the second introduced strain showed significantly increased survival compared to F1 females with parents from the first introduced strain. This increased survival demonstrated that there is a heritable dominant trait that is associated with increased survival on P. recurva host eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Umeda
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Paine
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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