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Kaci H, Dombi Á, Gömbös P, Szabó A, Bakos É, Özvegy-Laczka C, Poór M. Interaction of mycotoxins zearalenone, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol with cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) enzymes and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1). Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105789. [PMID: 38341109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycoestrogen produced by Fusarium fungi. ZEN is a frequent contaminant in cereal-based products, representing significant health threat. The major reduced metabolites of ZEN are α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL). Since the toxicokinetic interactions of ZEN/ZELs with cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) have been barely characterized, we examined these interactions applying in vitro models. ZEN and ZELs were relatively strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and moderate inhibitors of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. Both CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 decreased ZEN and β-ZEL concentrations in depletion assays, while only CYP1A2 reduced α-ZEL levels. OATPs tested were strongly or moderately inhibited by ZEN and ZELs; however, these mycotoxins did not show higher cytotoxicity in OATP-overexpressing cells. Our results help the deeper understanding of the toxicokinetic/pharmacokinetic interactions of ZEN, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kaci
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HUN-REN, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Dombi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Patrik Gömbös
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő H-2103, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő H-2103, Hungary; HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HUN-REN, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HUN-REN, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 13, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Molecular Medicine Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
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Sun Z, Fang Y, Zhu Y, Tian W, Yu J, Tang J. Biotransformation of zearalenone to non-estrogenic compounds with two novel recombinant lactonases from Gliocladium. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:75. [PMID: 38454365 PMCID: PMC10921726 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) produced by toxigenic fungi is widely present in cereals and its downstream products. The danger of ZEA linked to various human health issues has attracted increasing attention. Thus, powerful ZEA-degrading or detoxifying strategies are urgently needed. Biology-based detoxification methods are specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly and do not lead to negative effects during cereal decontamination. Among these, ZEA detoxification using degrading enzymes was documented to be a promising strategy in broad research. Here, two efficient ZEA-degrading lactonases from the genus Gliocladium, ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, were identified for the first time. This work studied the degradation capacity and properties of ZEA using purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83. RESULTS According to the ZEA degradation study, transformed Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) PLySs cells harboring the zhdr52 or zhdp83 gene could transform 20 µg/mL ZEA within 2 h and degrade > 90% of ZEA toxic derivatives, α/β-zearalanol and α/β-zearalenol, within 6 h. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the optimal pH was 9.0 for ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, and the optimum temperature was 45 °C. The purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 retained > 90% activity over a wide range of pH values and temperatures (pH 7.0-10.0 and 35-50 °C). In addition, the specific activities of purified ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 against ZEA were 196.11 and 229.64 U/mg, respectively. The results of these two novel lactonases suggested that, compared with ZHD101, these two novel lactonases transformed ZEA into different products. The slight position variations in E126 and H242 in ZDHR52/ZEA and ZHDP83/ZEA obtained via structural modelling may explain the difference in degradation products. Moreover, the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay indicated that the products of ZEA degradation using ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 did not exhibit estrogenic activity. CONCLUSIONS ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 are alkali ZEA-degrading enzymes that can efficiently and irreversibly degrade ZEA into non-estrogenic products, indicating that they are potential candidates for commercial application. This study identified two excellent lactonases for industrial ZEA detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
- The Anhui Agricultural University's Comprehensive Experimental Station in the Northwest of Anhui Province, Linquan Modern Agricultural Technology Cooperation and Extension Service Center, Anhui, Linquan, 236400, China
| | - Yuting Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Yaohuan Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China.
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Grgic D, Novak B, Varga E, Marko D. Estrogen receptor α interaction of zearalenone and its phase I metabolite α-zearalenol in combination with soy isoflavones in hERα-HeLa-9903 cells. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:97-109. [PMID: 37847468 PMCID: PMC10834624 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment primarily relies on toxicological data of individual substances, with limited information on combined effects. Recent in vitro experiments using Ishikawa cells, an endometrial carcinoma cell line expressing both estrogen receptor isoforms, demonstrated interactive effects of phyto- and mycoestrogens. The mycoestrogens, zearalenone (ZEN), and α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) exhibited significantly enhanced estrogenic responses in the presence of isoflavones (ISF), depending on substance ratios and concentrations. This study investigated the impact of phyto- and mycoestrogen combinations on estrogenic response following OECD guideline 455, utilizing hERα-HeLa-9903 cells. Test substances included mycoestrogens (ZEN and α-ZEL) and isoflavones (genistein (GEN), daidzein (DAI), and S-equol (EQ), a gut microbial metabolite of DAI). Mycoestrogens were tested in the range of 0.001 to 100 nM, while isoflavones were used at concentrations 1000 times higher based on relevant occurrence ratios. Results showed that ZEN and α-ZEL induced ERα-dependent luciferase expression in concentrations above 1 nM and 0.01 nM, respectively. However, ISF caused a superinduction of the luciferase signal above 1 µM. A superinduction is characterized by an unusually strong or heightened increase in the activity of the luciferase enzyme. This signal is not affected by the estrogen receptor antagonist 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH-TAM), which was additionally used to verify whether the increase of signal is a true reflection of receptor activation. This superinduction was observed in all combinations of ZEN and α-ZEL with ISFs. Contrary to the luciferase activity findings, RT-qPCR experiments and a stability approach revealed lower real ERα activation by ISFs than measured in the ONE-Glo™ luciferase test system. In conclusion, the OECD protocol 455 appears unsuitable for testing ISFs due to their superinduction of luciferase and interactions with the test system, resulting in experimental artifacts. Further studies are necessary to explore structure-activity relationships within polyphenols and clarify the test system's applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Grgic
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Doctoral School in Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Novak
- dsm-firmenich, ANH R&D center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Present address: Unit Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Qu H, Zheng Y, Kang R, Feng Y, Li P, Wang Y, Cheng J, Ji C, Chai W, Ma Q. Toxicokinetics of Zearalenone following Oral Administration in Female Dezhou Donkeys. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:51. [PMID: 38251267 PMCID: PMC10819545 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium strains, that is present in food and feed raw materials worldwide, causing toxicity effects in animals and humans. This research aimed to explore the toxicokinetics of ZEN on female Dezhou donkeys following a single oral exposure dosage of 2 mg/kg BW (body weight). The sample collection of donkeys plasma was carried out at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 min, 2 h, 2.5 h, 3 h, 3.5 h, 4 h, 4.5 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h and 120 h via intravenous catheter, and fecal and urinary samples were severally collected at 0 h and every 6 h until 120 h. The concentrations of ZEN, α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL), zearalanone (ZAN) in plasma, urine, and feces were detected by UPLC-MS/MS. Only ZEN was detected in plasma, and the maximum was 15.34 ± 5.12 µg/L occurred at 0.48 h after gavage. The total plasma clearance (Cl) of ZEN was 95.20 ± 8.01 L·kg·BW-1·h-1. In addition, the volume of distribution (Vd) was up to 216.17 ± 58.71 L/kg. The percentage of total ZEN (ZEN plus the main metabolites) excretion in feces and urine was 2.49% and 2.10%, respectively. In summary, ZEN was fast absorbed and relatively slowly excreted in female donkeys during 120 h after a single gavage, indicating a trend of wider tissue distribution and longer tissue persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (R.K.); (P.L.); (C.J.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252201, China; (Y.F.); (Y.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Yunduo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (R.K.); (P.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Ruifen Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (R.K.); (P.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Yulong Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252201, China; (Y.F.); (Y.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Pengshuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (R.K.); (P.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Yantao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252201, China; (Y.F.); (Y.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jie Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252201, China; (Y.F.); (Y.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (R.K.); (P.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Wenqiong Chai
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (R.K.); (P.L.); (C.J.)
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Wang T, Zhou T, Wu K, Cao J, Feng Y, Li J, Deng A. A sensitive monoclonal antibody-based ELISA integrated with immunoaffinity column extraction for the detection of zearalenone in food and feed samples. Analyst 2024; 149:442-450. [PMID: 38099486 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01779f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most toxic mycotoxins widely found in agricultural products. In this study, a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) integrated with immunoaffinity column extraction for the detection of ZEN in food and feed samples was developed. A ZEN derivative containing a carboxylic group was first synthesized and then linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The formed ZEN-BSA conjugate was used as the immunogen for the production of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) against ZEN. The hybridoma clones (1G5) capable of secreting antibodies against ZEN were successfully selected. Based on this mAb, the IC50 and LOD of the ELISA for ZEN were 0.37 ng mL-1 and 0.04 ng mL-1, respectively, which were 1.6-308.1 times lower than those in the published ELISAs, indicating the high sensitivity of our assay. There was no cross-reactivity of the mAb with other four mycotoxins (patulin, AFB1, DON, and OTA). Due to the high similarity in molecular structures among ZEN and its homologs (α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol), the CR values of the mAb with the homologs were within 3.59%-105.71%. Taking advantage of plenty of mAb, the immunoaffinity column was prepared by immobilizing the mAb on Sepharose-4B gel and filling it into an SPE column. ZEN spiked samples (corn, wheat, feed) were extracted using an immunoaffinity column and measured by ELISA and HPLC-FLD simultaneously. The recoveries of the ELISA for ZEN in the spiked samples were 92.46-105.48% with RSDs of 4.87-10.11%. A good correlation between ELISA (x) and HPLC-FLD (y) with the linear regression equation y = 1.0589x + 1.43815 (R2 = 0.998, n = 6) was obtained. To verify the applicability, the proposed ELISA was also applied to some real samples randomly collected from a local market. It was proven that the newly produced mAb-based ELISA was a feasible and sensitive method for the detection of ZEN in food and feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Kang Wu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Junlin Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yuze Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Anping Deng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Wang W, Liu T, Wang Y, Mu G, Zhang F, Yang Q, Hou X. Hydrophilic Covalent Organic Frameworks Coated Steel Sheet As a Mass Spectrometric Ionization Source for the Direct Determination of Zearalenone and Its Derivatives. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:12211-12219. [PMID: 36100997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone has attracted worldwide attention due to its toxic properties and threat to public health. A rapid determination method for zearalenone and its derivatives by hydrophilic covalent organic frameworks coated steel sheet (HCOFCS) combined with ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) was developed. The HCOFCS behaved as both a tip for solid-phase microextraction and a solid substrate for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). To evaluate the HCOFCS-ESI-MS method, five zearalenone and its derivatives in milk samples were determined, including zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL). After the extraction procedure, the HCOFCS was directly added with a high voltage for ESI-MS, and the analysis could be completed within 1 min. The developed method showed good linearity in the range 0.1-100 μg/L with a coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.9991. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 and 0.2 to 0.3 μg/L, respectively. The results demonstrated that the HCOFCS combined with ESI-MS can be used for the rapid and sensitive determination of trace ZEA and its derivatives in milk samples with satisfactory recoveries from 80.58% to 109.98% and reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSDs) no more than 11.18%. Furthermore, HCOFCS showed good reusability, which could reuse at least 10 extraction cycles with satisfactory adsorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Youfa Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Guodong Mu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qingli Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xiudan Hou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
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Li Y, Tan H, Zhou H, Guo T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Ma L. Study of Competitive Displacement of Curcumin on α-zearalenol Binding to Human Serum Albumin Complex Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090604. [PMID: 36136542 PMCID: PMC9501389 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) is a mycotoxin with a strong estrogen effect that affects the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones and is transported to target organs through human serum albumin (HSA). Additionally, it has been reported that curcumin can also bind to HSA with high affinity at the same binding site as α-ZOL. Additionally, several studies reported that reducing the bound fraction of α-ZOL contributes to speeding up the elimination rate of α-ZOL to reduce its hazard to organs. Therefore, to explore the influence of a nutrition intervention with curcumin on α-ZOL effects, the competitive displacement of α-ZOL from HSA by curcumin was investigated using spectroscopic techniques, ultrafiltration techniques and HPLC methods. Results show that curcumin and α-ZOL share the same binding site (subdomain IIA) on HSA, and curcumin binds to HSA with a binding constant of 1.12 × 105 M−1, which is higher than that of α-ZOL (3.98 × 104 M−1). Ultrafiltration studies demonstrated that curcumin could displace α-ZOL from HSA to reduce α-ZOL’s binding fraction. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that curcumin could reduce the hydrophobicity of the microenvironment of an HSA–α-ZOL complex. This study is of great significance for applying curcumin and other highly active foodborne components to interfere with the toxicokinetics of α-ZOL and reduce its risk of its exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongxia Tan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhu Liu
- Foshan Micro Miracles Biotechnology Company, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-1310-1282-977
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Birr T, Jensen T, Preußke N, Sönnichsen FD, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Hasler M, Verreet JA, Klink H. Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020110. [PMID: 33540691 PMCID: PMC7913079 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Forage maize is often infected by mycotoxin-producing Fusarium fungi during plant growth, which represent a serious health risk to exposed animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are among the most important Fusarium mycotoxins, but little is known about the occurrence of their modified forms in forage maize. To assess the mycotoxin contamination in Northern Germany, 120 natural contaminated forage maize samples of four cultivars from several locations were analysed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for DON and ZEN and their modified forms deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G), the sum of 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3+15-AcDON), α- and β-zearalenol (α-ZEL, β-ZEL). DON and ZEN occurred with high incidences (100 and 96%) and a wide range of concentrations, reaching levels up to 10,972 and 3910 µg/kg, respectively. Almost half of the samples (46%) exceeded the guidance value in complementary and complete feeding stuffs for ZEN (500 µg/kg), and 9% for DON (5000 µg/kg). The DON related mycotoxins DON3G and 3+15-AcDON were also present in almost all samples (100 and 97%) with amounts of up to 3038 and 2237 µg/kg and a wide range of concentrations. For the ZEN metabolites α- and β-ZEL lower incidences were detected (59 and 32%) with concentrations of up to 423 and 203 µg/kg, respectively. Forage maize samples were contaminated with at least three co-occurring mycotoxins, whereby 95% of all samples contained four or more mycotoxins with DON, DON3G, 3+15-AcDON, and ZEN co-occurring in 93%, together with α-ZEL in 57% of all samples. Positive correlations were established between concentrations of the co-occurring mycotoxins, especially between DON and its modified forms. Averaged over all samples, ratios of DON3G/DON and 3+15-AcDON/DON were similar, 20.2 and 20.5 mol%; cultivar-specific mean ratios ranged from 14.6 to 24.3 mol% and 15.8 to 24.0 mol%, respectively. In total, 40.7 mol% of the measured DON concentration was present in the modified forms DON3G and 3+15-AcDON. The α-ZEL/ZEN ratio was 6.2 mol%, ranging from 5.2 to 8.6 mol% between cultivars. These results demonstrate that modified mycotoxins contribute substantially to the overall mycotoxin contamination in forage maize. To avoid a considerable underestimation, it is necessary to analyse modified mycotoxins in future mycotoxin monitoring programs together with their parent forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Birr
- Department of Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.J.); (J.-A.V.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-880-4574
| | - Tolke Jensen
- Department of Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.J.); (J.-A.V.); (H.K.)
| | - Nils Preußke
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.P.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Frank D. Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.P.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach Variationsstatistik, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Joseph-Alexander Verreet
- Department of Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.J.); (J.-A.V.); (H.K.)
| | - Holger Klink
- Department of Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.J.); (J.-A.V.); (H.K.)
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9
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Yang S, Li Y, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Zhou J, Li Y, Zhang H, Sun F. Toxicokinetics of α-zearalenol and its masked form in rats and the comparative biotransformation in liver microsomes from different livestock and humans. J Hazard Mater 2020; 393:121403. [PMID: 32143155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and its masked form α-zearalenol-14 glucoside (α-ZEL-14G) have much higher oestrogenic activity than zearalenone. Owing to very limited toxicokinetic and metabolic data, no reference points could be established for risk assessment. To circumvent it, the toxicokinetic, metabolic profiles, and phenotyping of α-ZEL and α-ZEL-14G were comprehensively investigated in this study. As a result, the plasma concentrations of α-ZEL and α-ZEL-14G were all below LOQ after oral administration, while after iv injection, both could be significantly bio-transformed into various metabolites. A complete hydrolysis of α-ZEL-14G contributed to α-ZEL overall toxicity. Additionally, 31 phase I and 10 phase II metabolites of α-ZEL, and 9 phase I and 5 phase II metabolites were identified for α-ZEL-14G. For α-ZEL, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways, while for α-ZEL-14G, it was deglycosylation, reduction, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation. Significant metabolic differences were observed for α-ZEL and α-ZEL-14G in the liver microsomes of rats, chickens, swine, goats, cows and humans. Phenotyping studies indicated that α-ZEL and α-ZEL-14G were mediated by CYP 3A4, 2C8, and 1A2. Moreover, the deglycosylation of α-ZEL-14G was critically mediated by CES-I and CES-II. The acquired data would provide fundamental perspectives for risk evaluation of mycotoxins and their modified forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feifei Sun
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China; College of Aminal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Agahi F, Font G, Juan C, Juan-García A. Individual and Combined Effect of Zearalenone Derivates and Beauvericin Mycotoxins on SH-SY5Y Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E212. [PMID: 32230869 PMCID: PMC7232440 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) and zearalenone derivatives, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), are produced by several Fusarium species. Considering the impact of various mycotoxins on human's health, this study determined and evaluated the cytotoxic effect of individual, binary, and tertiary mycotoxin treatments consisting of α-ZEL, β-ZEL, and BEA at different concentrations over 24, 48, and 72 h on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, by using the MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazoliumbromide). Subsequently, the isobologram method was applied to elucidate if the mixtures produced synergism, antagonism, or additive effects. Ultimately, we determined the amount of mycotoxin recovered from the media after treatment using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qTOF-MS). The IC50 values detected at all assayed times ranged from 95 to 0.2 μM for the individual treatments. The result indicated that β-ZEL was the most cytotoxic mycotoxin when tested individually. The major effect detected for all combinations assayed was synergism. Among the combinations assayed, α-ZEL + β-ZEL + BEA and α-ZEL + BEA presented the highest cytotoxic potential with respect to the IC value. At all assayed times, BEA was the mycotoxin recovered at the highest concentration in individual form, and β-ZEL + BEA was the combination recovered at the highest concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (F.A.); (G.F.); (A.J.-G.)
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11
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Zhou H, Li L, Zhan B, Wang S, Li J, Hu XJ. The Trp183 is essential in lactonohydrolase ZHD detoxifying zearalenone and zearalenols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 522:986-989. [PMID: 31810602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactonohydrolase ZHD can detoxify oestrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone and zearalenols through hydrolysis and decarboxylation. The detail mechanism, especially the role of Trp183, which interacts with substrate through p-π interaction and one hydrogen bond, is still unknown. The Trp183 mutants abolished activity to ZEN, α-ZOL and β-ZOL, except that W183F mutant retained about 40% activity against α-ZOL. In two W183F-reactant complex structures the reactants still bind at the active position and it suggested that this p-π interaction takes responsible for the reactants recognization and allocation. Further, the ZHD-productant complex structures showed that the resorcinol ring of hydrolysed α-ZOL and hydrolysed β-ZOL move a distance of one ring as compare to the resorcinol ring of reactant α-ZOL and β-ZOL. The same movement also found in comparison of hydrolysed ZEN and ZEN. In the structure of W183F complex with hydrolysed α-ZOL the resorcinol ring of hydrolysed α-ZOL doesn't move as compare to the resorcinol ring of reactant α-ZOL. It suggested the Trp183 coordinated hydrogen bond takes responsible for the movement of the hydrolysed product. These functional and structural results suggested that Trp183 is essential for ZHD detoxifying zearalenone and zearalenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Collaborateive Innovative Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Collaborateive Innovative Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Bowen Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Collaborateive Innovative Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Collaborateive Innovative Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Collaborateive Innovative Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Xiao-Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Collaborateive Innovative Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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12
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Abstract
Cereal foods are commonly contaminated with multiple mycotoxins resulting in frequent human mycotoxin exposure. Children are at risk of high-level exposure because of their high cereal intake relative to body weight. Hence, this study aims to assess multimycotoxin exposure in UK children using urinary biomarkers. Spot urines (n = 21) were analyzed for multimycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, DON; nivalenol, NIV; ochratoxin A, OTA; zearalenone, ZEN; α-zearalenol, α-ZEL; β-zearalenol, β-ZEL; T-2 toxin, T-2; HT-2 toxin, HT-2; and aflatoxin B1 and M1, AFB1, AFM1) using liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Urine samples frequently contained DON (13.10 ± 12.69 ng/mL), NIV (0.36 ± 0.16 ng/mL), OTA (0.05 ± 0.02 ng/mL), and ZEN (0.09 ± 0.07 ng/mL). Some samples (1-3) contained T-2, HT-2, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL but not aflatoxins. Dietary mycotoxin estimation showed that children were frequently exposed to levels exceeding the tolerable daily intake (52 and 95% of cases for DON and OTA). This demonstrates that UK children are exposed to multiple mycotoxins through their habitual diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia W Gratz
- Rowett Institute , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , AB25 2ZD , Aberdeen , U.K
| | - Valerie Currie
- Rowett Institute , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , AB25 2ZD , Aberdeen , U.K
| | - Gary Duncan
- Rowett Institute , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , AB25 2ZD , Aberdeen , U.K
| | - Diane Jackson
- Rowett Institute , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , AB25 2ZD , Aberdeen , U.K
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13
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Gzyl-Malcher B, Rudolphi-Skórska E, Sieprawska A, Filek M. Manganese protects wheat from the mycotoxin zearalenone and its derivatives. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14214. [PMID: 31578385 PMCID: PMC6775100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Searching for factors that reduce zearalenone (ZEN) toxicity is an important challenge in wheat production, considering that this crop is a basic dietary ingredient. ZEN, absorbed by cells, is metabolized into α-zearalenol and α-zearalanol, and this study focused on the function of manganese ions as potential protectants against the mycotoxins. Stress effects were invoked by an application of 30 µM ZEN and its derivatives. Manganese ions were applied at 100 µM, not stress-inducing concentration. Importance of the biomembrane structures in the absorption of the mycotoxins was demonstrated in in vitro wheat calli and on model membranes. ZEN showed the greatest and α-zearalanol the smallest stressogenic effect manifested as a decrease in the calli growth. This was confirmed by variable increase in antioxidant enzyme activity. Mn ions added to the toxin mixture diminished stressogenic properties of the toxins. Variable decrease in total lipid content and the percentage of phospholipid fraction detected in calli cells exposed to ZEN and its metabolites indicated significance of the membrane structure. An analysis of physicochemical parameters of model membranes build from phosphatidylcholine, a basic lipid in native membranes, and its mixture with the tested toxins made by Langmuir technique and verified by Brewster angle microscopy, confirmed variable contribution of ZEN and its derivatives to the modification of membrane properties. The order of toxicity was as follows: ZEN ≥ α-zearalenol > α-zearalanol. Manganese ions present in the hydrophilic phase interacted with polar lipid groups and reduced the extent of membrane modification caused by the mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gzyl-Malcher
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Apolonia Sieprawska
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, Kraków, 30-084, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maria Filek
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, Kraków, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
- Polish Academy of Science, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
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14
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Borzekowski A, Anggriawan R, Auliyati M, Kunte HJ, Koch M, Rohn S, Karlovsky P, Maul R. Formation of Zearalenone Metabolites in Tempeh Fermentation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152697. [PMID: 31344953 PMCID: PMC6696204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tempeh is a common food in Indonesia, produced by fungal fermentation of soybeans using Rhizopus sp., as well as Aspergillus oryzae, for inoculation. Analogously, for economic reasons, mixtures of maize and soybeans are used for the production of so-called tempeh-like products. For maize, a contamination with the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) has been frequently reported. ZEN is a mycotoxin which is known to be metabolized by Rhizopus and Aspergillus species. Consequently, this study focused on the ZEN transformation during tempeh fermentation. Five fungal strains of the genera Rhizopus and Aspergillus, isolated from fresh Indonesian tempeh and authentic Indonesian inocula, were utilized for tempeh manufacturing from a maize/soybean mixture (30:70) at laboratory-scale. Furthermore, comparable tempeh-like products obtained from Indonesian markets were analyzed. Results from the HPLC-MS/MS analyses show that ZEN is intensely transformed into its metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), ZEN-14-sulfate, α-ZEL-sulfate, ZEN-14-glucoside, and ZEN-16-glucoside in tempeh production. α-ZEL, being significantly more toxic than ZEN, was the main metabolite in most of the Rhizopus incubations, while in Aspergillus oryzae fermentations ZEN-14-sulfate was predominantly formed. Additionally, two of the 14 authentic samples were contaminated with ZEN, α-ZEL and ZEN-14-sulfate, and in two further samples, ZEN and α-ZEL, were determined. Consequently, tempeh fermentation of ZEN-contaminated maize/soybean mixture may lead to toxification of the food item by formation of the reductive ZEN metabolite, α-ZEL, under model as well as authentic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Borzekowski
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Riyan Anggriawan
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maryeni Auliyati
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Kunte
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- BfR - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Yang F, Li L, Chen K, Li C, Wang Y, Wang G. Melatonin alleviates β-zearalenol and HT-2 toxin-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in bovine ovarian granulosa cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 68:52-60. [PMID: 30870695 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
β-zearalenol (β-zol) and HT-2 are mycotoxins which cause apoptosis and oxidative stress in mammalian reproductive cells. Melatonin is an endogenous antioxidant involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress-related activities. This study investigated the effects of β-zol and HT-2 on bovine ovarian granulosa cells (BGCs), and how melatonin may counteract these effects. β-zol and HT-2 inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and induced apoptosis of BGCs. They also yielded upregulation of the apoptosis-related genes Bax/Bcl-2 and Caspase3 and phosphorylation of p38MAPK. Increases in intracellular ROS were observed along with higher levels of mRNA anti-oxidation markers SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. SOD1, SOD2, malonaldehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activities increased, as did the levels of SOD1 and SOD2 proteins. All of these effects were reduced or entirely attenuated in BGCs pre-treated with melatonin. Our results demonstrate that melatonin has protective effects against mycotoxin-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in BGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunlin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengmin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Genlin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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16
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Catteuw A, Broekaert N, De Baere S, Lauwers M, Gasthuys E, Huybrechts B, Callebaut A, Ivanova L, Uhlig S, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Gehring R, Devreese M, Croubels S. Insights into In Vivo Absolute Oral Bioavailability, Biotransformation, and Toxicokinetics of Zearalenone, α-Zearalenol, β-Zearalenol, Zearalenone-14-glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-sulfate in Pigs. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:3448-3458. [PMID: 30807145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the toxicokinetic characteristics of ZEN and its modified forms, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN14G), and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN14S), including presystemic and systemic hydrolysis in pigs. Crossover pig trials were performed by means of intravenous and oral administration of ZEN and its modified forms. Systemic plasma concentrations of the administered toxins and their metabolites were quantified and further processed via tailor-made compartmental toxicokinetic models. Furthermore, portal plasma was analyzed to unravel the site of hydrolysis, and urine samples were analyzed to determine urinary excretion. Results demonstrate complete presystemic hydrolysis of ZEN14G and ZEN14S to ZEN and high oral bioavailability for all administered compounds, with further extensive first-pass glucuronidation. Conclusively, the modified-ZEN forms α-ZEL, β-ZEL, ZEN14G, and ZEN14S contribute to overall ZEN systemic toxicity in pigs and should be taken into account for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Catteuw
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Nathan Broekaert
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Marianne Lauwers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Elke Gasthuys
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- Sciensano , Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14 , 1050 Elsene , Belgium
| | | | - Lada Ivanova
- Chemistry Section , Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Ullevålsveien 68 , 0454 Oslo , Norway
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Chemistry Section , Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Ullevålsveien 68 , 0454 Oslo , Norway
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , 1700 Denison Ave , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology/Pharmacology , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 1 , 3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , 1700 Denison Ave , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
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17
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Wang X, Wang C, Duan L, Zhang L, Liu H, Xu YM, Liu Q, Mao T, Zhang W, Chen M, Lin M, Gunatilaka AAL, Xu Y, Molnár I. Rational Reprogramming of O-Methylation Regioselectivity for Combinatorial Biosynthetic Tailoring of Benzenediol Lactone Scaffolds. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4355-4364. [PMID: 30767524 PMCID: PMC6416077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
O-Methylation modulates the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties of small-molecule natural products, affecting their bioavailability, stability, and binding to targets. Diversity-oriented combinatorial biosynthesis of new chemical entities for drug discovery and optimization of known bioactive scaffolds during drug development both demand efficient O-methyltransferase (OMT) biocatalysts with considerable substrate promiscuity and tunable regioselectivity that can be deployed in a scalable and sustainable manner. Here we demonstrate efficient total biosynthetic and biocatalytic platforms that use a pair of fungal OMTs with orthogonal regiospecificity to produce unnatural O-methylated benzenediol lactone polyketides. We show that rational, structure-guided active-site cavity engineering can reprogram the regioselectivity of these enzymes. We also characterize the interplay of engineered regioselectivity with substrate plasticity. These findings will guide combinatorial biosynthetic tailoring of unnatural products toward the generation of diverse chemical matter for drug discovery and the PK/PD optimization of bioactive scaffolds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
- State
Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of
Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
| | - Lixin Duan
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
- Guangzhou
University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University
City, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Hang Liu
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
| | - Ya-ming Xu
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
| | - Qingpei Liu
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
- Key
Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science
and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State
Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of
Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Min Lin
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - István Molnár
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
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18
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Chilaka CA, De Boevre M, Atanda OO, De Saeger S. Fate of Fusarium mycotoxins during processing of Nigerian traditional infant foods (ogi and soybean powder). Food Res Int 2019; 116:408-418. [PMID: 30716963 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of processing methods used to produce traditional Nigerian infant foods (ogi and processed soybean powder) on four European Union regulated Fusarium mycotoxins using naturally and artificially contaminated raw materials was studied using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Generally, there was a significant reduction of all the mycotoxins when compared to the initial concentration of the raw materials. Reduction in concentrations of the mycotoxins during ogi-processing started immediately after 36 h' steeping/fermentation for all the mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin), and proceeded along the process chain (milling and sieving). In addition, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (16 ± 3.2 μg/kg) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (9 ± 5.5 μg/kg) initially absent in the raw maize were detected in the final ogi product. β-zearalenol, hydrolysed fumonisin B1, and HT-2 toxin were also detected at varying concentrations. Regarding soybean processing, a similar trend was observed with fumonisin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin, irrespective of the method used or the initial concentration. Other mycotoxins detected in soybean product include 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and zearalenone-14-glucoside. Although there was a reduction in the concentration of the free mycotoxin because of processing, other mycotoxins were detected in the products and thus, may present an additional health risk on consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Applied Food Science and Tourism, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia-Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike, PMB 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olusegun Oladimeji Atanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, KM 96, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, 110117 Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Khezri A, Herranz-Jusdado JG, Ropstad E, Fraser TW. Mycotoxins induce developmental toxicity and behavioural aberrations in zebrafish larvae. Environ Pollut 2018; 242:500-506. [PMID: 30005262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by varieties of fungi that contaminate food and feed resources and are capable of inducing a wide range of toxicity. In the current study, we investigated developmental and behavioural toxicity in zebrafish larvae after exposure to six different mycotoxins; ochratoxin A (OTA), type A trichothecenes mycotoxin (T-2 toxin), type B trichothecenes mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol - DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites alpha-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (β-ZOL). Developmental defects, hatching time, and survival were monitored until 96 h post fertilisation (hpf). The EC50, LC50, and IC50 values were calculated. Subsequently, to assess behavioural toxicity, new sets of embryos were exposed to a series of non-lethal doses within the range of environmental and/or developmental concern. Results indicated that all the tested mycotoxins were toxic, they all induced developmental defects, and with the exception of OTA, all affected hatching time. Behavioural effects were only observed following exposure to OTA and ZEN and its metabolites, α ZOL and β ZOL. These results demonstrate that mycotoxins are teratogenic and can influence behaviour in a vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Wk Fraser
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Liu Y, Wan Y, Zhu J, Yu Z, Tian X, Han J, Zhang Z, Han W. Theoretical Study on Zearalenol Compounds Binding with Wild Type Zearalenone Hydrolase and V153H Mutant. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092808. [PMID: 30231501 PMCID: PMC6165071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone hydrolase (ZHD) is the only reported α/β-hydrolase that can detoxify zearalenone (ZEN). ZHD has demonstrated its potential as a treatment for ZEN contamination that will not result in damage to cereal crops. Recent researches have shown that the V153H mutant ZHD increased the specific activity against α-ZOL, but decreased its specific activity to β-ZOL. To understand whyV153H mutation showed catalytic specificity for α-ZOL, four molecular dynamics simulations combining with protein network analysis for wild type ZHD α-ZOL, ZHD β-ZOL, V153H α-ZOL, and V153H β-ZOL complexes were performed using Gromacs software. Our theoretical results indicated that the V153H mutant could cause a conformational switch at the cap domain (residues Gly161–Thr190) to affect the relative position catalytic residue (H242). Protein network analysis illustrated that the V153H mutation enhanced the communication with the whole protein and residues with high betweenness in the four complexes, which were primarily assembled in the cap domain and residues Met241 to Tyr245 regions. In addition, the existence of α-ZOL binding to V153H mutation enlarged the distance from the OAE atom in α-ZOL to the NE2 atom in His242, which prompted the side chain of H242 to the position with catalytic activity, thereby increasing the activity of V153H on the α-ZOL. Furthermore, α-ZOL could easily form a right attack angle and attack distance in the ZHD and α-ZOL complex to guarantee catalytic reaction. The alanine scanning results indicated that modifications of the residues in the cap domain produced significant changes in the binding affinity for α-ZOL and β-ZOL. Our results may provide useful theoretical evidence for the mechanism underlying the catalytic specificity of ZHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Youzhong Wan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Jingxuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Zhengfei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Xiaopian Tian
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Jiarui Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Zuoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Weiwei Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
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21
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Song Y, Wu P, Hu Z, Yang L, Chen Y. [Determination of zearalenone and α-zearalenol in vegetable oil and grain products by C_(18)-Al_2O_3 solid phase extraction column purification coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2018; 47:615-620. [PMID: 30081990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a method for simultaneous determination of zearalenone( ZEN) and α-zearalenol( α-ZEL) in vegetable oil and grain products by solid phase extraction column purification coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. METHODS Firstly, ZEN and α-ZEL in grain products were extracted by hexane/ethyl acetate( 50 : 50, V/V), and then extracted as vegetable oil by acetonitrile-water solution( 90: 10, V/V), and purified by C_(18)-Al_2O_3 solid phase extraction column. ZEN and α-ZEL was separated by UPLC with acetonitrile-water gradient elution on C_(18) column( 2. 1 mm × 100 mm, 1. 6 μm), and qualified/quantified by mass spectrometry with ESI negative MRM mode with ~(13)C_(18)-zearalenone as internal standard. RESULTS The linearity of ZEN and α-ZEL ranged from 1. 0-500 ng/mL. The limit of detection for ZEN and α-ZEL in vegetable oil and grain products was 0. 3 and 0. 2 μg/kg, respectively. The limit of quantification for ZEN and α-ZEL in vegetable oil and grain products was 1. 0 and 0. 5 μg/kg. The average recoveries of ZEN and α-ZEL for spiked samples of 1. 0-100 μg/kg were 93. 5%-108. 0% and 92. 0%-105. 0%. The relative standard deviations of ZEN and α-ZEL were 3. 2%-8. 5% and 4. 6%-7. 8%( n = 6). 55 samples sold in Hangzhou supermarkets were analyzed. ZEN was detected in all corn germ oil with median and maximum contents of 126. 2 and 453. 1 μg/kg. α-ZEL was detected in 50% corn germ oil with median and maximum contents of 2. 0 and 5. 0μg/kg. CONCLUSION The method possesses several advantages including sensitivity, precision, good efficiency of purification, simplicity and economy, and it is applicable to the batch analysis of zearalenone and α-zearalenol in vegetable oil and grain products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- Dalian Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Pinggu Wu
- Dalian Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Dalian Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Dalian Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Dalian Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116021, China
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22
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Nittoli AC, Costantini S, Sorice A, Capone F, Ciarcia R, Marzocco S, Budillon A, Severino L. Effects of α-zearalenol on the metabolome of two breast cancer cell lines by 1H-NMR approach. Metabolomics 2018; 14:33. [PMID: 30830360 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most widely distributed toxins that contaminates many crops and foods. Its major metabolites are α-Zearalenol (α-zol) and β-Zearalenol. Previous studies showed that ZEN and α-zol have estrogenic properties and are able to induce growth promoting effect in breast tissues. OBJECTIVIES Considering that tumorigenesis is dependent on the reprogramming of cellular metabolism and that the evaluation of the cellular metabolome is useful to understand the metabolic changes that can occur during the cancer development and progression or after treatments, aim of our work is to study, for the first time, the effects of α-zol on the metabolomic profile of an estrogen positive breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, and of an estrogen negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB231. METHODS Firstly, we tested the effects of α-zol on the cell viability after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatments with 10-10, 10-8 and 10-6 M concentrations on breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cell lines in comparison to human non-cancerous breast MCF10A cell line. Then, we evaluated cell cycle progression, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the metabolomic profiling by 1H-NMR approach on MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 before and after 72 h treatments. Principal component analysis was used to compare the obtained spectra. RESULTS α-zol is resulted able to induce: (i) an increase of the cell viability on MCF-7 cells mainly after 72 h treatment, (ii) a slight decrease of the cell viability on MDA-MB231 cells, and (iii) an increase of cells in S phase of the cell cycle and of ROS only in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the evaluation of metabolomics profile evidenced that after treatment with α-zol the levels of some metabolites increased in MCF-7 cells whereas decreased slightly in MDA-MB231 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that α-zol was able to increase the protein biosynthesis as well as the lipid metabolism in MCF-7 cells, and, hence, to induce an estrogen positive breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara Nittoli
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia - Dipatimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Susan Costantini
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale - Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy.
| | - Angela Sorice
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale - Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Capone
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale - Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia - Dipatimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Campus di Fisciano, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale - Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy.
| | - Lorella Severino
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia - Dipatimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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23
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He J, Wei C, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Pan J, Liu J, Wu Y, Cui S. Zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol inhibit the synthesis and secretion of pig follicle stimulating hormone via the non-classical estrogen membrane receptor GPR30. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:43-54. [PMID: 28830788 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is one of the most popular endocrine-disrupting chemicals and is mainly produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. The excessive intake of ZEA severely disrupts human and animal fertility by affecting the reproductive axis. However, most studies on the effects of ZEA and its metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) on reproductive systems have focused on gonads. Few studies have investigated the endocrine-disrupting effects of ZEA and α-ZOL on pituitary gonadotropins, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The present study was designed to investigate the effects of ZEA and α-ZOL on the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH and related mechanisms in female pig pituitary. Our in vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that ZEA significantly inhibited the synthesis and secretion of FSH in the pig pituitary gland, but ZEA and α-ZOL had no effects on LH. Our study also showed that ZEA and α-ZOL decreased FSH synthesis and secretion through non-classical estrogen membrane receptor GPR30, which subsequently induced protein kinase cascades and the phosphorylation of PKC, ERK and p38MAPK signaling pathways in pig pituitary cells. Furthermore, our study showed that the LIM homeodomain transcription factor LHX3 was involved in the mechanisms of ZEA and α-ZOL actions on gonadotropes in the female pig pituitary. These findings elucidate the mechanisms behind the physiological alterations resulting from endocrine-disrupting chemicals and further show that the proposed key molecules of the α-ZOL signaling pathway could be potential pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jirong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Poór M, Zand A, Szente L, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S. Interaction of α- and β-zearalenols with β-cyclodextrins. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111910. [PMID: 29113131 PMCID: PMC6150337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi. ZEN primarily contaminates different cereals, and exerts a strong xenoestrogenic effect in animals and humans. ZEN is a fluorescent mycotoxin, although molecular interactions and microenvironmental changes significantly modify its spectral properties. During biotransformation, ZEN is converted into α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), the toxic metabolites of ZEN, which mimick the effect of estrogen. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are host molecules, and have been studied extensively; they can form stable complexes with several mycotoxins, including ZEN. However, information is limited regarding the interactions of CDs with ZOLs. Therefore, we studied the interactions of α- and β-ZOLs with native and six chemically modified β-CDs by fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence enhancement during complex formation, as well as binding constants, were determined. To understand ZOL-CD interactions better, molecular modeling studies were also carried out. Both mycotoxin derivatives formed the most stable complexes with methylated and sulfobutylated CD-derivatives; however, the CD complexes of α-ZOL were significantly stronger than those of β-ZOL. The data presented here indicate which of the chemically modified β-CDs appear more suitable as fluorescence enhancers or as potential mycotoxin binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Afshin Zand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Szente
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research & Development Laboratory, Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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25
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Dong Y, Li R, Jiang A, Xu Z, Wang Y. Phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol attenuate endoplasmic reticulum stress to against cultured rat hippocampal neurons apoptotic death induced by amyloid beta25-35. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2017; 38:353-359. [PMID: 29106790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous studies demonstrated both phytoestrogen α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) and estrogen is effective decrease Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like apoptotic neuron death, but α-ZAL showed significantly less side-effect on breast and endometrial tissue compared to estrogen, it suggested that α-ZAL can be used as a potential substitute for estrogen. However, the molecular mechanism by which α-ZAL prevents neuron damage remains unclear. Growing evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the process of cell apoptosis in AD; in addition, our published data indicated that α-ZAL possessed the potential ability to stabilize ER function. We therefore hypothesized that ER-stress mechanism maybe involved in the antiapoptotic effect of α-ZAL in this study. METHODS Primary rat hippocampal neurons have been cultured and subsequently followed exposed to β-peptide fragment 25-35(Aβ25-35) with or without α-ZAL pre-treatment, and then western blot and flow cytometry techniques has been used to evaluate the intracellular calcium balance, ER stress and apoptotic cell death. RESULTS The results showed that Aβ25-35 treatment for 24h induced dramatic neuronal apoptosis, accompanied by an increase in calpain2 expression, a marker of intracellular calcium overload. On the other hand, ER stress sensitive hallmarks, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like ER-resident kinase (PERK) and C/EBP homologous protein-10 (CHOP10) expressions were up-regulated after Aβ25-35 administration. Importantly, α-ZAL pre-treatment effectively attenuated above changes. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that α-ZAL protects cells against AD-like apoptosis and the effects at least partially by attenuating severely ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Dong
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruiqian Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Aimei Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhong Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Biswas S, Kranz WL, Shapiro CA, Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Mamo M, Tarkalson DD, Zhang TC, Shelton DP, van Donk SJ, Mader TL. Effect of rainfall timing and tillage on the transport of steroid hormones in runoff from manure amended row crop fields. J Hazard Mater 2017; 324:436-447. [PMID: 27836408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Runoff generated from livestock manure amended row crop fields is one of the major pathways of hormone transport to the aquatic environment. The study determined the effects of manure handling, tillage methods, and rainfall timing on the occurrence and transport of steroid hormones in runoff from the row crop field. Stockpiled and composted manure from hormone treated and untreated animals were applied to test plots and subjected to two rainfall simulation events 30days apart. During the two rainfall simulation events, detection of any steroid hormone or metabolites was identified in 8-86% of runoff samples from any tillage and manure treatment. The most commonly detected hormones were 17β-estradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, and α-zearalenol at concentrations ranging up to 100-200ngL-1. Considering the maximum detected concentrations in runoff, no more than 10% of the applied hormone can be transported through the dissolved phase of runoff. Results from the study indicate that hormones can persist in soils receiving livestock manure over an extended period of time and the dissolved phase of hormone in runoff is not the preferred pathway of transport from the manure applied fields irrespective of tillage treatments and timing of rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagor Biswas
- Dept. of Population Health and Reproduction, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - William L Kranz
- Dept. of Biological Systems Engineering, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, 57905 866 Road, Concord, NE 68728-2828, United States
| | - Charles A Shapiro
- Dept. of Agronomy and Horticulture, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, 57905 866 Road, Concord, NE 68728-2828, United States
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Nebraska Water Center and School of Natural Resources, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, 202 Water Sciences Laboratory, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, United States
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, United States
| | - Mitiku Mamo
- Dept. of Biological Systems Engineering, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, 57905 866 Road, Concord, NE 68728-2828, United States
| | - David D Tarkalson
- USDA-ARS, NW Irrigation and Soils Research Lab, 3793 N. 3600 E., Kimberly, ID 83341-5076, United States
| | - Tian C Zhang
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, United States
| | - David P Shelton
- Dept. of Biological Systems Engineering, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, 57905 866 Road, Concord, NE 68728-2828, United States
| | - Simon J van Donk
- Iteris, Inc., 4324 University Ave, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States
| | - Terry L Mader
- Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, 57905 866 Road, Concord, NE 68728-2828, United States
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Abstract
This study demonstrates that low doses (somewhat above the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, NOAEL) of the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites display multispecificity towards various biological targets in gilts. The observed responses in gilts were surprising. The presence of ZEN and zearalenols (ZELs) did not evoke a response in the porcine gastrointestinal tract, which was attributed to dietary tolerance. Lymphocyte proliferation was intensified in jejunal mesenteric lymph nodes, and lymphocyte counts increased in the jejunal epithelium with time of exposure. In the distal digestive tract, fecal bacterial counts decreased, the activity of fecal bacterial enzymes and lactic acid bacteria increased, and cecal water was characterized by higher genotoxicity. The accompanying hyperestrogenism led to changes in mRNA activity of selected enzymes (cytochrome P450, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, nitric oxide synthases) and receptors (estrogen and progesterone receptors), and it stimulated post-translational modifications which play an important role in non-genomic mechanisms of signal transmission. Hyperestrogenism influences the regulation of the host's steroid hormones (estron, estradiol and progesteron), it affects the virulence of bacterial genes encoding bacterial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs), and it participates in detoxification processes by slowing down intestinal activity, provoking energy deficits and promoting antiporter activity at the level of enterocytes. In most cases, hyperestrogenism fulfils all of the above roles. The results of this study indicate that low doses of ZEN alleviate inflammatory processes in the digestive system, in particular in the proximal and distal intestinal tract, and increase body weight gains in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/01, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Ben Salem I, Boussabbeh M, Prola A, Guilbert A, Bacha H, Lemaire C, Abid-Essefi S. Crocin protects human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) from α- and β-Zearalenol-induced ER stress and apoptosis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:15504-15514. [PMID: 27121014 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) are the major metabolites of Zearalenone (ZEN) and are known to induce many toxic effects. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in α- and β-ZOL-mediated toxicity in human kidney cells (HEK293) and evaluated the effect of a common dietary compound Crocin (CRO), from saffron. We show that α- and β-ZOL treatment induces ER stress as evidenced by the upregulation of the 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and the Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34). Activation of the ER stress response is associated with activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. This apoptotic process is characterized by an increase in ROS generation and lipid peroxidation, a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and activation of caspases. We also demonstrate that the antioxidant properties of CRO help to prevent ER stress and reduce α- and β-ZOL-induced apoptosis in HEK293 cells. Our results suggest that saffron consumption might be helpful to prevent α- and β-ZOL-induced ER stress and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intidhar Ben Salem
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds (LRSBC), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manel Boussabbeh
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds (LRSBC), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Hassen Bacha
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds (LRSBC), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- INSERM UMR-S 769, LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds (LRSBC), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Denli M, Blandon JC, Guynot ME, Salado S, Pérez JF. Efficacy of activated diatomaceous clay in reducing the toxicity of zearalenone in rats and piglets. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:637-45. [PMID: 26020748 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an activated diatomaceous clay (ADC) in reducing the toxic effects of zearalenone (ZEA) in the diet of rats and piglets. In the rat experiment, 90 Sprague-Dawley female weanling rats with an initial BW of 45 ± 1.0 g were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments for 28 d in a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (0 or 6 mg ZEA/kg feed and 0, 1, and 5 g ADC/kg feed). In the piglet experiment, 64 female piglets ([Large White × Landrace] × Pietrain with an initial BW of 14.9 ± 1.65 kg) were fed 1 of 8 experimental diets for 26 d in a CRD design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (0 or 0.8 mg ZEA/kg feed and 0, 1, 2, and 5 g ADC/kg feed). The ADFI, ADG, and G:F were determined at the end of each experiment. At the conclusion of studies, serum samples were collected and rats and piglets were euthanized to determine visceral organ weights. The diet contaminated with ZEA did not alter the growth of rats and the relative weight of liver and kidneys. However, ZEA increased ( < 0.05) the relative weight of uterus, ovaries, and spleen and decreased ( < 0.05) the serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase compared to the control group. Supplementation of ADC in the rat diets counteracted ( < 0.05) the observed toxic effects of ZEA on the uterus and ovaries weight. The diet contaminated with ZEA (0.8 mg/kg feed) increased ( < 0.05) the weight of the uterus and ovaries in piglets but did not modify the serum biochemical variables or the relative weight of other visceral organs. The addition of 5 g ADC/kg to the contaminated feed reduced the toxic effects of ZEA on uterus and ovary weights to that of the control group. Zearalenone (10.5 μg/kg bile) and α-zearalenol (5.6 μg/kg bile) residues were detected in the bile of piglets fed the ZEA treatment. Supplementation of ADC to diets contaminated with ZEA reduced ( = 0.001) ZEA content in bile compared to the ZEA treatments. The results of these experiments indicate that a long-term consumption of ZEA-contaminated diets stimulated growth of the reproductive tract in rats and piglets and the presence of ZEA residue in bile in piglets. These effects may be counteracted by the addition of ADC to the diet.
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Pizzo F, Caloni F, Schutz LF, Totty ML, Spicer LJ. Individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol and α-zearalenol on cell proliferation and steroidogenesis of granulosa cells in cattle. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 40:722-728. [PMID: 26425942 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) metabolite, α-zearalenol (α-Zol), on cell proliferation and steroidogenesis of bovine large (LG) follicle granulosa cells (GC). LGGC were obtained from bovine ovarian follicles (8-22 mm) and were cultured for 2 days in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum followed by 1 or 2 days in serum-free medium without (control) or with treatments. Three different experiments were performed using different dosages of DON and α-Zol and in different combinations and a fourth experiment evaluated estradiol effects on granulosa cell proliferation. DON inhibited progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) production at high dose. α-Zol alone and in combination with DON increased cell growth. Estradiol inhibited cell growth indicating α-Zol is not acting as an estrogen agonist. This study demonstrates that α-Zol and DON can impact in vitro GC function, however further studies will be required to better understand the mechanism of action and reproductive effects of Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Pizzo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luis F Schutz
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Morgan L Totty
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Mukherjee D, Royce SG, Alexander JA, Buckley B, Isukapalli SS, Bandera EV, Zarbl H, Georgopoulos PG. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic modeling of zearalenone and its metabolites: application to the Jersey girl study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113632. [PMID: 25474635 PMCID: PMC4256163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a fungal mycotoxin, and its metabolite zeranol (ZAL) are known estrogen agonists in mammals, and are found as contaminants in food. Zeranol, which is more potent than ZEA and comparable in potency to estradiol, is also added as a growth additive in beef in the US and Canada. This article presents the development and application of a Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for ZEA and ZAL and their primary metabolites, zearalenol, zearalanone, and their conjugated glucuronides, for rats and for human subjects. The PBTK modeling study explicitly simulates critical metabolic pathways in the gastrointestinal and hepatic systems. Metabolic events such as dehydrogenation and glucuronidation of the chemicals, which have direct effects on the accumulation and elimination of the toxic compounds, have been quantified. The PBTK model considers urinary and fecal excretion and biliary recirculation and compares the predicted biomarkers of blood, urinary and fecal concentrations with published in vivo measurements in rats and human subjects. Additionally, the toxicokinetic model has been coupled with a novel probabilistic dietary exposure model and applied to the Jersey Girl Study (JGS), which involved measurement of mycoestrogens as urinary biomarkers, in a cohort of young girls in New Jersey, USA. A probabilistic exposure characterization for the study population has been conducted and the predicted urinary concentrations have been compared to measurements considering inter-individual physiological and dietary variability. The in vivo measurements from the JGS fall within the high and low predicted distributions of biomarker values corresponding to dietary exposure estimates calculated by the probabilistic modeling system. The work described here is the first of its kind to present a comprehensive framework developing estimates of potential exposures to mycotoxins and linking them with biologically relevant doses and biomarker measurements, including a systematic characterization of uncertainties in exposure and dose estimation for a vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaipayan Mukherjee
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Royce
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn A. Alexander
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sastry S. Isukapalli
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Helmut Zarbl
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Panos G. Georgopoulos
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Tang X, Li X, Li P, Zhang Q, Li R, Zhang W, Ding X, Lei J, Zhang Z. Development and application of an immunoaffinity column enzyme immunoassay for mycotoxin zearalenone in complicated samples. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85606. [PMID: 24465616 PMCID: PMC3894983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The zearalenone (ZEA) monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2D3, one of the highest sensitivity antibodies, was developed. Based on this mAb, it was established of an immunoaffinity column (IAC) coupled with an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA). After optimization, the icELISA allowed an IC50 against ZEA of 0.02 µg L−1. The mAb 2D3 exhibited a high recognition of ZEA (100%) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL, 88.2%). Its cross-reactivity with α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL) were found to be 4.4% and 4.6%, respectively. The IAC-icELISA method was employed to analyze ZEA contamination in food samples, compared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The spiked assay for ZEA demonstrated the considerable recoveries for IAC-icELISA (83–93%) and HPLC (94–108%) methods. Results showed that the mAb 2D3 and IAC-icELISA method posed potential applications in sensitively determination of ZEA in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (PL); (QZ)
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (PL); (QZ)
| | - Ran Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Ding
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Lei
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Dong Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang N, Zuo P. Phytoestrogen α-zearalanol ameliorates memory impairment and neuronal DNA oxidation in ovariectomized mice. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:1255-62. [PMID: 24141843 PMCID: PMC3782724 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(09)13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel phytoestrogen, α-Zearalanol, on Alzheimer's disease-related memory impairment and neuronal oxidation in ovariectomized mice. METHODS Female C57/BL6 mice were ovariectomized or received sham operations and treatment with equivalent doses of 17β-estradiol or α-Zearalanol for 8 weeks. Their spatial learning and memory were analyzed using the Morris water maze test. The antioxidant enzyme activities and reactive oxygen species generation, neuronal DNA oxidation, and MutT homolog 1 expression in the hippocampus were measured. RESULTS Treatment with 17β-estradiol or α-Zearalanol significantly improved spatial learning and memory performance in ovariectomized mice. In addition, 17β-estradiol and α-Zearalanol attenuated the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities and increased reactive oxygen species production in ovariectomized mice. The findings indicated a significant elevation in hippocampi neuronal DNA oxidation and reduction in MutT homolog 1 expression in estrogen-deficient mice, but supplementation with 17β-estradiol or α-Zearalanol efficaciously ameliorated this situation. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that α-Zearalanol is potentially beneficial for improving memory impairments and neuronal oxidation damage in a manner similar to that of 17β-estradiol. Therefore, the compound may be a potential therapeutic agent that can ameliorate neurodegenerative disorders related to estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Dong
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, KunmingYunnan, China
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34
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Tatay E, Meca G, Font G, Ruiz MJ. Interactive effects of zearalenone and its metabolites on cytotoxicity and metabolization in ovarian CHO-K1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:95-103. [PMID: 23850742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal estrogen mycotoxin with high binding affinity to estrogen receptors. ZEA is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in vivo to α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL). So, mixtures of them may be present in biological systems and suppose a hazard to animals and human health. The aims of this study were to determine the cytotoxic effects of ZEA and its metabolites, alone and in combination in ovarian (CHO-K1) cells during 24, 48 and 72h by the MTT assay; and to investigate the metabolism of the CHO-K1 cells on ZEA, and its conversion into α-ZOL and β-ZOL by CHO-K1 cell after 24 and 48h of exposure. The IC50 value obtained for individual mycotoxins range from 60.3 to >100.0μM, from 30.0 to 33.0μM and from 55.0 to >75.0μM for ZEA, α-ZOL and β-ZOL, respectively. Cytotoxic interactions were assayed by the isobologram method, which provides a combination index (CI) value as a quantitative measure of the degree of the three mycotoxin interaction. The CI values for binary combinations ranged from 0.56±0.15 (synergism at low concentrations) to 5.25±5.10 (addition at high concentrations) and tertiary combinations from 2.95±0.75 (antagonism at low concentrations) to 0.41±0.23 (synergism at high concentrations). The concentration of ZEA and its metabolites was determined with liquid chromatography coupled to the mass spectrometer detector-linear ion trap (LC-MS-LIT). The percentage of ZEA degradation ranged from 4% (24h) to 81% (48h). In the same conditions, α-ZOL and β-ZOL concentration decreased from 8% to 85%. No conversion of ZEA in α-ZOL and β-ZOL was detected. However, at 24h of exposure other degradation products of ZEA and its derived were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tatay
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Njumbe Ediage E, Diana Di Mavungu J, Song S, Sioen I, De Saeger S. Multimycotoxin analysis in urines to assess infant exposure: a case study in Cameroon. Environ Int 2013; 57-58:50-59. [PMID: 23669720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate mycotoxin exposure in children (n=220, aged 1.5-4.5years) from high mycotoxin contamination regions of Cameroon and to examine the association between the mycotoxin levels (in total 18 analytes) and several socio-demographic factors and anthropometric characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six villages in Cameroon with 220 children. Mycotoxins and their metabolites were detected in 160/220 (73%) urine samples. There were significant differences in the mean contamination levels of ochratoxin A (p=0.01) and β-zearalenol (p=0.017) between the two agro-ecological zones investigated. Likewise significant differences were observed in the mean levels of aflatoxin M1 (p=0.001) across the weaning categories of these children. The mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 detected in the urine of the partially breastfed children (1.43ng/mL) was significantly higher (p=0.001) than those of the fully weaned children (0.282ng/mL). Meanwhile, the mean concentrations of deoxynivalenol (3.0ng/mL) and fumonisin B1 (0.59ng/mL) detected in the urine of the male children was significantly (p value 0.021 for deoxynivalenol and 0.004 for fumonisin B1) different from the levels detected in the urine of female children; 0.71ng/mL and 0.01ng/mL for deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1 respectively. In this study, there was no association between the different malnutrition categories (stunted, wasting and underweight) and the mycotoxin concentrations detected in the urine of these children. However, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that children in Cameroon under the age 5 are exposed to high levels of carcinogenic substances such as fumonisin B1, aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A through breastfeeding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of its kind carried out in West Africa to determine multi-mycotoxin exposure in infants.
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Wang YK, Yan YX, Ji WH, Wang HA, Zou Q, Sun JH. Novel chemiluminescence immunoassay for the determination of zearalenone in food samples using gold nanoparticles labeled with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:4250-4256. [PMID: 23581862 DOI: 10.1021/jf400731j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel highly sensitive chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) was developed to detect zearalenone in food samples by using both biotinylated zearalenone conjugates and gold (Au) nanoparticles labeled with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase for signal amplification. Biotinylated zearalenone-ovalbumin conjugates and Au nanoparticles labeled with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase were synthesized separately. The concentrations of immunoreagents and the reaction times of these immunoreagents were optimized to improve the performances of analytical methods. For the CLIA based on biotinylated zearalenone conjugates and Au nanoparticles labeled with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase, the limit of detection was 0.008 ng/mL and the IC50 was 0.11 ng/mL. The linear working range was 0.02-0.51 ng/mL. The cross-reactivities with the zearalenone analogues (α-zearalanol, zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalanol, and β-zearalenol) were 32, 17, 12, 0.3, and 0.1%, respectively. The recovery rates in spiked food samples were 97-117%, and the intraday and interday relative standard deviations were both <10%. Parallel analysis of natural food samples showed a good correlation between this novel CLIA and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This method provides a rapid, accurate, and highly sensitive method to determine levels of zearalenone in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Kai Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Kong WJ, Shen HH, Zhang XF, Yang XL, Qiu F, Ou-yang Z, Yang MH. Analysis of zearalenone and α-zearalenol in 100 foods and medicinal plants determined by HPLC-FLD and positive confirmation by LC-MS-MS. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:1584-1590. [PMID: 23096594 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxins, which may contaminate many foods and medicinal plants, are poisonous to humans. A high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method was successfully developed for analysing the contamination levels of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) in 100 widely consumed foods and medicinal plants in China. Samples were extracted with methanol-water (80:20, v/v), and cleaned up by using an immunoaffinity column. RESULTS The limits of detection of this developed method for ZON and α-ZOL were 4 µg kg(-1) and 2.5 µg kg(-1) , respectively. Recoveries for the samples spiked with three levels (30, 60 and 300 µg kg(-1) for ZON and α-ZOL) ranged from 85.8% to 96.1% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.6-7.1% for ZON, and from 89.9% to 98.7% with RSD of 1.9-9.2% for α-ZOL. Twelve (12%) of these tested samples were contaminated with ZON at levels ranging from 5.3 to 295.8 µg kg(-1). The most contaminated samples were Semen coicis, four of them in a concentration level exceeding 60 µg kg(-1) 'maximum level' (range 68.9-119.6 µg kg(-1)). Positive samples were further confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION The results suggest that it is necessary to control ZON contamination in medicinal plants, especially Semen coicis. This is a successful study on the analysis of ZON and α-ZOL in medicinal plants in China by HPLC-FLD. Immunoaffinity clean-up and HPLC-FLD proved to have broad applicability in the field of simultaneously detecting ZON and α-ZOL in foods and medicinal plants and other complicated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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Card ML, Chin YP, Lee LS, Khan B. Prediction and experimental evaluation of soil sorption by natural hormones and hormone mimics. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:1480-1487. [PMID: 22224428 DOI: 10.1021/jf203093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface runoff from manure-fertilized fields is a significant source of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the environment. Sorption by soils may play a major role in the environmental fate of manure-borne EDCs, including 17α- and 17β-estradiol (17α-E2 and 17β-E2), estrone (E1), melengestrol acetate (MGA), 17α- and 17β-trenbolone (17α-TB and 17β-TB), trendione (TND), and zeranol (α-ZAL). As a measure of sorption behavior, the organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K(OC)) of 17β-E2, E1, MGA, and α-ZAL were experimentally determined for three agricultural soils with initial EDC concentrations spanning from ∼0.01 to >1 μM. Sorption isotherms were linear for most solute-soil combinations. Measured K(OC) values were compared to those predicted using a suite of single-parameter and polyparameter linear free energy relationships (sp- and pp-LFERs). Sp-LFER models were based on experimentally determined octanol-water partition coefficients (K(OW)), whereas pp-LFER solute descriptors were calculated indirectly from experimentally determined solvent-water partition coefficients or the program ABSOLV. Log K(OC) predictions by sp-LFERs were closest to the experimentally determined values, whereas pp-LFER predictions varied considerably due to uncertainties in both solute and sorbent descriptors determined by ABSOLV or estimates using the partition coefficient approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella L Card
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Bandera EV, Chandran U, Buckley B, Lin Y, Isukapalli S, Marshall I, King M, Zarbl H. Urinary mycoestrogens, body size and breast development in New Jersey girls. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:5221-7. [PMID: 21975003 PMCID: PMC3312601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive research and interest in endocrine disruptors, there are essentially no epidemiologic studies of estrogenic mycotoxins, such as zeranol and zearalenone (ZEA). ZEA mycoestrogens are present in grains and other plant foods through fungal contamination, and in animal products (e.g., meat, eggs, dairy products) through deliberate introduction of zeranol into livestock to enhance meat production, or by indirect contamination of animals through consumption of contaminated feedstuff. Zeranol is banned for use in animal husbandry in the European Union and other countries, but is still widely used in the US. Surprisingly, little is known about the health effects of these mycoestrogens, including their impact on puberty in girls, a period highly sensitive to estrogenic stimulation. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 163 girls, aged 9 and 10 years, participating in the Jersey Girl Study to measure urinary mycoestrogens and their possible relationship to body size and development. RESULTS We found that mycoestrogens were detectable in urine in 78.5% of the girls, and that urinary levels were predominantly associated with beef and popcorn intake. Furthermore, girls with detectable urinary ZEA mycoestrogen levels tended to be shorter and less likely to have reached the onset of breast development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ZEA mycoestrogens may exert anti-estrogenic effects similar to those reported for isoflavones. To our knowledge, this was the first evaluation of urinary mycoestrogens and their potential health effects in healthy girls. However, our findings need replication in larger studies with more heterogeneous populations, using a longitudinal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa V Bandera
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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Filannino A, Stout TAE, Gadella BM, Sostaric E, Pizzi F, Colenbrander B, Dell'Aquila ME, Minervini F. Dose-response effects of estrogenic mycotoxins (zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol) on motility, hyperactivation and the acrosome reaction of stallion sperm. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:134. [PMID: 21970729 PMCID: PMC3213023 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of the Fusarium fungus-derived mycotoxin, zearalenone and its derivatives alpha-zearalenol and beta-zearalenol on motility parameters and the acrosome reaction of stallion sperm. Since the toxic effects of zearalenone and its derivatives are thought to result from their structural similarity to 17beta-estradiol, 17beta-estradiol was used as a positive control for 'estrogen-like' effects. METHODS Stallion spermatozoa were exposed in vitro to zearalenone, alpha-zearalenol, beta-zearalenol or 17beta-estradiol at concentrations ranging from 1 pM - 0.1 mM. After 2 hours exposure, motility parameters were evaluated by computer-assisted analysis, and acrosome integrity was examined by flow cytometry after staining with fluoroscein-conjugated peanut agglutinin. RESULTS Mycotoxins affected sperm parameters only at the highest concentration tested (0.1 mM) after 2 hours exposure. In this respect, all of the compounds reduced the average path velocity, but only alpha-zearalenol reduced percentages of motile and progressively motile sperm. Induction of motility patterns consistent with hyperactivation was stimulated according to the following rank of potency: alpha-zearalenol > 17beta-estradiol > zearalenone = beta-zearalenol. The hyperactivity-associated changes observed included reductions in straight-line velocity and linearity of movement, and an increase in the amplitude of lateral head displacement, while curvilinear velocity was unchanged. In addition, whereas alpha- and beta- zearalenol increased the percentages of live acrosome-reacted sperm, zearalenone and 17beta-estradiol had no apparent effect on acrosome status. In short, alpha-zearalenol inhibited normal sperm motility, but stimulated hyperactive motility in the remaining motile cells and simultaneously induced the acrosome reaction. Beta-zearalenol induced the acrosome reaction without altering motility. Conversely, zearalenone and 17beta-estradiol did not induce the acrosome reaction but induced hyperactive motility albeit to a different extent. CONCLUSIONS Apparently, the mycotoxin zearalenone has 17beta-estradiol-like estrogenic activity that enables it to induce hyperactivated motility of equine sperm cells, whereas the zearalenol derivatives induce premature completion of the acrosome reaction and thereby adversely affect stallion sperm physiology. The alpha form of zearalenol still possessed the estrogenic ability to induce hyperactivated motility, whereas its beta stereo-isomere had lost this property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Filannino
- Department of Animal Production, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Italy
| | - Tom AE Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Gadella
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edita Sostaric
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Flavia Pizzi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA) National Research Council (CNR) Milano, Italy
| | - Ben Colenbrander
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fiorenza Minervini
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR) Bari, Italy
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Rider CV, Hartig PC, Cardon MC, Wilson VS. Comparison of chemical binding to recombinant fathead minnow and human estrogen receptors alpha in whole cell and cell-free binding assays. Environ Toxicol Chem 2009; 28:2175-2181. [PMID: 19453209 DOI: 10.1897/09-018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian receptors and assay systems are generally used for in vitro screening of endocrine-disrupting chemicals with the assumption that minor differences in amino acid sequences among species do not translate into significant differences in receptor function. Objectives of the present study were to evaluate the performance of two different in vitro assay systems (a whole cell and a cell-free competitive binding assay) in assessing whether binding of chemicals differs significantly between full-length recombinant estrogen receptors from fathead minnows (fhERalpha) and those from humans (hERalpha). It was confirmed that 17beta-estradiol displays a reduction in binding to fhERalpha at an elevated temperature (37 degrees C), as has been reported with other piscine estrogen receptors. Several of the chemicals (17beta-estradiol, ethinylestradiol, alpha-zearalanol, fulvestrant, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and cadmium chloride) displayed higher affinity for fhERalpha than for hERalpha in the whole cell assay, while only dibutyl phthalate had a higher affinity for fhERalpha than for hERalpha in the cell-free assay. Both assays were effective in identifying strong binders, weak binders, and nonbinders to the two receptors. However, the cell-free assay provided a less complicated and more efficient binding platform and is, therefore, recommended over the whole cell binding assay. In conclusion, no strong evidence showed species-specific binding among the chemicals tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia V Rider
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Wang W, Jiang D, Zhu Y, Liu W, Duan J, Dai S. Relaxing effects of phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol on rat thoracic aorta rings in vitro. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2009; 52:99-105. [PMID: 19764345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigate the vasorelaxing effects and mechanisms involved in the phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol (alpha-ZAL) in rat thoracic aortas rings. Intact or endothelium denuded rat thoracic aortas rings were put in individual organ chamber to observe the endothelium-dependent or independent vasorelaxing effects of alpha-ZAL (10(-10)-10(-5) M). The thoracic aortas rings were pre-contracted with phenylephrine. The relaxing effects of alpha-ZAL were observed and the influence of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME, NOS inhibitor), methylene blue (MB, guanylate cyclase inhibitor), charybdotoxin (ChTX, Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel blocker), glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker), (-) BayK8644 (L-type Ca2+ channel agonist) and ICI182,780 (estrogen receptor antagonist) were pre-incubated with alpha-ZAL, respectively, to explore the possible mechanisms involved in this vasorelaxation. Furthermore, the Phospho-eNOS expression and cGMP level in the aortas tissue were detected by Western blot and radioimmunity, respectively; the NO level in perfusate was assaied by chromatometry. Our result showed that alpha-ZAL (10(-10)-10(-5) M) induced both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation of rat thoracic aortas rings. The vasorelaxing effects of alpha-ZAL were dose-dependent whether the endothelium was intact or not. In endothelium-intact aortas rings, alpha-ZAL-induced vasorelaxation might be inhibited by L-NAME, MB, charybdotoxin, glibenclamide and (-) BayK8644, but not ICI182,780. (-) BayK8644 could also inhibit alpha-ZAL-induced vasorelaxation in endothelium-denuded aortas rings.10(-7)-10(-5) M alpha-ZAL might induce the Phospho-eNOS expression in thoracic aorta tissue, increase the NO level in perfusate and cGMP content in thoracic aorta tissue. Meanwhile, L-NAME might decrease both NO and its downstream cGMP level. Methylene blue might decrease the level of cGMP. These results suggest that alpha-ZAL induces a partly endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat thoracic aortas rings; the possible mechanisms involved in this rapid vasorelaxation include activation of eNOS/NO/cGMP pathway, opening of VSMCs ATP-sensitive and Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels through secretion of EDHF from endothelium. Furthermore, this relaxation also appears to be mediated by both direct and indirect inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel of VSMCs, while it is not concerned with activation of estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
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Xu H, Duan J, Dai S, Wu Y, Sun R, Ren J. alpha-Zearalanol attenuates oxLDL-induced ET-1 gene expression, ET-1 secretion and redox-sensitive intracellular signaling activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2008; 179:163-8. [PMID: 18579320 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Zearalanol (alpha-ZAL), a phytochemical with both antioxidant and estrogen-like properties, has been shown to retard progression of atherosclerosis and regulate cardiovascular function in part through suppression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) secretion. However, the precise nature behind alpha-ZAL-elicited inhibition on ET-1 cascade is not largely known. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays a critical role in the expression and secretion of ET-1 as well as the onset and progression of atherosclerosis through accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase stress signaling cascade. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effect of alpha-ZAL on oxLDL-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, ROS generation, activation of the transcriptional factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), expression, secretion and promoter activity of ET-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). ROS generation was monitored using 2,7-dichlorofluorescin fluorescence. ET-1 expression and promoter activity were evaluated by RT-PCR and luciferase assays, respectively. oxLDL (35 microg/ml) significantly enhanced ERK phosphorylation, ROS generation, AP-1 activity, mRNA expression, secretion and promoter activity of ET-1 in HUVECs, all of which were abrogated by alpha-ZAL and the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Collectively, these data favor the notion that alpha-ZAL antagonizes oxLDL-induced upregulation of ET-1 gene expression and secretion via suppression of oxLDL-induced ROS accumulation, ERK phosphorylation, and activation of the endothelial transcriptional factor AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Xu
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Duan J, Xu H, Dai S, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Sun R, Ren J. RETRACTED: Phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol inhibits homocysteine-induced endothelin-1 expression and oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197:549-55. [PMID: 17900592 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. After an institutional investigation into the work of Dr. Jun Ren, University of Wyoming subsequently conducted an examination of other selected publications of Dr. Ren's under the direction of the HHS Office of Research Integrity. Based on the findings of this examination, the University of Wyoming recommended this article be retracted due to data irregularities in Figures 3 and 5 that significantly affect the results and conclusions reported in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Duan
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, PR China
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Adejumo TO, Hettwer U, Karlovsky P. Survey of maize from south-western Nigeria for zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenols, fumonisin B1 and enniatins produced by Fusarium species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 24:993-1000. [PMID: 17691013 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701317285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A survey for the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in maize for human consumption in four south-western states of Nigeria using High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (HPLC/MS) showed that 93.4% of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone (ZON), alpha- and beta-zearalenols (alpha- and beta-ZOL), fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) or enniatins (ENNs). The fractions of contaminated samples were 73% for FB(1) (mean:117 microg kg(-1), range:10-760 microg kg(-1)); 57% for ZON (mean:49 microg kg(-1), range:115-779 microg kg(-1)) and 13% for alpha-ZOL (mean: 63.6 microg kg(-1), range:32-181 microg kg(-1)), while ENNs A1, B and B(1) were present in 3, 7 and 3% of the samples respectively. There was no beta-ZOL present above the quantification limits of 50 microg kg(-1). Only the FB(1) content was significantly different at the 95% confidence level among the four states. The Fusarium species most frequently isolated from maize seeds were F. verticillioides (70%), followed by F. sporotrichioides (42%), F. graminearum (30%), F. pallidoroseum (15%), F. compactum (12%), F. proliferatum (12%), F. equiseti (9%), F. acuminatum (8%) and F. subglutinans (4%). This is the first report of the occurrence of alpha-zearalenol and enniatins in Nigerian maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Adejumo
- Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.
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Abstract
The estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is known to get metabolized to the alpha-and beta-isomers of zearalenol, but no hydroxylation products of ZEN have yet been reported as metabolites in animals or humans. We have therefore incubated ZEN with microsomes from rat liver in the presence of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) (NADPH)-regenerating system and analyzed the extracted metabolites with HPLC and GC-MS after trimethylsilylation. A total of 17 in vitro metabolites were observed. The two major metabolites were tentatively identified as monohydroxylated ZEN with the newly introduced hydroxyl group localized in the aliphatic macrocyclic ring. According to the GC-MS analysis, other six monohydroxylation products of ZEN were formed as minor metabolites, together with alpha-and beta-zearalenol and monohydroxylated zearalenols. Thus, ZEN has a considerable propensity for undergoing metabolic hydroxylation reactions in vitro, and the in vivo formation and biological properties of such oxidative metabolites should now be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pfeiffer
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
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47
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Tsakmakidis IA, Lymberopoulos AG, Vainas E, Boscos CM, Kyriakis SC, Alexopoulos C. Study on the in vitro effect of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol on boar sperm-zona pellucida interaction by hemizona assay application. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:498-505. [PMID: 17370237 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (zen) impairs fertility in farm animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of zearalenone and its major metabolite (alpha-zearalenol) on boar semen binding capacity, under in vitro conditions. Extended boar semen was exposed to three different concentrations of zen and alpha-zen (40, 60 and 80 microg ml(-1) of semen) for 1 h. Afterwards, the semen was washed and incubated with homologous oocyte hemizona for 4 h. A significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the number of tightly attached spermatozoa on the hemizona was obtained at concentrations of 60 microg ml(-1) and 80 microg ml(-1) of zen and alpha-zen. In conclusion, zen and alpha-zen affected the sperm-zona interaction by reducing the ability of boar spermatozoa to bind to the zona pellucida.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Tsakmakidis
- NAGREF, Veterinary Research Institute, Ionia, 57008 Thessaloniki, Greece
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48
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Dong YL, Zuo PP, Li Q, Liu FH, Dai SL, Ge QS. Protective effects of phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol on beta amyloid25-35 induced oxidative damage in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Endocrine 2007; 32:206-11. [PMID: 18064574 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-007-9032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although experimental evidence has shown that the neuroprotective effect from estrogen may benefit postmenopausal women, but the clinical use of estrogen was limited by the risk of increasing the cases of mammary and endometrial cancer. This study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of a novel phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol (alpha-ZAL), on the cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Following a 24-h exposure of the cells to amyloid beta-peptide fragment 25-35 (A beta 25-35), a significant reduction in cell survival and activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as increased of malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed. Preincubation of the cells with alpha-ZAL or 17 beta-estradiol(17 beta-E2) prior to A beta 25-35 exposure elevated the cell survival and SOD and GSH-Px activities, and decreased the level of MDA. These data suggested that the phytoestrogen alpha-ZAL, like estrogen, may effectively antagonize A beta 25-35-induced cell toxicity, which might be beneficial for neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Long Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100005, China
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49
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Erbs M, Hartmann N, Bucheli TD. Determination of the cross-reactivities for alpha-zearalenol, beta-zearalenol, zearalanone, alpha-zearalanol, and beta-zearalanol on three commercial immunoaffinity columns targeting zearalenone. J AOAC Int 2007; 90:1197-202. [PMID: 17760358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunoaffinity extraction has become increasingly important as a sample preparation and cleanup method in mycotoxin analysis. In this study, the antibody specificities of 3 commercial immunoaffinity columns (IACs) targeting zearalenone (ZON) were compared for alpha-zearalenol, beta-zearalenol, zearalanone, alpha-zearalanol, and beta-zearalanol. The recoveries of ZON and its 5 analogs were determined in triplicate when extracted from 10 mL circumneutral river water samples spiked with 20 ng analyte individually or in a mixture. The analytes were analyzed by means of electrospray ionization liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using deuterated internal standards for quantitation. Recoveries ranged from 69 to 115% for all analytes with relative standard deviations of 1-39%. Cross-reactivities for the analogs were > 80% when applied both individually and in a mixture. No significant competition effects were observed when the compounds were applied as a multianalyte mixture well below the stated IAC capacities. The results obtained here demonstrate that all IACs tested are highly cross-reactive towards the 5 ZON derivatives and may be applied for their simultaneous extraction or cleanup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Erbs
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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50
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Ranzenigo G, Caloni F, Cremonesi F, Aad PY, Spicer LJ. Effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on steroid production by porcine granulosa cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 107:115-30. [PMID: 17656051 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes and zearalenone, are common grain and foodstuffs contaminants. Some of these like deoxynivalenol (DON) can negatively impact pregnancy success in swine, but evidence for direct ovarian effects of DON, zearalenone, and its major metabolite, alpha-zearalenol (ZEA) is meager. To evaluate the effects of two mycotoxins, DON and ZEA on porcine granulosa cell(s) (GC) proliferation, steroidogenesis and gene expression, pig GC from small follicles (1-5mm) were cultured for 2 days in 5% fetal bovine serum and 5% porcine serum-containing medium followed by 2 days in serum-free medium containing control (no mycotoxins) or mycotoxins (at various doses/combinations). Both DON and ZEA had biphasic effects on IGF-I-induced estradiol production, increasing estradiol production at smaller doses and inhibiting at larger doses. ZEA at 3,000 ng/mL (9.37 microM) increased IGF-I-induced progesterone production and at 30 ng/mL (0.0937 microM) and 300 ng/mL (0.937 microM) were without effect, but these doses of ZEA increased FSH-induced progesterone production. ZEA at 3,000 ng/mL inhibited FSH plus IGF-I-induced CYP19A1 and CYP11A1 mRNA abundance. DON inhibited progesterone production at 100 ng/mL (0.337 microM) and 1,000 ng/mL (3.37 microM) but at 10 ng/mL (0.0337 microM) was without effect. DON at 1,000 ng/mL (but not at 10 ng/mL) completely inhibited FSH plus IGF-I-induced CYP19A1 and CYP11A1 mRNA abundance. The concomitant treatment of ZEA had little effect on the dose response to DON. DON increased IGF-I-induced cell numbers at 10 and 100 ng/mL and inhibited cell numbers at 1,000 ng/mL, whereas ZEA had no effect on GC numbers. Only a combined treatment of DON and ZEA increased serum-induced cell proliferation. In conclusion, mycotoxins have direct dose-dependent effects on GC proliferation, steroidogenesis and gene expression. These direct ovarian effects could be one mechanism whereby contaminating Fusarium mycotoxins in feedstuffs could impact reproductive performance in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ranzenigo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Milan, via Celoria, Milan, Italy
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