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Cao MT, Feng Y, Zheng YG. Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 is a novel substrate of protein arginine methyltransferase 1. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:84-98. [PMID: 37901302 PMCID: PMC10600687 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i5.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] [Imported: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modifications play key roles in various biological processes. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) transfer the methyl group to specific arginine residues. Both PRMT1 and PRMT6 have emerges as crucial factors in the development and progression of multiple cancer types. We posit that PRMT1 and PRMT6 might interplay directly or in-directly in multiple ways accounting for shared disease phenotypes. AIM To investigate the mechanism of the interaction between PRMT1 and PRMT6. METHODS Gel electrophoresis autoradiography was performed to test the methyltranferase activity of PRMTs and characterize the kinetics parameters of PRMTs. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryanalysis was performed to detect the PRMT6 methylation sites. RESULTS In this study we investigated the interaction between PRMT1 and PRMT6, and PRMT6 was shown to be a novel substrate of PRMT1. We identified specific arginine residues of PRMT6 that are methylated by PRMT1, with R106 being the major methylation site. Combined biochemical and cellular data showed that PRMT1 downregulates the enzymatic activity of PRMT6 in histone H3 methylation. CONCLUSION PRMT6 is methylated by PRMT1 and R106 is a major methylation site induced by PRMT1. PRMT1 methylation suppresses the activity of PRMT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Tong Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - You Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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Pagliarin LG, de Oliveira LM, dos Anjos VNF, de Souza CDBT, Peiter GC, Façanha Wendel C, Dillmann Groto A, Freire de Melo F, Teixeira KN. In silico evidence of Remdesivir action in blood coagulation cascade modulation in COVID-19 treatment. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:72-83. [PMID: 37547340 PMCID: PMC10401403 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i4.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] [Imported: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has demonstrated several clinical manifestations which include not only respiratory system issues but also liver, kidney, and other organ injuries. One of these abnormalities is coagulopathies, including thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Because of this, the administration of low molecular weight heparin is required for patients that need to be hospitalized. In addition, Remdesivir is an antiviral that was used against Middle East Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Ebola, Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and other diseases, showing satisfactory results on recovery. Besides, there is evidence suggesting that this medication can provide a better prognosis for patients with COVID-19.
AIM To investigate in silico the interaction between Remdesivir and clotting factors, pursuing a possibility of using it as medicine.
METHODS In this in silico study, the 3D structures of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Factor I (fibrinogen), Factor II (prothrombin), Factor III (thromboplastin), Factor V (proaccelerin), Factor VII (proconvertin), Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor A), Factor IX (antihemophilic factor B), Factor X (Stuart-Prower factor), and Factor XI (precursor of thromboplastin (these structures are technically called receptors) were selected from the Protein Data Bank. The structures of the antivirals Remdesivir and Osetalmivir (these structures are called ligands) were selected from the PubChem database, while the structure of Atazanavir was selected from the ZINC database. The software AutoDock Tools (ADT) was used to prepare the receptors for molecular docking. Ions, peptides, water molecules, and other ones were removed from each ligand, and then, hydrogen atoms were added to the structures. The grid box was delimited and calculated using the same software ADT. A physiological environment with pH 7.4 is needed to make the ligands interact with the receptors, and still the software Marvin sketch® (ChemAxon®) was used to forecast the protonation state. To perform molecular docking, ADT and Vina software was connected. Using PyMol® software and Discovery studio® software from BIOVIA, it was possible to analyze the amino acid residues from receptors that were involved in the interactions with the ligands. Ligand tortions, atoms that participated in the interactions, and the type, strength, and duration of the interactions were also analyzed using those software.
RESULTS Molecular docking analysis showed that Remdesivir and ACE2 had an affinity energy of -8.8 kcal/moL, forming a complex with eight hydrogen bonds involving seven atoms of Remdesivir and five amino acid residues of ACE2. Remdesivir and prothrombin had an interaction with six hydrogen bonds involving atoms of the drug and five amino acid residues of the clotting factor. Similar to that, Remdesivir and thromboplastin presented interactions via seven hydrogen bonds involving five atoms of the drug and four residues of the clotting factor. While Remdesivir and Factor V established a complex with seven hydrogen bonds between six antiviral atoms and six amino acid residues from the factor, and Factor VII connected with the drug by four hydrogen bonds, which involved three atoms of the drug and three residues of amino acids of the factor. The complex between Remdesivir and Factor IX formed an interaction via 11 hydrophilic bonds with seven atoms of the drug and seven residues of the clotting factor, plus one electrostatic bond and three hydrophobic interactions. Factor X and Remdesivir had an affinity energy of -9.6 kcal/moL, and the complex presented 10 hydrogen bonds and 14 different hydrophobic interactions which involved nine atoms of the drug and 16 amino acid residues of the clotting factor. The interaction between Remdesivir and Factor XI formed five hydrogen bonds involving five amino acid residues of the clotting factor and five of the antiviral atoms.
CONCLUSION Because of the in silico significant affinity, Remdesivir possibly could act in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection blockade by interacting with ACE2 and concomitantly act in the modulation of the coagulation cascade preventing the hypercoagulable state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gabrielle Caroline Peiter
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - Setor Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina 85.950-000, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde - Campus Anísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45.029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kádima Nayara Teixeira
- Campus Toledo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Toledo 85.919-899, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - Setor Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina 85.950-000, Paraná, Brazil
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He XH, Yan H, Wang CY, Duan XY, Qiao JJ, Guo XJ, Zhao HB, Ren D, Li JS, Zhang Q. Comparison of the conventional tube and erythrocyte-magnetized technology in titration of red blood cell alloantibodies. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:62-71. [PMID: 37273684 PMCID: PMC10236968 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i3.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] [Imported: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythrocyte alloantibodies are mainly produced after immune stimulation, such as blood transfusion, pregnancy, and transplantation, and are the leading causes of severe hemolytic transfusion reactions and difficulty in blood grouping and matching. Therefore, antibody screening is critical to prevent and improve red cell alloantibodies. Routine tube assay is the primary detection method of antibody screening. Recently, erythrocyte-magnetized technology (EMT) has been increasingly used in clinical practice. This study intends to probe the application and efficacy of the conventional tube and EMT in red blood cell alloantibody titration to provide a reference for clinical blood transfusion.
AIM To investigate the application value of conventional tube and EMT in red blood cell alloantibody titration and enhance the safety of blood transfusion practice.
METHODS A total of 1298 blood samples were harvested from blood donors at the Department of Blood Transfusion of our hospital from March 2021 to December 2022. A 5 mL blood sample was collected in tubing, which was then cut, and the whole blood was put into a test tube for centrifugation to separate the serum. Different red blood cell blood group antibody titers were simultaneously detected using the tube polybrene test, tube antiglobulin test (AGT), and EMT screening irregular antibody methods to determine the best test method.
RESULTS Simultaneous detection was performed through the tube polybrene test, tube AGT and EMT screening irregular antibodies. It was discovered that the EMT screening irregular antibody method could detect all immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) irregular antibodies, and the results of manual tube AGT were satisfactory, but the operation time was lengthy, and the equipment had a large footprint. The EMT screening irregular antibody assay was also conducted to determine its activity against type O Rh (D) red blood cells, and the outcomes were satisfactory. Furthermore, compared to the conventional tube method, the EMT screening irregular antibody method was more cost-effective and had significantly higher detection efficiency.
CONCLUSION With a higher detection rate, the EMT screening irregular antibody method can detect both IgG and IgM irregular antibodies faster and more effectively than the conventional tube method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hua He
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan 030013, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Yun Duan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jia-Jia Qiao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Guo
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Bin Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Dong Ren
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jian-She Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taiyuan Blood Center, Institute of Blood Transfusion Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, China
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Pilati Campos IM, Marques M, Peiter GC, Brandalize APC, dos Santos MB, de Melo FF, Teixeira KN. Temporal pattern of humoral immune response in mild cases of COVID-19. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:40-51. [PMID: 37034134 PMCID: PMC10080547 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] [Imported: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the humoral response pattern of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the essential factors to better characterize the immune memory of patients, which allows understanding the temporality of reinfection, provides answers about the efficacy and durability of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and consequently helps in global public health and vaccination strategy. Among the patients who became infected with SARS-CoV-2, the majority who did not progress to death were those who developed the mild COVID-19, so understanding the pattern and temporality of the antibody response of these patients is certainly relevant.
AIM To investigate the temporal pattern of humoral response of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in mild cases of COVID-19.
METHODS Blood samples from 191 COVID-19 real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-positive volunteers from the municipality of Toledo/ Paraná/Brazil, underwent two distinct serological tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and detection of anti-nucleocapsid IgG. Blood samples and clinicoepidemiological data of the volunteers were collected between November 2020 and February 2021. All assays were performed in duplicate and the manufacturers' recommendations were strictly followed. The data were statistically analyzed using multiple logistic regression; the variables were selected by applying the P < 0.05 criterion.
RESULTS Serological tests to detect specific IgG were performed on serum samples from volunteers who were diagnosed as being positive by RT-qPCR for COVID-19 or had disease onset in the time interval from less than 1 mo to 7 mo. The time periods when the highest number of participants with detectable IgG was observed were 1, 2 and 3 mo. It was observed that 9.42% of participants no longer had detectable IgG antibodies 1 mo only after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 and 1.57% were also IgG negative at less than 1 mo. At 5 mo, 3.14% of volunteers were IgG negative, and at 6 or 7 mo, 1 volunteer (0.52%) had no detectable IgG. During the period between diagnosis by RT-qPCR/symptoms onset and the date of collection for the study, no statistical significance was observed for any association analyzed. Moreover, considering the age category between 31 and 59 years as the exposed group, the P value was 0.11 for the category 31 to 59 years and 0.32 for the category 60 years or older, showing that in both age categories there was no association between the pair of variables analyzed. Regarding chronic disease, the exposure group consisted of the participants without any comorbidity, so the P value of 0.07 for the category of those with at least one chronic disease showed no association between the two variables.
CONCLUSION A temporal pattern of IgG response was not observed, but it is suggested that immunological memory is weak and there is no association between IgG production and age or chronic disease in mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena Marques
- Campus Toledo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Toledo 85.919-899, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Campus Anísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Suresh M, Kumar P, Panda PK, Jain V, Raina R, Saha S, Vivekanandhan S, Omar BJ. Correlation of serum SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG serology and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: Experience from a tertiary care centre. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:52-61. [PMID: 37034133 PMCID: PMC10080546 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] [Imported: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has become a pandemic for the last 2 years. Inflammatory response to the virus leads to organ dysfunction and death. Predicting the severity of inflammatory response helps in managing critical patients using serology tests IgG and IgM.
AIM To investigate the correlation of the serology (IgM and IgG) with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) status, disease severity [mild to critical], intensive care unit (ICU) admission, septic shock, acute kidney injury, and in-hospital mortality.
METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study to correlate serum SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) serology with clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. We analyzed patient data from March to December 2020 for those who were admitted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh. Clinical and laboratory data of these patients were collected from the e-hospital portal and analyzed. A correlation was seen with clinical outcomes and was assessed using MS Excel 2010 and SPSS software.
RESULTS Out of 494 patients, the mean age of patients was 48.95 ± 16.40 years and there were more male patients in the study (66.0%). The patients were classified as mild-moderate 328 (67.1%), severe 131 (26.8%), and critical 30 (6.1%). The mean duration from symptom onset to serology testing was 19.87 ± 30.53 d. In-hospital mortality was observed in 25.1% of patients. The seropositivity rate (i.e., either IgG or IgM > 10 AU) was 50%. IgM levels (AU/mL) (W = 33428.000, P ≤ 0.001) and IgG levels (AU/mL) (W = 39256.500, P ≤ 0.001), with the median IgM/ IgG levels (AU/mL), were highest in the RT-PCR-Positive group compared to RT-PCR-Negative clinical COVID-19. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of all other clinical outcomes (disease severity, septic shock, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality).
CONCLUSION The study showed that serology levels are high in RT-PCR positive group compared to clinical COVID-19. However, serology cannot be useful for the prediction of disease outcomes. The study also highlights the importance of doing serology at a particular time as antibody titers vary with the duration of the disease. In week intervals there was a significant correlation between clinical outcomes and serology on week 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Suresh
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Pratap Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Prasan Kumar Panda
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Vikram Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Rohit Raina
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Sarama Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Subbiah Vivekanandhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Balram Ji Omar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
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Marx O, Mankarious M, Yochum G. Molecular genetics of early-onset colorectal cancer. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:13-27. [PMID: 37034132 PMCID: PMC10080548 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] [Imported: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) has been rising in global prevalence and incidence over the past several decades. Environmental influences, including generational lifestyle changes and rising obesity, contribute to these increased rates. While the rise in EOCRC is best documented in western countries, it is seen throughout the world, although EOCRC may have distinct genetic mutations in patients of different ethnic backgrounds. Pathological and molecular characterizations show that EOCRC has a distinct presentation compared with later-onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC). Recent studies have identified DNA, RNA, and protein-level alterations unique to EOCRC, revealing much-needed biomarkers and potential novel therapeutic targets. Many molecular EOCRC studies have been performed with Caucasian and Asian EOCRC cohorts, however, studies of other ethnic backgrounds are limited. In addition, certain molecular characterizations that have been conducted for LOCRC have not yet been repeated in EOCRC, including high-throughput analyses of histone modifications, mRNA splicing, and proteomics on large cohorts. We propose that the complex relationship between cancer and aging should be considered when studying the molecular underpinnings of EOCRC. In this review, we summarize current EOCRC literature, focusing on sporadic molecular alterations in tumors, and their clinical implications. We conclude by discussing current challenges and future directions of EOCRC research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Marx
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Marc Mankarious
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Gregory Yochum
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology & Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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Sirizi MAG, Alizadeh Ghalenoei J, Allahtavakoli M, Forouzanfar H, Bagheri SM. Anticancer potential of Ferula assa-foetida and its constituents, a powerful plant for cancer therapy. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:28-39. [PMID: 37034135 PMCID: PMC10080545 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] [Imported: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main challenges of the health system around the world. This disease is increasing in developing countries and imposes heavy costs on patients and governments. On the other hand, despite various drugs, the death rate among cancer patients is still high and the current treatments have many harmful effects. In the traditional medicine of different countries, there are many medicinal plants that can be effective in the treatment of cancer. Ferula plants are traditionally used as spices and food or for medicinal purposes. Ferula assa-foetida is one of the famous plants of this genus, which has been used for the treatment of various diseases since ancient times. Among the main compounds of this plant, we can mention monoterpenes, sulfide compounds and polyphenols, which can show different therapeutic effects. This article has been compiled with the aim of collecting evidence and articles related to the anti-cancer effects of extracts, derived compounds, essential oils and nanoparticles containing Ferula assa-foetida. This review article was prepared by searching the terms Ferula assa-foetida and cancer, and relevant information was collected through searching electronic databases such as ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Fortunately, the results of this review showed that relatively comprehensive studies have been conducted in this field and shown that Ferula assa-foetida can be very promising in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghaffari Sirizi
- Department of Physiology, Hematology-oncology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8915173149, Iran
| | - Jalil Alizadeh Ghalenoei
- Department of Physiology, Hematology-oncology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8915173149, Iran
| | - Mohammad Allahtavakoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan 8915173149, Iran
| | - Hasan Forouzanfar
- Department of Nursing, Tabas School of nursing, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 8915173149, Iran
| | - Seyyed Majid Bagheri
- Department of Physiology, Hematology-oncology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8915173149, Iran
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Geng XY, Wang MK, Chen JH, Xiao L, Yang JS. Marine biological injuries and their medical management: A narrative review. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:1-12. [PMID: 36741876 PMCID: PMC9896478 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment can be extremely dangerous, and the harm caused by marine organisms when they contact the human body can be especially harmful, even deadly. Contact includes stings, bites, wounds, and consumption as food. In this article, the characteristics of the common marine biological injuries are summarized, the major marine organisms causing damage in China’s marine waters are described, and injury prevention and treatment methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Geng
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jin-Hong Chen
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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Abdulslam Abdullah A, Ahmed M, Oladokun A, Ibrahim NA, Adam SN. Serum leptin level in Sudanese women with unexplained infertility and its relationship with some reproductive hormones. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:83-94. [PMID: 36482982 PMCID: PMC9724080 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i5.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excessive concentration of leptin has negative effects on all aspects of female reproduction. Despite this established relationship, the exact role of leptin in women’s fertility is not clear enough and needs more clarification.
AIM To evaluate the serum leptin levels in Sudanese women and to ascertain the relationship between serum leptin levels and unexplained infertility (UI).
METHODS A matched (age and body mass index) case-control study was conducted from March 2021 to February 2022. The study samples were 210 women with UI and 190 fertile women of reproductive age who were attending the maternity hospitals and fertility clinics in Khartoum state Sudan. The serum concentration of leptin and other serum biomarkers were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
RESULTS The results showed that there was a highly statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001) for all examined eight biomarkers. Whereby, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio, prolactin hormone (PRL) and testosterone (T) were significantly higher in the UI group compared with the control group. In contrast, FSH and estradiol (E2)/T ratio were significantly lower in the UI group than in the control group and the effect size test for the difference between the two groups was very large (effect size > 0.80), for leptin level, LH/FSH ratio, PRL level, and E2/T ratio, and large (effect size 0.50- ≤ 0.80) for FSH and T.
CONCLUSION This study reveals that leptin could be a potential biomarker for UI in Sudanese women and it may be useful for identifying women with a high risk of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Abdulslam Abdullah
- Department of Reproductive Health Sciences, Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif, Gadarif 208, Sudan
| | - Musa Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Reproductive Health Sciences, Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Salam University, Al-fula 120, West Kordofan, Sudan
| | - Adesina Oladokun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Nasir Adam Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-butana, Ruffaa 210, Sudan
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Rybicka-Ramos M, Markiewicz M, Suszka-Świtek A, Wiaderkiewicz R, Mizia S, Dzierżak-Mietła M, Białas K. Profiles of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:72-82. [PMID: 36187719 PMCID: PMC9521416 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i4.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) may be related to the occurrence of complications, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and infections. The pathogenesis of acute GvHD is connected with T lymphocytes, which identify alloantigens on host's antigen-presenting cells, activate production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), and act on the immune effector cells and damage tissues and organs.
AIM The aim of the study was to investigate and distinguish serum concentration profiles of IFN-gamma and IL-2 within a 30-d period after allo-HSCT.
METHODS We enrolled 62 patients, i.e., 30 (48%) male and 32 (52%) female subjects [median age 49.5 (19-68) years], after allo-HSCT from siblings (n = 12) or unrelated donors (n = 50) due to acute myeloid leukemia with myeloablative conditioning (n = 26; 42%) and with non-myeloablative conditioning (n = 36; 58%). All patients were given standard immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin-A and methotrexate and pre-transplant antithymocyte globulin in the unrelated setting. Blood samples were collected pre-transplant before and after (on day -1) the conditioning therapy and on days +2,+4, +6, +10, +20, and +30 after allo-HSCT. Serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma were determined using ELISA.
RESULTS Patients were divided into four groups depending on the presence of acute GvHD and clinical manifestations of infection. Group I included patients with neither acute GvHD nor infections [n = 15 (24%)], group II consisted of patients with infections without acute GvHD [n = 17 (27%)], group III was comprised of patients with acute GvHD without infections [n = 9 (15%)], and group IV included patients with both acute GvHD and infections [n = 21 (34%)]. IFN-gamma concentrations were higher in Group II than in other groups on days +20 (P = 0.014) and +30 (P = 0.008). Post-hoc tests showed lower concentrations of IFN-gamma on day +30 in groups I (P = 0.039) and IV (P = 0.017) compared to group II. The levels of IL-2 were mostly undetectable.
CONCLUSION Serum levels of IFN-gamma following allo-HSCT progressively escalate. High serum levels of IFN-gamma are related to infectious complications rather than acute GvHD. Serum concentrations of IL-2 in most patients are undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirosław Markiewicz
- Department of Hematology, University of Rzeszow, College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Rzeszów 35-315, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Ryszard Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Sylwia Mizia
- Department of Population Health, Division of Epidemiology and Health Education, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław 51-618, Poland
| | - Monika Dzierżak-Mietła
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hematooncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice 44-102, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Białas
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, SPSK-M Hospital, Katowice 40-027, Poland
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11
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Milionis C, Ilias I, Koukkou E. Progesterone in gender-affirming therapy of trans women. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:66-71. [PMID: 35721880 PMCID: PMC10558402 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i3.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone is an endogenous steroid hormone with an important role for the physiology of the female reproductive system and the mammary gland. It has additional significant actions in other tissues, such as the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system, and bones. The present article explores potential clinical implications from the addition of bioidentical progesterone to gender-affirming treatment of trans women. For this purpose, it provides an overview of the physiological action of progesterone in target tissues and speculates on possible benefits for gender transitioning. Progesterone is expected to exert moderate anti-androgen action through suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and inhibition of the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. It may also contribute to breast maturation. In the long-term, progesterone could prevent bone loss and protect cardiovascular health. The potential benefits are mainly inferred by extrapolating evidence from biological actions in cisgender women and medical assumptions and hence, clinicians need to be cautious when applying these data into practice. Further research is needed to ascertain the efficacy and safety of progesterone in current hormonal regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Milionis
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, Athens GR-11521, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ilias
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, Athens GR-11521, Greece
| | - Eftychia Koukkou
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, Athens GR-11521, Greece
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12
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Wu K, Ahmad T, Eri R. LIN28A: A multifunctional versatile molecule with future therapeutic potential. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:35-46. [PMID: 35432768 PMCID: PMC8966501 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i2.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An RNA-binding protein, LIN28A was initially discovered in nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and regulated stem cell differentiation and proliferation. With the aid of mouse models and cancer stem cells models, LIN28A demonstrated a similar role in mammalian stem cells. Subsequent studies revealed LIN28A’s roles in regulating cell cycle and growth, tissue repair, and metabolism, especially glucose metabolism. Through regulation by pluripotency and neurotrophic factors, LIN28A performs these roles through let-7 dependent (binding to let-7) or independent (binding directly to mature mRNA) pathways. Elevated LIN28A levels are associated with cancers such as breast, colon, and ovarian cancers. Overexpressed LIN28A has been implicated in liver diseases and Rett syndrome whereas loss of LIN28A was linked to Parkinson’s disease. LIN28A inhibitors, LIN28A-specific nanobodies, and deubiquitinases targeting LIN28A could be feasible options for cancer treatments while drugs upregulating LIN28A could be used in regenerative therapy for neuropathies. We will review the upstream and downstream signalling pathways of LIN28A and its physiological functions. Then, we will examine current research and gaps in research regarding its mechanisms in conditions such as cancers, liver diseases, and neurological diseases. We will also look at the therapeutic potential of LIN28A in RNA-targeted therapies including small interfering RNAs and RNA-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
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Mallis P, Chatzistamatiou T, Dimou Z, Sarri EF, Georgiou E, Salagianni M, Triantafyllia V, Andreakos E, Stavropoulos-Giokas C, Michalopoulos E. Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery as a potential therapeutic strategy against COVID-19: Promising evidence from in vitro results. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:47-65. [PMID: 35432769 PMCID: PMC8966500 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which was initiated in December 2019. COVID-19 is characterized by a low mortality rate (< 6%); however, this percentage is higher in elderly people and patients with underlying disorders. COVID-19 is characterized by mild to severe outcomes. Currently, several therapeutic strategies are evaluated, such as the use of anti-viral drugs, prophylactic treatment, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccination. Advanced cellular therapies are also investigated, thus representing an additional therapeutic tool for clinicians. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are known for their immunoregulatory properties, may halt the induced cytokine release syndrome mediated by SARS-CoV-2, and can be considered as a potential stem cell therapy.
AIM To evaluate the immunoregulatory properties of MSCs, upon stimulation with COVID-19 patient serum.
METHODS MSCs derived from the human Wharton’s Jelly (WJ) tissue and bone marrow (BM) were isolated, cryopreserved, expanded, and defined according to the criteria outlined by the International Society for Cellular Therapies. Then, WJ and BM-MSCs were stimulated with a culture medium containing 15% COVID-19 patient serum, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and 1% L-glutamine for 48 h. The quantification of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor a (Ra), IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-a, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was performed using commercial ELISA kits. The expression of HLA-G1, G5, and G7 was evaluated in unstimulated and stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs. Finally, the interactions between MSCs and patients’ macrophages were established using co-culture experiments.
RESULTS Thawed WJ and BM-MSCs exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology, successfully differentiated to “osteocytes”, “adipocytes”, and “chondrocytes”, and in flow cytometric analysis were characterized by positivity for CD73, CD90, and CD105 (> 95%) and negativity for CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR (< 2%). Moreover, stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs were characterized by increased cytoplasmic granulation, in comparison to unstimulated cells. The HLA-G isoforms (G1, G5, and G7) were successfully expressed by the unstimulated and stimulated WJ-MSCs. On the other hand, only weak expression of HLA-G1 was identified in BM-MSCs. Stimulated MSCs secreted high levels of IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β1, FGF, VEGF, PDGF, and IDO in comparison to unstimulated cells (P < 0.05) after 12 and 24 h. Finally, macrophages derived from COVID-19 patients successfully adapted the M2 phenotype after co-culturing with stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs.
CONCLUSION WJ and BM-MSCs successfully produced high levels of immunoregulatory agents, which may efficiently modulate the over-activated immune responses of critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mallis
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Zetta Dimou
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eirini-Faidra Sarri
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eleni Georgiou
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Salagianni
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Triantafyllia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Efstathios Michalopoulos
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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14
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Muromoto R, Oritani K, Matsuda T. Current understanding of the role of tyrosine kinase 2 signaling in immune responses. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:1-14. [PMID: 35126866 PMCID: PMC8790287 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system is a complex network that clears pathogens, toxic substrates, and cancer cells. Distinguishing self-antigens from non-self-antigens is critical for the immune cell-mediated response against foreign antigens. The innate immune system elicits an early-phase response to various stimuli, whereas the adaptive immune response is tailored to previously encountered antigens. During immune responses, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting cells, while naïve T cells differentiate into functionally specific effector cells [T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells]. However, enhanced or prolonged immune responses can result in autoimmune disorders, which are characterized by lymphocyte-mediated immune responses against self-antigens. Signal transduction of cytokines, which regulate the inflammatory cascades, is dependent on the members of the Janus family of protein kinases. Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) is associated with receptor subunits of immune-related cytokines, such as type I interferon, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23. Clinical studies on the therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of Tyk2 inhibitors in autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases are currently ongoing. This review summarizes the findings of studies examining the role of Tyk2 in immune and/or inflammatory responses using Tyk2-deficient cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Muromoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kenji Oritani
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-8686, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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15
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Carpéné C, Marti L, Morin N. Increased monoamine oxidase activity and imidazoline binding sites in insulin-resistant adipocytes from obese Zucker rats. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:15-34. [PMID: 35126867 PMCID: PMC8790288 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite overt insulin resistance, adipocytes of genetically obese Zucker rats accumulate the excess of calorie intake in the form of lipids.
AIM To investigate whether factors can replace or reinforce insulin lipogenic action by exploring glucose uptake activation by hydrogen peroxide, since it is produced by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) in adipocytes.
METHODS 3H-2-deoxyglucose uptake (2-DG) was determined in adipocytes from obese and lean rats in response to insulin or MAO and SSAO substrates such as tyramine and benzylamine. 14C-tyramine oxidation and binding of imidazolinic radioligands [3H-Idazoxan, 3H-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline] were studied in adipocytes, the liver, and muscle. The influence of in vivo administration of tyramine + vanadium on glucose handling was assessed in lean and obese rats.
RESULTS 2-DG uptake and lipogenesis stimulation by insulin were dampened in adipocytes from obese rats, when compared to their lean littermates. Tyramine and benzylamine activation of hexose uptake was vanadate-dependent and was also limited, while MAO was increased and SSAO decreased. These changes were adipocyte-specific and accompanied by a greater number of imidazoline I2 binding sites in the obese rat, when compared to the lean. In vitro, tyramine precluded the binding to I2 sites, while in vivo, its administration together with vanadium lowered fasting plasma levels of glucose and triacylglycerols in obese rats.
CONCLUSION The adipocytes from obese Zucker rats exhibit increased MAO activity and imidazoline binding site number. However, probably as a consequence of SSAO down-regulation, the glucose transport stimulation by tyramine is decreased as much as that of insulin in these insulin-resistant adipocytes. The adipocyte amine oxidases deserve more studies with respect to their putative contribution to the management of glucose and lipid handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM, Toulouse 31342, France
| | - Luc Marti
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM, Toulouse 31342, France
| | - Nathalie Morin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM, Toulouse 31342, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris University, Paris 75270, France
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16
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Muthu S, Jeyaraman M, Ranjan R, Jha SK. Remission is not maintained over 2 years with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review with meta-analysis. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:114-130. [PMID: 34904049 PMCID: PMC8637617 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i6.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation (HSCT) is being accepted as a standard of care in various inflammatory diseases. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been closely evolving with the understanding of disease pathogenesis. With the rising resistance to the traditional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and targeted biological therapy, researchers are in pursuit of other methods for disease management. Since the ultimate goal of the ideal treatment of RA is to restore immune tolerance, HSCT attracts much attention considering its reparative, paracrine, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, a systematic review of studies on HSCT in RA is lacking.
AIM To investigate the role of HSCT in the management of RA.
METHODS A detailed search of PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane, and the Web of Science databases was made to identify the relevant articles till September 2020 following Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. We extracted data including the number of patients, source of hematopoietic stem cells, their mobilization and conditioning regimens, results, and complications from the eligible studies. Results were dichotomized into success (ACR 50/70) and failure (ACR 20) based on the improvement from baseline characteristics. The methodological quality of the included studies was also assessed. Analysis was performed using OpenMeta[Analysis] software.
RESULTS We included 17 studies (1 randomized controlled trial, 11 prospective, and 5 retrospective studies) with 233 patients for analysis. HSCT provided a significantly beneficial overall improvement in the clinical grades of ACR criteria (Z = 11.309, P < 0.001). However, the remission was noted only till 24 mo and later on the significance of the result was lost (Z = 1.737, P = 0.082). A less than 1% treatment-related mortality was noted from the included studies. No major drug-related toxicities were noted in any of the included studies. All patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT received immunosuppression in the conditioning regimen to counteract the graft-vs-host reaction which made them vulnerable to infections. It is noted that the source of hematopoietic stem cells did not play a role in altering the functional outcome and both autologous (Z = 9.972, P < 0.001) and allogenic (Z = 6.978, P < 0.001) sources produced significant improvement in the outcome compared to the pre-operative state despite having a significant heterogeneity among the studies reporting them (I2 = 99.4, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION Although the available literature is encouraging towards the use of HSCT in refractory cases with significant improvement from baseline till 2 years, the inclusion of HSCT into the standard of care of RA needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Muthu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Delhi 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul 624001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Delhi 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajni Ranjan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Delhi 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ikeda Y, Nagase N, Tsuji A, Kitagishi Y, Matsuda S. Neuroprotection by dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs via the modulation of AKT-signaling pathway in Alzheimer’s disease. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:104-113. [PMID: 34904048 PMCID: PMC8637616 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i6.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common reason for progressive dementia in the elderly. It has been shown that disorders of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are related to the AD. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for the cognitive dysfunction. The pathogenesis of the neuronal impairment caused by diabetic hyperglycemia is intricate, which contains neuro-inflammation and/or neurodegeneration and dementia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is interesting as a possible link between metabolism and brain impairment. Modulation of GLP1 activity can influence amyloid-beta peptide aggregation via the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in AD. The GLP1 receptor agonists have been shown to have favorable actions on the brain such as the improvement of neurological deficit. They might also exert a beneficial effect with refining learning and memory on the cognitive impairment induced by diabetes. Recent experimental and clinical evidence indicates that dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, being currently used for DM therapy, may also be effective for AD treatment. The DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models. Although further studies for mTOR, GLP1, and DPP4 signaling pathways in humans would be intensively required, they seem to be a promising approach for innovative AD-treatments. We would like to review the characteristics of AD pathogenesis, the key roles of mTOR in AD and the preventive and/ or therapeutic suggestions of directing the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nagase
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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18
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Petagine L, Zariwala MG, Patel VB. Alcoholic liver disease: Current insights into cellular mechanisms. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:87-103. [PMID: 34630912 PMCID: PMC8473419 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i5.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) due to chronic alcohol consumption is a significant global disease burden and a leading cause of mortality. Alcohol abuse induces a myriad of aberrant changes in hepatocytes at both the cellular and molecular level. Although the disease spectrum of ALD is widely recognized, the precise triggers for disease progression are still to be fully elucidated. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, gut dysbiosis and altered immune system response plays an important role in disease pathogenesis, triggering the activation of inflammatory pathways and apoptosis. Despite many recent clinical studies treatment options for ALD are limited, especially at the alcoholic hepatitis stage. We have therefore reviewed some of the key pathways involved in the pathogenesis of ALD and highlighted current trials for treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Petagine
- Center for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala
- Center for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Vinood B Patel
- Center for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
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19
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Al-Amrani S, Al-Jabri Z, Al-Zaabi A, Alshekaili J, Al-Khabori M. Proteomics: Concepts and applications in human medicine. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:57-69. [PMID: 34630910 PMCID: PMC8473418 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i5.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics is the complete evaluation of the function and structure of proteins to understand an organism’s nature. Mass spectrometry is an essential tool that is used for profiling proteins in the cell. However, biomarker discovery remains the major challenge of proteomics because of their complexity and dynamicity. Therefore, combining the proteomics approach with genomics and bioinformatics will provide an understanding of the information of biological systems and their disease alteration. However, most studies have investigated a small part of the proteins in the blood. This review highlights the types of proteomics, the available proteomic techniques, and their applications in different research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Al-Amrani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Zaaima Al-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Adhari Al-Zaabi
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Jalila Alshekaili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
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20
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O'Reilly CL, Uranga S, Fluckey JD. Culprits or consequences: Understanding the metabolic dysregulation of muscle in diabetes. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:70-86. [PMID: 34630911 PMCID: PMC8473417 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i5.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to rise despite the amount of research dedicated to finding the culprits of this debilitating disease. Skeletal muscle is arguably the most important contributor to glucose disposal making it a clear target in insulin resistance and T2D research. Within skeletal muscle there is a clear link to metabolic dysregulation during the progression of T2D but the determination of culprits vs consequences of the disease has been elusive. Emerging evidence in skeletal muscle implicates influential cross talk between a key anabolic regulatory protein, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its associated complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2), and the well-described canonical signaling for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. This new understanding of cellular signaling crosstalk has blurred the lines of what is a culprit and what is a consequence with regard to insulin resistance. Here, we briefly review the most recent understanding of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, and how anabolic responses favoring anabolism directly impact cellular glucose disposal. This review highlights key cross-over interactions between protein and glucose regulatory pathways and the implications this may have for the design of new therapeutic targets for the control of glucoregulatory function in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selina Uranga
- Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, United States
| | - James D Fluckey
- Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, United States
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Al-Sowayan BS, Al-Shareeda AT. Stem cells and the pursuit of youth, a tale of limitless possibilities and commercial fraud. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:52-56. [PMID: 34354805 PMCID: PMC8316836 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i4.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article examines the hype generated around the term “stem cell”, and the capitalization of the stem cell craze by the cosmetic industry. It started by introducing product lines containing active ingredients derived from plant stem cells. Then, evolved to using own cells for skin regeneration and hair loss treatment, and allogenic cells for the manufacturing of stem cell-derived products. This article also discusses the missing links for safe and reliable stem cell applications in cosmetics, and why local regulatory bodies, members of the industry and consumers must all work together to stop the illegitimate use of the “stem cell” good name in unsafe or fraudulent commercial practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batla S Al-Sowayan
- Department of Cell Therapy and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11632, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa T Al-Shareeda
- Department of Cell Therapy and Cancer Research and Departmebt of the Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
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Melo-Hanchuk TD, Kobarg J. Polyglutamylase activity of tubulin tyrosine ligase-like 4 is negatively regulated by the never in mitosis gene A family kinase never in mitosis gene A -related kinase 5. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:38-51. [PMID: 34084286 PMCID: PMC8160597 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i3.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubulins, building blocks of microtubules, are modified substrates of diverse post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, polyglycylation and polyglutamylation. Polyglutamylation of microtubules, catalyzed by enzymes from the tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) family, can regulate interactions with molecular motors and other proteins. Due to the diversity and functional importance of microtubule modifications, strict control of the TTLL enzymes has been suggested.
AIM To characterize the interaction between never in mitosis gene A-related kinase 5 (NEK5) and TTLL4 proteins and the effects of TTLL4 phosphorylation.
METHODS The interaction between NEK5 and TTLL4 was identified by yeast two-hybrid screening using the C-terminus of NEK5 (a.a. 260–708) as bait and confirmed by immunoprecipitation. The phosphorylation sites of TTLL4 were identified by mass spectrometry and point mutations were introduced.
RESULTS Here, we show that NEK5 interacts with TTLL4 and regulates its polyglutamylation activity. We further show that NEK5 can also interact with TTLL5 and TTLL7. The silencing of NEK5 increases the levels of polyglutamylation of proteins by increasing the activity of TTLL4. The same effects were observed after the expression of the catalytically inactive form of NEK5. This regulation of TTLL4 activity involves its phosphorylation at Y815 and S1136 amino acid residues.
CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the regulation of TTLL activity through phosphorylation, pointing to NEK5 as a potential effector kinase. We also suggest a general control of tubulin polyglutamylation through NEK family members in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Kobarg
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
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Malla RR, Farran B, Nagaraju GP. Understanding the function of the tumor microenvironment, and compounds from marine organisms for breast cancer therapy. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:15-37. [PMID: 33815682 PMCID: PMC8006057 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology and physiology of breast cancer (BC), including metastasis, and drug resistance, is driven by multiple signaling pathways in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which hamper antitumor immunity. Recently, long non-coding RNAs have been reported to mediate pathophysiological develop-ments such as metastasis as well as immune suppression within the TME. Given the complex biology of BC, novel personalized therapeutic strategies that address its diverse pathophysiologies are needed to improve clinical outcomes. In this review, we describe the advances in the biology of breast neoplasia, including cellular and molecular biology, heterogeneity, and TME. We review the role of novel molecules such as long non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of BC. Finally, we provide an up-to-date overview of anticancer compounds extracted from marine microorganisms, crustaceans, and fishes and their synergistic effects in combination with other anticancer drugs. Marine compounds are a new discipline of research in BC and offer a wide range of anti-cancer effects that could be harnessed to target the various pathways involved in BC development, thus assisting current therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Malla
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, AP, India
| | - Batoul Farran
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Denner DR, Udan-Johns MLD, Nichols MR. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion by dimethyl sulfoxide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in human monocytes. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:1-14. [PMID: 33552397 PMCID: PMC7818474 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-9, are an integral part of the immune response and are upregulated in response to a variety of stimuli. New details continue to emerge concerning the mechanistic and regulatory pathways that mediate MMP-9 secretion. There is significant evidence for regulation of inflammation by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thus investigation of how these two molecules may regulate both MMP-9 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) secretion by human monocytes was of high interest. The hypothesis tested in this study was that DMSO and cAMP regulate MMP-9 and TNFα secretion by distinct mechanisms.
AIM To investigate the regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MMP-9 and tumor necrosis factor α secretion in THP-1 human monocytes by dimethyl sulfoxide and cAMP.
METHODS The paper describes a basic research study using THP-1 human monocyte cells. All experiments were conducted at the University of Missouri-St. Louis in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Human monocyte cells were grown, cultured, and prepared for experiments in the University of Missouri-St. Louis Cell Culture Facility as per accepted guidelines. Cells were treated with LPS for selected exposure times and the conditioned medium was collected for analysis of MMP-9 and TNFα production. Inhibitors including DMSO, cAMP regulators, and anti-TNFα antibody were added to the cells prior to LPS treatment. MMP-9 secretion was analyzed by gel electrophoresis/western blot and quantitated by ImageJ software. TNFα secretion was analyzed by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay. All data is presented as the average and standard error for at least 3 trials. Statistical analysis was done using a two-tailed paired Student t-test. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant and designated as such in the Figures. LPS and cAMP regulators were from Sigma-Aldrich, MMP-9 standard and antibody and TNFα antibodies were from R&D Systems, and amyloid-β peptide was from rPeptide.
RESULTS In our investigation of MMP-9 secretion from THP-1 human monocytes, we made the following findings. Inclusion of DMSO in the cell treatment inhibited LPS-induced MMP-9, but not TNFα, secretion. Inclusion of DMSO in the cell treatment at different concentrations inhibited LPS-induced MMP-9 secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. A cell-permeable cAMP analog, dibutyryl cAMP, inhibited both LPS-induced MMP-9 and TNFα secretion. Pretreatment of the cells with the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin inhibited LPS-induced MMP-9 and TNFα secretion. Pretreatment of the cells with the general cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX reduced LPS-induced MMP-9 and TNFα in a dose-dependent fashion. Pre-treatment of monocytes with an anti-TNFα antibody blocked LPS-induced MMP-9 and TNFα secretion. Amyloid-β peptide induced MMP-9 secretion, which occurred much later than TNFα secretion. The latter two findings strongly suggested an upstream role for TNFα in mediating LPS-stimulate MMP-9 secretion.
CONCLUSION The cumulative data indicated that MMP-9 secretion was a distinct process from TNFα secretion and occurred downstream. First, DMSO inhibited MMP-9, but not TNFα, suggesting that the MMP-9 secretion process was selectively altered. Second, cAMP inhibited both MMP-9 and TNFα with a similar potency, but at different monocyte cell exposure time points. The pattern of cAMP inhibition for these two molecules suggested that MMP-9 secretion lies downstream of TNFα and that TNFα may a key component of the pathway leading to MMP-9 secretion. This temporal relationship fit a model whereby early TNFα secretion directly led to later MMP-9 secretion. Lastly, antibody-blocking of TNFα diminished MMP-9 secretion, suggesting a direct link between TNFα secretion and MMP-9 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy R Denner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Maria LD Udan-Johns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Michael R Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63121, United States
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Palakuzhiyil SV, Christopher R, Chandra SR. Deciphering the modifiers for phenotypic variability of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:99-111. [PMID: 33274015 PMCID: PMC7672940 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inborn error of peroxisomal β-oxidation, is caused by defects in the ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily D Member 1 (ABCD1) gene. X-ALD patients may be asymptomatic or present with several clinical phenotypes varying from severe to mild, severe cerebral adrenoleuko-dystrophy to mild adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). Although most female heterozygotes present with AMN-like symptoms after 60 years of age, occasional cases of females with the cerebral form have been reported. Phenotypic variability has been described within the same kindreds and even among monozygotic twins. There is no association between the nature of ABCD1 mutation and the clinical phenotypes, and the molecular basis of phenotypic variability in X-ALD is yet to be resolved. Various genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences are speculated to modify the disease onset and severity. In this review, we summarize the observations made in various studies investigating the potential modifying factors regulating the clinical manifestation of X-ALD, which could help understand the pathogenesis of the disease and develop suitable therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti V Palakuzhiyil
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
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Khah AN, Hakemi-Vala M, Samavat S, Nasiri MJ. Prevalence, serotyping and drug susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli isolates from kidney transplanted patients with urinary tract infections. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:112-118. [PMID: 33274016 PMCID: PMC7672941 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i3.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) are among the main pathogens in urinary tract infections (UTIs) among kidney transplant patients (KTPs).
AIM To estimate the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in KTPs and to evaluate the most prevalent serotypes and antibacterial susceptibility patterns of isolated bacteria in Tehran, Iran.
METHODS A total of 60 clinical isolates of uropathogenic E. coli were collected from 3 kidney transplant centers from April to May 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute. The serotyping of E. coli isolates was performed by the slide agglutination method. The presence of blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS The frequency of ESBL-producing E. coli in KTPs was found to be 33.4%. All of the 60 E. coli isolates were found to be susceptible to doripenem (100%) and ertapenem (100%). High resistance rates to ampicillin (86%), cefotaxime (80%), and cefazolin (77%) were also documented. The most frequent serotypes were serotype I (50%), serotype II (15%), serotype III (25%), and serotype VI (10%). The gene most frequently found was blaTEM (55%), followed by blaCTX-M (51%) and blaSHV (41%).
CONCLUSION Molecular analysis showed that blaTEM was the most common ESBL-encoding gene. The high resistance to β-lactams antibiotics (i.e., ampicillin, cefotaxime, and cefazolin) found in E. coli from KTPs with UTIs remains a serious clinical challenge. Further efforts to control ESBL-producing E. coli should include the careful use of all antibiotics as well as barrier precautions to reduce spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Najafi Khah
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Hakemi-Vala
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Shiva Samavat
- Department of Adult Nephrology, School of Medicine, Shahid Labbafinezhad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1666694516, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
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Wang T, Wang J, Hu X, Huang XJ, Chen GX. Current understanding of glucose transporter 4 expression and functional mechanisms. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:76-98. [PMID: 33274014 PMCID: PMC7672939 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i3.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is used aerobically and anaerobically to generate energy for cells. Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are transmembrane proteins that transport glucose across the cell membrane. Insulin promotes glucose utilization in part through promoting glucose entry into the skeletal and adipose tissues. This has been thought to be achieved through insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation from intracellular compartments to the cell membrane, which increases the overall rate of glucose flux into a cell. The insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation has been investigated extensively. Recently, significant progress has been made in our understanding of GLUT4 expression and translocation. Here, we summarized the methods and reagents used to determine the expression levels of Slc2a4 mRNA and GLUT4 protein, and GLUT4 translocation in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, heart and brain. Overall, a variety of methods such real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, fusion proteins, stable cell line and transgenic animals have been used to answer particular questions related to GLUT4 system and insulin action. It seems that insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation can be observed in the heart and brain in addition to the skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Hormones other than insulin can induce GLUT4 translocation. Clearly, more studies of GLUT4 are warranted in the future to advance of our understanding of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Xian-Ju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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Gopallawa I, Lee RJ. Targeting the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway in airway innate immunity. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:30-51. [PMID: 33024516 PMCID: PMC7520643 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway innate immune system maintains the first line of defense against respiratory infections. The airway epithelium and associated immune cells protect the respiratory system from inhaled foreign organisms. These cells sense pathogens via activation of receptors like toll-like receptors and taste family 2 receptors (T2Rs) and respond by producing antimicrobials, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Coordinated regulation of fluid secretion and ciliary beating facilitates clearance of pathogens via mucociliary transport. Airway cells also secrete antimicrobial peptides and radicals to directly kill microorganisms and inactivate viruses. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) kinase pathway regulates multiple cellular targets that modulate cell survival and proliferation. Akt also regulates proteins involved in innate immune pathways. Akt phosphorylates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzymes expressed in airway epithelial cells. Activation of eNOS can have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral roles. Moreover, Akt can increase the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor-2 that protects cells from oxidative stress and may limit inflammation. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of non-cancerous functions of Akt signaling in airway innate host defense mechanisms, including an overview of several known downstream targets of Akt involved in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indiwari Gopallawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Abstract
The generation of cellular energy in the form of ATP occurs mainly in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation. Cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx), the oxygen accepting and rate-limiting step of the respiratory chain, regulates the supply of variable ATP demands in cells by “allosteric ATP-inhibition of CytOx.” This mechanism is based on inhibition of oxygen uptake of CytOx at high ATP/ADP ratios and low ferrocytochrome c concentrations in the mitochondrial matrix via cooperative interaction of the two substrate binding sites in dimeric CytOx. The mechanism keeps mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨm and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation at low healthy values. Stress signals increase cytosolic calcium leading to Ca2+-dependent dephosphorylation of CytOx subunit I at the cytosolic side accompanied by switching off the allosteric ATP-inhibition and monomerization of CytOx. This is followed by increase of ΔΨm and formation of ROS. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a dynamic change of binding of NDUFA4, originally identified as a subunit of complex I, between monomeric CytOx (active state with high ΔΨm, high ROS and low efficiency) and complex I (resting state with low ΔΨm, low ROS and high efficiency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kadenbach
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg D-35043, Hessen, Germany
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Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ramírez-Jarquín JO, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Zepeda-Cervantes J. Epigenetic basis of Alzheimer disease. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:62-75. [PMID: 33024518 PMCID: PMC7520642 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i2.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the primary form of dementia that occurs spontaneously in older adults. Interestingly, the epigenetic profile of the cells forming the central nervous system changes during aging and may contribute to the progression of some neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In this review, we present general insights into relevant epigenetic mechanisms and their relationship with aging and AD. The data suggest that some epigenetic changes during aging could be utilized as biomarkers and target molecules for the prevention and control of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C Tecalco-Cruz
- Programa en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico 03100, Mexico
| | - Josué O Ramírez-Jarquín
- División de neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Jesus Zepeda-Cervantes
- Biología celular y de desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 04510, Mexico
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Velikova TV, Kotsev SV, Georgiev DS, Batselova HM. Immunological aspects of COVID-19: What do we know? World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:14-29. [PMID: 33024515 PMCID: PMC7520644 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly emerged coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2) and the disease that it causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have changed the world we know. Yet, the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 remain mostly vague. Many virulence factors and immune mechanisms contribute to the deteriorating effects on the organism during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease, where the principal and effective immune response towards viral infection is the cell-mediated immunity. The clinical picture of COVID-19, which includes immune memory and reinfection, remains unclear and unpredictable. However, many hopes are put in developing an effective vaccine against the virus, and different therapeutic options have been implemented to find effective, even though not specific, treatment to the disease. We can assume that the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the individual's immune system determines the onset and development of the disease significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanislav Vasilev Kotsev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pazardzhik Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Pazardzhik 4400, Bulgaria
| | | | - Hristiana Momchilova Batselova
- Department of Epidemiology and Disaster Medicine, Medical University, Plovdiv, University Hospital “St George”, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
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